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Trng i hc Bch khoa H ni

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Lin kt kim loi kim loi

Lin kt kim loi phi kim

KIM LOI

CERAMIC

Lin kt phi kim phi kim

POLYMER
1. Tng quan
2. Nha nhit do
3. Nha nhit rn

Cht do

Polymer

4. Cao su
5. Composite
6. Phng php gia cng

Nha

Polymer l hp cht hu c c hnh thnh do s lin kt ho hc bn vng

gia cc n v polymer vi cu trc phn t hon ton ging nhau. Cc n v
ny ni vi nhau thnh mt chui di (mch) cha hng ngn n v nn phn t
polymer c gi l cao phn t

CH2

C
CH

CH2

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

C
CH2

CH

C
CH2

CH

NR
CH3

CH2

C = CH

CH2

n: trng hp trung bnh

~ s mt xch trung bnh trn mt
mch polymer

TNH CHT CHUNG CA POLYMER

Polymer nh ( = 0,8 2,2 g/cm3)
Polymer l vt liu mm do (E nh)

Polymer c kh nng thu quang tt

Polymer d b thm thu (bi cc cht kh)
Polymer dn nhit km ( dn nhit 4,2.10-2 4,2.10-1 W/m.K
km kim loi 3 ln)

Polymer dn in km (in tr sut 1010 1018 cm

km kim loi 2.1022 ln)
Polymer bn vi ho cht
Polymer c kh nng ti s dng cao (ti sinh, cht t)
Polymer c nhit gia cng thp (250 400 0C)
Polymer c gia cng bng nhiu phng php (n, c phun, thi, p)

PH GIA TRONG POLYMER

Cht n tr: Gim gi thnh sn phmbt , phn, t st, cao lanh
Cht gia cng: Tng tnh cht c-lsi thu tinh, bt kim loi
Cht ho do: Lm mm sn phm, tng kh nng gia cngDOP, du cng
nghip
Cht n nh: Chng li nh hng tiu cc ca nhit , nh sng, mi trng
Cht to mu: To mu sc cho sn phmxit kim loi, bt mu hu c
Cht to xp: To ra vt liu xpCht to xp vt l (nh nhit ), cht to xp
ho hc (nh phn ng)
Cht chng chy: Cn tr kh nng chy ca sn phmHp cht Clo, Brom

Cht khu mch nha nhit do

Cht lu ho cao su
Cht ng rn nha nhit rn

PHNG PHP TNG HP POLYMER

Trng hp

Trng ngng

Phn ng chui

Phn ng theo bc

Thi gian to ra mt mch

cao phn t

Nhanh

Lu

S ph thuc vo phn ng
trc

Khng

Cn thit

Khng cn thit

C cha ni i

Cha nhm hot

tnh 2 u

S nhm hot tnh trong mt

monomer

S loi monomer trong mt

n v polymer

Khng

Mch di

Mch ngn

Khng c

C ch to mch

S dng cht khi mo

Yu cu i vi monomer

Sn phm ph
c trng ca mch polymer
Mch nhnh

Phn ng
trng hp

radical

Ni i

Monome

Khi ng

Pht trin

Ngt mch

n. CH2

CH

Polyme ho

CH2

CH
n

CH3

CH3

PP

Nhm hot tnh

trong vt liu hu c
Nhm chc
C=C
COH
H
NH
O
COH

Tn gi

Nhm chc

Tn gi

Ru

O
COC

Este

Amin

O H
CN

Amid

Axit

O
CC

Epoxy

COC

Eter

N=C=O

Isocyanat

Alken

O
C

Keton

O
CH

Aldehyt

Vng thm

Phn ng
trng ngng

Phenol
Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde

OH

CH2

CH2

OH

OH

OH

H
O

CH2

OH
OH
OH

CH2

CH2 OH
H

H
CH2

OH
CH2

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH
+3

OH

OH

OH

OH
OH

OH

OH

CH2

OH

OH

CH2

CH2

OH
+ 3 H2O

PF

OH

Phn ng
trng phi

Di-Alcohole

OH

C=N
=

HO

H
=

O C N

N C O

C=N

N=C

N=C
=

N=C

C=N

Di-Isocyanate

O
PU

PHN LOI POLYMER

Phn loi theo ngun gc
- Polymer t nhin: cao su thin nhin, cellulose
- Polymer tng hp: PP, PVC, cao su SBR, nha Epoxy

Phn loi theo gi tr s dng

- Polymer ph thng: PP, PE, PS, PVC
- Polymer k thut: PA, PC, POM
- Polymer bn nhit: PEEK, PES, PTFE, PI
- Polymer c chng: cao su nhit do, polymer phn hu sinh hc
Phn loi theo thnh phn ho hc
- (Homo)polymer: PP, PS, PA, PI
- Copolymer: ABS, SBR, SBS, EPR
- Polymerblend: PP/PA, PPO/PS, PC/ABS, PS/SBS
- Polymercomposite: nn (PP, UP, Epoxy) + ct (si, ht, lai to)
Phn loi theo cu trc mch
- Mch thng (+ Mch nhnh): PP, PE, PMMA, PTFE
- Mng li tha: cao su thin nhin ( lu ho)
- Mng li dy: nha Epoxy ( ng rn)

POLYMER

Nha nhit do
- D nng chy
- C th ho tan
trong dung mi
- D gia cng
- D ti sinh

Cao su
- Kh nng chy
- Ch trng n
trong dung mi
- Kh gia cng
- Kh ti sinh

Nha nhit rn
- Khng nng chy
- Khng trng n trong
dung mi
- Khng gia cng c
- Khng c kh nng ti
sinh

- V nh hnh: cc mch cao phn t sp xp khng c trt t

- Bn tinh th: cc mch cao phn t sp xp theo mt trt t nht nh
a)

c)

e)

d)
b)

g)

PE-HD

n.C

2 -6 nguyn t C

PE-LD

- mch thng
- 4 n 10 mch nhnh ngn
trn 1000 nguyn t C

- mch nhnh di
> 10 nguyn t C

PE-LLD

- mch thng
- 10 n 35 mch nhnh ngn
trn 1000 nguyn t C

PE-HD

Cu trc i tinh th trong polyethylene - TEM

PE-LD

PE-LD

PE-HD

0,1 m

Cu trc tinh th trong polyethylene - TEM

0,1 m

Tnh cht chung ca PE

Nh, mm do, bin dng tt
Cch in rt tt

Rt t hp th nc, d b thm thu kh

Khi t trng PE tng, bn ho cht tng
Nhit gia cng thp, d nhum mu

ng dng chnh
V bc cp in (PE-LD)
Bt ph ngoi tri, mng co, ti mua hng, chai l thc phm
ng nc, ng dn kh (PE-HD)

ng dng chnh
Sn xut si dt,si n bn bao dt. Bao che ph
Kt bia - nc ngt, thng cha cc loi,k,sp gia dng..
To xp cch in v cch m
Bnh ng xng - du, bnh c qui

CH3

CH3

n.C

CH3

CH2
n

Monomer

isotactic
syndiotactic

atactic

CH

CH2
Isotactic PP

CH

CH3

Vt mu

100 ~ 300

i tinh th 50 m
Lp tinh th

TEM

100 m

1 m
LM

Cu trc i tinh th v tinh th trong polypropylene

AFM

Tnh cht chung ca PP

Nh, cng vng v bn c hc cao
Tng i gin nhit thp (< 5
-500C)
C)
Tnh cch in tt
Km bn thi tit

ng dng chnh
Cc loi bao b trong y t, dn dng v cng nghip
chi tr em, dng vn phng

ng dng chnh
gia dng
Mt s chi tit bn trong my mc gia nh nh my git,
my ht bi, my ra bt
si dt:Thm th thao, li th thao, c nhn to, qun
o ,

ng dng chnh
Mng BOPP
Ph tng, ni tht xe hi
Cnh qut gi, v hp ph tng

Tnh cht

PE-HD

PE-LD

PP

T trng (g/cm3)

0,955

0,92

0,91

ng sut ti im dui (MPa)

