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REFRI DATION
3rd Edition
{(dimu;i
Book Store
QUAD ALPHA CENTRUM BLDG.
125 Pioneer s... Mandaluyong City
.l...
Contents
!'//!I!ishcd b
r(dimtd
Book Store
Preface
VB
Chapter
Refrigeration Systems
12
Multipressure Systems
Cascade Systems
Air-Cycle Refrigeration
Steam-Jet Refrigeration
Air Conditioning
57
,
(
I
reproduced in anvjorm or by
an\' meall.\', except brief quotations
{or
II
Printed II\'
Q//I':OI/ ( '1/ v
""-.
10
Drying
11
Product Load
.
.
90
.................................
98
107
113
,.
'" '"
78
'"
'"
166
II/C.
ISBN 971-08-6/72-7
181
-Preface
1,
The Author
....
--Chapter
1
l
Unit of Force
The unit of force in the SI system is the newton, denoted by
the symbol N.
1 kg f = 9.8066 N
1 lb f = 4.4484 N
1 lb, = 0.4536 kgf
Unit of Pressure
The SI unit of pressure is the pascal and is denoted by the
symbol Pa.
1 Pa
= 1 Nzm"
........
1 Nm = 1 J
1 cal
= 4.187 J
Hot reservoir
(source of heat)
Unit of Power
@-+W
= 1 ,Us
1 hp
1~
0.746 kW
= 4~.4
Btu/min
Cold reservoir
(receiver of heat)
=.
QA
In English units
where
In Metric units
QR
W _ QA - QR
QA
A
QA
QR
=.
50.4 kcallmin
In Sl units
1 Tl{
= (200
T2
surroundings
ri
body
Fig. 1-2.
\{l"prl"~entation of
QA
cOP =
----w- =
where
QA
W = QA
QA
Q,,_.Q
_ 1'] ~ T.
where
1']
c
y
('arnot Cyril'
I:l
,"I
'b
= W
'CJ~
l'li~
:!'!,
....
= (1' _. T ) (S - S )
QR
QR
!\
refrigeration produced
QR = the heat rojected to the surroundings
W = the work done or mechanical energy
consumed
COP = the coefficient of performance
.s, - Sa)
= 1'"
1\
.s, - S)
1'1
QR = 1'2 (S,--S)
a refrigerating machine
W == Qi( -- Q\
Q\
=:
where
p
c
T=:~r
a
F'i~.
s
/{"v('r'sed Carnot Cycle
I 1.
QR
:::
= work done
QA
T[
T2
SOLUTION
dJ
rs, - S)
~R
..
470 0 R
,.
T,
QA::: 20 TR
==T2 (Sa - S a)
W = QR - QA
= (T
COP = Q A
:::
--..
COP
(T 2
T)
T~ - T[
TI(Sa-Sa)
- T I) (Sa- Sa)
0R
580
0R
T
I
T! - T
( :I I
CO!' "
(b)
COP=~
470
::i80 - 470
= 4.273
.1)
COP
COP
(:20) (200)
4,273
= 936
Btu/min.
W
W
936
42.4
= :2:208 hp
(1-2)
A refrigNation system operates on the reversed
Carnot cycle. The minimum and maximum temperatures are
minus 25 cC and plus 72 C. respectively. If the heat rejected at
the condenser is 6000 k.l/rn in , draw the TS diagram and find,
(a) power input required. n nd
(b) tons of refrigeration developed.
SOLUTION
T
:Cjb
T] = -25 + 273
T,~ =
....
= 248
72 + 273 = 345 K
QR = 6000 kJ/min
248
T.
A
= QW --~Q
Q A
(~~
_ (COP) (QR)
1 + COP
{\
~A
=- = 20 .44
211
(d)
T2
Q,\
COP
TR
PROBLEMS
(1)
A reversed Carnot cycle is used for refrigeration and
rejects 1,000 kW of heat at 340 K while receiving heat at 250 K.
Determine (a) COP, (b) the power required, and (c) the
refrigerating effect.
SOLUTION
CQb
'.
'1\
II!
T[ = 238.9 K
238.9K
W = 1.1 kW/TR
Ans. (a) 1.25,
QA
~ 1 T R or 3.52 kW
=1.1kW
Ans. 9230.7 kW
QA
3.52 kW =3.2
COP = W = 1.1 kW
(b)
T[
COP = T - T
2
3.2
238.9
- T l-238.9
T 2 = 313.6K
(c) Q n
= W + Q A = 1.1 + 3.52
6.82 TR
(a)
(b)
:=
4.62 kJ/s
/
Simple Vapor Compression Refrigeration System 13
Chapter
III
,
}
: I
Condenser
:=L
Compressor
.~w -1Jw-~
Expansion
valve
ell
1:1
.::s
.S
~I
r.:l
oj
'"'"
.~~
~.1
;'"
Q,
l<
Evaporation
6'J$'
:.::
e::s
e8
8
~I
:2.
CondeI1i\er
Entropy, kJtq K
q,
q,
=h
=.
2 -
/Q
CIc
L
/ ' ~n,
".-{:
Enthalpy, kJlkg
W m(h2 - hI)
VI = mVI
w ::: work of compression, kJ/kg
h, ::: enthalpy entering the compressor, kJlkg
h, ::: enthalpy leaving the compressor, kJlkg
m ::: mass flow rate, kg/s
W ::: theoretical compressor power, kJ/s or kW
v l ::: specific volume of vapor, m 3/kg or Llkg
VI::: volume flow rate, m 3/s or Lis
=h2-h i
h,
he at r'ejr-ct.ed , k.Jlkg
rl
--=
~m
h,
h,
Qc
= total heat
3.
rejected, kJ/s
Expansion valve
COp= h. - h,
h, - h.
hI
(.;.
11
Efficiency
,
Y = ~ = D2LN
11
4
hg::14
,
J
4.
h,
h,
Evaporator
/~
1kI~
~hl
7'
qe
=h
/,Q.
m~
- h4
qe = h I - h3
r--.
7
Qe
= mth, -
h)
Q e = m (h I - h)
3
ll!l('
YI
n VA. =-YD
III
.....
h, - h.
II
= -o-h"":;'l_-...."h"':';':l
t li.-i r
IIi
Pz ]
n v e = 1 + c-c [ ~
Uk
[V2 ]
= 1 + c-c [V2]
~ = 1-c ~-1
nm
_ WI
_ nIP
- Wn
BHP
indicated work
brake work
compression to P,
k = 1304 for ammonia
~.
"t'
SOLUTION
l:I
.~
<I
t::
....
QI
50
<I
'1:
....QI
.tQ
as
='
:J)
...
::l
tn
Z)
-~--17,'
961kPo
III
'"
...
~lkPa
Po.
10
..
5
6
Diacharge-to-suction pressure ratio
40C
!j
1
Enthalpy, kJlkg
h,
h.
...............
j{t'f'rigerating effect
.h(
Wurk =
1('(
h,~
hi =
=
:~72
==
S2
h - h,
.- 349.:3
1:~;~.5
k,Jlkg
(d)
hi - hi
COP = h -h
2
VI
=~ = 4.88
h f4
III
;1)
II
(f)
i/
= (m i
t h.
- hi)
= (0.00903
Sl
= 368 k./lk:'
x 4 =
h 4 - h.,
h
h 4 - h f4
h g 4 - h.,
2~33.5 - 200
351.48 - 200 = 0.2212
= (0.00903
Q.,
. il) m=
h. - h,
= 0.20!i k.J/s
(g)
equal to
h f at OC = 200 kJ/kg
lg4
Q, = (rn) (h .. - h)
= 1.206 k.I/
S2
h g 4 = h g at OC = 351.48 kJ/kg
1 kJ/s
110.8 kJ/kg = 0.00903 kg/s
Qe
h I -h ,
= v g at OC = 0.05539 mVkg
'2'2.7
350 kJ/s
(351.48 - 233.5) kJ/kg
2.97 k /s
g
'I'!
_ h-h
1
'j
COP-
h, - h 1
351.48 - 233,5
= 7.14
368 - 351.48
(2-3)
A refrigeration system using refrigerant 22 is to hav
refrigerating capacity of 60 kW. The evaporating temperature
I"; ~-10C and the condensing temperature is 42C. Determine.
';11 the volume flow rate of refrigerant at inlet to the compressor.
. 1>1 the power required by the compressor, and (c) the fraction of
\ .ipor in the mixture at entrance to the evaporator expressed
11I11h on a mass basis and a volume basis.
,I
<-;()LUTION
'f
III
_ ....._
..~
l6l0kPn
P<
1
Enthalpy, kJlkg
It I
= hi at
= :1!i 1 .48
kJ/kg
,,
42"C
41
354 kPa
'
,
\
--lOGC
h, = h, at () C
~~.
Enthalpy, k.J1kg
h.
VI
h,
=h
Qe
(a) m== h _ h
I
at 1610 Pa and
82
;()LUTION
',J I
equal to
SI
= 440 kJlkg
_
60kJ/s
- (401.6 _ 252.4) kJlkg = 0.4021 kg/s
= 26.27
~'I
~.
Lis
(c) x 4
V
~oc
208 kPa
h, -- h.,
h l - h f4 ._ 252.4 -' 188.4 == 0.3002
== - h - - == h - h - 401.6 - 188.4
f~4
==
f4
4V fg4
~-l
==
l4
f4
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Xl (V g4 - V f4)
h. == h g at -18e
vI
= vg
h,
at -18e
1439.94 kJlkg
= 0.5729
S2
m 3lkg
equal to
= 1657 kJlkg
== 1127.1 k,Jlkg
"I
(~,
Qe
III
h , - hl
2743 kJ/min
2743 kJ/min
0439.94-312.87) kJlkg == 2.43 kg/min
,II \\' = (rn ) (h, - h.) == (2.43 kg/min) (1657 - 1439.94) kJlkg
=
,. I
II
('01' __
"I
\\'
~.
.
4
.2
II
/1
== 15.44 kW
:/
II
974kPa
-~
all
h j - h4
h,h1
,
H 79 kW
1:1 t on s
1657 -- 14:39.94
= O.G7()
k W/ton
.........
22
Let m V' =
mV'=
(c) W = (rn ) (h 2
.>
= 16.10 kW
lei)
1737 kPa
as
(2-6)
An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates
between evaporator and condenser temperatures of -20C and
:j5C, respectively. The system is to be used in producing 5000
kg of ice at -12C from water at 29C in 20 hours. Assuming
losses to be 20 per cent of the heat to be absorbed from the water,
determine (a) the mass flow rate, (b) the heat rejected at the
condenser, and (c) the power required by the compressor. The
specific heat of ice is 2.094 k.Izkg s C'' and the heat of fusion is
:335 kJ/kg.
~".
~
'"'"
.l_616kP'
...............
- h 3)
(0.1085 kg/s) (1620 - 410.4) kJ/kg
(4.187 kJ/kg. CO) (7 CO)
= 4.48 kg/s
SOLUTION
= (m ) (h ,
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
~OLUTION
S2
equal to
Sl
= 1620 kJ/kg
1352kPa
III
,,
35C
4'
(b) Q = (45,000 kg) (4.187 kJ/kgeCO) (29 - 18) Co ::: 115.1 kJ/s
c
(5 h) (3600 s/h)
Q..
h-h
,
.,
115.1 kJ/s
= 0.1085 kg/s
(1471.6 - 410.4) kJ/kg
191 kPa
l
-20C
Enthalpy, kJlkg
.'
-! I
l{ef'rjgf~ratjoil
and Ai r Conditioning
h, = h. at 3f)'C
= 366.1 kJlkg
hI = h g at -20'C
,'-)()LUTION
= 1437.2 kJlkg
S2
equal to
51 =
1735 kJlkg
= (l kg)
-I-
-I- (
Cll
J:
72
~.
Qe
(20h)(3600s!h)
Enthalphy, kJlkg
Qe
40.13 kJ/s
= 0.03747 kg/s
h. - h, = (14:37.2 - :i66.1l kJlkg
(b) Qc = (rn)
(h
hi
h.
= 51.29 k.J/5
S2
(c) W =
(rn )
la)
= 11.16 kW
[P]k = 1
n =1-1-c-c - 2
vc
P
-I-
= 0.882 or 88.2o/r
(2-7) An ammonia refrigerating cycle operates at 247 kPa
suction pressure and 1200 kPa condenser pressure. Other data
are the following:
28 kW
refrigerating capacity
5%
compressor clearance
so
compression efficiency
75%
mechanical efficiency
74'lr
actu al vol u metri c efficiency
= 287.3
----......
h[
1675 - 1445.2
0.80
kJlkg
Actual COP
h[ - hI
actual work
m= h _ h.
[
lei)
nc
Ideal COP
Qe
1[")
h2
,J
1445.2 - 346.1
287.3
= 3.83
28 kJ/s
(1445.2 - 346.1) kJlkg = 0.02547 kg/5
26
Refrigeration and
All'
indicated work
Brake work
Co ndit.iuning
nm
7.318
0.75
Vw
= 9.76 kW
III W
w
-~
vc
n vc
1169kPa
,2
:?;l
=1 + c -
=1 -
c[
247.1
Pj
[2
-1] = 1 - 0.05 [0.4878
v
0.15
-1]
Assume n vc = n v a
D
...
;:l
n va
(m) (V 1 )
n va
'"
Ul
247.1 kPa
~--_._------------:-::----_.
Enthalpy, kJlkg
= h , at 30
GC
h , = h g at -14
= v g at
= 341.77
GC
Qe
h , - h,
kJlkg
= 1445.2 kJlkg
= 0.843 mvmi n
=
:-;( )LUTION
S2
equal to
Sl
= 1677 kJlkg
S2
equal to
S1
= 0.15 m'lkg
1688 kJ/min
= 1.53 kg/min
(1445.2 - 341.77) kJlkg
(m)(hz-h,)
(C) (L1tw )
...
#
-----
Enthalpy, kJlkg
= 0.8874
rJ
1169]
= 1 + 0.05 - (0.05) [ -.- 1..304
-P2 ] k
al'
(al m=
1445.2) kJlkg
= 0.8854
:111
VI
4.879 m:J/h
,(.) n
SOLUTION
h(
1.:
>2
28
hi = h at 35"C
= 243.1
kJlkg
SOLUTION
= 40.36
VI = v g at 5'C
Llkg
n., = 1-
C[2
--1]
v
2
Q,
hi - hi
nva =
(c)
or 94.91 (Jc
(IT)
Enthalpy, kJlkg
= :36.17
Lis
'13"'2
_~_._I- = 0.6558 or 65.5800
36.17
0.rJ878 kg/s
(ll' = (1.05) (rn.) (c.) (~tl) = (1.05) (102) (3.14) (8) = 2690 kJ/min
or 44.83 kW
111
= 20.9 kJlkg
.
ffi
20.9
C ompression e iciency, n = - - = 0.63.339'c or 63.330;'
c
33.00
~.
