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Sun (Key Radiation Source) Universe (Big Bang) Atoms, Molecules On Earth Cosmic Rays Earth's Atmosphere Secondary Radiations
Sun (Key Radiation Source) Universe (Big Bang) Atoms, Molecules On Earth Cosmic Rays Earth's Atmosphere Secondary Radiations
Electromagnetic Radiation
Wave model how it propagates
through space
Particle model how it interacts with
matter
EM Wave
Composed of both electric & magnetic
vectors orthogonal (at 90o angles) to
one another
Travels at light speed (c = 3 x 108 m/s)
c
= = o
v
n
Where: wavelength
v frequency
n refractive
index
Electromagnetic Spectrum
E=hv
E=
hc
Plancks Law
-The energy emitted by an
object is a function of its
temperature
Blackbody Radiation
-All objects above absolute zero
(-273 oC or 0 K) emit EM Energy
-Blackbody absorbs & radiates energy at
maximum possible rate per unit area at each
wavelength for a given temperature
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
M = T
M
total emitted
radiation (Watts/m2)
Stefan-Boltzmann
absolute
temperature (K)
Atmospheric Energy-Matter Interaction
Refraction
Absorption
Scattering
Reflectance
Reduce information content of remotely
sensed data
- imagery loses contrast
- dark pixels
Requires atmospheric
correction/calibration
Radiance
reflected
incident
Hemispherical Absorptance
absorbed
incident
Hemispherical Transmittance
transmitted
incident
=1( + )
The net effect of absorption of radiation by most
substance in that the energy is converted to heat,
causing a subsequent rise in the substances
temperature
Radiance
Radiant intensity per unit of projected
source area in a specified direction
(measured in Wm-2sr-1)
Soils
Soil moisture decreases reflectance
Coarse soil (dry) has relatively high
reflectance
Surface roughness, organic matter,
iron oxide affect reflectance
Soil Moisture Content
Vegetation
Chlorophyll in healthy vegetation
absorbs blue & red, reflects green
If chlorophyll production is disrupted,
plant absorbs less blue and red, and
red reflectance increases
Vegetation has a very high reflection
rate at NIR wavelength range.
Reflection or absorption at MIR range,
the water absorption bands
Water
Water transmits at visible bands and
absorbs at NIR bands w/c detects
them most easily
Water surface, suspended material,
and bottom of water body can affect
spectral response
IMAGE PROCESSING
Goal: to turn remotely sensed data into
information
Things to consider
Pre-processing and Post-processing
occurs before the classification map
These are covered as one topic for one
persons pre-processing is anothers
post-processing
Many of the techniques are
interchangeable and simply differ in
their purpose/goal
Band Combinations: Optical Imagery
Natural Color
Black-and-White Infrared
Panchromatic 1
Panchromatic 2
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
Process of improving visual appearance of
digital images
Conducted w/o regard of integrity of the
original data
-Enhanced images should not be used as
input for additional analytical techniques
-Further analysis should use original value
as input
Single-Image Manipulation
Contrast Manipulation
o Linear Stretch
o Histogram Equalization
o Density Slicing
Spatial feature manipulation
o Spatial Convolution Filtering
o Fourier Transform
Contrast Manipulation
Contrast brightness values present on an
image
Contrast enhancement alters each pixel
value in the old image to produce a new set
of values that exploits full range brightness
values.
Linear Stretch
Converts original digital values to a new
distribution, using new minimum &
maximum values specified (plus/minus 2
standard deviations from mean)
Algorithm then matches old min/max to
the new min/max (all old intermediate
Histogram Equalization
Reassigns digital values in the original
image brightness in the output image
are equally distributed among range of
output values
Applies a nonlinear function to reassign
brightness in the input image output
Density Slicing
Done by arbitrarily dividing range of
brightness values in single band to
intervals w/ color assigned
Emphasize certain features that may be
represented in vivid colors