Learning from the History of Black Activism in

Greensboro, NC
Suggested Curriculum for the Beloved Organizing
Training and Healing Institute (BOTHI)

Claude Barnes, Ph.D.

Research Associate,
Beloved Community Center
January 4, 2017

Americans have different understandings of their common historical

experience and this leads to different perspectives on the nature of our current
problems. The official historical narratives of our nation, the state of North
Carolina, the City of Greensboro, and the Greensboro Police Department ignore
bitter truths, and sweep under the rug unflattering portraits. So it is important to
grapple with what WEB Dubois called our duality, or our different perceptions of
the same reality based on our different experience of reality. Put another way, our
different racial, class, gender and gender orientation in society leads to different
and conflicting conceptions of our historical reality.
Confronting our history is especially important in trying to build a community,
state and nation based on democratic principles. Manisha Sina and Penny Von
Esche in their book Contested Democracy: Freedom, Race and Power in American
History capture the critical relationship between history and democracy when they
state rigorous engagement with history is essential to a vital democracy,
particularly amid the current erosion of human rights and civil liberties within the
United States and abroad. In the present age of empire, globalization, and the
export of American democracy, it is particularly important to reexamine the
historically contradictory and exclusionary development of democracy within the
United States itself.1
What this means for organizers/activists/scholars is that we must be able to
be familiar with the contradictory history of our communities if we are going to be
able to construct an alternative vision of a democratic society and community
based on truth instead of mythologies constructed to hide systematic racial,
economic, and sexual oppression by our local governments and their agencies. One
of the key purposes of the Beloved Organizing Training and Healing Institute (BOTHI)
is to be able to develop the tools that new generations of
organizers/activists/scholars need to continue the work of fighting for justice and
social transformation. The organizers/activists/scholars associated with the Beloved
Community Center have a history of grassroots organizing and working for social
change that covers the last fifty years. More importantly, the leadership associated
with the BCC have played leading roles in the three defining moments in the recent
history of our city, state and nation: 1) the Civil Rights Protests of the inhuman
treatment of its black citizens during the Jim Crow Era, 1955-1964; 2) the Black
Power Movement, 1964-1974 along with student and black community revolt of the
May 1969; 3) the Greensboro Massacre of November 3, 1979 and the work of the
Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission; and 4) the current era of fighting
against injustice and police accountability through organizations like the Police

1 See the Introduction to Manisha Sinha and Penny Von Eschen, Contested
Democracy: Freedom, Race, and Power in American History, (New York: Columbia
University Press, 2007) p.1
2