>2
96.4kJ/s
= 0.5878 kg/s
1407.1 - 243.1) kJlkg
LN =
+=
[,
D2
='
- --
=1- (0.05)[4?36]_1
20
= 0.9491
(b ) m =
44.83 k.]/s
(1450.2 - 346.6) kJlkg
h, - h,
\\. = (rn)
.
l nd irn te
(h 2
war
= 0.0406 k /s
g
8.23
8.23
= - - = - - = 10.29 kW
n,
0.80
= 0.781 or 78.1%
~ D LN =
I
i~:~~
TC
n va
VI
= V
D
2.314
VD
= ~
D = 8:315 em
----
Enthalpy, kJlkg
= h at 4C = 353.18 kJ/kg
= v g at 4C = 0.04895 m Vkg
g
VI
h, = h at 1034 kPa and S2 equal to SI = 372 kJ/kg
m
Qe
h, - h 4
= 37.82 kg/min
10~8501
3/min
em
D2LN
SOLUTION
'/
= 8.875
:1)
Refrigerating effect
For the --10
oe
= hI -
108.6 kJlkg
= h.. -
h 4,
= 353.6 -
238.5
= 115.1 kJlkg
SOLUTION
I~
III
"'-'''~A
ce
211
h I -h 4
211
772
m'=
211
353.6 _ 238.5 1.833 kg/(min) (ton)
Enthalpy, kJfkg
h,
= h. = h 4 = h.
VI
VI
= v g at -lOGe = 0.07665 m
h. = h g at -lOGe
= 347.1
S2
equal to
Sl
= 373 kJ/kg
Effect on
cor
equal to
eop
SI
= 371 kJlkg
hI - h 4 _
h 2 - h,
347.1 - 238.5
-'----373 - 347.1
=:
4.19
eop
= hg at 5e = 353.6 kJ/kg
S2
,I,
kJ/kg
3/kg
h.
at 40 ce = 238.5 kJlkg
211
h
h., - 4'
h , - h..
371 - 353.6
SOLUTION
For the 5C evaporating cycle, the work,
W'
= (rn) (h
,-
h.)
= (1.833) (371
- 353.6)
\.
::l
:l
Qc
= (rn) (h, -
h)
= (1.943) (373
219 kPa
"
- 238.5)
Enthalpy, kJlkg
4.355 kW/ton
h,
VI
==
Vg
. ,U
tt.
1219 kPa
961kPa
4.05 kW/ton
S2
equal to
SI
= 373 kJlkg
S2'
equal to
SI
== 378 kJlkg
,)
I{( -frigerating
effect
t he
= hi
36
Q, = (m) Ih 2
211
347.1 _ 238.5 == 1.943 kg/Gnin) (ton)
2~~
)
,,'
;347.12~1248.9
h)
= 11.94.3)
fill'
(37:3 - 238.5)
."
211
m == hi - h,
:-l\'!"il'
Q'c = (m') (h 2
.r t
tIl'
(1)
(2)
1.3)
14)
(.5 J
(6)
The
The
The
The
The
The
eop decreases.
, "fTC' raised to 1397 kPa, at what speed should the co m prr.s sor
I.,
run to carry the same load assuming the volumetr-ic l,fficIPn('\
tr i g o r a n t
= 419
.
:IIL( TTl ON
w .. (m) (h, -
1397kPa
lZr.1kPa
r;
_I
t:
"'I
h , = 1\ at 340 kPa =
Enthalpy. kJlq
3~)2,8
k,Jlkg
h,
Let ru
old
Ill;\';';
flow rate
n
n'
Qp
:30.4 k,J/s
m= h _ h
1m')
:39.4 k,J/s
:i[)28 - 255.3) k-J/kg
h\- h ,
Iv
at --5
DC
= 0.06496 m 3fkg
~J61 k Pa and
S2
equal to
SI
= 3';2 k-I/kg
Q,
= 0.4041
kg/s
TIl
= 0.071 mVkg
= ~rYL!2l (n )
Im'lln)
n =---
VI'
1m) Iv,)
~D2L(2) (n')
4
h,
h, = h at
= 0.3870 kg/s
=V
'I]
111'
v[
'II
10.4041) (25)
0.:3870
Refrigerating effect
SOLUTION
'I
~.
-k----T--72'
-; h J
--
h4
= 349.3 -
238.5
= 110.8 kJfII:g
'11
211
h[ _ h
211
= 349.3 _ 238.5
4
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
(11
With useful cooling, the mass flow rate,
211
m' = h .- h
I
..j
<_
h -. h
h~
211
362 _ 238.5 := 1.709 kg/(min) (ton)
:349.3 - 2:38.5 := .1.+:{
387 - :362
,211
111 = ~h4
:-)",1 \'In
211
= 349.3 - 238.5
:=
tm
:v
1=
,
W':=
j)
(2)
Vi =
:=
(2)
(m') (v,) =
(1.709) (0.071)
(rn i (v'r) =
(h 2 - hl'):= !I.709)
(387-:36~)
0.71~
k\,'I'fj'l
(rri')
(h 2
h,)
= (1.904)
(387 -
:{f)~~)
(rn')
t,
(1.904) (0.071)
Qc
= (m) (h 2 -
h.:
E fleet on COP
I'-I)r
hi - h 4 _ 349.3 - 238.5
Frl\' the saturated cycle, COP = i , _ h - 372 _ 349.3
:2
= 4.88
h - h
~.' _ h ~.
1..
:= 4.94
;362 - 238.5
387 - 362
= (m') (h ,
........
Simple Vapor Compression Refrigerauon :--,
:1)
Refrigerating effect
For the saturated cycle, the refrigerating effect
=: 349.3 - 238.5 =: 110.8 kJlkg
=h
I,
sarn o.
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
Tho
TI1<'
Thl'
The
The
II
~"nec'"s
of
SL~)COOli._,~
the Liquid
m =:
211
hi - h 4
211
211
m' =: h - h ,
1
211
349.3 - 228,5
=: 1.747 kg/Cm in
i I t on
SOLUTION
I:rfect on compressor volume capacity
r -,r
III
n_ --
72
E
~
I'~
L
4
VI
261kPa
ih - _hh
349.3 - 2:38.5
372 - 349.3
4
1
=: 4.88
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
111,('t on COP
'1
hi - h
h(' s u hcoo lr-d cycl, COP =: h _ h 4
}
349.3 - 228.5
372 - 349.3
:l.:l2
...
h,
= h , = h, at 40C =
238.5 kJ/kg
h., = h.
= h, at 30C
= 228.5 kJ/kg
= hi
= h. -
- h,
h 4,
~":'ec~s
of
Sl..~)cooli._~;
the Liquid
m
211
h. - h ,
211
349.3 _ 238.5
211
rn' = h - h ,
1
211
349.3 - 228.5
SOLUTION
(c) Effect on compressor volume capacity
as
-.r
:?il
oj
(d)
Effect on COP
For the saturated cycle, COP
h - h4
h
=i
349.3 - 238.5
372 - 349.3
= 4.88
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
VI
hi
11,
==
li n t
~)()1
h -h
For the subcooled cycle, COP = h 1 _ h 4 '
2
SI
= :172 kJlkg
349.3 - 228.5
372 - 349.3
= 5.32
44
SOLUTION
ssoc
aLL
1460 kPa
'\
38C
466kPa
;
(f)
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
= 250.7
h,
hi
VI
S2
= 53
L/kg
equal to
SI
= 440 k.I/kg
112 kJ/s
= 0.6608 kg/s
(410 - 240.5) k-Izkg
(a) m=
V 1 = mv 1 = (0.6608) (53)
= 35.02 Lis
V
!l
nva
44.49 Lis
VI
VI)
= (rn ) (h 2 -
h.)
= (0.6608)
(440 - 410)
= 19.82 kW
Actual work = (32.5) (0.92)
= 29.90 kW
Compression efficiency, n
c
.L
29.90
46
= (In)
( o ) VI
Assume
(VI)
llva
V
D
= 0.0227 L'L/s
0.0227L3 == 32.3
SOLUTION:
= 11.25 em
a:l
~
1514.2 kPa
-~
(d W
== (rn)
:12
== 19.14 kW
,..ilcl
II
I I
/1
...
.
P ower Input
to compressor
39C
31G kPa
19.14
_
0.77
= 24.86kW
(d) x 4 --
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
(a)
m=
Q,.
11="'Fl
11
S2
equal to
87.5 kJ/s
(1472 _ 361.2) k.J/kg
SI
= 1715 kJlkg
= 0.07877 kg/s
(m ) (h - h.)
2
n1 = _ _.....:0.-..._;';""
w
(c ) (.6 t)
w
== :L()4
kg/s
....l
,,-"ll
48
= (rn ) (h , -
(c) W
SOLUTION
h.)
- 348) kJ/kg
= 10.31 kW
960.7 kPa
CIS'
,,2
//
:~oC
(d) m ,
1.36 kg/s
150.9 kPa
Enthalpy, kJlkg
.=
v]
= v at
liz
= hat 960.7
= 348
k.I/kg
= 383 kJ/kg
kPa and
5;,
equal to
S2
(a) m =
Qe
h. - h,
(b) n
vc
V]
=1-
S1
c [ -v] -1]
v2
/s
SOLUTION
= 1-0.02 [0.12]
- - -1 = 0.9057
0.021
ms/kg)
= 0.03536
mvs
Assume n va = n vc
VD
=~ =
va
VD
0.03563
0.09057
= 0.03904
3/s
= ~ D2 LN = ~ (D m)" (D m)
=
1413.7
D:3 =
or 2.3424 mVmin
(900x2 cycles/min)
= 0.1183 m or 11.83 em
=.:
II)n cm
Heat
exchanger
50
_n --
>2
Enthalpy, kJlkg
So!
SOLUTION
h, = hi at 40 c C = 238,f) k.I/kg
Heat balance of t hl~ heat exchanger
hI + h fi = h + h<
J
1255kPa
Refrigerating effect = he - h, = h. - h,
COP = hI - h~l _ 362 -- 238.5
h - h 1 - 387 - 360.,
=4.94
'\.
\"
~c
4'
3fi4.3 kPa
....
-,
-10C
Enthalpy, kJlkg
h, = he at 32
= 239.2 kJlkg
h. = h g at --10
= 401.6 kJ/kg
GC
GC
VI
h2
=V
=h
COP
at -10
GC
= 65.34
= ~l2 =hh 3, =
L/kg
S2
equal to
S1
401.6 - 239.2 __
- ,').17
= 433 kJlkg
PROBLEMS
(b)
Enthalpy, kJJq
h,
f'
h. + h , :::: 11] + h,
h.
=:
Ans. (a) 100.26 kJ/kg, (b) 0.7022 kg/s, (c) 25.69 kW,
v 1 = 72 L/kg
S2
h 6 -h_
COP = h - h.
0)
equal to
Sl
450 kJ/kg
401.6 - 225.3
___----=
5.11
450- 41fi.5
-,
20 Lis
ill
= (rn ) (h. -
)
4
239.2) kJ/kg
= 49.71 kW
(d) With the heat exchanger.
V1
m =-v1
20 Lis
72L/kg
= 0.2777 kg/s
.....l
::: 4R.96 kW
(c) 19.26 hp .
-----..L
3/s
Chapter
as
1
Enthal~y,
kJJkg
.......l
1.)
2.)
3.)
4,)
5.)
6,)
7.)
8.)
9.)
10.)
11.)
12.)
Q.
110C
.&.
-25C
-25C
-18C
-8C
120C
110C
30C
32C
1352 kPa
132 kPa
102kg/min
7Co
3.14kJlkg (K)
18.8 kW
92 %
5 kg/min
8.9 C
Qc
5
Brine pump
Expansion32"C
valve
3O"-C
condenser
Q4-6
60
lit
as
,,
Qj
lit _.
120C
152.2 kPa
132kPa
I~
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
(a)
(rn) (hI)
= (m) (h.) + Qj
W = (m) (h 2-h) + Qj
W = ~ H +' Q.J
+ W
= 533.2 kJ/min
VI
==
h,
;=
= (1.02) (rn.)
(c.) (~tb)
Compressor IHP
= 11.99 = 16.07 hp
0.746
= 2287 kJ/min
= 10.84 TR
= 17.3kW
Mechanical efficiency
(b)
Qe
= (m) (h, - h 6 )
m = 2.091 kg/min
= indicated work
brake work
_ 11.39
- ~
or 69.31 %
0.6931
(d)
.2:...
4
= 2.262 m 3/min
va
(e)
V
Vo
1.986
2.262
=~=--=0.878or87.8%
COP = ~ =
W
2287 kJ/min
= 3.18
I,
(D
Heat balance
Heat input to the system
(a) Compressor, W = 719.5 kJ/min
(b) Evaporator, Qe = 2287 kJ/min
(c) Pipe line from evaporator to compressor,
Q7.1 = (m) (h 1-h 7) = (2.091) (1470-1445)
= 53.3 kJ/min
-10C
-5C
95C
85C
33C
36C
20 kPa
40 kPa
400 rpm
80%
77%
1.3
SOLUTION
.~
180.74 kP.
~ _11.O14_~.
=lO~
_
h.
= hi
at 33"C
= 3fi6.3 kJ/kg
(b)
"
GH =
(rn )
1744.2 kJ/min
QJ = 0.30 W
190.74 kPa .9
_-'It-----,I-'--I
W = GH + QJ
W
= 1744.2
+ 0.30 W
170.74kPa
Brake work
indicated work
mechanical efficiency
41.53 = 51.91kW
0.8
or 69.56 hp
COMPRESSOR
h,
= 1460 kJlkg
h,
3lkg
Q
(a)
m =h _
s
V = (rn ) (v
1
v _ It D2 LN
D-
=:
D = 0.1794 m or 17.94 em
L = (1.3) (17.94) = 23.32 em
...
3/min
Ql-4
(d)
Qc
9.439
= 9.69 kg/min
(c)
66
(c)
SOLUTION
Qc = (m ) (h,
- h.)
