COMMUNICATIONS

ENGINEERING LAB 1
EXPERIMENT : 2

NAME :
MATRIC NO :
NAME :
MATRIC NO :

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 15/10/2015

OBJECTIVES
1. To differentiate the differences between Double Side Band(DSB)
suprese carrier and DSB plus carrier amplitude modulation.
2. To study the characteristic of amplitude modulation and demodulation
for DSB plus carrier.
3. To study the advantages and disadvantages of DSB plus carrier
amplitude modulation.

INTRODUCTION
Modulation is shifting of frequency.It is use in areas respect on transmiting
the signal or data.Basically when we transmit data,due to noise and
interference,the low signal frequency cannot be recover.So modulation is use
to increase the signals so that the receiver can recover it for the data.The
uses of modulation can we simply into two :
1.To avoid interference.
2.To make length of antenna receiving the signal be practical.
Modulation can be divided into 3 categories which are amplitude
modulation(AM),phase modulation(PM) and frequency modulation(FM).
Amplitude Modulation (AM) can also be divided into three categories which
are:
1.Double Side Band (DSB) suprese carrier
2. Double Side Band (DSB) with carrier
3. Single Side Band (SSB).
In this experiment we focus on Amplitude Modulation for Double Side Band
(DSB) with carrier (DSB+C).The details regarding on this modulation will be
explain in discussion and conclusion
Parts.

OPERATIVE INSTRUMENTS

DL 3155AL2 or stabilized supply source

20MHz double trace oscilloscope
Set of connection cables.

EXPERIMENT SETUP
1.Connect all cables following the figure 1 for modulated signal.
2.Adjust the parameter of frequencies and also voltage for each modules to
the given values.
3.Observe the output and analyse
4.Change the voltage into half and observe the output.
5.Repeat step 1 to 3 for figure 2 for demodulated signal.

FIGURE 1. MODULATED SIGNAL

FIGURE 2. DEMODULATED SIGNAL

RESULTS

FIGURE 3 : MODULATED SIGNAL

FIGURE 4 : DEMODULATED SIGNAL

DISCUSSION
As the experiment was conducted,the results of modulation and
demodulation is observed for Amplitude Modulation DSB+C .As we know,the
function of carrier generally is for transfer the frequency from low frequency
to high frequency.This types of double side band with carrier amplitude
modulation told us that this process is concern about the carrier differs from
DSB suprese carrier.
First we talk about DSB suprese carrier.For a long distance transmiting
signal,the DSB suprese carrier bring disadvantage.This we can see from the
equation
(t) = m(t) cos ct (modulated signal)
(t)=[m(t) cos (ct + )] (modulated signal with noise)
e(t) = demodulated signal receive by the receiver
m(t) = modulating signal transmit by transmitter
cos ct = carrier
What we can observe from DSB suprese carrier is that over a long
distance,there is phase change due to noise and interference, where it
change randomly and we dont know how far it will change for calculation.To
recover the signal,the carrier must find the phase change in order to have
same with the modulated signal so that it will be easily parting the m(t) and
cos ct but the problem is the is very hard to find.At the receiver :
su

e(t)=m(t) cos 2 ct

m
General system : (t)
[We can use properties for

this and Solve

for it for low pass filter]
cos ct (carrier)

Due to noise : (t) SUM

]. cos ct [We cant solve

e(t)=m(t) cos[ ct +

using
Properties]
cos ct (carrier)

The difference between DSB SC and DSB +C is that DSB+C has amplitude
addition compared to DSB SC. The equation of modulated signal :
(t) = m(t) cos ct + A cos ct
= [m(t) +A] cos ct
This can we see graphically :

We can see that the output follow the the amplitude changes.The resuts
proved it.
For Modulation there a few discussion about the signal which are :
1. [m(t) +A] 0
The reason why the m(t) plus amplitude must be greater then 0 is to
avoid overmodulation with distortion. Overmodulation is that there is
overlap between the signal envelop.This is the reason why we change
to voltage and below after we done the actual parameter.The reason
is to differentiate the amplitude of signal,when it goes to [m(t) +A]0
it has distortion. We can see at the oscilloscope the overlap occurred
when it is below 0.Voltage peak to peak represented the
amplitude.Here carrier does not effect the distortion.

2. The voltage drop at the end of experiment is due to power loss due to
resistance and other factors.]

3. Modulating index , Ka
Modulation index can defined as the ratio between modulation
amplitude at peak and carrier amplitude.

Ka = m p / A

Ka 1 ,Signal overmodulation.

Any increase of modulation index above 1 or we can said over

100% causes overmodulation.The carrier experience 180 degree
phase reversels where the carrier level would try to go below the
zero point.These reversels give rise to additional sidebands
resulting from the phase reversels that extend out.This will cause
distortion and receiver will get another message instead of
original message.Figure below show graphically how distortion
occurs and give effect :

Ka 0 and Ka 1 ,Normal modulation.

At this state,the signal not reach 100% of depth and the signal
will not going to overlap because the signal does not reach the
zero line.When the reversel occur,the envelop will not touch each
other. Figure below show graphically how distortion occurs and
give effect :

For Demodulation :

LPF
e(t)=[m(t)
+A] cos 2 ct

(t) = [m(t) +A] cos cSUM

t
[m(t) + A]
LPF = LOWER PASS FILTER.

e(t) = [m(t) +A] cos ct . cos ct

= [m(t) +A] [1/2 ( 1+cos 2 ct)]

Cos2 = [1 +
2cos]/2

= [m(t) +A] + (m(t) +A)( cos 2 ct)

2

(/)

(X)

From this equation only the [m(t) +A]/2 pass the LPF due to its low
frequency.The other equation didnt pass the filter is because there is cos
ct which is high frequency.

CONCLUSION
We can conclude that all the objectives had been achieved.The difference
between DSB SP and DSB C is that the carrier with amplitude which has at
DSB C , e(t)=[m(t) +A] cos2 ct
but not at DSB
2
SP,e(t)=m(t) cos ct.We also know that the amplitude give big effect to
the signal envelop as stated in discussion . The advantages of double side
band plus carrier is that it follow the envelop signal which easily to recover
the original message.

REFERENCE
1. Analog Signal Transmission DL3155M60 Practical Guide.
2. www.radio-electronics.com