20-30

8-10

30-35

12

20

14

60-80

40-50

50-70

50

20

65-80

1000

200

1400

130-135

105-110

165-170

H s dn n nhit (10-6/K)

150

200

170

Gii hn nhit s dng

- ngn hn
- di hn

105
80

90
75

140
100

in tr khi (.cm)

> 1017

> 1017

1017

in p nh thng (kV/mm)

30-40

30-40

35-40

hp th nc (%)

< 0,05

< 0,05

< 0,1

Bin dng ti im dui (%)

kt tinh (%)
cng b mt (N/mm2)

M un n hi (MPa)
Nhit nng chy (0C)

* Sn phm s dng trong khng kh v khng chu tc ng c hc

Polymer
bn tinh th

u im

T trng nh 0,90g/cm3
Nhit nng chy cao Tm=329-338o F
Nhit s dng 212o F
Bn vi ha cht hydrocacbon, alcohols, v hp cht khng c
oxi
bn mi cao
C th gia cng bng nhiu phng php: c phun, c thi,
n, cn phim, v thermoforming

Cl

Cl

n.C

PVC-E

PVC-S

PVC-M

(5%)

(80%)

(13%)

Kch thc ht (m)

15 300

60 250

~ 150

Khong cht (%)

0,7 2,5

< 0,1

< 0,01

ln cht (g/ml)

0,35 0,5

0,4 0,65

c trng c bn

c m

Trong sut
Tnh cch in cao, tnh
cht c hc v ho hc tt

(th phn)

E: Emulsion nh tng; S: Suspension huyn ph; M: Mass khi

PVC-U: unplasticed Polyvinylchloride PVC cng

PVC-P: plasticed Polyvinylchloride PVC mm
(PVC c kh nng tng hp tt vi nhiu loi cht ho do)

80
DCHP

700

DOP

60
DOA

50

600

TCP

500

40

400

30

300

20

200
DOA

10

DOP

TCP

DCHP

100

0
0

10

20

30

40

T l cht ho do (%)
DOA: Dioctyladipate
TCP: Tricresylphosphate

DOP: Dioctylphthalate
DCHP: Dicyclohexylphthalate

dn di (%)

bn ko (MPa)

70

~ 1 m

~ 0,03 m

~ 1 m : Ht s cp

~ 100 m
PVC cng
SEM

PVC
PVC HI
TEM

Tnh cht chung ca PVC

PVC cng
PVC mm
bn c hc, cng vng v
mm do thay i ph thuc vo
cng b mt cao
cht ho do
D b p v nhit thp
Kh nng bin dng ph thuc vo
ph gia (v nhit )
bn ho hc cao
bn ho hc ph thuc vo ph
gia (v nhit )
T dp tt khi ri xa ngn la
Khng t dp tt c khi ri xa
ngn la do s c mt ca ph gia
Tnh cch in tt
Tnh cch in tt

 rel

70

D
S

Ch s K

80

60
D: nht ca dung dch
S: nht ca dung mi

50

1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2

rel

MW: Phn t lng

trung bnh khi lng

50000 100000

ng dng
chnh ca
PVC

MW

ng dn nc (K ~ 68), ng chu p lc (71), ng cch in (58-63),

np ca s (65), a ht (60), chai l trong sut (57) PVC-U
Thm tri sn, v dy in, ng mm, giy dp, vi gi da, khn tri
bn PVC-P (K ~ 70)

La chn chng loi PVC thch hp cho tng loi hnh cng ngh
PVC l Polymer nhy nhit: nhit gia cng nm gn nhit phn hu
Phng php
gia cng
p phun
n
ng
Thanh nh hnh
Bc cp in
Mng mng
Tm
c thi
Cn (mng)
p nng (tm)
++ Rt thch hp

PVC-E
Cng
O
+
++
O
+
+
O
++
+
+ Thch hp

PVC-S
Mm Cng
O ++
O
+
O
O
O
O
+
O

++
++
O
O
++
++
++
+

PVC-M
Mm Cng
++ ++
++
++
++
+
O
O
++
O

++
++
O
O
++
++
++

Mm
++
O
+
+
O
O
O
+

o Khng thch hp

H. Batzer, Polymere Werkstoffe, Band III: Technologie 2, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart New York 1984, pp. 94

SB
PS

Styrene

SAN

ABS

Mt s kiu sp xp trong mch cao phn t ca polymer

ng trng hp

a)

c)

b)

Mch chnh

Mch nhnh

d)

Monome A

Monome B

a) ng trng hp ngu nhin

c) ng trng hp khi

b) ng trng hp xen k

d) ng trng hp ghp cy

HI-PS
High Impact Polystyrene

PB

PS

Styrene - Butadiene
copolymer
T l PB t 5 30 %

Isotactic PS, kt tinh trong dung

dch 0.5% chlorobenzene 130 C
sau 24 gi

Isotactic PS, kt tinh t trng thi

nng chy 220 C sau 24 gi

Polymer
v nh hnh

Tnh cht

PS

SB

SAN

ABS

1,05

1,04

1,08

1,03-1,06

bn ko (MPa)

60

22-40

70

40-60

dn di (%)

bn va p kha (kJ/m2)

3,5

80

cng b mt (N/mm2)*

160

120

160

60-100

M un n hi (MPa)**

3500

3000

3800

1500-2500

95

85

100

90-98

H s dn n nhit (10-6/K)

60-80

80-100

70-80

85-100

Gii hn nhit s dng

- ngn hn
- di hn

80
75

85
75

100
90

105
90

1018

5.1016

1016

1015-1016

in p nh thng (kV/mm)

55-65

45-65

30

30-40

hp th nc (%)

< 0,1

< 0,1

0,1-0,2

0,8-1,6

T trng (g/cm3)

im ho mm Vicat (0C)

in tr khi (.cm)

* o bng phng php bi nhn

** Xc nh t th nghim ko

Tnh cht chung ca PS

Gin, trong sut, cng b mt v cng vng cao
n nh kch thc cao, tnh cch in rt tt
D to xp, t ht m
bn thi tit km

Khng gy nh hng n sc kho con ngi

ng dng chnh
Bao b bo v m phm, thuc, ng h, chi tit in t

gia dng: bt, cc chn, l, hp, khay

Mng cch in, bao b thc phm, chi tit trong t lnh
PS xp c s dng rng ri lm bao b bo v trong vn
ti, bao b cch nhit

Tnh cht chung ca cc ng trng hp t PS

Mm do, c kh nng bin dng cao hn PS
bn va p v bn co xc cao hn PS
(Khi c mt cao su), tnh cht c hc nhit thp tt hn PS

ng dng chnh
SB:

V thit b in dn dng: i, tivi, my tnh, v bng cassette

Mc qun o, chi tit trong t lnh, chi, cc ng trong automat

SAN: Bao b thc phm, bao b m phm, hp ng bng video, cassette

Bnh cch nhit, li lc caf, nt bm iu khin, v n pha t
ABS: V thit b vn phng, v thit b in t - tin hc, vali
Khung nh, mt bn, tay cm ca cc dng c, chi tit k thut
trong t - xe my, m hnh chi, chu ra trong WC

Phn ng trng ngng ca acid amine

H2N

CH2

H2N

COOH
5

PA6

CH2

COOH
10

H2N

CH2

PA11

COOH
11

PA12

CH2
CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

NH

Phn ng m vng
caprolactam to ra PA6

CO

H
N

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

C
O

Nhm amide

CH2

H2N

NH2

CH2

HOOC

CH2

Phn ng trng ngng gia

diamine v dicacbon acid

NH2

CH2

COOH

PA610

Adipic acid

HOOC

CH2

8
Sebacic acid

H2N

NH2

CH2

HOOC

PA v nh
hnh (PA6T)

COOH

6
Terephthalic acid

H
N

PA66

Hexamethylene diamine

H2N

COOH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

PA66

Nhm amide

CH2

CH2

CH2

C
O n

(CH2)x

CO

NH

(CH2)x

NH

NH

(CH2)6

NH

NH

PA6 (x=5), PA11 (10), PA12 (11)

n
CO

(CH2)y

PA66 (x=6, y=4), PA610 (6, 8)