351.5) kJ/kg
= 7353.5 kJ/min
(d)
r/
as
~.
un
_.
.,.
VI
va
6'
___
291.6kPa
_~.6JtP.!
__
"~~l ,
"
O.C
V
-lOC
Enthalpy, kJlkg
Q"
= h_-h o
(a)
(b)
Isentropic work
Actual work
Indicated work
= h, -
h. = 1745 - 1475
= 270 kJ/kg
31.2
0.746 = 41.82 hp
indicated work
41.82
.
.
=
BHP
of compressor = mechanical
efficiency
0.80
= 52.28 hp
=~
4
(rpm)
= 0.1965 m or 19.65 em
rpm
(e)
60
120 m/min
=-- m
rpm
(2) (rpm)
D2 LN
7t
60
3.639= (-4DZ) ( - ) (2)
rpm
3/kg
v I = v at 256.6 kPa and h. equal to h, = 0.48 m
hz,
piston speed
(rpm)
" ,,-r
' C
h,
Vo
t;
VI
"1
_ piston speed
2L
COP
= 254
(3-4)
A simple ammonia compression system has a
compressor with a piston displacement of 1. 76 m Vm in , a
condenser pressure of 1557 kPa and an evaporator pressure of
227 kPa. The liquid is subcooled to 35C and the vapor leaving
the evaporator and entering the compressor is -6C. The
temperature of the vapor leaving the compressor is 90C. The
heat rejected from the ammonia to the compressor jacket is 5070
kJ/h. The volumetric efficie vcy of the compressor is 80%.
Determine" (a) machine capacity in tons, (b) IHP of the
compressor, and (c) COP of machine based on indicated work.
68
SOLUTION
""
.LV-V.'
...... _
1<
"
CII
90C
A
_:
'\.
II
I'~ l
"
'I
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
~
=h
v1
==
= 1465 kJ/kg
(n
V1
(V )
o
)
v
CII
6 '
2 56 k g/ mIn
.
1 = 1.408 mvrnin
m =V_
=.
v1
0.55 m 3/kg
Q
e
= (rn) (h 1-h4 )
2813.2
211
(b)
219.12 kPa
.c.'
Enthalpy, kJlkg
= 2813.2 kJ/min
l.15kJ11rg
= 13.33 TR
4.2kJ/kg
~H
= (m)
Q].
= - - = 84.5 k.I/min
(h, - h.)
= (2.56) (1640 -
5070
60
1465)
= 448 kJ/min
55.5kJ/kg
'
8.875 kW
IHP
(c) COP
= 8.875
0.746
11:9 h
= refrigerating effect
indicated work
5.28
= 223.65 kJlkg
== h, at 22C = 220.75 kJlkg
h 4 = h, at 25C
h, :;:: h,
..l
= 350
+ 55.5 - 4.2
= 401.3
SOLUTION
Qc
kJ/kg
I'
Expansion Q
valve
e
1'1
....l
(a)
Qe
Q
74 kJ/s
mass flow rate, m = -c=
= 0.419 kg/s
qc
176.5 kJ/kg
Refrigerating capacity
Actual work =
= 52.95 kW
83.74m w = 352
= 15.04 TR
52.9 kW
= 3.52 kW/ton
Qe
352
= - - = 60 kW
actual COP
5.86
(c) Qj
Q c + Qj
= W + Q
e
Qc + 21
= 60 + 352
o, = 391 kW
72
Qr
(c)(L\t)
w
\\
V0
391
(4.187)(10)
:::
41t
D2 LN :::
1t
.
"4
(0.25 m)" CO.30rn) (300x4 cycles/min)
t'l
'h
iI,r
= 9.34 kg/s
VI
VI
rn :::
J'
VI
:::
16.605 m 3/min
0.52826 m Vkg
npiv i [(P2)~
n
-1]
1-n
PI
::: - -
:::
SOLUTION
CIS
l204kPa
- ..
(c)
1.
227 kPa
41
, ...
'"
-16C
v] :::
Vg
at 227 kPa
= 1442.6 ktl/kg
= 528.26 L/kg
:::
P ..2.
1204 ..l...
[2]
= 1 + 0.02-0.02 [ _
_]1.20
P.
227
::: 0.9397
h
2
,1H
= (rn)
Enthalpy. kJlkg
h.
::: V
(h2 - h)
1442.6) kJ/kg
74-
,
t
,~
(3-8)
An ammonia compression system operates at a
capacity of 150 tons. Condensation temperature is 35C. The
evaporation temperature in brine cooler is -24C. Ammonia
leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor at -8C.
Ammonia enters the expansion valve at 30C. Were drawing
through the compressor valves: suction 35 kPa, discharge 70
kPa, compression is polytropic with n = 1.22, volumetric efficiency
is 75%. Calculate (a) IHP,(b) heat transferred to cylinder water
jacket, (c) piston displacement, (d) heat transferred to condenser
circulating water, and (e) COP.
= h, = 1760 kJ/kg
= nPlvl
n-l
[(..ELy~
I-n
SOLUTION
PI
(1.22)( 124.2)(1.0)
1-1.22
-1]
r(
L
IHP
~
i
pV U2
~;~ _
_0
= 239.4 hp
-t,-),
, 1 "
(b) ~H
178.6
~c
'"
-2~OC
Q.J =
Enthalpy, kJlkg
Qe
h, -h 5
I
V
2
.....1
V8
= 37.57 m 3/min
h. = h, = 1465 kJ/kg
(a) m
28.18
VD =nVI
- - = 075
PI
1422
1465-341.8
380.3
= 2.95
PROBLEMS
(1) A Freon 12 refrigeration system, with a 10-TR capacity
and a coefficient of performance of 3.23, operates with a
condenser pressure of 984.5 kPa and an evaporator pressure of
150.8 kPa. The temperatures entering and leaving the
compressor are -10C and 80C, respectively. The temperature
entering the expansion valve is 34C. The compressor is water
jacketed and operateds with unknown pressure drops through
the valves. Compute (a) the mass flow rate per minute, (b) the
indicated work, and (c) the heat removed by the jacket water.
Ans. (a) 18.43 kg/min, (b) 19.87 kW, (c) 270.5 kJ/min
(2)
A test of a 10-TR ammonia vapor compression
refrigeration system gave the following results:
condenser pressure
1600 kPa
evaporator pressure
191 kPa
temperature leaving evaporator coils
-10C
temperature entering compressors
OC
temperature leaving compressors
100C
temperature entering condenser
80C
temperature leaving condenser
38C
coefficient of performance
3.1
(A) Find heat lost or gained, (a) between evaporator coils
and" compressor, (b) between compressor and condenser, and
(c) to condenser water.
~
Find, (a) the work, and (b) the heat absorbed by jacket
Ans. A: (a) 44.37 kJ/min,
(b) 106.1 kJ/min,
(c) 2399.5 kJ/min
B: (a) -20C
(b) 14.62%
C: (a) 11.34 kW,
(b) 329.5 kJ/min
Chapter
To compressor
Flash tank
Multipressure Systems
)
;]
i'
.1
To evaporator
Expansion
valve
Intercooling
Intercooling between two stages of compression reduces the
work of compression per kilogram of vapor. Intercooling in a
refrigeration system can be accomplished with a watercooled heat
exchanger or by using refrigerant. The watercooled intercooler
may be satisfactory for two-stage air compression, but for
refrigerant compression the water is usually not cold enough.
The alternate method uses liquid refrigerant from the condenser
to do the intercooling. Discharge gas from the low-stage
compressor bubbles through the liquid in the intercooler.
Refrigerant leaves the intercooler as saturated vapor.
Intercooling with liquid refrigerant will usually decrease the
total power requirements when ammonia is the refrigerant but
not when refrigerant 12 or 22 is used.
80
Multipressure Systems
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 81
SOLUTION:
10
,
~
0e
evaporator
Condenser
35
35
h 5-h4
-5e evaporator
,..-
Evaporator
35KW
]ODC
I
I
.... 1A
Pressurereducing
valve
or
Evaporator
70KW
-5OC
h g-h 7
==
70
h&
M6
hI
~
MI
.I
hS
3/
I /4
1432kPa
616 kPa
>2
//~C
MS
356 kPa
(0.0967) h,
hI = 1461.3 kJlkg
Enthalpy, 1rJ1kg
S2
equal to
SI
= 1665 kJlkg
h, = h,
COP = ~
19.7
= 5.33
fJ '
82
Multipressure Systems
SOLUTION
r.
,.----------------11
I
...
...1
Condenser
1--------olIlI----------.
320C
1
P4
2
1
=h
= 1615 kJ/kg
tercooler and
flash tank
h,
6
= -YPIP4
h4
h,
210
h, - h,
mI
210
= 0.172 kg/s
1437.2 - 215.3
= m = m,
ma
Evaporator
210kW
-3)OC
......-- m2
h2
ha
1239.6kPa
I
it
k. 7 4
1'1
nJ!
7f---!
I
,
32'C
ms
.1
~
190.74 kPa
h7
m7
Enthalpy, kJlkg
.....
# (4-3)
In an ammonia system, one evaporator is to provide
200 kW of refrigeration at -30C and another evaporator is to
provide 220 kW at SoC. The system uses two-stage compression
with intercooling and is arranged as shown below. The
condensing temperature is 40C. Calculate the power required
by the compressors. What is the COP of the system?
I-~
4
r--
...
= 21.6kW
Evaporator
5C
220KW
I'
- - ,-
Intercooler and
flash tank
Evaporator
-30C
200KW
1557kPa
L:
>
1 1+--51772 ~c
120 kPa
5~C
-30C
-----Enthalpy, kJlkg
----l
~II~
86
Multipressure Systems
SOLUTION
h, = h , at -30C = 1422.9 kJ/kg
h, = h at 517 kPa and
equal to
S2
SI
= 1630 kJ/kg
h,
=h
equal to
S4
SI
= 1625kJ/kg
COP
-30C Evaporator
___ "
200
--
h -h
1422.9-223.2
')()()
of
~
\
m7
= m , == m 2 == ill l
5C Evaporator
200
200
mass flow rate, m 6 = - - - == 1466.8-390.8 == 0.204 kg/s
h 3-h 6
Heat balance about intercooler
1.
Dl_
..
las
---t
he
bor
..,
mh, + m.h,
= rnh, + m.h,
\) =
(0.167) 0630-1422.9)
==
= 4.142
= 101.4 kW
'.
iii:'
88
Multipressure
Sy~t('ms
PROBLEMS
(1) In an ammonia refrigeration system, the capacity is
210 kW at a temperature of -20C. The vapor from the evaporator
is pumped by one compressor to the condensing pressure of 1431
kPa. Later, the system was revised to a two-stage compression
operating on the cycle shown below with intercooling but no
removal of flash at 555 kPa.
(a)
Calculate the power required by the single compressor
in the original system.
(b)
Calculate the total power required by the two
compressors in the revised system.
"
.1
.2
555kPa
Intercooler
Evaporator I
2
Evaporator
210kW I
210kW
-20C
-20OC
SOLUTION
Chapter
(a)
Refrigerant 22 cycle
Cascade Systems
497.6kPa
as
!l
~~
::l
gj
f'
/,
,~
.c
condenser
1/
105kPa
"' -,
ODe
Enthalpy, kJlkg
= h g at -40
= 388.6 kJlkg
DC
Qe
h 1-h4
S2
28 kJ/s
= (388.6-200) kJlkg
0.1485 kg/s
(b)
Refrigerant 12 cycle
914.2kPa
WI
Expansion
.Ie
G)
~2
as
Hlp-pmsltte
'1
E~
::l
00
00
.Ie
219.1 kPa
1/ '~De
"
"
-lODe
"'2
to
Low-pressure
tvaponlor
Enthalpy, kJlkg
h.
= h~ = hi at 38C = 236.R
k,J/kg
92 Cascade Systems
S6
SOLUTION
equal to
85
= 372 kJlkg
"
~~
.,,,,~
..,
MS
m5
ba
~
).
"
ooe
m;j(hs-h s ) = m 1(h2-h 3 )
Enthalpy, kJlkg
(m)) (v)
n va
(0.00823 kg/s)
(1212.5 L/kg)
~
~
0.85
Lis
Refrigerant 12 cycle
lI:l
~~
;j
rn
rn
&:.
11
219.1kPa
,.
....
-lOOC
Enthalpy kJlkg
.j
s', =
370 k.Jlkg
94
Cascade Systems
m.I h, - h s) = m l (h , - h.)
m, (347.1-231.5)
,)
SOLUTION
= (0.00823) (1620-200)
7
v=
D
V_o
(rn.)
(v .)
:)
,)
n va
\";1
(a)
40C
High-pressure
condenser
c:'
Expansion
valve
r-C)
Actual work
1.69 kW
Expansion
Refrigerant 12 cycle
~
~ ml -
-1r-C)
-so-c
Evaporator
Actual work
vwve~
Compressor
__---l
= (0.101) (370-347.1)
kW
1557kPa
as
!1l
!1l
~a
(432kPa)
P
ll9.9kPa
--r~,
~C
Enthalpy, kJlkg
/11'
96 Cascade Systems
Q
(30) (3.52) kJ/s
6 k /
(c) m l = hl-l\ = (1422.86-200.47) kJ/kg = 0.08 4 g s
Low pressure loop
m s = m, = m? = m
s
PROBLEMS
(1) A two-stage cascade refrigeration system uses ammonia
as the working substance. The evaporator is at -35C and the
high-pressure condenser is at 1514.2 kPa. The cascade condenser
is a direct-contract type. The refrigeration load is 90 tons.
Determine (a) the mass flow rate in the low-pressure loop, (b)
the mass flow rate in the high-pressure loop, (c) the power
required, (d) the COP, and (e) the quantity of the fluid entering
the evaporator.
m s =
m l (h 2 - h,)
h)-hF\
m.o
J1
l
"
..1
= (0.0864) (1600 -
1422.86)
= 15.31 kW
Total work
= 15.31
+ 19.89
= 35.20 kW
6 6
Chapter
Air-Cycle Refrigeration
COOLER
r
3
..
'r
Fig,
~2.
..