Accountability, Community Safety and Healing Initiative (PACSHI) and the

Greensboro Community, City Working Group (CCWG).
Consequently, the first BOTHI curriculum will draw from this rich history and
construct a six week online course focused on the lessons from the historical
experience of social activism in Greensboro, North Carolina. BOTHI will also
develop a shorter three day course/seminar to help train the next generation of
organizers/activists/scholars and develop and online library that will provide the
public with access to important documents concerning the history of social struggle
in Greensboro and in North Carolina.
BOTHIs long term curriculum attempts overcome one serious shortcoming of
the literature on the Civil Rights and Black Nationalist era: the absence of a
comprehensive analysis of the role of the Black Nationalist organizations that come
out of the Greensboro-Durham Axis. When we examine the literature on the
Contemporary Black Nationalist Movement we find a wealth of material on such
organizations and personalities as: Malcolm X and his Organization of Afro-American
Unity (OAAU); Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam; Huey P. Newton, Bobby
Seal, Eldridge Cleaver, Angela Davis et. al. and the Black Panther Party; Ron
Karenga and the U.S. organization; Amiri Baraka (Leroi Jones) the Black Arts
Movement and later the Committee for a Unified Newark (CFUN), and the Congress
of Racial Equality (CORE); the Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement (DRUM); James
Foreman and the Black Workers Congress (BWC). 2 The literature on these and
other personalities and organizations is quite extensive and useful but the paucity
2 Cf. Malcolm X, Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Grove Press, 1964).
George Breitman (ed.), The Last Year of Malcolm X (New York: Grove Press, 1969).
C. Eric Lincoln, The Black Muslims in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961).
Theresa Brockenberry Chambliss, The Nation of Islam: Continuity and Change
(Unpublished Masters Thesis, Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, 1979). The Black
Panther Party Its Origin and Development as Reflected in its Official Weekly
Newspaper, the Black Panther Black Community News Service. A staff study of the
Committee on Internal Security, House of Representatives, Ninety-first Congress,
Second Session, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970); Ron
Karenga, Kawaida and its Critics: A Sociohistorical Analysis, Journal of Black
Studies, 8 (December 1977); Ron Karenga, The Quotable Karenga (pamphlet) (Los
Angeles: U.S. Organization, 1967); Imamu Amiri Braka, Kawaida Studies: The New
Nationalism (Chicago: Third World Press, 1972). Unity and Struggle-History of
Revolutionary Communist League (M-L-M), Forward, No. 3 (January 1980); Imari
Abubukar Obadele I, The Struggle of the Republic of New Africa, The Black
Scholar, Vol. 3, No. 6 (February 1972); August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, CORE: A
Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942-1968 (Urbana: The University of Illinois
Press, 1975); and James Foreman, The Making of Black Revolutionaries (New York:
Macmillan, 1972).
3

of literature on the role of Black Activism originating from Greensboro, North

Carolina is a serious problem.
At one point in the Black Nationalist Movement, Greensboro and Durham were the
center of the Black Power Movement in the South. 3 Several important nationalist
organizations were created and received direction from the area including: The
Student Organization for Black Unity or later the Youth Organization for Black Unity
(SOBU/YOBU) and its newspaper The African World, The Foundation for Community
Development , Malcolm X Liberation University (MXLU), the North Carolina Black
Assembly, The African Liberation Support Committee (ASLC), the Revolutionary
Workers League (RWL), and the Greensboro Association of Poor People (GAPP).
The North Carolina Nationalists (NCN) include such personalities as Howard Fuller
(Later as Owusu Sadaukai), Nelson Johnson, Joyce Johnson, Mark Smith, Sandra
Neely, Lewis Brandon and Claude Barnes. Howard Fuller was one of the prime
movers behind the establishment of Malcolm X Liberation University (MXLU) and
African Liberation Support Committee (ALSC). Nelson Johnson and Mark Smith were
active in the creation of the Student Organization for Black Unity (SOBU) and later
the Revolutionary Workers League (RWL). Lewis Brandon has been and continues
to be one of the most active people in the Black Movement in Greensboro and in
North Carolina and the nation. Lewis Brandon played a key leadership role in the
Sit-In Movement that lead to the desegregation of the city of Greensboro and many
of the cities in the south. He was also active in the creation of the Foundation for
Community Development (FCD) and more importantly the Greensboro Association
of Poor People (GAPP).
Some of the lesser known personalities in the collective leadership of the NCN
include Joyce Johnson, who was an active behind the scenes leader in SOBU, GAPP,
RWL, and later the Communist Workers Party (CWP). Milton Coleman, the first
editor of the African World Newspaper, played a key role in SOBU during its PanAfrican phase. Jim Lee was Director of Operations at MXLU and played a leading
role with F.C.D. and the North Carolina Black Assembly. We might also mention
Sandra Neely (later Sandra Smith) who was active in SOBU, RWL, and Communist
Workers Party. Barbara Kamara served as one of the first chairpersons of GAPP and
3 William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina and the
Black Struggle for Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 312; Phil
Hutchins, Report on the ALSC National Conference, The Black Scholar, Vol. 5. No.
10 (July-August 1974); Richard D. Benson, Fighting for Our Place in the Sun:
Malcolm X and the Radicalization of the Black Student Movement (New York: Peter
Lang, 2015); Robert Cohen and David J. Synder, eds., Rebellion in Black and White:
Southern Student Activism in the 1960s, (Baltimore, Md.: John Hopkins University
Press, 2013); and Sekou M. Franklin, After the Rebellion: Black Youth, Social
Movement Activism, and the Post-Civil Rights Generation, (New York: New York
University Press, 2014).
4