CO
n

PA6T

CO

CO

HN

HN

HN

CO HN

CO

CO

HN

HN

CO

CO

CO

HN

HN

HN

Lin kt hiro

CO

CO

CO

hp th nc (%)

32
T = 20 0C

28
24
20

m 100%

16
12

m 65%

8
4
0
0

4
6
8 10 12
T l nhm CH2/CONH

14

Tnh cht chung ca PA

Tnh cht c hc tt, vt liu hu nh khng c hin tng mi
H s ma st thp, chu ti trng ng tt
Khng bn vi thi tit, bn nhit , bn ho cht
hp th nc cao, thm thu kh thp
kt tinh ph thuc nhiu vo tc lm ngui sn phm ( 40%)

ng dng chnh
Bao b thc phm cao cp, bn chi nh rng, li nh c

Bnh rng, trt, bu lng, c vt nha, v thit b in - in t

Li lc du, ng dn nhin liu, bnh ng du phanh, phao trong bnh
xng t - xe my, vi phun nhin liu, v hp chu nhit trong bung my
Cc cn cu, tc bp b, si vi dt, puli cng dy cu roa

Tnh cht

PA6

PA66

PA610

PA11

PA12

PA6T

T trng (g/cm3)

1,13

1,14

1,08

1,04

1,02

1,12

ng sut ti im dui (MPa)

40

65

40

50

45

85

Bin dng ti im dui (%)

20

15

50

50

30

bn va p kha (kJ/m2)

> 25

20

13

40

10 - 20

13

70

90

70

50

70

140

1400

2000

1500

1000

1600

2000

220-225

255-260

210-220

175-180

175- 180

H s dn n nhit (10-6/K)

80

80

100

130

150

80

Gii hn nhit s dng

sn phm (0C)
- ngn hn
- di hn

180
100

200
100

180
110

150
80

150
80

140
100

in tr khi (.cm)

109

1011

1013

1013

1013

1013

in p nh thng (kV/mm)

30

25 - 35

2,5-3,5

2,5-3,1

cng b mt (N/mm2)
M un n hi (MPa)
Nhit nng chy (0C)

hp th nc (%)

27 - 29
1,2-1,6

0,8-1,2

0,7-1,1

2,6-3,4

CH3

CH3

CH3

n.C

HO

CH3

CH3

Cl

CH3
Bisphenol A

OH + Cl

Phosgen

CH3

C
CH3

+ 2 HCl

C
O
n

PMMA

Tnh cht

PC

1,18

T trng (g/cm3)

1,20

92

thu quang (%)

91

200

cng b mt (N/mm2)

95

3300

M un n hi (MPa)

2200

80

bn ko (MPa)

60

5,5

dn di (%)

80

bn va p kha (kJ/m2)

20

80

Gii hn nhit s dng sn phm (0C)

160

Tnh cht chung ca PMMA

cng b mt, bn co xc v bng b mt cao
Trong sut, khng nt vn khi b p v
Cch in tt, bn vi s thay i nhit
Rt bn thi tit, bn vi nh sng, chm lo ho

ng dng chnh
Mt knh, thu knh, knh lp, mt ng h, knh n chiu
n ng, ui n, bng phn phi in, nt bm iu khin
n sau, n xi nhan t xe my, n giao thng
Knh xy dng, knh hng t, knh tu ho, knh my bay
Thit b WC: chu ra, chu tm, cnh ca

Tnh cht chung ca PC

Kh nng bin dng kh, bn c hc (ko, nn, un, va p) cao

Trong sut, t hp th nc, cch in tt

Rt bn thi tit, bn nhit
Kh chy, c kh nng t tt khi di xa ngn la

ng dng chnh
V cc thit b in - in t, thit b y t, telephone
ng nhm, thu tinh an ton, lp ngoi a CD
Knh chng n, l chn chng bo lon
V my rt tin t ng, knh bo v cc trm in thoi cng cng
Knh xy dng cao cp, cho n, n t xe my

COOH + HO

HOOC

Acid terephthalate

CH2

CH2

OH

Ethylene glycol

+ 2 H2O

Lu lng thm thu

tL

Thi gian

Lp m cc mng t SiOx c
tc dng tng chng thm
cho cc bao b lm t PET

Tnh cht chung ca PET

cng vng rt cao, kh nng bin dng tt
Bn thi tit, khng gy nh hng n sc kho con ngi
C kh nng ngn cn tt s thm thu ca cc cht kh

Tc kt tinh chm, d to ra vt liu bn tinh th hay v nh hnh

Tnh cht c hc v quang hc ca PET d dng thay i ph thuc
vo nh hng ca cc mch cao phn t

ng dng chnh
Bao b nc ung c gas, nc khong, bao b thc phm
Si dt vi, an li, c nhn to
Chi tit k thut chu mi mn, bnh xe, con ln
V hp cch in c trong sut cao, chi tit chu va p

n.C

n.C

Polyacetale

Teflon

POM

Tnh cht

PTFE

1,42

T trng (g/cm3)

2,20

80

kt tinh (%)

90

175

Nhit nng chy (0C)

327

3000

M un n hi (MPa)

400-700

0,9

hp th nc (%)

< 0,05

-40 150

Gii hn nhit s dng sn phm (0C)

-260 300

- Chu mi mn tt
- cng b mt cao

- H s ma st rt thp
- Kh nng cch in rt cao

- Chu ho cht tt
- Chu thi tit km, nhy nhit

- Chu thi tit rt tt

- Khng chy

ng dng chnh ca POM

Bnh rng, trt, chi tit chu lc, l xo, van x, v hp
Bng ti, inh vt, cu, chi tit trong my bm, rle

Tay gt cho hp s t, cn gt chuyn n tn hiu

Tay nm ca, bn l, con ln

ng dng chnh ca PTFE

Lp m chng dnh cho cc chi tit k thut v dng c gia nh

Bc cp in trung v cao th, mng cch in

trt, vng m chu du, chu nhit, chu lc
Np b ch ho kh trong t xe my

OH

OH

H
+

H2O

H
Phenol

Formaldehyde

P:F

Resole
P/F < 1

Novolac
P/F > 1
- Trng ngng trong mi trng axit
- Mch thng, P:F = 1:0,8
- Khng t ng rn c
HO

- Trng ngng trong mi trng kim

- P:F = 1:2 nha lng; 1,5:2 nha rn
- C kh nng t ng rn

OH
CH2

OH

CH2

HOCH2
OH

CH2

HO
CH2

CH2OH
OH

HO

CH2

OH

CH2

CH2OH
Trng thi A

CH2OH

Resole
CH2OH

OH

OH
CH2OH
+

OH

OH
_ n H2O

CH2
n

Resole

Resistole

Phenol
CH2OH
+ HOCH2

CH2OH

CH2OH
Resole

Resole

CH2OH
HO

OH

Trng thi C

CH2OH

CH2OH
CH2

CH2

OH
CH2OH

CH2OH
Resite

_ H O
2

100%

HO

CH2OH

Trng thi A

Thi gian

HOCH2

+ 3C

Cc giai on pht
trin trong qu trnh
t trng ngng ca
Resole

OH

Trng thi B

OH

trng ngng

Tnh cht chung ca PF

(sau khi ng rn + cht gia cng)

cng vng, cng b mt v bn ko cao

Rt bn nhit (n 150 0C), kh chy, cch in tt
Mu sm, mi kh chu

ng dng chnh
cm in, hp bc b chuyn mch, cng tc in
Tm cch in trong cc thit b in

Bnh rng, trt, thanh np chu nhit ca cc loi bp, l in

Tay cm ca bn l, xoong ni, cn cho, gt tn thuc l

NH2
C

CH2

OH

+ CH2
OH

NH2

Formaldehyde
(trong dung dch n-c)
(methylene glycol)