Open-air system
air system
v
Fig. 6-3. Ideal air-refrigeration cycle
Process 1-2: isentropic compression
Process 2-3: constant pressure rejection of heat
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion
Process 4-1: constant pressure absorption of heat
P olytropi c ex pa ns ion
( b)
n-1
nP-aV:1
W =
- [ (- P4)n- - 1]
Refrigerat or
= nP aV1 [(~)11_1]
1-n
T 2 ) , kW
Pa
(5) Net wo r k
N et work
= ( m ) (c) (T:l -
Pa
n- 1
(2) Cooler
Heat r ej ect ed
1-n
ex pa nde r work
( a)
Is en tropi c compressi on
W = kP 1V 1
c
1-k
=
(b )
[(p ~ ) k-1 - 1]
PI
kmRT 1 [(p ~ . k - l ]
1-k
~) k - 1
P olytropic compression
[(~ n~l
np lV l
We =
1-n
PI
nmTR J
=
[t ~
PI
l _ n
SOLUTION
p
r=
-- ..
-1
)n:1 - 1 ]
(4) Ex pa nder
--
-..
>
v.. F.
T
kp-'IY-1 [(P4
]
=
- )~
k - 1
1- k
P1
_ kmRT1
- 1-k
[(~) k:
P1
1-1]
v
PI =
P2 =
T1 =
T, =
448kPa
1150 kPa
5 + 2 73 = 27 8 K
25 + 27 3 = 298 K
.,.-1'1'(
102 Air-Cycle Refrigeeration
P2
= T 1 [ -PH
-]
T2
1550 1.4-1
[- ] 1.4
448
= 278
P4
k-1
448 1.4-1
P::3] k = 278 [1550] 1.4
= T3 [
T4
k-1
k
= 396 .3K
= 209.0 K
(m) (cp ) (T i - T 4 ) = 50
(a)
- 209) = 50
m = 0.720 kg/s
(b)
SOLUTION
mRTl
Pi
= 0.128
3/
m s
1344kPa
-t---
P4
kmRT
n w c =_lrC(_2)
1 - k L PI
k-1
k
= 0.0964 m 3/s
"
448
P2 = 1370 kPa
k-1
= kmRT
[C'(~fk -1]
1 - k . P3
(0.~72)
= 345 kPA
PI
= 1344 kPa
T 1 = 5 + 273 = 278 K
T 3 = 32 + 273 = 305 K
(1.4)
(0.28708) (298)
1-1.4
[(1550)\~~1 -1]
= 85.61 k\W
345kPa
-1
1-1.4
l370kPa
-1----2
P3
448 1.4-1
[ (1550)--rr- -1]
T a-
=0 +
273
= 273 K
64.37 kW
Net work
= 8:,5.61 -
COP = _ 5~
64.37
= 21.24 kW
P2
T2
= T I [ -PI]
= T
= 2.35
4
.=!..
n
1370
= 278 [ 345
-]
!.d1..::!
1.37
- 403
.5 K
p4 .!!=.!
345 !.d1..::!
[ _ ] n = 305 [ _ ] 1.37 = 211.3K
P3
1344
;~
(~,
I~.
( a)
ll
(T, - T)
= 35
n-1
= 35
[ P2]n
PI
vc
345
= 0 .9132
(0 .564) (0 .28708 ) (278)
345
= 0.1 30 m 3/s
~ :~i~2
pi ston displacement =
= 0 .142 m
3/s
Expander
.
[ P3]n
n vc: =l+c-c P
4
345
= 0.9151
mRT 4
volume flow rate = - -
P4
= 0 .099
.
diISP 1acement
piston
(b) W c
mRT
n
345
m 3/s
0 .099
= 0 .108 m 3/s
=
0.9151
P
n-1
[(-i-)-n- ~lJ
= 75.21 kW
= 56 .20 kW
Net work
= 75.21 -
( c) COP =
mRT 1
volume flow rate = - -
Pl
P3
1-n
1.37-1
_ (1.3 7) (0 .56 4) (0 .28708) (305) [( 345 fT37-- 1]
1-1.37
1344
= 0 .564 kg/s
Compressor
n =l+c-c -
[(1370) \1~;1_1J
34 5
:~
1 . 1
56.20
= 1.84
= 19 .01
kW
"
1'1,,(1'
PROBLEMS
(1) An open air refrigeration system carries a load of 35 kW
with a suction pressure of 103 kPa and a discharge pressure of
690 kPa. The temperature leaving the refrigerator is 5C and
that leaving the cooler is 30C. The compression is polytropic
with n = 1.33 and the expansion is also polytropic but with n =
1.35. Determine the power required and the COP.
Chapter
Steam-Jet Refrigeration
IftZIdfLINB
WA'I'D BITVBN
tnBAII MOZZL&
TOCONDmfBD
Ans. 1.47
1~;~~:::!::':~';-:=:t~"~::~E:"
BOO8I'DZJI:C'I'OJl
SPRATS
IlADUP--
WATER
"_'_".'_16.".
WATEll LAVEL
COImloL
COOLKDARBA
SOLUTION
DaZZle ateam
he
lIlab-up
.,.t
I
"
13
vapor
water
moe
J,.
W8l1D.water
woe
-.
r---.-
-..::-
I
I
gi!z.S~~
eYaporat.ar
~
water
PUDP
I
I
: 17Gb
I
I
I
I
,
I
I
I
hI
cooled area
L_~
---.J
0e
h, = h, at 5C = 20.98 kJ/kg
h, = h, at 10C = 42.01 kJ/kg
h 3 = h g at 5C = 2510.6 kJ/kg
v3
= v g at 5C = 147.12 m 3/kg
h4
Let z
by nozzle steam
m
/2
= 2510.6z
z = 0.07224 kg vapor/s
volume of vapor removed = zV:l = (0.07224) (147.12)
= 10.63 mvs
kg steam
kg vapor
quantity of nozzle steam = (1.27 kg vapor) (0.07224 second )
= 0.0917 kg/s
SOLUTION
~'i
J
m h , + 350 = mh,
m = 10.41 kg/s
= 2435.9z
134.15z + 350
z
= 0.1521 kg/s
If"
112
PROBLEMS
(1) There are removed 3.06 mvs of vapor from the water
evaporator of a vacuum refrigeration system; the warm water
enters the evaporator at 18C and chilled water leaves at 10C;
make-up water enters at 29C. Determine the refrigerating
capacity.
Chapter
Air Conditioning
Ans. 68.99 kW
(2) In a steam jet refrigeration system, the evaporator is
maintained at 6C. The chilled water leaves at the same
temperature and warms to 11C as it absorbs the load. Make-up
water in available at 25C. For a capacity of 50 tons, determine
(a) the quantity of chilled water required, and (b) the volume of
vapor removed.
Ans. (a) 8.381 kg/s, (b) 10.07 m 3/s
where P,
= total
mixture pressure
P,
the vapor
Mixt ur e:
air:
mass
volume
mass
volume
temperature
temperature
=V
It
pressure = Pt
pressure
~~
=m
=T
Water vapor:
=mv
mass
volume = Vv =V
Entropy, kJlkg K
= mv
rna
Ps V/RsT
Pa V/RaT
o =[:~]t
(8-1) Compute the humidity ratio of air at 65 per cent
relative humidity and 34C when the barometric pressure is
101.3 kPa.
Solution
_ PsRa _
pRa
287ps
_
- PaRs - (pt-Ps)R s - 461.5 (Pt-ps)
W=0.622~
Pt -Ps
W=
Ps
P, - P,
0.6~:
~z. -
SOLUTION
t&f
RT
RT
v = _p3 = _3_ m 3fkg of dry air
3
Pt-Ps
Entropy,kJlkg . K
SOLUTION
P, = saturation pressure at 30
Ps = (0) (Pd)
0e
= 4.241 kPa
T = 30 + 273 = 303 K
v=
RT
3
P, - P,
I
II
~I
Fig. 8-3
(287)(303)
3fkg
= 101,300-1696 = 0.873 m
dry air
[;]t
s
(0.622) (p)
u=
Pt - Ps
_ [ Ps ] [PI-Pel]
(0.622) (p) - -p;Pt~Ps
Pt-Pd
= 0 [:~Pel]
I
Ps
(f)
P...L
Ws = 0.622 Pt-Pd
(0.622) (2.4861) = 0.01565 kglkg
Ws = 101.3 _ 2.4861
SOLUTION
u=
W
0.01064 = 0.6799 or 67.999t
W s = 0.01565
~...
8
8
~
Entropy, kJIkg . K
(c) W
~ _ 1.7044
P, - 2.4861 = 0.6856 or 68.5691:
= 0.622
Ps
p _p
t
=-'.,
f"\.,
()
.,
rt
r A
= 0.01064 kg/kg
Fig. 8-4
R a = 287 Jlkg.K
P,
= Pt-Ps = 101.3 -
1. 7044
= 99.6 kPa
= -P-,,- -
't:l
en
'-<:
:::r
"
""i
1"'5
(1)
e-e
:!.
1.lel
<:>
. ~
:r
to
'1
.....
Barometric
pressure
= 101.325 kPa
~..,
~
A'
.~~
~~<\
//S
7S
/10
70
lOS
100
95
90
85
60
II
Ss
~"\
----
-.........- ............
- ....
............
SO
- .~
............ - ........
'It )
<'Is
Sensible Heating
This process involves heating
at constant humidity ratio
(moisture
content).
It
is
represented by a horizontal line
from left to right on the
psychrometric chart.
Air-flow
Ia I
DP - _
Heating coils
7~J
/5
2~O--"1
6/ ~ ~8
VI
Fig. 8-7.
= 0.847 m 3/kg
m~3/kg
moe
ss-e
O 2 = 349c
h, = 65.5 kJ/kg
Q = m(h 2-h I )
=
= 16.53 (65.5-50)
124
,,
Sensible Cooling
This process involves cooling
the air at constant moisture
content. It is represented by a
horizontal line from right to left
on the psychrometric chart.
---DB
---Airout
Cooling coils
jClIc3l
..
Make-u p
water
Eliminator
plates
External heater
or cooler
SOLUTION
From the psychrometric chart at t d 1 = 37C and t W1 = 21C,
0 1 = 23%
h. = 61 kJ/kg
VI
= 0.889 m 3/kg
3/min.
.
mass flow rate, m = 14 m 3/kg = 15 .75 k g/ min.
0.889 m
O2 = 85~
h, = 38 kJ/kg
Q = m(hz.-h 1 )
= 15.75 (38-61)
15C
3'?C
DB---j---r-- DB
WB--
_---
---WB
Airflow _ _
----"0
DP- __ .J.
-t-----DP
Air Washer
126
SOLUTION
From the psychrometric chart at td. = 24 DC and 0} = 40(!r
hI = 43 kJlkg
WI = 0.0075 kglkg
V'
= 0.852 m'(kg
28 mvrnin
0.852 m"lkg
= 38
DC
and t W2
= 27
DC,
= 84.5 kJlkg
W 2 = 0.0181 kglkg
Q = m(h 2 - h.)
= 32.86
(84.5 - 43)
Moisture added
= 1364 kJ/min. or
22.73 kJ/s
DB--- ...............
oI
_ ... DB
= mt W 2 - WI)
= 32.86 (0.0181 - 0.0075)
= 0.3483 kg/min. or 0.00581 kg/s
AirFlO\1l ---1IIr
IF
DP - - - ................... ---DP
Cooling coils
40*
24C
38C
-r"
SOLUTION
From the psychrometric chart at t d 1 = 35C and t WI = 26C,
h. = 80kJ/kg
WI = 0.0175 kg/kg
INITIAL STATE
OF AIR
VI = 0.896 m '/kg'
/ .
28 m 3/min. = 31 .25 k gmin.
mass fl owrae,m=
t
0.896 rrr'/kg
From the psychrometric chart at t d 2 = 21C and O2 = 50%,
FINAL STATE
OF AIR
DB I i ' I I
---- ...............T
I I I
"ll
"t" ... _
~-.!!j-
- - - -
----____
'"
,. --
---~~~
--r-
DP
-
10
,0
AIR WASHER
'III
I
I
II I
i I I I
.L.l.L.L
DP
PERFECT
WASHER
h, = 40.5 kJ/kg
W 2 = 0.0077 kg/kg
Q = m (h 2- h.)
Approximate
path
21C
35C
Figure 8-9 shows the changes occuring in the dry bulib and
dew point temperatures of the air flowing through an air wrasher
in which the same water is constantly recirculated without; being
either heated or cooled. In a perfect washer, the final dr~ bulb
and dew point temperatures of the air would be equal to each
other, and equal to initial wet bulb temperature of the ai:r. The
efficiency of an air washer is defined as the ratio of the actual
drop in dry bulb temperature to the maximum theoreticaJ drop
in dry bulb temperature that could take place if the washer were
100 per cent efficient, and the air emerged saturated. In such a
case, the final dry bulb temperature of the air would be eq ual to
its initial wet bulb temperature.
.
(8-10) Air at 33C dry bulb and 19C wet bulb temperatures
is cooled and humidified by passing it through an air washer in
which the water is continuously recirculated. The air leaves the
air washer at 23C dry bulb temperature. Determine the moisture
added per kg of dry air. What is the efficiency of the air washer?
130
SOLUTION
W2
= 19C,
W 2 = 0.0048 kg/kg
Moisture removed
W l = 0.0081 kg/kg
=W
\V 2 = 0.0070-0.0048
= 0.0023 kglkg
W 2 = 0.0122 kg/kg
Moisture added = W 2 - W 1
= 0.0122 - 0.0081
= 0.0041 kg/kg
33C
33-23
33--19
= 71.43%
Chemical Dehumidifying
Air can be dehumidified by passing it over chemicals that
have an affinity for moisture. Usually in so doing the moisture
is condensed and gives up its latent heat, raising the dry bulb
temperature of the air. The air leaves drier and warmer. The
wet bulb temperature may increase or decrease. Units employing
such chemicals are used in some comfort air conditioning
installations but mainly for industrial air conditioning. Since
the leaving-air temperature is usually higher than wanted, it is
necessary to add a sensible cooling process to get the desired
final air condition.
24C
4l o e
Mixing Air
When air at one condition is mixed with air at another
condition, the condition of the final mixture can be shown on the
psychrometric chart by a point on the line joining the points
indicating the original condition. The exact location of the final
point will depend upon the masses of the original air quantities.
(8-11) Air at 24C dry bulb and 15C wet bulb temperatures
enters a dehumidifier and leaves at 4PC dry bulb and 19C wet
bulb temperatures. How much moisture has been removed per
kilogram of dry air?
