Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Compensation Grouting
Compensation Grouting
Compensation grouting
Grouting is performed
simultaneously with settlement
generation
Compensation grouting may be:
Concurrent
Observational
Monitoring is a key element of
settlement control/compensation
Kummerer (2003)
Types of grouting
Compaction grouting
Injection of stiff high
viscosity grout
Fracture grouting
Injection of low viscosity grout
at pressures that cause
fracturing
Intrusion grouting
Injection of a fluid grout with a
high solids content. Solids
remain near point of injection
but limited fracturing
Harris (2001)
Compensation grouting
Harris (2001)
Compensation grouting
Directional drilling
railway bridge
Ponte vecchio
Via Emilia Levante
Bologna
10 m
11,5
18,0
1,5
1.5
5,0
tunnel
9,4 m in diameter
Fracture grouting
Fracture grouting
Multiple injection is
straightforward (TAM
grouting)
Lower efficiency?
Dominant in the US
Compensation grouting
Rodio (2005)
Compensation grouting
smax
D2
=
Vl
32 i
Grouting well
Grouting well
Grouting boreholes
W.T.
W.T.
TUNNEL
Silt with sand and gravel
0.5
0
10/6/2003 10/31/2003 11/25/2003 12/20/2003 1/14/2004
2/8/2004
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
Passage of EPB
-3
Time
3/4/2004
3/29/2004
4/23/2004
-10
-5
15
Depth [m]
10
15
20
25
30
20
Mechanisms
Do we have a sufficient understanding of the relevant grouting
mechanisms?
Under which conditions fracture occurs?
What is the direction, extent, thickness of grout-filled fractures?
Principal stress orientation
Heterogeneity / planes of weakness
Grout composition
Injection rate
Simultaneous vs. Sequential injection
Single injection phase vs. Multiple injection phases
Mechanisms
Do we have a sufficient understanding of the relevant grouting
mechanisms?
Fracture direction and principal stress orientation.
Laboratory results from Soga and co-workers in Cambridge
Mechanisms
Do we have a sufficient understanding of the relevant grouting
mechanisms?
Laboratory results from Soga and co-workers in Cambridge
Mechanisms
Do we have a sufficient understanding of the relevant grouting
mechanisms?
Laboratory results from Soga and co-workers in Cambridge
Mechanisms
Preconditioning grouting: what are its role and effects?,
Objectives of preconditioning phase
Compensate the effects of drilling and TAM installation
Compression of loose layers and filling of voids
Increase horizontal stress
Prepare for the actual compensation phase
Mechanisms
Mechanisms
TUNNEL
Mechanisms
Preconditioning grouting: what are its role and effects?,
Mechanisms
What are the reasons for the low efficiencies in compensation
grouting?
Efficiency: volume of ground heave / volume of grout injected
Typical values 1/3 -1/5, sometimes 1/10 and 1/20!
They usually increase as grouting progresses
wells
Implementation
Is compensation grouting really compatible with TBM excavation?
Fast tunnel face passage; grouting intensity based on predictions
Simpler method
conditioned zone
Less straightforward
In principle the model could model grout flow (and even fracture
development)
Tubes-a-manchette
Liu (2003)
Implementation
Monitoring requirements
A key element of any compensation grouting
Grouting
information
Settlement
monitoring
Rodio (2005)
Implementation
Monitoring requirements
Sensible recommendations ( adapted from Littlejohn, 2003)
proper bedding-in period
incorporation of a degree of instrument redundancy (manual back up
system)
use of dummy instruments for checking
proper interpretation and evaluation procedure (in real time!)
Most suitable instruments for settlement control