Urea

H2N
N

NH2
N

CH2

OH

CH2

CH2

NH2

H2O

Urea Formaldehyde

CH2

OH

Melamine

+
N

N
Formaldehyde

Melamine Formaldehyde

H2O

Tnh cht chung ca UF

(sau khi ng rn + cht n)

cng vng, cng b mt v bn ko cao

Tnh cch in rt tt, bng b mt cao, c mu sng, bn mu
co ngt cao, khng bn khi m cao
Khng cho tip xc vi n thc ung

ng dng chnh
Phch cm, cng tc in, chui n, tm cch in
Mt bn, lp trang tr trong cc toa xe, tu ho
Sn ph, keo dn g, v cc thit b m thanh

Tnh cht chung ca MF

(sau khi ng rn + cht n)

cng b mt v bn co xc cao
bng b mt cao, c mu sng, bn nhit, bn vi m
Cch in tt, kh chy
Bn vi tia la in v tc ng ca s r r in (do tp cht)

ng dng chnh
Bng mch in t, tm cch in trong cc thit b in - in t
Cng tc, chui n, hp bo v bugi (chu tia la in)
Chi tit chu nhit, cn cho, xoong ni (nhiu mu sc)
Np l m phm, bt a cao cp, khay, gt tn thuc l

So snh tnh cht mt s loi nha formaldehyde thng dng

Tnh cht

PF 31

UF 131

MF 152

T trng (g/cm3)

1,4

1,5

1,5

bn un (MPa)

70

80

80

bn ko (MPa)

25

30

30

bn va p (kJ/m2)

6,5

1,5

1,5

1,5

6000-8000

6000-10000

8000-10000

250-320

260-350

260-410

H s dn n nhit (10-6/K)

30-50

40-50

30-50

Gii hn nhit s dng

- ngn hn
- di hn

140
110

100
70

110
80

in tr khi (.cm)

1010

1011

1011

hp th nc (mg/4 d)

150

300

200

bn va p kha (kJ/m2)
M un un (MPa)
cng b mt (N/mm2)

PF 31: n bt g, UF 131: n xenlulo, MF152: n xenlulo Nha ht

COOH

COOH

COOH

HOOC

Maleic acid

Fumaric acid

Dicarboxylic acid khng no

COOH
COOH

+
(CH2)2

OH

HO

(CH2)2

CH

OH

COOH

Adipic acid

ortho-Phthalic acid
HO

(CH2)4

HOOC

Dicarboxylic acid no

CH3
Ethylene glycol

1,3 Butylene glycol

Diol
CH2

CH

+
Nha UP
(pre-polymer hot tnh cao,
c kh nng t ng rn)

Dung mi hu c
monomer

Styrene

O
O
O
C
O
C

CH2

CH

CH2

CH2

CH

CH2

Diallyl phthalate

Phn ng ng rn: to nhit (exothermic), khu mch + polymer ho

200

Nhit (0C)

150

150

100

50

0
0

100
ng rn
ngui
T ~ 25 0C

10

20

50

30

ng rn
nng
T > 70 0C

0
0

10

Thi gian (pht)

G: Thi gian gel ho

Nha UP + Cht ng rn
+ Cht xc tin

H: Thi gian ng rn

Nha UP + Cht ng rn
+ Nhit

co ngt ca sn phm ~ 9%
Trnh tip xc trc tip vi peroxid v cht xc tin

15

Qu trnh to mch li khng gian

Nha UP
Nha bn sn phm
(< 10% styren)

Nha gia cng dng ht

Nha c rt
(30 45 % styren)
cha gia cng,
khng c cht n

SMC: Sheet Moulding Compound

Prepreg dng tm (xp lp)

Thnh phn chnh: UP, Styren, Cht ng rn,
Cht n, Cht tr gia cng, Cht chng dnh,
Cht c c, Cht n nh, Cht to mu + Si
gia cng (thu tinh, aramide, cacbon)
BMC: Bulk Moulding Compound
Sn phm trn, dng khi, d gia cng (p phun c)
Thnh phn chnh tng t nh SMC
C th trn thm cht chng chy khng cha halogen
hoc mt s loi si khc vi SMC

Tnh cht chung ca UP

Cch in rt tt
Bn ho cht, bn thi tit
Gi r, c kh nng thm thu tt ln cc si gia cng
( thng c s dng lm cht nn cho composite)

ng dng chnh
nha UP lm lp ph gelcoat cho tu thuyn.
SMC: bn c hc, bn nhit cao; khi lng ring nh
Hp cu dao in, lp knh bo v bung in thoi
Thanh chn chng va p trc t, ca s trn t
Khung gm gh ngi chuyn dng, thng chu p lc my ht bi
BMC: tnh cht ph thuc nhiu vo ph gia
Cc chi tit cch in, chu nhit trong cc thit b in - in t

Ca sau t du lch, cc chi tit phn quang trong t

V tu thuyn, t, b tm hi, vt tennis

CH

CH2

Nhm Epoxy

CH3
CH2Cl

CH

CH2

HO

Bisphenol A

CH3
O

CH

CH2 O

OH

CH3

Epichlorhydrin

CH2

- HCl

CH3

OH
O

CH2

CH3

CH

CH2 O
n

CH 2 CH

CH3

Epoxy resin

(n + 1) Epichlorhydrin + (n + 2) Bisphenol A n Nha Epoxy

n < 1 Nha Epoxy lng

n > 2 Nha Epoxy rn

CH2

Phn ng ng rn nha epoxy bng diamine

Nha Epoxy

CH

CH2

CH2

Nha Epoxy

CH

Nha Epoxy

+ Diamine

Nha Epoxy

CH

NH2 R NH2
CH

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

OH
OH

CH2

OH
OH

N R N
CH2

CH

CH2

CH

ng rn ngui: aliphatic (mch thng) v cycloaliphatic (mch vng) amine

ng rn nng: aromatic (mch thm) amine v acid anhydride

Nha EP ng rn nng c tnh cht c-l-ho tt hn hn ng rn ngui

Tnh cht chung ca EP

bn c hc, tnh cch in rt tt
bn nhit v bn ho cht tt, bn thi tit, co ngt thp
(ph thuc vo h ng rn)
C kh nng bm dnh tt vo hu ht cc loi vt liu
C kh nng thm thu tt ln cc si gia cng

ng dng chnh
Tm cch in cao tn, in, cng tc, v hp in
Chi tit my cn bn cao: trc, khp, thanh truyn, chi tit gia c
Cch qut my, khun c, gh ngi, vch ngn
ng dn ho cht, b cha ho cht
Chi tit trong v trn my bay: ca, cnh qut, khoang hng, cch
ui

Qu trnh sn xut tm SMC

My trn nguyn liu BMC

Cng ngh p

Tranfer molding

CNG NGH P PHUN NHA NHIT RN V BMC

S c rt nha nhit rn th cng

Bc 3

Bung c
Khun c

Cht
n

Bc 1

Nha
nhit
rn

B phn
gia nhit

Cht
ng
rn

Chn khng

Bc 2

Chn khng

S cng ngh c rt nha nhit rn

Chn khng

a, b: Khoang s trn
c: Khoang trn chnh

Cng ngh p phun nha nhit

rn/BMC

Polymer

Nha nhit rn
(Thermoset)

Nha nhit do
(Thermoplastic)
Cao su
rubber / elastomer

Mch thng

Lu ho

Mng khng gian

(tha)

Cao su l vt liu polymer c kh nng n hi tt trong iu

kin nhit v p sut bnh thng (~ 25 0C, 1 atm)
n hi l kh nng hi li hnh dng ban u ca mt vt th
chng no ti trng gy bin dng cho n c loi b.
Trong iu kin n hi l tng, ng cong ng sut-bin
dng ca mu s tho mn nh lut Huc ( = E.)