11\1
SOLUTION
From the psychrometric chart at t d l
= 24C
W = 0.0070 kg/kg
j
and t Wl
= 15C,
-----
rr
m3 = m l + m2
W 2 = 0.011 kg/kg
3/s
V2
0.20 m
== 0.233 kg/s
m 2 == - V 2 == 0 858 m 3Jkg
m 3 W3 = m.W. + + m 2W2
mlW I +m 2W2
W3 = - -m- -
mIt dl + m 2td2
t d3 = - - m
---
_ mlt dl + m 2tdp2
t d3 -
m3
W _ mIW I + m 2W
3 -
= m.t., I m+ m2t d 2
P
V2 = 0.858 rrr'/kg'
VI _ 0.50 m 3/s
m 1 == -VI- 0.825m3/kg = 0.606 kg/s
m.h, + m.h,
h 3 = - -m- -
t dp3
t W2 = 18C
m 3
==
== 0.606(0.0085) + 0.233(0.011)
0.839
::: 0.0092 kg/kg
(8-12) One half cubic meter per second of air at 15C dry
bulb and 13C wet bulb temperatures are mixed with 0.20 m'
per second of air at 25C dry bulb and l8e wet bulb
temperatures. Determine (a) the dry bulb, wet bulb, and dew
mixture.
t W3 == 14.6e
t dp3
== 12.5e
h, == 41kJ/kg
SOLUTION
t"l
= 13C
I
WI = 0.0085 kg/kg
VI = 0.825 m 3/kg
,.'r
0e
134
Alternate Solution
t d:J --
m]t rl ] + m 2td2
m
m3
:3
2
= 29C
17.8C
25C
15C
tw3 = 14.6C
~
=12.B'C
50~
h3 =41kJkg
26C
(8-13) Outdoor air at 35C dry bulb and 24C wet bulb
temperatures is to be mixed with room air at 26C dry bulb
temperature and 50 per cent relative humidity. The final mixture
29C
36C
t WJ = 20.7C
SOLUTION
t d ] = 35C
t Wl == 24C
me
t d2 = 26C
O2 = 50%
ml
=T m 3
m2
=T m
..
"
_m
-.m
&pplyair
supply air
Q 5 = me P (t 2- t 1)
Qs = 1.0062
wh ere Q s
( rn ) (t 2- t 1)
Q L = 25 00 (rn ) (W 2- W 1 ) kJ/s or kW
Q L = lat ent h eat load , kW
t2
Qr
C dry bulb
BUpplyalr
)
F ig. 8- 12. Tot al hea t load
Q T = Q s + QJ.
Q T = m t h .-.h 1 )
---..m
"f'
138 Refr iger ation a nd Air Conditioning
where QT
(c)
= (25 00)
(rn ) (W 2 - WI )
= 40 .59 kW
(d ) S HR = -
-~
Qs
Q l.
Q "
Q s + QL
~
l.
~
88
88 + 40. 59
SHR = Q + Q - Q
s
(A)
SOLUTION
( a)
Qs
= (1.006 2) ( m ) (t 2 - t l)
88 = (1.0062 ) ( rn ) (25
18)
m = 12.49 kg/s
(b) Moi sture picked up =
58
= 0.0013 kg/kg
(3600X12.49)
= 25C and tW
= 19C,
SOLUTION
0 1 =77%
t ,lpl
t WI
= 14.2C
= 15 J:;oC
...
m - -~ Qnside Air
32-<:
50"4 RH
)
= (1. 006 2)( m) (t~- t )
1:3 .5 = (1.0062)( m)(25 Qs
m = I .GEl k g/ s
17 )
//
Air Cond it ioning 141
Point 4: At t. = 25"C a n d t w
W.
Point 3: Ql. = (2 500)
( rn )
= 18"C
= 0.0101
kglk g
(W. - W)
W 1 = 0.009 3 kglk g
At t~
= 0.835
m'lkg
(8-16 ) A s pa ce to be air condit.ioned ha s a sens ible h e at load
of 36 kW a n d a latent h e at load of 10 .2 kW. Th e s pace is to be
maintain ed at 26 "C and 50 per ce n t rel ativ e humidity. Outsid e
a ir is a t 32"C dry bu lb and 24"C wet bulb tempera tures . The
con d it ione d air will enter th e space at 19"C. If 45 per cent of
th e supply air is fres h air and th e r est is r ecircul at ed a ir, find
( :1) th e volum e flow rate of fresh ai r at su pp ly con d itions , (b ) th e
a p pa rat us d ew point, and (c ) th e refri gerati on load .
h, = 40.5 kJlkg
Point 2: At W .l
Po int 1: At t 1 = :32C a n d 0 1 = 50 Ck ,
h i = 71 kJlkg
(a ) Refriger ati on loa d
= mf h . -
h2)
= (1. 68 ) (71
- 37)
= 57 .12 kW
SOLUT IO N
Reci'cutated Nt
Concf~ioned
] SpaaI
4
.....
"'o-~
32"C
26"C
50% lUI
~".
f)
24"C
1
Q" = ( 1.006 2 ) ( m : (t , - t Il
36 = (1 .0062 ) t m ) (26 - 19 )
m = 1) . 11 k g/s
Point 4: At t 4
= (2.81) (53
h, = 53 kJ/kg
= 116.4 kW
= (2500) (m) (W 4
W 3)
h. = rnOh i + rn rh 4
o
rn
Refrigeration load
= (m) (hi) - h 2 )
v 3 = 0.841 rn 3/kg
(b)
rn 3/s
= 39
kJ/kg t 2
h)
Another solution:
At t 3
W 4 = 0.0106 kg/kg
QL
Point 3:
= 14C
~~----=__~7
, ..... 4
(to conditioned
space
Q T = m t h , - h)
875 ,753 = m (54 .5 - 4 2 )
m = 70 ,060 k glh
Refri geration loa d
- 42 )
(2 11) (6 0)
SOLUTION
= 127 .3 TR
ReciltUlared M
Theater
3
....
____::::
26 .70
50%RH
Outside M
Point 1: At t l
= 28.9"C and
t WI
4/
= 22 .2"C
Recirculated Air
Wl
Auditorium
4
ITlr
hi
Point 2: At t 2
kJlkg
mo 1
= 17.22"C a nd t W2 = 15C
h,
Poi nt 3: At t 1
= 65
ss-e
....
::;:
Outside ~r
""''' m
2GC
5O% RH
~iJ:r-----
60%RH
= 4 2 kJ/k g
= 26 .7"C and
01
= 50<ii
RI-I
Q, = ( 1. 006 2 ) (rn ) (t . - t j )
h , = 54 .5 kJlkg
110
= 9 .93 8
(rn) (26 - 15 )
k g/s
= (1. 0 062)
Point 4:
t . = 26 "C and 0 .
h . = 53 k,Jlkg
= 50 'ir
RH
W 4 = 0 .0 106 kglkg
Point 3:
W I = 0 .00909 kglk g
At t = 15C and
j
W~
= 0 .009 09 kglk g
h, = 38 kJlk g
P oint 1: At t l
Return
= 241 kJ/s
=
24 1
3.52
= 68 .5 TR
1
~
(C)
....
S OLUTION
mOh! + m rh ~
m
(2 .485 ) (90 ) + ( 7.453) (53)
9 .938
= 62.25 kJ/kg
Refrigerati on load
= m (h l
Conditioned.
Space
h. )
= (9.938)
(62.25 - 38 )
= 241 k.I/ s or 68 .5
mo ~
TR
......
......
25C
lS"C
Outodde Air
33"C
25C
Q,
= ( 1.0062) (m ) ( t
t.1 )
a~--To a uditori u m
m = 13 .63 kg/s
t 111'4 = 14.2C
= 0.509
,;;
W4 = 0.0101 kglkg
Point 3:
QI, = (2500)
(m )
c = 0.491
(W 4
Vi,)
t2
= 0.0090 kglkg
(a) Let y
c
= 10.T'C
(b)
= t W2 = t d p 2 = 10. 7C
Pain t 2: t 2
12.5C
h, = 31 kJ/kg
Point 1: At t l
h,
m o = (0.20) (m )
me = (0.491)
4
ill r
= rn e -
rna
(rn )
( 1)
.~\
\
6.69 kg/s
nl 0 h ]
+ rn r h 4
rn
::J
(2)
('
(3)
kW
Another solution:
h.=
yt dp4 + ct dp 2 = t dp3
= 12.5
h 2)
yt 4 + ct 2 = t 3
14.2y + ct 2
= (0.491) (13.63)
= 6.69 -
= 200.1
25 y +ct 2 = 18
y+c=l
= 76kJ/kg
~ 60.9 kJ/kg
6.69
150
'f
t
(h, - h;2)
PROBLEMS
(1)
Calculate the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture
in cubic meters per kilogram of dry air at the following conditions
t = 32C, W = 0.016 kg/kg, and Pt == 100 kPa.
= 200 k\V
(2)
Moist air at a dry bulb temperature of 25C has a
relative humidity of 50 per cent when the barometric pressure
is 101.4 kPa. Determine (a) the partial pressures of water vapor
and dry air, (b) the dew point temperature, (c) the specific
humidity, (d) the specific volume, and (e) the enthalpy.
0'.
152
(7)
How much heat must be removed to cool 50 cu m per
minute of air at 29C dry bulb and 21C wet bulb temperatures
to 16C dry bulb and 14C wet bulb temperatures? How much
moisture was removed?
.
I
,AIL
'OJ
Ans.
20.5~)
k.J/s,
O~OO~315
kg/s
(8)
Air at 32C and 20 per cent relative humidity is
cooled and dehumidified by means of an air washer until the
relative humidity becomes 90 per cent. How much moisture was
added per kg of dry air. What was the air washer efficiency and
the dew point temperature of the leaving air?
(9)
A stream of outdoor air is mixed with a stream of
return air in an air conditioning system that operates at 101
kPa pressure. The flow rate of outdoor air is 2 kg/s, and its
condition is 35C dry bulb temperature and 25C wet bulb
temperature. The f1 ow rate of return air is 3 kg/s, and its
condition is 24C and 50 per cent relative humidity. Determine
(a) the enthalpy of the mixture, (b) the humidity ratio of the
mixture, and (c) the dry bulb temperature of the mixture.
',Cl
and latent heat loads are 20.60 kW and 6.78 kW, respectively.
Outside air is at :-l3C thy bulb and 24C wet bulb temperatures.
The space is to be maintained at 25 with a relative humidity
not exceeding 50 per cent. All outside air is supplied with
reheater. The conditioned air enters at 18C. Determine (a) the
refrigeration load required, (b) the capacity of the supply fan,
and (c) the heat supplied in the reheater.
11
QC
'.
~
-I
..
Chapter
wh.-r.-
==
Ill,
III
Illi
I
111
III ,
~.li"
II,
hi
Cooling Tower
!II'I
1')11 1
IIIII
11,
hi
:=
11,1[1
Mass bal an co
warm
m3
waterin - - -
III
ha. I te
water evaporated
r -
2 rna
--\
~
W2
whe-re
Arrout
, ~' WI'
1
11
1,1
':1 '
11
I1 I
'1
IIII11
Airin - - )
Ola
ht
II
~
1':1
W.
where
t,
rn4
t.
~
1
!~~
I,II'
Energy balance
mh, - mh,
math, - h.)
I
:1
"
~
(9-1)
In a cooling tower 28.34 mv/rnin of air at 32C db and
24C wb enter the tower and leave saturated at 29C.
(a) To what temperature can the air stream cool a spray of
water which enters at 38C, with a flow of 34 kg/min of water?
(,bb)))Iow many kg per hour of make-up water is needed to
co~ate for the water that is evaporated?
11'
~I
I
II
Ili l l
III
jill
I
''-'
156
Energy balance
SOLUTION
ID:i = 34 kglmin.
(34) (159.21) -
38C
33.68h~ =
h, =
~\
II /
:rJOC
24C
t 4 = 33.2C
\\
kJ/kg
It;
100% RH
/
1
139.~1
rna
2,9OC
= D.3206
\
(9~2)
" ---t.&
~
SOLUTION
Point 1: At tdl
103
VI = 0.884 m 3/kg
h. = 72.5 kJ/kg
WI = 0.0156 kg/kg
ma
VI
VI
I.;~,
3/min
28.34 m
0.884 m Vkg
= 32.06
kg/min
'11
/
/
~.~
<>. \
40C
100%RH
rna
m, = 34 kg/min
-------~--=---
60
WI)
:34 -- m .. = 0.3206
m 1 = :3:3.68 kg/min
mol
t
I.",
l.
P01~
At t dl = 29C and 0 1
h , = 61 kJ/kg
W 1 = 0.0127 kg/kg
3ErC
= 50~
RH
VI = 0.874 ml/kg
..
'y )
Point 2:
t rl 2 := 40C, 0 2 = 100 % RH
Volum e of ai r
= 7.378 kPa
Ps2 = (0 2) (Pd2)
(O.622 )(PS2)
W 2 = p t - p :;2 '
"
Point 3:
h;
52C
= 21 3.51 kJlkg
Point 4:
h, = h , a t 38C
(1 )
'.H
~
-'/
m:J-m 4 = rna (W 2 - W I)
(1 )
= (1.144)(16 5.11- 6 1)
= 119 .1
(3)
= 01 " (W 2 - W I)
m3
01 4
rn 3
Mass balance
0.03 58 rna + m 4 =1
159. 21014
m.1 -m 4 = 0.04096
= 21 3 .51
= rna (h , - h I)
M as s balance
1 m:J/s
_
0 .87 4 m 3lkg = 1.144 kg/ s
-;:--
Energy b alance
= rna
2 1:3.51m 3
1 kg
1 - m4
VI
m.h, m .h ,
_1_ -
En ergy balance
( a) m 3 =
n1
h g2 = h g at 4 0C = 2574.4 kJlkg
=h, at
01.1
(9- 3)
Fifty gall on s per minute of 'water en t e r s a coolin g
to wer at 46 C. Atm ospheric air a t 16 C db a n d 55 % RH en t er s
th e tower at 2. 85 cu rn per secon d and leav es a t 32 C sa t u ra t ed .
Determine (a) th e volume of water that lea ves the towe r, and
(b) th e ex it t emperature of the water.
(2)
1,
.
~
= 2.073 kg water/s
ITI,
160
SOLUTION
Energy balance
150 gpm
m3
we
I
I
..
32C
100., RH
(3.122)
(J
1~~
\,
l~~~{t
-~
= 55% RH
01
h.:
32 kJ/kg
v j = 0.828 m
(b) t 4 = 2Fl.9"C
t...