was active in the N.C.B.A. Finally, we should point out the crucial roles of Frank
Williams, one-time Director of Field Operations for SOBU, Chuck Hopkins and Bertie
Howard who helped establish MXLU. While this is not meant to be an exhaustive
listing of the main personalities and organizations in the NCN, we can begin to get
some idea of the structure and function of this grouping within the radical section of
the Black Nationalist Movement. I wish to emphasize here that unless more
comprehensive data are generated on the role of the North Carolina Nationalists our
analysis of the trajectory of the Contemporary Civil Rights and Black Nationalist
Movement will suffer from superficial and inconclusive treatment. More ominously,
if we do not recover the lessons from the struggles waged by this important sector
of what some prefer to call the Black Liberation Movement we will fail to obtain
valuable guidance for future social justice movements and be doomed to repeat the
mistakes of the past.
You can get a brief overview of forty years of social activism in Greensboro by
looking at the Tiki toki Time Line put together one of the interns at BCC. The time
line covers events from 1960 to 2013
( http://www.tiki-toki.com/timeline/entry/9201/Recalling-40-Years-of-Struggle/#vars!
date=1956-09-18_22:09:41! )
Part One: A Curriculum of Study With Links to Resources
I.

What Period Are We In Now?

A.

Grace Boggs, The Next American Revolution: Sustainable Activism for

the Twenty First Century, (Berkley, CA: University of California Berkley
Press, 2012)

B.

Gar Alperovitz, America Beyond Capitalism: Reclaiming Our Wealth,

Our Liberty and Democracy, (Boston, MA: Democracy Collaborative
Press, 2011)

C.

Gar Alperovitz, The Next American Revolution (Speech, 2013)

http://www.garalperovitz.com/nextamericanrevolution/index.php

D.

Enrico Moretti, The New Geography of Jobs, (New York: Houghton Mifflin
Harcourt, 2012)
http://eml.berkeley.edu/~webfac/eichengreen/e196_fa11/moretti_196_
11-2-11.pdf

E.

Chris Harman, Zombie Capitalism: Global Crisis and the Relevance of

Marx, (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2009)

F.

Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age
of Colorblindness, (New York: The New Press, 2010)
Eric Preston, What Needs to Change: A Conversation on Policing and
5

Race with Michelle Alexander, Carolina Theater, Greensboro, NC

February 24, 2016
https://vimeo.com/157105681

II.
The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement and the Fight Against Jim Crow
Segregation and Racism
A.

Slavery in the Making of America

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/

B.

Jim Crow Segregation and Racial Oppression After Slavery

PBS Special on Jim Crow Segregation
http://www.ibiblio.org/sncc/black_power.html

C.

Martin Luther King: From Montgomery to Memphis

http://www.democracynow.org/2013/2/25/exclusive_rarely_seen_film_ki
ng_a

D.

The Sit-in Movement and the Destruction of Jim Crow Segregation

(1960 -1964)
February 1, 1960, the Desegregation of Woolworths and the Four
Freshmen of North
Carolina A&T :International Civil Rights Museum
http://sitinmovement.org/history/greensboro-chronology.asp
Greensboro News and Record
http://www.sitins.com/

E.

Bill Thompson, Jessie Jackson, Lewis Brandon and the Struggle to

desegregate downtown Greensboro, Stores, Hotels, Cafeterias and
Movie Theaters
Lewis Brandon, III The Greensboro Movements: 1960-1995, Power
Point Presentation
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/331452041/GreensboroDemocracy-Movements-ppteD-6-8-14-Ppt-Ed-3

F.