Cao su

Cao su thin nhin

Cao su tng hp

CH3

CH2

CH2

C = CH

Cao su thin nhin

(n ~ 3000-5000)

1839 Goodyear: Lu ho cao su bng lu hunh

Hevea (Brasil), Guayule (Mexico) > 99% 1,4 cis

1,4 cis

CH3
C = CH

CH3

CH3

CH2

C = CH

C = CH
CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

Guttapercha (ng Nam ), Balata (Nam M) 70-80% 1,4 trans

1,4 trans

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH

CH2

CH2

CH

C
CH2

CH

ng t

M cao su
(Latex)

Xng khi

Sy kh

Cao su tm
(3-4 mm)

Cn

Cao su
kh

Crepe

600C, 2-3 ngy

CH3
n . CH2

CH

CH2

Li+
Ti+

T l 1,4 cis (%)

T l 1,4 trans (%)

CH3
CH2

CH

CH2
n

Cao su
Isoprene

Li-IR

Ti-IR

NR

90 92
2-3

~ 98
~2

> 99
<1

Tnh cht chung ca NR

bn c hc, bin dng tt
Kh nng n hi (ko, nn, va p) tt

Kh nng chu lnh tt, khng bn nhit, km bn thi tit

Kh nng to nhit khi chu ti trng ng tt
in p nh thng cao (cch in kh)

ng dng chnh
Cc loi sm, lp t - xe my
m ging, mt s chi tit trong cc thit b gia nh
Giong gim chn, vng m, ng dn

Cc chi tit k thut cn n hi cao

n. C

H
C
CH2

CH2

C
CH2

1,4 cis
H

CH2
C
H

CH2

C
CH2

C
H

1,4 trans

CH2
C
H

CH2

C
CH2

CH2

C
CH2

C
H

1,4 cis TG

~ 40% 1,4 cis

Ti+, Ni+, Co+

~ 92% 1,4 cis

CH2 CH2
CH2
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

CH2

1,2 TG
Li+

Cao su
Butadiene

CH2
CH2
CH2 CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH2
CH2 CH2 CH
CH2

m. C

C +
H

Butadiene

n. C

H m

Styrene

Cao su Buna S
TP : Nhit polymer ho (ng trng hp)
TP ~ 50 0C Hot Rubber: Trng lng phn t cao, kh gia cng
TP ~ 5 0C Cold Rubber: Trng lng phn t thp, d gia cng
(loi cao su ny hin c s dng rng ri hn)

T l m : n c nh hng quyt nh n tnh cht ca cao su; t l ny

thng thng l 75 : 25
m TG gim, M un n hi gim, tnh n hi tng
n TG tng, M un n hi tng, bn tng

Cao su Nitrile
H
m. C
H

C + n.C

N m

N
AcrylNitrile

Butadiene

trng n trong dung mi (%)

Nhit thu tinh

ho TG (0C)

-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0

H n

10

20

30

40

T l Acrylnitrile (%)

50

Dung mi

NR

SBR

NBR

Du parafin

117

59

Du bin th

124

69

Du diezel

97

62

11

Xng

132

92

17

Du lanh

85

65

14

Axit oleic (du n)

220

187

49

Acetone

10

12

79

Benzene

306

235

167
28% AN

Cao su ethylene-propylene
H

CH3

Ethylene

Dicyclopentadiene Ethylidenorbornene trans-hexadiene-1,4

(HD)
(DCP)
(ENB)
Diene

Propylene

T l ethylene ~ 45-60 % cao su v nh hnh

70-80 % cao su bn tinh th

20

DCP

15
10

4% ENB
8% ENB

5
1

2
3
4
5
H cht xc tin (phr)

nn d (%)

Thi gian lu ho
(pht)

EPDM-ENB: 14-15 ni i / 1000 nguyn t C

EPDM-HD: 4-8 / 1000, EPDM-DCP: 3-6 / 1000

70
DCP
60 4% ENB
50 8% ENB
40
30
1
2
3
4
H cht xc tin (phr)

H
n.C

Cl H

Cl H

H n

Cao su
Chloroprene

Nhit polymer ho Tp thp Cao su c khuynh hng kt tinh mnh

v nhanh SX keo dn
Tp cao cao su c cng cao, tnh n hi thp

CH3

CH3 H

CH3 m

Isobutylene

H n
Isoprene

T l Isobutylene ~ 97-99,5%
Isoprene tn ti di dng 1,4 trans

Cao su
Butylene

Cao su Silicon
CH3
Si

CH3
Si

CH3

CH3
O

CH3

Si

CH

MQ

PMQ

Dimethyl

Bin tnh phenyl

CH2

VMQ

Bin tnh vinyl

Bn vi nhit : -110 250 0C

Cch in tt
Tng hp tt vi c th sng
MQ:

Phn t lng trung bnh

300000 700000 Lu ho nhit cao
10000 100000 Lu ho nhit thng

Si

CH2

CH2

CF3

FMQ

Bin tnh flor

Thnh phn chnh ca cao su thnh phm

Nhm cht

Vt liu

Hm
lng (%)

Polymer
Cht n
Cht ho
do
Ph gia

Cao su
Mui than, cao lanh, silicat, bt
Este mch thng hoc vng thm, cc sn
phm chng ct du m
Cht lu ho, cht xc tin, cht lm chm
phn ng, cht n nh, cht h tr gia cng

40-60
20-50
1-20
5-10

Lu ho
Lu ho
ho hc
- Lu hunh hoc cht gii phng S
- Peroxit
- Nha epoxy, nha phenol
- Amin a chc

Lu ho
quang
- Tia giu nng lng
(> 0,5 MeV)

Kh nng lu ho ca mt s loi cao su

Lu
hunh

Peroxit

Tia giu
nng lng

NR

++

BR

++

IR

++

CR

SBR

++

NBR

++

bn
nhit

IIR

++

nht

EPDM

++

M un

EPR

++

MQ

++

Tnh n
hi

Cao su

++ rt thch hp

+ thch hp

Sau khi
lu ho
bn c
hc
bn ho
hc

- khng thch hp

H. Batzer,Polymere Werkstoffe, Band III: Technology 2, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart New York 1984, pp. 333

S tng quan cng ngh gia cng cao su

Ct mch cao
su, trn ph
gia bo v

S luyn
- Cht chng
lo ho
- Cht n

Cn tm,
lm lnh

p nng
Cn
n

Trn ph gia
gia cng
Hn luyn

Cn tm,
lm lnh

- Cht xc tin
- Cht ho do
- Cht lu ho

To hnh
Nhit ,
p sut
Lu ho

Mt lp (ln)

Thit b p v lu ho cao su
trong sn xut lp t

ai (li)
thp
Khung cng mt bn
(polymer)
Cao su nn

Lp
bo v
dy KL

Li dy
kim loi

Bng so snh tnh cht mt s loi cao su ( lu ho)

NR

BR

CR

SBR

IIR

NBR

EPDM

MQ

bn ko

Tnh n hi

chu mi mn

bn thi tit

bn nhit (T
cao)

Tnh mm do (T
thp)

Kh nng ngn
thm kh

100

100

120

110

130

120

140

200

Gii hn nhit
s dng (0C)

1: rt tt

2: tt

3: kh

4: trung bnh

5: km

 Polyurethane l loi vt liu cao phn t a nng, a cu trc

PUR thnh phm c to ra t nhiu loi phn ng ho hc khc nhau,
bt u t phn ng trng phi gia Isocyanate v Polyol

PUR nhit rn

Xp PUR

PUR nhit do

Sn PUR

PUR cao su

Keo PUR

HO

OH + OCN

Diol

R'

NCO

Diisocyanate
Urethane group

CO

NH

R'

NH

CO

Prepolymer

CH3

R/R
1. POLYETHER/TDI

R1

NCO

O R2
Ether

2. POLYESTER/TDI
O

3. POLYETHER/MDI
4. POLYESTER/MDI

2,4 TDI

OCN

C
Ester

OCN

CH2

NCO

4,4 MDI

Nhm Urethane ch chim thiu s (4-6%) trong Polyurethane

PUR-Polyether: - tn nhit tt, n hi tt, chu nhit thp, t thu phn,
nht thp, t trng thp
PUR-Polyester: - bn ho cht, chu mi mn, kh nng chng li lc ct
v x cao
PUR-MDI:

- t thu phn, t mi isocyanate, n hi tt hn PUR-TDI

PUR-TDI:

- thi gian lu khun ngn hn, nhit lu ho thp hn

PUR-MDI
Brochure of the ERA POLYMERS PTY Ltd, 3rd Edition

PP
PA
Polyacetal

Polyurethane

Cao su

Bng ti Sm xe (Mt)
lp xe

Vng m

Bng golf

Chu mi mn, chu x v chu va p tt

Bn mi trng, bn ho cht
Cch in tt
Kh bn nhit (n 120 0C)