= 16C_and
25.9C
= 0.003045 m3/s or
At t d 1
108.51 kJ/kg
-"""-'
Point 1:
t4 =
rna
6
(h, - h.)
1/
= m"
rnh, - mh,
3/kg
I-I
\V j = 0.0056 kg/kg
m =
V1
SOLUTION
Q =2,300,000 kJ/h
'"/,,,
Point 2:
At t d2 = 32C and
02
= 100% RH
W2
h 2 = III kJ/kg
Point 3:
= 0.0307 kg/kg
;~
ll,fi
m,.,
I
CbndeosEr
fi50C
l
i/i
,li
;,:
~
fj
m 4 = rna (W 2
Cooling
tower
32C
m3
'J
= 3.122 kg/s
70%RH
Wl)
t.
Pump
...i
..
'P
Air Conditioning 16;3
Point 1:
At t d l = 32C and 0 1
= 70% RH
SOLUTI< )0:
m.
t w l=27.4C
cooling tower efficiency = tt 3 ~ tt 4
3
wI
55 - t 1
55 - 27.4
0.65
t 4 = 37.l
BOOKW
Cooling
oC
t~
Engine
Git:oerator
.320C
70%RH
"
= 1.0067
Pump
L/kg
Point 1:
At
t ril
t W 1 = 27.4C
= 8.58 Lis
Temperature of approach
=t
t W 1
10=t
4 - 2 7 . 4
t4
. .
= 37.4C
t.,
t,-
0.60
tl
t4
t'\l
t 1 - 37.4
t, .- 27.4
= 52.4C
J
f
AI
800
= 0.97
= 824.7 kW
1"
PROBLEMS
(1)
1\ nu-cb anical-draft cooling tower receives 115 m" per
second of atmospheric air at 103 kPa, 32C dry bulb temperatnre,
55% RII and discharges the air saturated at 36C. If the tower
receive 200 kg/s of water at 40C, what will be the exit
tempernturv of the cooled water?
d
.
Q
824.7
kW
H eat supp1ie to engme, A = 0.30 = 2749
Heat absorbed by cooling water = (0.25) (2749) = 687.25 kW
Ans. :31.2C
'~
J,,
,
= 687.25
"
m; = 39,384 kg/h
Ans. (a) 0.5742 cu m, 0.66 kg; (b) 247.3 kg
specific volume of water at 37.4e = 1.0069 L/kg
Volume of cooling water = (39,384 kg/h) (1.0069 Lfkg)
= 39,656 Lih
,
1
~,~I
~
I
'~
:1
,,1
"
,\
AJ
".
Drying 167
Chapter
SOLUTION
10
Drying
iI
= 1.70
gross weight
+ weight of moisture
= 8.5
+ 1.70
= 10 .2 kg
10.2
Weight of product per kg of original material = - -
10
weight of moisture
bone- d ry weig
. ht
= 1.02 kglkg
Gross weight
= Bdw
kg
~j
.~
;I~
Drying 169
Table 10-1
Moisture in Hygroscopic Materials
Moisture is expressed as regain, per cent of the dry weight of the
material
50
60
70
80
4.50
6.50
6.20
8.00
8.80
9.90
11.10
12.40
14.50
15.40
Oak-tanned
Newsprint, wood pulp
White bond, rag
Solid tire
Cigarette
Timber (average)
13.60
4.70
5.50
0:44
13.30
7.60
16.00
5.30
6.50
0.54
16.00
9.30
18.30
6.10
7.50
0.66
19.50
11.30
20.60
7.20
8.80
0.76
25.00
14.00
24.00
8.70
10.80
0.88
33.50
17.50
Steam activated
26.20
0.81
15.20
15.70
5.20
5.50
7.20
4.30
1.90
8.00
10.80
31.10
1.67
21.50
24.30
10.00
11.50
13.60
8.40
4.30
14.30
19.90
Material
Description
Bread
Flour
White
Leather
Paper
Paper
Rubber
Tobacco
Wood
Activated charcoal
Domestic coke
Silica gel
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Hemp
Linen
Rayon
Silk
Wool
;I
f,1
SOLUTION
;!
'i,
(a) From Table 10-1, the regain of raw cotton at 50% relative
humidity is 6.6%.
weight of moisture = (regain) (Bdw)
= (0.066) (Bdw)
Absorbent
Cloth
Raw fibers
Manila and sisal-rope
Table cloth
Fibre
Skein
Skein
= 187.6 kg
:l';'
:~.
~~
.t\
\
= 202.8 kg
'41
Drying 171
= h, = 291.4 kJ/kg
h,
Point 3:
'l
jO(.J
h g at 61C
= 2611.3 kJlkg
h, = c pt 3 + W 3hg3
291.4 = (1.0062) (61) + (W 3 ) (2611.3)
I
,I
j~]t
W 3 = 0.08809 kg/kg
(a)
SOLUTION
mw
(b)
x-{
beater
1
i
I
2 W2
lO(f'C
,
Dryer
3 Wa
6P
(c)
-r--
WC
100~ RH
= 46C, 0 1 = 100% RH
Pd1 =
PS 1
= cpt 2 + W 2h g2
Pt - Ps3
(W3 ) (Pt)
Ps3
= 20.881 kPa
(0.622) (Ps3)
W1
W3 =
,,\1
h,
(d) Point 3:
Pd3 =
Point 1: t d1
= m(W W
0.0688) kglkg = 15.43 kg/h
0.622 + W 3
= Ps3
Pd3
(0.08809) (101.325)
0.622 + 0.08809
= 12.57 kPa
12.57
20.881 = 0.602 or 60.2%
.~
~'f
., ~
\'
(e)
(f)
~ ~t
~t
Pd3]
Ps3
= 0.602
[ 101.325 - 20.881]
101.325 - 12.57
= 291.4 kJlkg
= 0.5456 or 54.56%
Drying 173
(g)
SOLUTION
w = (0.622) (PS2)
Pt - Ps2
_
v2 -
(R) (T2)
n - n _
di
:1
33"C
60%
aa
4WC.60UH
~~ ~
38C'
65%
na
...
Heating
W,
~~
I
93"co--I
f6
Chamber
= 953.6 m 3/h
"
l>r)w
6
m'lI moiBture
moisture
Ws .1000 kwh
Point 2:
w~
Ws
Point 3:
W3
= 0.0275 kglkg
= W 2 = 0.0275 kg/kg
h g.3= h g at 93C = 2664.9 kJ/kg
h.'3 = c p t 3 + W 3hg3
= (1.0062) (93)
,1)lr
+ (0.0275) (2664.9)
\(
= 166.86 kJ/kg
'~
1 .. 1,~
.~'
.;f
.~
"
Point 4:
Pa
= 0.0465 kg/kg
' ''1''
Dryin g 175
W 6 = Bdw + (0 .02) (W 6 )
Point 6 :
Point 5 :
W _ Bdw
.'i - 0 .80
(a)
980
= 0 .80 =1225 k glh
SOLUT ION
ma
Ws - W6
W4
W~
Saturated liquid
(1l8lIU.IIIIld)
1225 - 1000
0.0465 - 0 .0275
m"
si-c
(b )
24 e
IDa
~I
Wz
I
Dr ier
88"C
II
Rchcatcr
6% moisture
W5
RaTa
RaTa
(0 .287 ) (9 3+2 73 ) = 1. 083 mVkg
= --= - -
Pa
Pt - Ps3 = 101.325 - 4.29
m a = m a ss fl ow r ate of a ir
m s = m a ss fl ow rate of st ea m
= 3 .fJ63
Point 1:
At t ,I I = 3 1C and t " , = 24 C
m ~/s
WI = 0 .0 16 kg/kg
(c)
(d )
-.
=1
(1)
33 x+4 9y= 38
(2)
X+Y
hi
""
i
.',,,
.f
Point 2:
= 72 kJ/k g
t d2 = 88 C, W ~ = W I = 0 .016 k g/kg
h ~~ = b, a t 88"C = 26 56 .9 kJ .k g
h 2 ':'\~t 2 + W2h g2
= ( 1\ 006 2 ) (88 ) + (0 .0 16) (2656. 9 )
= 131.06 kJ/k g
to
W3
4O"C
80%RH
4
6~
moisture
W. = 1.30 kglB
Drying 177
176
Point 3:
t d3
P
d3
S3
W3
0 3 = 80%
= 40C,
(0.622) (5.900) Ik
101.325 _ 5.900 - 0.0385 kg g
_
-
s3
Point 4:
Bdw
Point 5:
W5
= Bdw + (0.06) (W 5)
W5
(a)
Total required amount of air in kg/h under entrance
conditions.
(b ) Capacity of the forced draft fan to handle this air in cu
m/min.
SOLUTION
m WI
= fia W
fia W z + W 4
fi a(W 3 - W Z) = W 4
fi a(0.0385 0.0160)
EIre
+ W 5
3 kgmoisture
kg dry solid
x 6
~:,
!~
fia (h z - h.)
h, :::: h f6 +
h fg6
h, :::: h.,
W.
Point 1:
Ws
WI
:=
_ (0.622) (p,)
WI P t - PsI
P sl =
(h g6
h f6 )
:=
11
ill"
= 0.7862 kg/s
= 1000 kwh
= 0.016 kg/kg
0.10 kg moisture
kg dry solid
:&
= mh, + mh,
:=
100% RH
0.664
h.)
Dryer
0000
fi/h 6
W2
W 5
= 1.30 -
mh, + ruh.
steam
VI
W IP t
(0.016) 001.3)
0.622 + 0.016
0.622 + WI
= 2.540 kPa
Ra T l
RaT]
Pa
P. - PsI
101.3 - 2.540
= 0.968m:Jlkg
"
Drying 179
Point 2:
PROBLEMS
t d2
= 60C,
Pd2
Ps2 = (0 2)
O2 = 100% RH
( 1I
Tuhacco in warehouse, held at 30C and 40 per cent
relut iv.: h u m i di ty, is placed in a room at 32C and 70 per cent
rclut iv. liu m id ity preparatory to being worked on. For each 50
kg (If I (IiI; II'CO moved from the warehouse, what is its bone-dry
weight" What is the actual weight of this quantity of tobacco
after ~I;,vlng in the working room?
Bdw = 250 kg
Point 4:
.
MOIsture content =
(~)
Air enters an adiabatic drier at 6 mls through a 2-m
diarm-t rr d uct at 29C dry bulb and 22C wet bulb temperatures.
It is lit-at I,d to 80C before reaching the material to be dried and
leaves t I}(' drier at 44C and 80 per cent relative humidity. The
matr-r i a l c-n t.crs the drier with a moisture content of24 per cent
and It'av('s with a moisture content of 8 per cent. Determine (a)
the mass of water removed per kg of dry air, (b) the volume flow
rate of air o n tering the reheater, (c) the kg of water evaporated
per sr-ro nd , (d) the mass flow rate of material leaving the drier,
and (t') t.h heat requirement of drier per kg of water evaporated.
0.10
= 0.0909 or .9.09%
1.0 + 0.10
=
4
Bdw
1 _ 0.0909
250
A nAn
= 275 kg/h
W.3 - W4
m = W
2-W1
Ans. (a) 0.0343 kg/kg (b) 18.85 cu mis, (c) 0.74 kg/s,
(d) 3.507 kg/s, (e) 1496 kJ/kg water
=
1000 - 275
0.1524 - 0.016
= 5315 kg/h
3/kg)
= 1.43
3/s
"
(~'"
(3)
A drier is to be designed to reduce the water content of
a certain material from 55 per cent to 10 per cent. Air at 29C
dry bulb temperature and with a humidity ratio of 0.005 kg/kg
is heated to 50 0 e in a reheater before entering the drier. The
air leaves the drier at 38C with 70 per cent relative humidity.
On the basis of 1000 kg of product per hour, calcuiate (a) the
volume flow rate of air entering the reheater, and (b) the heat
supplied in the reheater.
'i
.".