Ella Baker and the Creation of the Student Non-violent Coordination

Committee (SNCC) at Shaw University April 1960
http://zinnedproject.org/materials/baker-ella/

G.

Robert Williams and the Deacons for Defense: Negros with Guns During
the CRM
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5193906
http://www.jou.ufl.edu/documentary/negroeswithguns/about.asp
http://www.africanaonline.com/orga_deacons_for_defense.htm
6

H.

Charles E. Cobb, This Non-violent Stuff Will Get You Killed: How Guns
Made the Civil Rights Movement Possible (Durham, NC: Duke University
Press, 2015)
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokhconspiracy/wp/2014/07/28/this-nonviolent-stuffll-get-you-killed/?
utm_term=.733bf1db4cda

III.
Black Power, Black Nationalism, and Community Control Movement (19641973)
A.

How do you build broad and successful grassroots coalitions to

challenge the Status Quo in the realm ideas, culture, politics,
economics, and social structure?
Lee Staples, Roots to Power: A Manuel for Grassroots Organizing,
(Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2016)
https://www.amazon.com/Roots-Power-Manual-GrassrootsOrganizing/dp/1440833710
Paul Casteloe, Thomas Watson and Craig White, Participatory Change:
An Integrative Approach to Community Practice Journal of Community
Practice, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 7-32
http://cpcwnc.org/sites/default/files/publications/Participatory_Change_
Article.pdf
Jim Britell, Organize to Win: Hints, Checklists, and Dos and donts for
Grassroots Campaigns. An Organizers Guide. September 2015 vers.
2.4
http://britell.com/text/OrganizeToWin.pdf

B.

What were the major organizations and personalities associated with

this movement? GAPP in 1968, SOBU/YOBU in 1969, MXLU in 1970,
ALSC in 1972 and RWL.
See the following, William Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights:
Greensboro, North Carolina and the Black Struggle for Freedom ( New
York: Oxford, 1980); Peniel E. Joseph, Waiting Til the Midnight Hour: A
Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: Henry Holt and
Company, 2006); and Jelani Favors, North Carolina A&T Black Power
Activists and the Student Organization for Black Unity, found in Robert
Cohen and David J. Synder, eds., Rebellion in Black and White:
Southern Student Activism in the 1960s , (Baltimore, Maryland: John
Hopkins University Press, 2013). See also, Cleveland Sellars, Jr. Black
Power and the Freedom Movement in Retrospect, Ibid.
https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/rebellion-black-and-white
Joshua Clark Davis and Seth Kotch, Media and the Movement:
Journalism, Civil Rights and Black Power in the American South, Duke
7

University and University of North Carolinas Southern Oral History

Project.
http://mediaandthemovement.unc.edu/
C.

What impact did the North Carolina Nationalist and the organizations
associated with them have on the black liberation movement and
politics in the South and Nation?
See, Claude W. Barnes, A Consideration of the Relationship Between
Ideology and Activism in the Black Nationalist Movement: A Case Study
of the Greensboro Association of Poor People, MA Thesis, Atlanta
University, Atlanta, GA, 1981,
https://www.scribd.com/doc/315911252/Ideology-and-Activism
Steven E. B. Lechner, Gate City Rising: Continuity and Change within
Greensboros Black Liberation Movement of the 1960s, MA Thesis,
University of North Carolina Greensboro, 2015
https://www.scribd.com/document/262831199/Gate-City-RisingContinuity-and-Change-within-Greensboro-s-Black-LiberationMovement-of-the-1960s

D.