Xng

Polymerblend
Polymerblend l hn hp ca 2 hay nhiu loi polymer khc nhau nhm
to ra loi vt liu vi nhng tnh nng mi, ni tri hn tng thnh phn

T TA A TB B J A B

c)

Tnh cht T

A, B:

Hm lng Polymer
A v B trong hn hp

J: H s tng hp gia A v B
a)

b)

A Hm lng phn trm

Tnh cht ca Blend ph thuc rt

nhiu vo tng hp gia cc
Polymer thnh phn

a) J = 0 Tnh cht ca Blend l cng hp tnh cht ca 2 Polymer

thnh phn A v B (khi chng hon ton tng hp)

b) J < 0 Tnh cht ca Blend km hn tnh cht ca 2 Polymer thnh phn

c) J > 0 Tnh cht ca Blend tt hn tnh cht ca 2 Polymer thnh phn

nh gi mc tng hp gia 2 Polymer thnh phn A v B

trong Polymerblend

M un

a)

B
TgA

b)
B

TgB

TgAB
d)

M un

c)
B

TgA(B) TgB(A)
Nhit

Tg(AB)
Nhit

a) Tn ti 2 pha c lp vi 2 Tg ring r, 2 polymer hon ton khng tng hp

b) Tn ti 1 pha duy nht vi 1 Tg, 2 polymer hon ton ho tan vo nhau
c) Tn ti 2 pha pha trn vi 2 Tg nm gia Tg ca polymer A v B
d)
Tn ti 1 pha pha trn vi thnh phn A - B thay i

Kh nng tng hp gia mt s loi Polymer

ABS ASA PA PBT

ABS
ASA
PA
PBT
PC
PE
PET
PMMA
POM
PP
PS
PVC
SAN
TPU

PC

PE

PP

PS

Thiu s

a s

+ Tt

PET PMMA POM

o Trung bnh

PVC SAN TPU

- Km

K. Oberbach, Kunststoff Taschenbuch, 27. Ausgabe, Carl Hanser Verlag, Muenchen, Wien 1998, pp. 632

Nhn bit polymer

c trng quang hc
T trng
ng x ca mu khi b t chy
Th kh nng ho tan trong dung mi

Dng ph hu ca mu khi chu tc ng c hc

(ko, va p)
Cc phng php chuyn dng (Nhit vi sai DSC,
DTA; ph hng ngoi, ph Raman; X-quang)

c trng quang hc

Polymer

Trong sut

PVC, PS, SAN, PMMA, PC,UP, EP

c m

PE, PP, SB, ABS, PA, POM, PTFE

Phng php t trng

T trng (g/cm3)

Polymer

0,9 1,0

PE, PP, Polybutylene

1,0 1,2

PS, SAN, SB, ABS, PMMA, PC, PA

1,2 1,5

PVC, POM PET, PBT, PUR

1,8 2,2

PTFE

T trng (g/cm3)

Dung mi

0,91

52% ethanol + 48% nc ct

0,94

37% ethanol + 63% nc ct

1,00

100% nc ct

1,10

44% glycerine + 56% nc ct

1,20

93 % glycerine + 7% nc ct

1,30

27% xt + 73% nc ct

1,40

37% xt + 63% nc ct

2,01

Dung dch ZnCl2 bo ho

Polymer

ng x khi b t chy

c trng khc

PE-LD

Chy vi ngn la mu sng nhn xanh da Cm gic cm nh nn, p khng

tri, chy nh git, c mi parafin
v, c th to xc b mt mu
bng mng tay

PE-HD

Chy vi ngn la mu sng nhn xanh da Cm gic cm nh nn, p khng

tri, chy nh git, c mi parafin
v, c th to xc b mt mu
bng mng tay, cng vng hn PELD

PP

Chy vi ngn la mu sng nhn xanh da Cm gic cm nh nn, p khng

tri, chy nh git, c mi parafin
v, khng to xc b mt bng
mng tay c

PS

Chy vi ngn la mu vng, chy nh

git, nhiu mui than, c mi kh gas

Gin, ting g vang nh tm kim

loi, tan trong dung mi tetrachloro
carbon

SAN

Chy vi ngn la mu vng, chy nh

git, nhiu mui than, c mi kh t (gas)

Tng i mm do, khng tan

trong dung mi tetrachloro carbon

ABS

Chy vi ngn la mu vng, chy nh

git, nhiu mui than

Tng i mm do, khng tan

trong dung mi tetrachloro carbon,
g nghe trm c

PMMA

Chy vi ngn la sng chi, chy nh

git, c mi thm, n lch tch

G khng ra ting

Polymer

ng x khi b t chy

c trng khc

PVC cng

Kh chy, khi ri ngn la s t tt, to than, c

mi axit chlorhidric

PVC mm

D chy hn PVC cng (ph thuc vo loi cht

ho do), to than, c mi tng t axit chlorhidric

Mm do nh cao su, g
khng ra ting

PC

Chy vi ngn la mu vng, khi ri ngn la s

t tt, chy nh git, to than, c mi phenol

Tng i mm do, p
khng v

PA

Chy vi ngn la mu xanh c vin vng, chy

thnh dng, c mi kht

Tng i mm do, g
khng ra ting

POM

Chy vi ngn la mu xanh nht, chy nh git,

c mi hng gy cay mt

p khng v

PTFE

t khng chy, khi b nung n nhit cao c

mi cay

Cm gic cm nh nn

PF

Kh chy, khi chy cho ngn la mu vng, c mi Gin

phenol

UF

Kh chy, chy to than trng, c mi ammoniac

Gin

UP

Chy vi ngn la sng chi, to mui than, c

mi ca styrene

Gin

PUR

Chy vi ngn la mu vng, c mi cay

p khng v

O. Schwarz, Kunststoffkunde, Vogel Buchverlag, Wuerzburg 1992, pp. 228

Composite l vt liu c t hp t hai vt liu c bn cht khc nhau to

thnh mt vt liu c c tnh tri hn hn c tnh ca tng loi vt liu
thnh phn

Pha nn : lin tc

Vt liu nh, gin

n nhit thp, bn
thi tit, c tnh tt

Pha ct : gin on

T l phn trm nn/ct

Tng tc gia nn-ct

Pha nn: Kim loi Ceramic Polymer

Composite
nhit do

Composite
cao su

Composite
nhit rn

Ht mn

Phn loi Composite

theo vt liu ct

Ht th

Composite ct ht

Composite ct si

Lai to

Composite

Si t nhin

Lin tc

Si tng hp

Composite cu trc

Lp
T ong
Hn hp

C hng
Gin on
Ngu nhin

- Si thu tinh ( = 3 20 m)
- Si cacbon (4 10 m)
- Si ceramic (100 140 m)
- Si hu c

So snh tnh cht c hc ca mt s loi composite tm

thng dng

bn ring (GPa/g.cm-3)

3.0
2.5

Cacbon T1000

2.0

Cacbon IM8

Aramid

Cacbon T650/43

1.5

S glass
Cacbon T300

1.0

Bo
SiC

E glass
Nhm
2024

0.5
0.0

Cacbon P120

xit nhm

Thp mm

50

100

150

200

250

300

M un ring (GPa/g.cm-3)
M un ring = M un n hi / T trng

bn ring = bn ko / T trng
S.T. Peters, Handbook of Composites, Chapman & Hall, London 1998, pp.1

Composite cu trc:
- Lp b mt: mng, cng, vng,
thng l cc polymer composite ct
si hoc ht
- Lp kt dnh: epoxy, phenol
- Lp li: g, nha xp, polymer
composite