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Chapter
11
Prodnet Load
Wlu-n a product enters a storage at a temperature above the
ternpr-r.u lin' of the space, the product will give off heat to the space
until it ('ools to the space temperature. The heat gain from the
=Q 1 + Q2 + Q3
~:l
t, = freezing temperature, C
t s = storage temperature, C
h. = product latent heat, kJlkg
SOLUTION
4.2292 kJ/kg.Co
335 kJ/kg
(~
Q 2 = 335 kJ/kg
Q I = (110 kg) (3.23 k.I/kg.C") [ 20- (-2.2) ]CO =
Q 2 = (110 kg) (233 kJ/kg)
7,888 kJ
(~
= 2,920 kJ
Q= 36,438 kJ
= 555,000 kcal
= 21,000 kcal
= 737,000 kcal
= 24.35 tons
= 335.0 kJ/kg
t w ) = (4.2292 k-J/kg.C") (7 - 0) Co
= 29.6 kJ/kg
= 25,630 kJ
Q:J = (cw )
Heat load
>
7.8 kJ/kg
;:: 10,992 kJ
10,922 kJ ;:: 29.33 kg/24 h
mass of ice;:: 372.4 kJ/kg
3.18 k.I/kg.C"
1.55 k-I/kg.C''
246 kJ/kg
-3C
SOLUTION
1.9387 k-I/kg.C"
3.35 k.I/kg.C"
;:: 11,448 kJ
::: 98,400 kJ
:::
8,060 kJ
Q::: 117,908 kJ
117,908 kJ
::: 2.73 kW
Q::: (12 h) (3,600 s/h)
'fJ'"
"
187
Table 1 (continued)
Enthalpy,
kJ/k1
t, DC
P,kPa
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
886.57
915.03
944.18
974.03
1004.6
1035.9
1068.0
1100.7
1134.3
1168.6
1203.7
1239.6
1276.3
1313.9
1352.2
1391.5
1431.5
1472.4
1514.3
1557.0
1600.6
1645.1
1690.6
1737.0
1784.3
1832.6
1881.9
1932.2
1983.5
2035.9
W89.2
2143.6
2199.1
2255.6
2313.2
46
47
48
49
SO
51
52
53
54
55
Entropy,
kJ/k, K
Itf
hI
298.527
303.300
308.081
312.870
317.667
322.471
327.284
332.104
336.933
341.169
346.614
351.466
356.326
361.195
366.072
. 370.957
375.851
380.754
385.666
390.587
395.519
400.462
405.416
41fr.382
n5.362
420.358
425.369
430.399
435.450
440.523
445.623
.50.751
455.913
461.112
466.353
1410.41
1411.11
1481.17
1482.53
1483.18
1483.81
1484.42
1485.01
1485.59
1486.14
1486.67
1487.18
1487.66
1488.13
1488.57
1488.99
1489.39
1489.76
1490.10
1490.42
1490.11
1490.98
1491.21
1491.41
1491.58
1491.72
1491.83
1491.88
1491.91
1491.89
1491.83
1491. 73
1491.58
1491.38
1491.12
If
1.34452
1.360S5
1.37654
1.39250
1.40843
1.42433
1.44020
1.45604
1.47185
1.48762
1.50337
1.51908
1.53477
1.55042
1.56605
1.58165
1;59722
1.61276
1.62828
1.64317
1.65924
1.67470
1.69013
1.70554
1.72095
1.73635
1.75174
1.76714
1.78255
1.79798
1.81343
1.82891
1.84445
1.86004
1.87571
"
vf
5.3626
5.3512
5.33'9
5.3286
5.3175
5.3063
5.2953
5.2843
5.2733
5.2624
5.2516
5.2408
5.2300
5.2193
5.2086
5.1980
5.1874
5.1768
5.1663
5.1558
5.1453
5.1349
5.1244
5.1140
5.1036
5.0932
5.0827
5.0723
5.0618
5.0514
5.0409
5.0303
5.0198
5.0092
4.9985
1.6426
1.6466
1.6507
1.6541
1.6588
1.6630
1.66i2
1.6714
1.6757
1.6800
1.6844
1.6888
1.6932
1.6977
1.7023
1.7069
1.7115
1.7162
1.7209
1.7257
1.7305
1.7354
1.7404
1.7454
1.7504
1.7555
1.7607
1.7659
1.7712
1.7766
1.7820
1.7875
1.7931
1.7987
1.8044
v,
144.578
140.214
136.006
131.950
128.037
124.261
120.619
117.103
113.708
110.430
107.263
104.205
101.248
98.3913
95.6290
92.9579
90.3743
87.8748
85.4561
83.1150
80.8484
78.6536
76.5276
74.4678
72.4716
70.5365
68.6602
66.8403
65.0746
63.3608
61.6971
60.0813
58.5114
56.9855
55.5019
t,OC
P, kPa
hf
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-8
9.24
12.15
15.78
20.25
25.71
28.20
30.88
33.76
36..86
40.18
41.92
43.73
45.60
47.54
49.53
51.60
53.73
55.93
58.21
60.55
62.97
65.4 7
68.04
70.70
73.43
76.25
79.15
82.14
85.21
H8.38
91.64
94.99
174.25
178.53
182.81
187.09
191.39
193.11
194.83
196.55
198.27
200.00
200.86
201. 73
202.59
203.46
204.32
205:19
206.05
206.92
207.79
208.65
209.52
210.39
211.26
212.13
213.00
213.87
214.74
215.61
216.48
217.35
218.22
219.10
219.97
220.84
221.72
222.59
223.47
224.34
225.22
226.10
227.85
229.61
231.37
233.13
234.90
-6
-4
-2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28'
29
30
32
34
36
38
40
n.44
101.98
105.62
109.37
113.21
117.16
121.22
125.38
134.05
143.18
152.78
162.87
173.46
Specific volume,
L/kg
Entropy,
kJ/kg K
Enthalpy.
kJ/kg
Specific volume,
L/kg
373\1
37611
37866
381.12
38371
384.80
385.82
386.84
387.86
388.89
389.40
389.91
390.42
390.93
391.44
391.95
392.46
392.97
393.47
393.98
394.49
395.00
395.51
396.02
396.52
397.03
397.54
398.04
398.55
399.05
399.56
400.06
400.57
401.07
401.57
402.07
402.57
403.08
403.58
404.08
405.07
406.07
407.06
408.05
409.04
Sf
0.90099
0.91824
0.93517
0.95179
0.96813
0.97459
0.98100
0.98738
0.9937.1
1.00000
1.00313
1.00625
1.00936
1.01246
1.01555
1.01863
1.02170
1.02476
1.02782
1.03086
1.03389
1.03692
1.03994
1.04294
1.04594
1.04893
1.05191
1.05488
1.05785
1.06080
1.06375
1.06669
1.06961
1.07254
1.07545
1.07838
1.08125
1.08414
1.08702
1.08989
1.09561
1.10130
1.10696
1.11259
1.11819
Sg
1.72074
1.71447
1.70885
1.70377
1.69922
1.69753
1.69592
1.69438
1.69291
1.69150
1.69082
1.69018
1.68951
1.68888
1.68826
1.68766
1.68707
1.68650
1.68594
1.68539
1.68486
1.68434
1.68383
1.68333
1.68285
1.68238
1.68193
1.68148
1.68105
1.68062
1.68021
1.67982
1.67942
1.67905
1.67868
1.67832
1.67798
1.67764
1.67731
1.67699
1.67638
1.67581
1.67527
1.67476
1.67429
vf
vg
0.62466
0.62894
0.63331
0.63777
0.64234
0.64419
0.64606
0.64795
0.64985
0.65178
0.65275
0.65372
0.65470
0.65568
0.65667
1581.77
1225.53
960.954
761.949
610.466
560.196
514.840
473.883
436.764
403.130
387.493
372.593
358.366
344.792
331.859
319.500
307.698
296.427
285.648
275.347
265.483
256.063
247.037
238.396
230.130
222.205
214.614
207.332
200.361
193.665
187.245
181.089
175.166
169.485
164.034
158.786
153.754
148.903
144.246
139.768
131.305
123.462
116.135
109.430
103.151
0.65.7t>6
0.65866
0.65966
0.66067
0.66168
0.66270
0.66327
0.66475
0.66578
0.66682
0.66786
0:66891
0.66997
0.67102
0.67209
0.67316
0.67424
0.67532
0.67641
0.67750
0.67860
0.67971
0.68082
0:68194
0.68307
0.68533
0.68763
0.68995
0.69230
Q.69468
'f'
J
188 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
189
Table 2 (continued)
,I
Enthalpy,
kJ/tg
1,1
-I
t,OC
P,tPa
hf
hg
If
Ig
vf
45
50
55
60
70
80
202.28
234.64
270.83
311.10
405.15
519.21
239.32
243.75
248.21
252.68
261.68
270.79
411.49
413.93
416.34
418.73
423.42
427.98
1.13206
1.14576
1.15929
1.17267
1.19898
1.67324
1.67237
1.67165
1.67109
1.67031
1.66992
0.70074
0.70700
0.71346
0.72014
0.73421
0.74937
1.2~479
Enthalpy,
kJ/kg
Specific volume,
L/kg
Entropy.
kJ/kg K
vg
t,OC
~J
~O
89.2884
77.6428
67.8040
59.4543
46.2114
36.3872
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-28
-26
..24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-9
-8
-7
~
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
8
9
10
.11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
~1
.Ja
"\
P, kPa
22.62
29.98
39.15
50.44
64.17
80.71
100.41
109.27
1.18.72
128.80
139.53
150.93
163.04
175.89
189.50
203.90
219.12
227.04
235.19
243.55
252.14
260.96
270.01
-279.30
288.82
298.59
308.61
318.88
329.40
340.19
351.24
363.55
374.14
386.01
398.15
410.58
423.30
436.31
449.62
463.23
477.14
491.37
505.91
520.76
535.94
551.45
567.29
Entropy,
kJ/kg' K
Specific volume,
L/kg
hg
sf
'
vf
vg
146.463
150.808
155.169
159.549
163.948
168.369
172.810
174.593
! 76.380
178.171
179.965
181. 764
183.567
185.374
187.185
189.001
190.822
19"1 :734
192.647
193.562
194.477
195.395
196.313
197.233
198.-154
199.076
200.000
200.925
201.852
202.780
203.710
204 ..6 42
205.575
206.509
207.445
208.383
209.323
210.264
211.207
212.152
213.099
214.048
214.998
215.951
216.906
217.863
218.821
324.236
326.567
328.897
331.223
333.541
335.849
338.143
339.057
339.968
340.876
341.780
342.682
343.580
344.474
345.365
346.252
347.134
347.574
348.012
348.450
348.886
349.321
349.755
350.187
350.619
351.049
351.477
351.905
352.331
352.755
353.179
353.600
354.020
354.439
354.856
355.272
355.686
356.098
356.509
356.918
357.325
357.730
358.134
358.535
358.935
359.333
359.729
0.77977
0.79990
0.81964
0.83901
0.85805
0.86776
0.89516
0.90244
0.90967
0.91686
0.92400
0.93110
0.93816
0.94518
0.95216
0.95910
0.96601
0.96945
0.97287
0.97629
0.97971
0.98311
0.98650
0.98989
0.99327
0.99664
1.00000
1.00335
1.00670
1.01004
1.01337
1.01670
1.02001
1.02333
1.02663
1.02993
1.03322
1.03650
1.03978
1.04305
1.04632
1.04958
1.05284
1.05609
1.05933
1.06258
1.06581
1.61373
1.60552
1.59810
1.59.142
1.58539
1.57996
1.57507
1.57326
1.57152
1.56985
1.56825
1.56672
1.56526
1.56385
1.56250
1.56121
1.55997
1.55938
1.55897
1.55822
1.55765
1.55710
1.55657
1.55604
1.55552
1.55502
1.55452
1.55404
1.55356
1.55310
1.55264
1.55220
. 1.55176
1.55133
1.55091
1.55050
1.55010
1.54970
1.54931
1.54893
1.54856
1.54819
1.54783
1.54748
1.54713
1.54679
1.54645
0.63689
0.64226
0.64782
0.65355
0.65949
0.66563
0.67200
0.67461
0.67726
0.67996
0.68269
0.68541
0.68829
0.69115
0.69407
0;69703
0.70004
0.70157
0.70310
0.70465
0.70622
0.70780
0.70939
0.71099
0'.71261
0.71425
0-.71590
0.71756
0.71924
0.72094
0.72265
0.72438
0.72612
0.72788
0.72966
0.73146
0.73326
0.73510
(,.73695
0.73882
0.74071
0.74262
0.74455
0.74649
0.74846
0.75045
0.75246
637.911
491.000
383.105
302.683
241.910
195.398
159.375
147.275
136.284
126.282
117.167
108.847
101.242
94.2788
87.8951
82.0344
76.6464
74.1155
71.6864
69.3543
67.1146
64.9629
62.8952
60.9075
58.9963
57.1579
55.3892
53.6869
52.0481
50.4700
48.9499
47.4853
. 46.0737
44.7129
43.4006
42.1349
40.9137
39.7352
38:5975
37.4991
36.4382
35.4133
34.4230
33.4658
32.5405
31.6457
30.7802
~
190 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
191
Table 3 (continued)
Enthalpy,
kJjkg
Entropy,
kJjkg' K
-----t,OC
j,
I'
11\
,J
~I:1
Ii
~II
I,
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
P,kPa
583.47
599.98
616.84
634.05
651.62
669.54
687.82
706.47
725.50
744.90
764.68
784.85
805.41
826.36
847.72
869.48
891.64
914.23
937.23
960.65
984.51
1008.8
1033.5
1058.7
1084.3
1110.4
1136.9
1163.9
1191.4
1219.3
1276.6
1335.9
1397.2
1460.5
1525.9
1593.5
1663.2
1735.1
1809.3
1885.8
2087.5
2304.6
2538.0
2788.5
3056.9
3344.1
------
hf
219.783
220.746
221.712
222.680
223.650
224.623
225.598
226.576
221.557
228.540
229.526
230.515
23.1.506
232.501
233.498
234.499
235.503
236.510
237.521
238.535
239.552
" 240.574
241.598
242.627
243.659
244.696
245.736
246.781
241.830
248.884
251.004
253.144
255.304
257.486
259;690
261.918
264.172
i66.452
268.762
271.102
277.100
283.341
289.879
296.788
304.181
312.261
---~.
hg
sf
Sg
360.122
360.514
360.904
361.291
361.676
362.059
362.439
362.817
363.193
363.566
363.937
36'4.305
364.670
365.033
365.392
365.749
366.103
366.454
366.802
367.146
367.487
367.825
368.160
368.491
368.818
369.141
369.461
369.777
370.088
370.396
370.997
371.581
372.145
372.688
373.210
373.707
374.180
374.625
375.042
375.427
376.234
376.777
376.985
376.748
375.887
374.070
1.06904
1.07227
1.07549
1.07871
1.08193
1.08514
1.08835
1.09155
1.09475
1.09195
1.10115
1.10434
1.10753
1.11072
1.11391
1.11710
1.12028
1.12347
1.12665
1.12984
1.13302
1.13620
1.13938
1.14251
1.14575
1.14894
1.15213
1.15532
1.15851
1.16170
1.16810
1.17451
1.18093
1.18738
1.19384
1.20034
1.20686
1.21342
1.22001
1.22665
1.24347
1.26069
1.27845
1.29691
1.31637
1.33732
1.54612
1.54579
1.54547
1.54515
1-.54484
1.54453
1.54423
1.54393
1.54363
1.54334
1.54305
1.54276
1.54247
1.54219
1.54191
1.54163
1.54135
1.54107
1.54079
1.54051
1.54024
1.53996
1.53968
1.53941
1.53913
1.53885
1.5'3856
1.53828
1.53199
1.53770
1.53712
1.536'51
1.53589
1.53524
1.53457
1.53387
1.53313
1.53235
1.53153
1.53066
1.52821
1.52526
1.52164
1.51708
1.51113
1.50296
Specific volume,
L/kg
vf
Enthalpy,
kJ/kg
vg
i.rc
P, kPa
hf
hg
~O
37.48
49.47
64.39
82.71
104.95
131.68
163.48
177.76
192.99
209.22
226.48
244.83
264.29
284.93
306.78
329.89
354.30
367.01
380.06
393.47
407.23
421.35
435.84
450.70
465.94
481.57
497.59
514.01
530.83
548.06
565.71
134.763
139.830
144.,959
150.153
155.414
160.742
166.140
168.318
170.507
172.708
174.919
177.142
179.376
181.622
183.878
186.147
188.426
189.571
190.718
191.868
193.021
194.176
195.335
196.497
197.662
198.828
200.000
201.174
202.351
203.530
204.713
205.899
207.089
208.281
209.477
210.675
211.877
213.083
214.291
215.503
216.719
217.937
219.160
220.386
221.615
222.848
224.084
379.114
381.529
383.921
386.282
388.609
390.896
393.r38
394.021
394.896
395.762
396.619
397.467
398.305
399.133
399.951
400.759
401.555
401.949
402.341
402.729
403.114
403.496
403.876
404.252
404.626
404.994
405.361
405.724
406.084
406.440
406.793
407.143
407.489
407.831
408.169
408.504
408.835
409.162
409.485
409.804
410.119
410.430
410.736
411.038
411.336
411.629
411.9J8
'
-----------_.- .. ----.