Black Activism, Urban Rebellion, and the Struggle for Black SelfDetermination: What factors caused the urban rebellions of the late
1960s and early 1970s? What role did he Student Organization for
Black Unity, GAPP play in the and the Dudley/ A&T Revolt of May 1969?
Stan Swofford, Dudley Student Sparks Greensboro Rebellion,
Greensboro News and Record, May 2, 1999
http://www.greensboro.com/dudley-student-sparks-greensboro
rebellion/article_4a08ec4f-6a27-53a3-bafe-82ab64864dab.html
Ken Irons and A.D. Hopkins, Jr., Dudley Closed; 16 Students Jailed,
The Greensboro Record, May 1969
David Newton, The Day the National Guard Swept A&Ts Scott Hall,
Greensboro Daily News, May 20, 1979
http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/CivilRights/id/
1907/rec/318
See DeWayne Wickham and Tukufu Zuberi, eds., Justice: Kerner Plus 40
Report: An Assessment of the Nations Response to the Report of the
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorder, (Washington, DC:
Accura Foundation, 2008),
http://www.ifajs.org/events/spring08/Kerner40/Report.pdf
See SeKou M. Franklin, Chapter 3, From Civil Rights to Anti-Apartheid,
After the Rebellion: Black Youth, Social Movement Activism, and the
Post-Civil Rights Generation, (New York: New York University Press,
2014);
Claude Barnes, Chapter 15 Bullet Holes in Wall: Reflections on the
Dudley/ A&T Student Revolt of May 1969 found in, Barnes, Moseley
8

and Steele, eds, American National and State

Government( Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt, 1997)
https://www.scribd.com/doc/265782394/Bullet-Holes-in-the-Wall-TheDudley-A-T-Student-Revolt-of-May-1969-8-21-14
Walls That Bleed: The Story of the Dudley/A&T Revolt of May 1969
(Documentary)
http://www.wallsthatbleedthemovie.com/home.html

IV.

E.

The Cafeteria Workers Strike March 1969: Building a Community and

Student Coalition

F.

Sanitation Workers Strike (Summer 1970)

G.

The AAA Rent Strike May 1970

Lorraine Ahearn, Agapion Has History of Tenant Conflict, Greensboro
News and Record, July 26, 2008
http://www.greensboro.com/news/agapion-has-history-of-tenantconflict/article_07f7e152-1904-51cc-9ebb-7320bdae0c46.html

H.

The Blind Workers Strike October, 1970-December 1970

The Day the Blind Workers Went on Strike, Greensboro News and
Record, June 16, 2001
http://www.greensboro.com/the-day-the-blind-workers-went-onstrike/article_d3014bb2-a6ce-5569-ae6e-d59378027d69.html

I.

1972 Peoples Court Prosecutes the Greensboro Police Department for

Abuse of Power and Police Brutality. The Event is organized by the
Black Citizens Concerned with Police Brutality (BCCPB). The document
below presents the transcripts of this event.
Police Brutality Trial of the Greensboro Black Community
https://www.scribd.com/document/331454729/Police-Brutality-Trial-ofthe-Greensboro-Black-Community-Transcript-8-11-1972

J.

Free Ben Chavis and the Wilmington 10: the Campaign to Pardon the
Wilmington 10
Kenneth Robert Janken, The Wilmington Ten: Violence, Injustice, and
the Rise of Black Politics in the 1970s, (Chapel-Hill, NC: University of
North Carolina Press, 2016)
https://aerbook.com/books/The_Wilmington_Ten-13493.html?
store_id=137&product_id=2182852&product_id=2182852

Pan-Africanism, Marxism, Labor, and Anti War Movements (1973-1979)

A.

SOBU, Malcolm X Liberation University and MXLU and Pan-Africanism

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7kaKk9g8SeiaElrSmtvR254Vjg/view?
9

usp=sharing
See Richard D. Benson, Fighting for Our Place in the Sun: Malcolm X
and the Radicalization of the Black Student Movement: 1960-73, (New
York: Peter Lang: 2015); Brent H. Belvin, Malcolm X Liberation
University: An Experiment in Independent Black Education, MA Thesis,
North Carolina State University, 2004 , Marxist Internet Archive,
https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-1a/experiment.pdf
See also, Media and Movement: Journalism, Civil Rights, and Black
Power in the American South,
http://mediaandthemovement.unc.edu/ .
B.