Tm nh hnh

Trc cn
to hnh

Khi t ong

Composite ht

Composite
khong

Composite
hn hp

Mt s
cu trc
composite
thng dng
Si gin on,
phn b ngu
nhin

Si lin tc

Si gin on,
sp xp theo
mt hng

Si dt

Composite lp

Si v mt s kiu sp xp si
trong vt liu composite
Si t

Si bn

Vi mt

Vi ghp

Si n

Si bi

Tm si bn

Vi dt

Tm si ng
phng

La 3 phng

Si th

La 5 phng

S.T. Peters, Handbook of Composites, Chapman & Hall, London 1998, pp.164

Thnh phn ho hc ca mt s loi si thu tinh

Loi si thu tinh

Thnh phn

C
E
A
(bn ho cht) (rt bn ho cht) (cch in tt)

SiO2
Al2O3
Feo
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K2O
B2O3
BaO
Tp cht

72,0
0,6
10,0
2,5
14,2
0,7

64,6
4,1
13,2
3,3
7,7
1,7
4,7
0,9
-

54,3
15,2
17,2
4,7
0,6
8,0
-

S
(c tnh tt)
64,2
24,8
0,21
0,01
10,27
0,27
0,01
0,2
-

Cu trc vi m ca si cacbon c
xut s t du la

Si cacbon c sn
xut t
Polyacrylnitrile (PAN)
Than
Hc n (pitch)

a) Hng tm b) V hnh c) Ngu

nhin d) Phn lp e) Hng tm ln
khc e) Hng tm ngt qung

Cu trc vi m v tnh cht

ca mt s si ceramic SiC

Whiskers: Si mnh v ngn

~ 0,02 - 100 m, 5 < l/d < 1000
Fibres: Si di
~ 3 - 200 m, l/d > 1000

So snh tnh cht ca mt s loi si tng hp

Cng ngh ln p bng tay trong gia cng

composite nhit rn

Lp nha ph
(Gelcoat)
Lp chng dnh

Mt
thu tinh

Gi
khun
La thu tinh

Khun

S nguyn l cng ngh phun p bng tay

trong gia cng composite nn nha UP

Kh nn

Van x

Dao ct
Sng phun
Chi qut

Nha
UP +
Peroxit

Cht
xc tin

Si lin tc
(Roving)

Con ln

Tiu ch la chn phng php gia cng cht do

Hnh dng ca sn phm:

n gin - phc tp,
rng - c, phng - li lm

Chi ph gia cng

Kch c ca sn phm:
to - nh, dy - mng

Kh nng cng ngh v

thit b

Cht liu to sn phm:

nhit do - nhit rn, mm
do - cng nhc, xp - c,
polymer n - hn hp

Vt liu: gi / kh nng tip

cn

i hi tnh chnh xc (dung sai):

kht trung bnh th
Khi lng cn gia cng:
nhiu trung bnh - t

Chu k ch to sn phm
X l ph phm
Cng on to ra thnh
phm cui cng

Qui trnh cng ngh ch to thnh phm t vt liu cht do

(1)

(2)

Bn sn
phm

Nguyn
liu

Sn
phm

(3)
Thnh
phm

(4)

(1) - Trn, Cn, n, Ct ht, p nng

Nha ht, Nha tm, Thanh nh hnh, Nha bt
(2) - n, c phun, c thi, Cn trng, Ht do, Dp do, c rt
Sn phm s cp
(3) - Ghp ni, Lp rp, Hn, Phun ph, Gia cng c kh
Thnh phm
(4) - p v, Nghin, Xay nh
Nguyn liu ti sinh

S nguyn l my lin hip n-cn

a) Trc vt trung tm
b) Trc vt v tinh
c) Xi lanh
d) Phu np liu

S nguyn l my ct ht

a) Si (n)
b) Trc ko
c) Dao ct ht
d) Nha ht

Thit b trong cng ngh

gia cng cht do
c phun (Injection moulding)
c thi (Blow moulding)

n ng (Extrusion)

Cng ngh n (Extrusion)

Vt liu:

Nha nhit do, Cao su

Cng ngh:

Gia cng lin tc nhit cao (> Tg, Tm)

Sn phm:

Tm, Mng, ng, Si, Thanh nh hnh

c di khng gii hn

ng dng:

Sn xut ra bn sn phm nha, ng dn cc

loi, Bc dy cp, Ch to si li nh c,
Thanh np

CHNG 5. CNG NGH GIA CNG

S my n trc vt

Phu np liu
u to Trc vt
hnh

Xi lanh

Hp gim tc

Li lc

Qut gi
Tm gia
nhit

M t

Mt s loi trc vt thng dng trong my n

Vng
nh lng

Vng
do ho

Vng
np liu

L/D ~ 15 40
a) Trc vt 3 vng bc vt n, b) Trc
vt 3 vng bc vt kp, c) Trc vt 3
vng bc vt hn hp, d) Trc vt c
bc vt thay i, e) Trc vt 3 vng
c bc vt thay i, f) Trc vt bc
ngn, g) Trc vt 3 vng c u x, h)
Trc vt c v tr thot kh, k) Trc vt 5
vng nn

Biu vn tc dng chy trong knh rnh vt

a. Dng cng bc; b. Dng do p sut; c. Dng chy tng

1 thnh xi lanh; 2 b mt trc vt

Trc vt c trang b thm nhn t nho trn

CHNG 5. CNG NGH GIA CNG

My n 2 trc vt vi
phu np liu c trc
vt v xilanh c ch
thot kh

Trc vt 120 mm, 14D

B trc vt sp xp ci rng lc trong my n 2 trc

Quay
ngc
chiu

Nng sut cao, trn hp tt

Nhit nng ma st c hn ch
Thi gian lu chuyn vt liu ngn

Quay
cng
chiu

Thch hp gia cng cc vt liu

dng bt v c tnh nhy nhit

Nho trn trong my 2 trc vt

u n nh hnh

u n ng (c 3 lp )

u n tm dng ch T

u n tm dng ui c

S tng quan h thng thi mng

Trc dn
hng

Trc cn p

Tm dn
hng
Mng cht
do kp
ng (mng)
cht do
Vng lm ngui

Trc dn hng
H thng cun
thu sn phm

u to
hnh

My n

Hng
thi kh

S cng ngh sn xut ng nc t PVC cng

Phu np
liu
B lm
ngui

u to
hnh (ng)

My n
trc vt

T iu
khin

Kh nn

H thng thu
sn phm

Ca nh
c

H thng ko ng

Cng ngh c phun (Injection molding)

Vt liu:

Nha nhit do, Nha nhit rn, Cao su

Cng ngh:

Gia cng theo chu k nhit cao

(> Tg, Tm), p sut cao

Sn phm:

Sn phm c c hnh dng bt k v

dy mng khc nhau (< 50 mm)

ng dng:

y l phng php ph bin nht trong

gia cng nha nhit do, c nng sut cao,
rt thch hp sn xut cc sn phm c
kch thc nh, hnh dng phc tp

S tng quan h thng my c phun

a) Xi lanh thu lc trong c cu kp khun, b) Tm , c) Tay bin, d) Tm g

khun di ng, e) Tr , f) V tr lp khun, g) u phun, h) Tm g khun c
nh, i) Trc vt, k) Xi lanh, l) Phu np liu, m) C cu truyn ng, n) M t
lm quay trc vt, o) Xi lanh thu lc to chuyn ng tnh tin cho trc vt,
p) Xi lanh thu lc to chuyn ng tnh tin cho cm u phun

Cc giai on chnh trong

qu trnh c phun
A) Phun nha vo khun
Nha nng chy c y vo
khun di tc dng ca p
sut do chuyn ng tnh tin
ln pha trc ca trc vt

B) Gi p
Trc vt dng chuyn ng tnh
tin. p sut c gi trong
mt thi gian nha in
y ton b th tch khun

C) Thu sn phm
Trc vt chuyn ng tnh tin
v pha sau; sn phm sau khi
nh hnh v lm ngui c
d ra khi khun

a) M t quay trc vt, b) Pit tng

thu lc, c) B iu khin chuyn
ng trc vt, d) Phu np liu, e)
Trc vt, f) Tm cp nhit, g) Xi lanh,
h) u phun, i) Khun k) Sn phm

V tr van 1 chiu

Mt s dng van mt chiu

trong xi lanh my c phun

u
trc vt

V tr ng

V tr m

Hot ng ca c cu kp khun kiu thu lc

Xi lanh thu
lc vn hnh

Trc khuu

Khun

V tr
khun ng

Khp ni

V tr
khun m

Xi lanh thu lc
y sn phm

Na khun
di ng

Na khun
c nh

Gii hn khi lng ca sn phm

ph thuc vo ln ca lc kp khun
Lc kp khun
(kN)

Khi lng sn phm

(g)

89

14,2

222,5

56,7

445

113,4

890

226,8

1780

453,6

2225

567

2670

851

4005

1701

6675

3402

8900

5670

17800

12757

35600

25515

Thit k mt b khun

h thng cp nha.
h thng cc tm khun.
h thng lm mt.
h thng y sn phm.