-----_.
0.75449
0.75655
0.75863
0.76073
0.76286
0.76501
0.76716
0.76938
0.77161
0.77386
0.77614
0.77845
0.78079
0.18316
0.78556
0.78799
0.79045
0.79294
0.79546
0.79802
0.80062
0.80325
0.80592
0.80863
0.81137
0.81416
0.81698
0.81985
0.82277
0.82573
0.83119 ,
0.83804
0.84451
0.85121
0.85814
0.86534
0.87282
0.88059
0.88870
0.89716
0.92009
0.94612
0.97621
1.01190
1.05581
1.11311
29.9429
29.1327
28.3485
27.5894
26.8542
26.1422
25.4524
24.7840
24.1362
23.5082
22.8993
22.3088
21.735'9
21.1802
20.6408
20.1173
19.6091
19.1156
18.6362
18.1706
17.7182
17.2785
16.8511
16.4356
16.0316
15.6386
15.2563
14.8844
14.5224
14.1 ?01
13.4931
lZ.8509
12.2412
11.6620
11.1113
10.5872
10.0881
9.61234
9.15844
8.72502
7.12258
6.82143
6.00494
5.25759
-55
-50
~5
i
"
-40
-35
-30
-28
-26
-24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-9
-8
-7
~
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
4.563~~
3.90280
\,
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
5~n.78
602.28
621.22
640.59
660.42
680.70
701.44
722.65
744.33
766.50
789.15
812.29
835.93
860.08
884.75909.93
Entropy,
kJ/kg K
sf
0.73254
0.75599
0.77919
0.80216
0.82490
0.84743
0.86976
0.87864
0.88748
0.89630
0.90509
0.91386
0.92459
0.93129
0.93997
0.94862
0.95725
0.96155
0.06585
0.97014
0.97442
0.97870
0.98297
0.98724
0.99150
0.99575
1.00000
1.00424
1.00848
1.01271
1.01694
1.02116
1.02537
1.02958
1.03379
1.03799
1.04218
1.04637
1.05056
1.05474
1.05892
1.06309
1.06726
1.07142
1.07559
1.07974
1.08390
Specific volume,
L/kg
's
1.87886
1.86389
1.85000
\.83708
1.82504
1.81380
1.80329
1.79927
1.79535
1.79152
1.78779
1.78415
1.78059
1.77711
1.77371
1.77039
1.76713
1.76553
1.76394
1.76237
1.76082
1.75928
1.75775
1.75624
1.75475
1.75326
1.75279
1.75034
1.74889
1.74746
1.74604
1.74463
1.74324
1.74185
1.74047
1.73911
1.73775
1.73640
1.73506
1.73373
1.73241
1.73109
1.72978
1.72848
1.72719
1.72590
1.72462
vf
vg
0.68208
0.68856
0.69526
0.70219
0.70936
0-.71680
0.72452
0.72769
0.73092
0.73420
0.73753
0.74091
0.74436
0.74786
0.75143.
0.15506
0.75876
0.76063
0.76253
0.76444
0.76636
0.76831
0.77028
0.77226
0.77427
0.77629
0.77834
0.78041
0.7824Q
0.78460
0.78673
0.78889
0.79107
0.79327
0.79549
0.79775
0.80002
0.80232
0.80465
0.80701
0.80939
0.81180
0.81424
0.81671
0.81922
0.82175
0.82431
537.152
414.827
324.557
256.990
205.745
166.400
135.844
125.563
116.214
107.701
99.9362
92.8432
86.3546
80.4103
74.9572
69.9478
65.3399
63.1746
61.0958
59.0996
57.1820
55.3394
53.5682
51.8653
50.2274
48.6517
47 .13~4.
45.6757
44.2702
42.9166
41.6124
40.3556
39.1441
37.9759
36.8493
35.7624
34.7136
33.7013
32.7239
31.7801
30.8683
29.9874
29.1361
28.3131
27.5173
26.7477
26.0032
",
192
I ~ I:I
Table 4 (continued)
Enthalpy,
kJjkg
t,OC
P, kPa
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
935.64
961.89
988.67
1016.0
1043.9
1072.3
1101.4
1130.9
1161.1
1191.9
1223.2
1255.2
1287.8
1321.0
1354.8
1389.2
1424.3
1460.1
1496.5
1533.5
1571.2
1609.6
1648.7
1688.5
1729.0
1770.2
1812.1
1854.8
1898.2
1942.3
2032.8
2126.5
2223.2
2323.2
2426.6
2533.3
2643.5
2757.3
2874.7
2995.9
3316.1
3662.3
4036.8
4442.5
4883.5
~8
49
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
75
80
85
90
95
Entropy.
kJjkg K
"f
hg
Sf
Sg
Vf
225.324
226.568
227.816
229.068
412.202
412.481
412.755
413.025
413.289
413.548
413.802
414.050
414.293
414.530
414.762
414.987
415.207
415.420
415.627
415.828
416.021
416.208
416.388
416.561
416.726
416.883
417.033
417.174
417.308
417.432
417.548
417.655
417.752
417.838
417.983
418.083
418.137
418.141
418.089
41 '.978
417.802
417.553
417.226
416.809
415.299
412.898
409.101
402.653
38'6.708
1.08805
1.09220
1.09634
1.10048
1.10462
1.10876
1.11290
1.11703
1.12116
1.12530
1.12943
1.13355
1.13768
1.14181
1.14594
1.15007
1.15420
1.15833
1.16246
1.16659
1.17073
1.17486
1.17900
1.18315
1.18730
1.19145
1.19560
1.19977
1.20393
1.20811
1.21648
1.22489
1.23'333
1.24183
1.25038
1.25899
1.26768
1.27647
1.2i535
1.29436
1.31758
1.34223
1.36936
1.40155
1.45222
1.72334
1.72206
1.72080
1.71953
1.71827
1.71701
1.71576
1.71450
i.71325
1.71200
1.71075
1.70950
1.70826
1.70701
1.70576
1.70450
1.70325
1.70199
1.70073
1.69946
1.69819
1.69692
1.69564
1.69435
1.69305
1.69174
1.69043
1.68911
1.68777
1.68643
1.68370
1.68091
1.67805
1.67511
1.67208
1.66895
1.66570
1.66231
1.65876
1.65504
1.64472
1.63239
1.61673
1.59440
1.54712
0.82691
0.82954
0.83221
0.83491
0.83765
0.84043
0.84324
0.84610
0.84899
0.85193
0.85491
0.85793
0.86101
0.86412
0.86729
0.87051
0.87378
0.87710
0.88048
0.88392
0.88741
0.89097
0.89459
0.89828
0.90203
0.90586
0.90976
0.91374
0.91779
0.92193
0.93047
0.93939
0.94872
0.95850
Q.96878
0.97960
0.99104
1.00317
1.01608
1.02987
1.06916
1.11810
1.18328
1.28230
1.52064
~30.324
231.583
232.~47
234.115
235.387
236.664
237.944
239.230
240.520
241.814
243.114
244.418
245.727
247.041
248.361
249.686
251.016
252.352
253.694
255.042
256.396
257.756
259.123
260.497
261.877
263.264
266.062
268.891
271.754
274.654
277.594
280.577
283.607
286.690
289.832
293.038
301.399
310.424
320.505
332.616
351.767
Specific volume,
Ljkg
o
o
or.
o
o
o
o
C"!
0
0
~
0
0
v:
o
o
o
o
o
0
ooog
00000
~r-:~~....:
"'!
N-
25.2829
24.5857
23.9107
23.2572
22.6242
22.0111
21.4169
20.8411
20.2829
19.7417
19.2168
18.7076
18.2135
17.7341
17.2686
16.8168
16.3779
15.9517
15.5375
15.1351
14.7439
14.3636
13.9938
13.6341
13.2841
12.9436
12.6122
12.2895
11.9753
11.6693
11.0806
10.5214
9.98952
9.48319
9.00062
8.54016
8.10023
7.67934
7.27605
6.88899
5.98334
5.14862
4.35815
3.56440
2.55133\
g~
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r.d'! 'JlnSS;'Jd
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0\001'
bil
50
370
I
380
I
390
I
~"'"
I,'\,'
\ /
/' -L.
11
!--+--+--+----+--+--+----c---f---+--+_ 0) L
~ ="7
}1 t;r-7
..
~;:;:;;
1/
'"T
-~
L-
7
7
~~
_.-
I..--+-
~/
-, 'b
,/
7'
/'
./
./
,/
"
./
,,/
/'
/'
/./,/
340
,IS
350
3CJO
"
Temperature, 0('
~:""'--:;Ii"=
lL- ~ -r-r/
,-~-r:,'\,'
370
380
-20
V- 17 V
390
20
40
41"0
~/
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
400
l.L--~~
!'
420
1/
1300
320
-r
330
340
350
360
320
330
340
.,
If
\f
III
...-
....
350
.. ~
-l
A_~'--I'
- - - - -f I
kJ/k.
370
EnUlalpy.
360
380
An
430
~;
390
400
410
~,f-v=FV
60
80
1/
./
[7/
./1
/'
.{"
/'
/'
/ /
,/
/'
/'
" /'
~(J(J~~~
450
100
420
420
100
I 1./
5
.....1......a
'J.
iz,
430
0.300
O.ISO
_--_
..:::
..........~
~_.
...........
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.500
0.(,00
>
0,700 ;~
G
0.800 :.;
0.900 if]
1.000
0.500
:.;
~'l
'-C
......
_.
crq
S'
::J
0'
c-t
e-:
::J
n0
>
::;.
::J
o'
::J
0.400 ~::;-
4(10
'"""'\
c-r
0...
':.lJ
ro
crq'
::v
ro
......
i..C
0.300
O.~OO
0.150
0.100
1 ~ 0
....._----...-.........
/'
~~'b~~-==:t/~~
l---t-" '\, C\
440
;......II 51
JIt.::.~~=-t7
"
\ /
./\
'\,. --b"~.-.:::;4'::::::::::r.:J
--_.. t:iZ:'Et1<
,V
1.8C
460
V/'/'
/ '\,.J,.. C'\).."
80
410
1/
/'
./
II~-'
400
-""""
~
"~~
III
390
Q:
......~
rr A
~7""
~~
~~ ~.,
.,
J-t:7
~.. r
380
,,+-~~A:="-+-'~:#:;~l[
-yr
u//
V!..-I1I
....
1L&oo-'"7\
,
~.-.,..,~
10!-
II
370
_......
200
300
.---
310
_...
-'
I I I I I I I I I I i' 1'-1 1
300
..
./
60
t -r 7
/ ~ f--7'
17
7
/
L".,L- ~ V /
L,-..."L.'--"7~/'\,~(J
V / . / -'- ~r---7 /
II _JA--, 7
-30
-40
40
l) f-----f---+---+----+---+---
10
"/, \
..A
,/
1.78
450
V/'//
~/
./,/
/
/
/'
/'
,/
Y
V\
/\
/'
1.76
/
/
/
'bt>."
/
20
I-----+_-+~--+_--+-_ _+_-+_-+__------,~r--~~_""'.---:=__A_~ '7"
/
. J - - ~,1'\,'
./
./
V
1-----1_-1-_--+_-+-_-+-_+--_-"10 J --7'
7 ~-/
~
/
/
""
-, -r="[7'
/
7
/ ~-'bD
_~/'
/
// ~ 1---7'~/ ,-~-.,.~'-"/
/
q~
10
'/
"-"
! (J/
;....,'D
L ~;.--.:\ '\'b
f----I--+--+--+--+---+--+-----jf---+--+If..--7-/---4~=..v-'"#;i!"':":::::+-+-~"L-J--+7
~400
7"~-<'\t>. -~
#_++~.f_--+-----,L7____11_c==-'-/:..H-._:;;JfL=J,..~-b-7L+---+'
30 I----j---+---+--+---+--+---+--l----I~
7
",I
::;
\L-4-~
1.74
440
430
1.72
LLU-~L--,,~
X
f----+-_+--+_-+---II---+-_+----+_-+----+_-+--_+-.30~J,..V-+!L~-==J..l\-_\,.o<'.''\,~m___+_,1- 1
/\...
/'
1.70
420
,\(J:-r
1.68
7 -v
410
Entropy, kJ/kg: . K
400
'J
~ 40
:.;
f----~-_+_-__+_-+_-I___~-____+_-__+_-+_-I____+--+_-___+_
40,.. ~I-
360
350
100
1
1/
...L-~...1-~11
90 I___---+--/----+---+---+--+--+----lf..----+---+-_l_ 0
f-----+_--+-_+-_f---_+_--+-_+------,f---_I_--+--+----c-~A~~____.-~/~A+_-~A+_T /'
80
, _--+-_-+----+_--+-_+----+_--+-_+----I-_---+-__I+/-c=l.l..l/:..-""'.--=7=----++-~_+_+__+4' \D
~
/
/
'v:
70 r 10
/
:-,/
hO I-----+--/---+---+---+--+--+-----,f----+-_I_
:00
240
340
_
- ....
.~
350
200
300
400
500
600
360
360
370
380
390
400
Entropy, k J /kg . K
380
Temperature, "('
370
400
390
410
4\0
440
430
Enthalpy kJjkg
420
440
450
~ ......
_.:
po
-. _.-
_.p'';''''''
.-
=-.
~'".;;:,
_._
460
I ~ X'(!z::t:SJl4=="'"K \ A
470
,'. 470
460
. -._-_.
450
"1 - - - - - , ) .
430
420
::::;:;:;;;;;;:;.:;:;;=====:=..;:...:.....,._.~.---_
"-'
~
c:
'lJ
'"
c,
..><:
350
1000
900
800
700
--"J~~....
-,....-----.
480
480
490
490
::l
cc
~
0.300
0.200
0.IS0
O.OllO
0.100
Vl
B
c,
c:
OJ
o.oso "0
>
0.070
0.060
O.OSO
0.040
(TQ
5'
e-:
c.
::l
::l
OJ
o'
::l
CD
iQ'
::j>
::c
CD
0;
;.c
-~