The Evolution of the African Liberation Support Committee (ALSC) and

African Liberation Day (ALD) May 1972
See SOBU News Service, 55,000 Demonstrate Support: ALD
International Success, African World, June 10, 1972

C.

Which Road for Black People?

Historic ALSC Conference at Howard University July 1974
See SOBU News Service, Historic ALSC Conference Discussed Which
Road for Black People? SOBU News Service, African World, July 1974

D.

The Creation of the Revolutionary Workers League (RWL).

See Ron Washington, The Rise and Fall of the Revolutionary Workers
League Marxist Internet Archive, August 4, 2009,
https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-1a/experiment.pdf

E.

The Greensboro Massacre of November 3, 1979

Greensboro Closer to the Truth, A Film by Adam Zucker,
Closer to the Truth Discussion Guide
http://www.racialequitytools.org/resourcefiles/closer.pdf

V.
Reassessment, and Building Multi-racial and Progressive Leadership (1980
-1999)
A.
B.
Education
C.

The Beloved Community Center Created in 1991

Black and Brown Movement, Immigration, Peace Walks Reform in Public
April 1992-July 1996 Struggle of the K-Mart Workers at the K-Mart
Distribution Center
See , Prayer and Protest: Bringing a Community Vision of Justice to a
Labor Dispute found in Penda Hair, Louder Than Words: Lawyers,
Communities and the Struggle for Justice, (New York: Rockefeller
10

Foundation, 2010).
http://www.racialequitytools.org/resourcefiles/hair.pdf
D.

VI.

Struggle to Free Kwame Cannon 1986-1999

Allen Johnson, A Wicked Fork in the Road to Redemption for Kwame
Cannon, Greensboro News and Record, April 16, 2004
http://www.greensboro.com/editorial/a-wicked-fork-in-the-road-toredemption-for-kwame/article_786ec600-e4bd-526e-8331cf2d897cdec7.html
See, Stan Swofford, Gov. Easley Frees Kwame Cannon, Greensboro
News and Record, May 25, 2005.
http://www.greensboro.com/news/general_assignment/gov-easleyfrees-kwame-cannon/article_04bfe899-302d-5c32-90ef65162437d963.html

The Beloved Community Center, Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Project

and Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2000- 2006).
A.

Beloved Community Center: Our Story

http://www.belovedcommunitycenter.org/about-us/

B.

Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission Final Report

(Greensboro, NC: GTRC,
2006) http://www.greensborotrc.org/

C.

Signe Waller, A City of Two Tales: The Greensboro Massacre of

November 3, 1979 in Fact, Context and Meaning (Greensboro, NC: The
Greensboro Justice Fund and the Beloved Community Center, 2005)

D.

Signe Waller, Love and Revolution, A Political Memoir: Peoples History

of the Greensboro Massacre, Its Setting and Aftermath, (New York:
Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2002).

E.

Lisa Magarrell and Joya Wesley, Learning from Greensboro: Truth and
Reconciliation in the United States, (Philadelphia, PA: University of
Pennsylvania, 2008).

F.

88 Seconds in Greensboro (Documentary)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5q0PB-7yvSY

G.

Danielle Battaglia, Greensboro Massacre Historical Marker Unveiled,

Greensboro News and Record, May 24, 2015
http://www.greensboro.com/news/local_news/greensboro-massacrehistorical-marker-unveiled/article_b391d62c-0283-11e5-a3014747b7a74dda.html
11

VII.

Racism and Police Accountability

A.

Documenting Racism and Police Abuse of Power

See Rev. Nelson Johnson, Dr. Claude Barnes and Gillet Rosenblith, Our
Democratic Mission: Transitioning the Greensboro Police Department
from Double Standards and Corruption to Accountability and
Professionalism (Greensboro, NC: Beloved Community Center, 2013)
https://www.scribd.com/doc/255672648/Our-Democratic-Mission ;
Sharon LaFraniere and Andrew W. Lehren, The Disproportionate Risks
of Driving While Black: An Examination of Traffic Stops and Arrests in
Greensboro, NC, Uncovered Wide Racial Differences in Measure After
Measure, New York Times, October 24, 2015,
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/25/us/racial-disparity-traffic-stopsdriving-black.html?_r=0
Greensboro Citizens for Commutation for Jorge Cornell, (Presidential
Commutation Application, Sent to the US Department of Justice, August
12, 2016)
https://www.scribd.com/document/331833622/Greensboro-Citizens-forCommutation-for-Jorge-Cornell-Letter

B.