S h thng cp nha
Khun 1

Khun nhiu

Mt s h thng knh dn nha trong khun

Ming phun
H thng
dn liu

A-B
24

12

Knh nha
ph

Bc cung
phun

Cung phun

Knh nha chnh

Dng chy cn bng trong knh dn nha

Rnh thot kh

Cng ngh gia cng sp rng (Blow

molding)

Vt liu:

Nha nhit do

Cng ngh:

Gia cng lin tc nhit cao (> Tg, Tm)

Thi t do: Thi mng

Thi trong khun: Thi vt rng
Sn phm:

Sn phm c hnh dng n gin (mng mng)

hoc sn phm rng c hnh dng bt k v c
thnh mng (< 10 mm)

ng dng:

Sn xut mng che kch thc ln, Ti nha

ng hng, Chai l, Dng c trang tr, Bp b

S tng quan h thng thi mng

Trc dn
hng

Trc cn p

Tm dn
hng
Mng cht
do kp
ng (mng)
cht do
Vng lm ngui

Trc dn hng
H thng cun
thu sn phm

u to
hnh

My n

Hng
thi kh

Extrusion Blow molding

Extruder

Extrude
resin

Mold close
Blow air

Cooling
Eject

Many kinds of bottles

Injection blow (Stretch-blow) molding

PREFORM
PET resin is melted at high temperature
and is injected under pressure into a mold
in order to mold a preform.
PET, one type of plastic, is short for
polyethylene terephthalate.

STRECH -BLOW
The preform is then transported to a blow mold shaped
like the finished product, and while a stretch rod stretches
the preform, high-pressure air blows it out into the finished
shape .
By varying the shape of the blow molds, a wide variety
of container shapes can be molded.
With stretch-blow system, PET bottles have:
High molecular orientation
Lightness and strength

Air

Stretch rod

Stretches

Preform

S tng quan h thng cn trng

Khi cht do
nng chy

a) Phu np liu, b) Trc cn nng (linh ng), c) Cun cp tm nn (giy,

vi...), d) Trc lm nng s b, e) Trc lm mt sn phm, f) H thng o
khi lng tm cn trng, g) H thng dao ct bin, h) H thng cun thu
sn phm, i) Trc cn in dp (linh ng), k: Trc cn trng (ph cao su), l:
Trc cn nng (c nh)

Mt s kiu sp xp trc cn thng dng

Thm tri
sn, Cao
su tm
Ch L

Ch I

Ch I

Ch F

Ch F

Mng
PVC-U

Mng
PVC-U,
Cao su
tm
Vi p 1
hoc 2
mt
Vi p 1
hoc 2
mt

Mng
PVC-U
Ch L

Mng PVC-P,
Cao su tm
Ch Z

Ch S

Mng PVC-P v
PVC-U, Cao
su tm

Cng ngh p

Tranfer molding

CNG NGH P PHUN NHA NHIT RN V BMC

Vacuum molding

Heat the plastic sheet

by upper & lower
heaters

Put the heated sheet

on a mold

The sheet is drawn a

vacuum and attached
firmly to the mold.
Then the sheet is
cool down.
Vacuum

The sheet is
out of the mold.

S nguyn l cng ngh dp do (to hnh nng)

Chy

Trc khi
to hnh

Gi

Tm cht do
mm
( T R < T < T g, T m )

Ci
Rnh thot kh

Sau khi
to hnh

Thermoforming process

 phc tp ca sn phm

Tng quan v cc phng

php gia cng cht do
c thi
c phun
p
nng
To hnh
do
n

Cht do c cung cp di
cc dng sau:
- Ht (granules)
- Bt (powders)
- Vin (pellets)
- Dung dch (liquids)

- Bn sn phm (tm, thanh, ng)

ln ca sn phm

Dominick V. Rosanto, Plastics

Processing Data Handbook,
Chapman & Hall, London 1997,
pp. 6

ng sut trt (MPa)

Vn tc gc (rad.s 1)

p nng

0,01 0,03

100 101

Cn

0,02 0,05

101 102

0,05 0,12

102 5.103

c phun

0,1 1

103 105

H. Batzer, Polymere Werkstoffe, Band II: Technologie 1, Goerg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart-New York 1984, pp.68

So snh u nhc im ca mt s phng php gia cng

cht do
CNG NGH
c thi
(blow molding)
Cn
(calandering)
c rt
(casting)
p nng
(compression
molding)
n
(extrusion)
c phun
(injection
molding)
p lp
(laminating)

U IM
Chi ph thit b (my n trc vt + u n)
thp; tc gia cng cao; thch hp sn
xut cc thnh phm rng c hnh dng phc
tp
Chi ph gia cng thp; sn phm c tnh ng
h-ng
Chi ph gia cng thp; sn phm c tit din
ln, nhn cao; thch hp cho sn xut vi
qui m nh
Chi ph gia cng thp; c th tn dng ph liu
t cc qu trnh gia cng khc; sn phm c
kch th-c t nh n ln
Chi ph thit b thp; tc gia cng cao; thch
hp sn xut cc lp v bc hoc sn phm
c hnh dng khng phc tp
Tc gia cng rt cao; hiu qu kinh t ln;
thch hp sn xut sn phm c hnh dng
phc tp, s l-ng ln, chnh xc cao
Th-ng -c s dng trong gia cng nha
nhit rn; thch hp sn xut cc sn phm
c kch th-c ln

HN CH
Ch thch hp sn xut cc b phn hnh ng
hoc rng rut; chiu dy vch ngn v dung
sai kh kim tra
Ch thch hp sn xut cc sn phm c
dng tm; khng thch hp sn xut mng
mng
Ch thch hp sn xut cc sn phm n
gin; khng thch hp cho sn xut vi qui m
ln
Sn phm c cht l-ng thp (dung sai cao,
khng ng u...); to nhiu ph liu
Ch thch hp sn xut cc sn phm c tit
din u, ging nhau
Chi ph thit b cao; khng thch hp cho sn
xut nh
Chi ph thit b cao; ch thch hp sn xut
cc sn phm c hnh dng v tit din n
gin

Dominick V. Rosanto, Plastics Processing Data Handbook, Chapman & Hall, London 1997, pp. 14-19

S nguyn l mt s cng ngh hn cht do

Thit b
hn

Que hn

Mi hn

Vt cn
hn

Kh nng

Mi hn
Mng phn
cch

Tm gia
nhit

Mt tc
dng

Vt cn
hn

Chy p

Tm n hi
cch nhit

Hn bng xung nhit

Hn bng kh nng
Dy in tr cao

Mi hn

Hn bng dy t nng

Mt tc
dng

Vt cn
hn

Vt cn
hn

Mt tc
dng

Thanh
gia nhit
m
ngn

Hn tip xc

Mi hn

S nguyn l
mt s cng ngh
hn cht do

Vt cn hn

B khuch
i m tn

Thit b to
ma st

Gi kp
mu

Mi hn

Hn bng ma st

Ngun in
cao tn

Dao ng
siu tn

Mi
hn

Vt cn
hn

in cc

Ci e

in cc

Vt cn hn

Mi hn

Hn bng siu m

Hn bng dng in cao tn

S nguyn l mt s cng ngh nghin cht do

Nghin bng
trc cn

Nghin bng
ba

Nghin bng
dao

Nghin bng
inh cht

PS, PF

PS, PF, PMMA

PVC, PE,
PP, PA

PVC, PE, PF

Vt liu gin

Vt liu dai

Vt liu n do