Jane Krueger

EDUC 626
Inclusive Classroom Strategies
Assignment requirements- you must include and explain the significance of at least
15 items (dates) on your timeline in order to earn full points; your information must
be accurate; your writing must reflect that of a graduate student; cite all sources;
and finally, write a brief statement justifying your choice of topic (inclusion in
general, bills/laws, environment, instructional practices. etc.).

Progression of Inclusion Timeline

1. 14th Amendment - July 9, 1868 - This is significant to inclusive education
because The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal
protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction. This clause was
the basis for Brown V. Board of Education, the Supreme Court decision that
brought about ending of racial segregation, and influenced many other
decisions rejecting discrimination against people belonging to various groups.
2. Plessy V. Ferguson - April 18, 1896 -The supreme court ruled that
"separate but equal" accommodations or services DOES NOT violate the 14th
amendment according due process and equal protection to citizens, a case
that was used to justify Jim Crow laws sanctioning segregated facilities for
African American citizens. This ruling set back inclusive education for those
with special needs; keeping their services separate from "regular" education.
3. Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka, KS - May 17, 1954 The ruling
of this case made it a law that racially segregated education was unequal.
Education must be available to all on equal terms. The doctrine of equal
educational opportunity is a part of the law of due process under the 14th
amendment, and denying an equal educational opportunity is a violation of
the Constitution. This case influences later special education legislature.
4. The Elementary and Secondary School Act - April 9, 1965 This law
passed by Lyndon Baines Johnson believed that "full educational opportunity"
should be "our first national goal." The primary focus at this time was on
improving educational opportunities for economically disadvantaged
students. (The 2015 The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) signed by
Barack Obama(ESSA) was signed by President Obama "reauthorizes the 50year-old Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the nations
national education law and longstanding commitment to equal opportunity
for all students.")1

1 http://www.ed.gov/essa

5. P.L. 91-230 Education of the Handicapped Act (EHA) - April, 1970

replaced Title IV of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. This act
expanded state grant programs for students with disabilities, provided grants
to institutions of higher education to train special education teachers and
created regional resource centers.
6. Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v.
Pennsylvania and Mills v. D.C. Board of Education- 1972 These two
significant supreme court decisions apply the equal protection argument to
students with disabilities. The Mills V. D.C. board of Education becomes the
basis for PL 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act.
7. PL 93-112: Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504 September 26, 1973 This act stated individuals with disabilities cannot be
excluded from, participation in, denied benefits of, or subjected to
discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial
assistance.
8. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)- August 21,
1974 This is a federal law that gives parents the right to have access to their
childrens education records, the right to seek to have the records amended,
and the right to have some control over the disclosure of personally
identifiable information from the education records.
9. PL 94-142 Education for All Handicapped Children Act - November
29, 1975 This act states a free and appropriate public education must be
provided for all children with disabilities in the U.S. (Birth to five year olds
may be excluded in some states.). Procedures for identification, due process,
least restrictive environment, IEPs, non-discriminatory evaluation,
confidentiality and personnel development, and appropriate, public education
at no cost to parents were mandated in this act.

10.P.L. 99-457 Amendments to EHA -Preschool and Infant/Toddler

Programs, October 8, 1986 -This amendment to the EHA, extended the
purpose of EHA to include children, toddlers, and infants with disabilities ages
0-5.
11.P.L. 101-476 Amendments to EHA - October 1990 These amendments
added components to the EHA law: "To rename the EHA as the Individuals
with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The amendment also replaced the
phrase "handicapped child" with "child with a disability". This amendment
goal were to provide Transition Services for students by age 16, to extend
eligibility to children with autism and traumatic brain injury, to define
Assistive Technology Devices and Services for children with disabilities for
inclusion in the IEP, to extend the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) to
require the child, to the maximum extent appropriate, be educated with
children without disabilities -- in the same class s/he would have been but for
the disability."2

12.Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)- July 26, 1990 The ADA protects
every person who either has, used to have, or is treated as having a physical
or mental disability that substantially limits one or more major life activity.
The ADA extends the coverage of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of
1973. The ADA states persons with disabilities need access to programs and
facilities of public schools, as well as most business. It requires employer to
make reasonable accommodation for disabled persons to enable them to
perform the job.
13.P.L. 105-17 Amendments to IDEA - May 1997 -This amendment
strengthened the rights of students with disabilities. This amendments goals
included the following: extending Least Restrictive Environment, as an
assurance that all students would have "access to the general curriculum, to
consider Assistive Technology (AT) Devices and Services on the IEP's of all
students, the use of school-purchased AT in a child's home or other settings
is required if the child needs access to those devices to receive FAPE, to
include orientation and mobility services to the list of related services for
children who are blind or have visual impairments, as well as for other
children who may also need instruction in traveling around their school, or to
and from school."3
14.Amendments to IDEA - Dec. 3, 2004 Amendments help this reauthorization of 1997 IDEA to align with the No Child Left Behind legislation,
aligning with its 6 principles and following the key principles of zero reject,
2http://atto.buffalo.edu/registered/ATBasics/Foundation/Laws/specialed.php
3 http://atto.buffalo.edu/registered/ATBasics/Foundation/Laws/specialed.php

non-discriminatory evaluation, appropriate education, least restrictive

environment, procedural due process.
15.P.L. 109-270 Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education
Improvement Act of 2006 (Perkins IV / CTEA) an amendment of 1998
act. One of this acts' goals is to provide equal access, to the full range of
technical preparation programs (including pre-apprenticeship programs), to
individuals who are members of special populations, including the
development of tech prep program services appropriate to the needs of
special populations

Sources:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
http://www.brighthubeducation.com/special-ed-inclusion-strategies/66803brief-legal-history-of-inclusion-in-specialeducation/http://www.brighthubeducation.com/special-ed-inclusionstrategies/66803-brief-legal-history-of-inclusion-in-special-education/

http://atto.buffalo.edu/registered/ATBasics/Foundation/Laws/specialed.php

http://www.doe.virginia.gov/support/health_medical/virginia_school_health_gu
idelines/implementing_speced_special-needs.pdf

https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-105srpt17/html/CRPT-105srpt17.htm

https://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/comp2/F091-230.html

http://www.highered.nysed.gov/kiap/colldev/VTEA/

https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ270/html/PLAW109publ270.htm

http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/4549/4658915/timeline.htm

http://www.ed.gov/essa