Dr. Claude Barnes, Racial Disparity and Police Accountability: New

York Times Article Exposes Long Standing Problem in Greensboro, the
State of North Carolina and the Nation, Beloved Community Center,
November 16, 2015,
http://en.calameo.com/read/004618746954c107bb0e3

C.

Developing Citizen Control of the Police or Bringing Back Democratic

Control Over This Part of Municipal Government: Examining the Role of
the Police Accountability Community Safety and Healing Initiative
(PACSHI)
https://www.scribd.com/document/273078712/Letter-RegardingGreensboro-Police-Complaint-Review-Process-July-7-Letter-to-CityCouncil

D.

Examples of Citizens Working to Improve Police Accountability

https://triad-city-beat.com/2016/07/citizen-green-official-hypocrisypolice-body-camera-video/
https://www.scribd.com/document/319976991/Gboro-Resolution-toRepeal-HB-972
https://www.scribd.com/document/318311690/Peoples-Ordinance-forPublic-Access-to-Police-Body-Camera-Footage
http://www.greensboro.com/blogs/around_town/susan-ladd-greensborocity-council-should-have-stood-against-body/article_4a53afb1-edab12

5433-a140-bfde29138c2d.html
http://www.peacemakeronline.com/council-votes-down-body-cameraresolution/

E.

Editorials by Rev. Nelson Johnson and Retired Attorney Lewis Pitts on

the Cole-Yourse Case.
Rev. Nelson Johnson and Lewis Pitts, Johnson and Pitts: Independent
Investigation Sorely Needed, Greensboro News and Record, October
9, 2016
http://www.greensboro.com/blogs/johnson-and-pitts-independentinvestigation-sorely-needed/article_546979c7-0b2b-54d2-880013b1943bc630.html
Richard M. Barron, Civil Rights Leaders Want Special Commission to
Probe Cole Case, Greensboro News and Record, September 29, 2016
http://www.greensboro.com/news/local_news/civil-rights-leaders-wantspecial-commission-to-probe-cole-case/article_438761cf-6436-58af9e0d-092b7bde438b.html
Lewis Pitts and Rev. Nelson Johnson, Ex-officer Should Face Charges,
Greensboro News and Record, September 26, 2016
http://www.greensboro.com/opinion/columns/lewis-pitts-and-nelsonjohnson-ex-officer-should-face-charges/article_f8628e69-c246-58fb8250-219abdde5aef.html

VIII.

Restorative Justice, Healing, and Community Policing

A.

What is Restorative Justice and its relationship to Democracy?

Greggg Barak, Paul Leighton and Jeanne Flavin, fourth edition, Class,
Race, Gender and Crime: The Social Realities of Justice in America,
(New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015)
https://www.amazon.com/Class-Race-Gender-CrimeRealities/dp/1442220732/ref=pd_sbs_14_img_0?
_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=2NXRWAA1PDRQ988MZTK1

B.

Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Restorative Justice: What Is It and Does It

Work?, The Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 2007. Vol 3:
161-187
http://lawsocsci.annualreviews.org

C.

Beloved Community Center End of the Year Brochures for 2015 and
2016
13

BCC, Still We Rise: BCC in Review-2015

https://www.scribd.com/document/294740090/BCC-End-of-the-YearReport-for-2015
BCC: Moving from 2016 Towards Transformative Organizing in 2017
https://www.scribd.com/document/335676582/BCC-EOY-Brochure-for2016-PDF-Version-Draft-2

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