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08 Density & Gradio
08 Density & Gradio
08 Density & Gradio
KAPPA
DENSITY AND
HOLDUP TOOLS
Module #8
1
KAPPA 1988-2009
Fluid Density
Gradiomanometer
Nuclear fluid density tool
Tuned density tool
Hold - up
Capacitance / Impedance tools
Imaging Tools
bubble count tool water-hydrocarbon hold up
optical device gas-liquid hold up
Capacitance style probes
KAPPA 1988-2009
1/1/2010
KAPPA 1988-2009
Gradiomanometer
Differential
Pressure
Transducer
-Diaphragm
Courtesy Schlumberger
KAPPA 1988-2009
1/1/2010
Gradiomanometer
P2 - P1
((tool specific)
p
)
silicon oil
PB - PA
(friction, deviation)
Density
The measurement is affected by its
environment.
- Deviation effect
- Friction induced pressure drop
5
KAPPA 1988-2009
Gradio: Vertical
Silicon oil, so
P2 = PB
P1 = PA + so gh
P2 P1 = [PB PA ] so gh
h
dP
dP
P2 P1 = fluid gh +
+
so gh
dZ
fric dZ acc
fluid =
[P2 P1 ] dP
dZ fric
gh
dP
dZ acc
+ so
fluid =
KAPPA 1988-2009
[P2 P1 ] +
gh
so
1/1/2010
Gradio: Deviated
dP
dP
P2 P1 = fluid gh cos ( ) +
+
so gh cos ( )
dZ fric dZ acc
fluid =
[P2 P1 ] dP
dP
dZ fric dZ acc
+ so
gh cos ( )
fluid =
[P2 P1 ] +
so
gh cos ( )
KAPPA 1988-2009
Gradio - Schlumberger
Recommended
Courtesy Schlumberger
KAPPA 1988-2009
1/1/2010
6.2 ID
Classic centred
Classic eccentred
Inverted centred
Inverted eccentred
2.9 ID
1.0000
0.6873
0.485
0.2643
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KAPPA 1988-2009
Gradiomanometer
Density channel function of pressure gradient and deviation
Tool response = f( dP/dZ
dP/dZ, Dev)
dP/dZ comprises several components
10
1/1/2010
Gradiomanometer: Friction
FRICTION:
The general expression of the friction gradient is:
dP fV 2 S
=
dZ
8
A
where:
f is the Moody friction factor,
f is proportional to the Reynolds number and Relative roughness
S is the surface in contact with the fluid, A is the area opened to flow
r is the density
V is the speed of the fluid relative to the considered surface.
The friction corrected density is only computed after the rates have been calculated
Therefore an iterative solution method is required, since we need to know the
velocity to calculate the friction, which in turn will allow us to calculate the velocity.
11
KAPPA 1988-2009
Friction terms
f p V 2
f V 2
dP
dP
dP
D
d
=
+
=
2
+ t t 2
2
dZ friction dZ pipe dZ tool
2
(D d )
2
(D d 2 )
where:
f : friction factor, function of the appropriate Re number and roughness
S: the surface in contact with the fluid
A: area opened to flow
: density
V: the speed of the fluid relative to the considered surface.
The density appearing in the above equations depends on the flow
regime. For instance in annular flow, a liquid film is in contact with the
pipe and only the liquid density is considered.
KAPPA 1988-2009
12
1/1/2010
Friction Correction
10 5
5/ 8
7 casing
i
45,000bbl/d (7150m3/d)
Corrected gradio = 5%
"
5/8
5/8
"
8
5/
"
7"
5"
5
10 4
"
1/2
"
1/2
"
10 3
1.01
1.02
1.05
1.10
gradio /
KAPPA 1988-2009
1.20
1.50
Courtesy of Schlumberger
2.0
13
Roughness
Relative
roughness =
Ab l t roughness
Absolute
h
Pipe ID
Relative roughness
coefficient in scaled pipe?
Any suggestions?
KAPPA 1988-2009
14
1/1/2010
Relative Roughness
Moody, L. F. (1944), "Friction factors for pipe flow", Transactions of the ASME 66 (8): 671684
15
KAPPA 1988-2009
Relative Roughness
16
1/1/2010
Sondex - FDR
Nuclear/Radioactive Density Tool
- No deviation correction
- No friction correction
Courtesy: Sondex
17
KAPPA 1988-2009
RA Source
Emitting GRs
Detector
Counting GRs
KAPPA 1988-2009
Courtesy: Weatherford
18
1/1/2010
Nuclear Density
The big advantage of the nuclear fluid density tool is that the density
measurement is not affected by wellbore deviation, or by friction
effects
ff t
However, since the tool relies on radioactive decay, the readings
are subject to statistical variations
It should also be noted that the measured quantity is the average
density of the flowing mixture; thus,
thus it is subject to the same holdup
effects as the gradiomanometer
DISADVANTAGE.. It is a nuclear tool with a source.
19
KAPPA 1988-2009
KAPPA 1988-2009
Vibrating Element
0 - 2 g/cc
0.01 g/cc
0.03 g/cc
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10
1/1/2010
Pseudo-density
21
KAPPA 1988-2009
Density
The density measurement give an instant picture of the fluids in
the well
The slowest pass is best, as there are less effects on the curve.
Fix the produced water, oil and gas values, for possible
constraint of the PVT density values.
Look for changes which will indicate entries of different fluids.
The sump may give confusing readings, and is unlikely to
represent the density any of the produced fluids
KAPPA 1988-2009
22
11
1/1/2010
SONDEX
Nuclear
LEE
SPECIALITIES
Gradio
Accuracy
+/- 0.001g/cc
+/- 0.04g/cc
Resolution
0.00001g/cc
0.01g/cc
0.002g/cc
0.001g/cc
SCHLUMBERGER
Gradio
23
KAPPA 1988-2009
QA/QC: Density
DENSITY (GRADIO)
Select the right density mnemonic used, for the correct calculation of the
matched/simulated/calculated gradio, e.g. WFDE, UWFD, MWFD
DENSITY (NUCLEAR)
KAPPA 1988-2009
Check the validity of the tool reading with the PVT correlation in a known single
phase zone
zone.
Check the consistency with capacitance, dP/dZ or gradiomanometer
Check for repeatability and consider statistical error in radioactive readings
24
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