Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources:
Bildung, Bundeszentrale Fr Politische. "2Hans Scholl." Hans Scholl. N.p., 2005. Web. 07
Jan. 2017.
<http://www.bpb.de/geschichte/nationalsozialismus/weisse-rose/60965/hans-scholl?type=
galerie&show=image&i=60969>. This source gave me an image of the meeting of the
d.j.1.11.
Cline, Austin. "Today in History: 15 April 1942: Gestapo in Berlin Orders Jews to Display
Star of David on Front Doors." Skepticism - Skeptical Notes on Politics, Culture,

Religion.
N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.
<http://skepticism.org/timeline/april-history/5290-gestapo-in-berlin-orders-jews-to-displa
y-star-of-david-on-front-doors.html>. This source provided a picture of Jewish Children
forced to wear the Star of David.
Department of History. "Department of History | UC Santa Barbara." Department of History, UC
Santa Barbara. USCB, n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017. <http://www.history.ucsb.edu/>. This
source provided an image of boys in Hitler Youth lined up in an organized formation and
in their uniform.
"Dj 1.11. Schleswig."
Dj 1.11. Schleswig. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.bromberg.be/djsite/inhalt.html>. This source gave me an image of the
d.j.1.11. Members.
Farrell, Mary Cronk. "The Story That Cast a Shadow for Decades." Author
Mary Cronk Farrell.
N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.marycronkfarrell.net/blog/the-story-that-cast-a-shadow-for-decades>. This
source provided a photo of Sophie Scholls mugshot after being arrested.
"Gestapo Interrogation Transcripts."

Google Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2017.

<https://books.google.com/books?id=PvL5i2dxAs4C&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=leaflet
s%2Bfitting%2Binto%2Bsuitcase%2Bin%2Binterrogation%2Bsophie%2Bscholl&source
=bl&ots=WLbej2HKv1&sig=fPUXTjIwh8KduU3AzQMg036aelI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0
ahUKEwjBzfysxbPRAhUCVyYKHdK0DXcQ6AEIIzAB#v=onepage&q=leaflets%20fitt
ing%20into%20suitcase%20in%20interrogation%20sophie%20scholl&f=false>. This
primary source is a copy of the trial and interrogation transcripts, and was used for the
quote of the suitcase and leaflets in the trial tab.

"GHDI - Image." GHDI - Image. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.

<http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=1933>. This source was
only used for an image of Christopher Probst and Alexander Schmorell taken in 1941.

Hernandez,

Laura Lee. "White Rose." Pinterest. N.p., 24 May 2013. Web. 08 Jan. 2017.
<https://www.pinterest.com/pin/503981014520883185/>. This source provided an image
of a white rose which was used as a background for multiple pages.
"History." Pinterest. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.
<https://www.pinterest.com/karlksallths/history/>. This source provided an image with a
quote said by one of the prison guards of how Sophie walked in calmly to the guillotine
during her last final seconds alive. This source also provided images of Robert Scholl, an
image of Sophie Scholl, and Hitler Youth boys saluting Hitler.
"Holocaust Era Starvation Pictures

of European Jewry Are a Hoax." NODISINFO. N.p., 31 May

2015. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.
<http://nodisinfo.com/holocaust-era-starvation-pictures-european-jewry-hoax/>. This
source provided a image of malnourished Jews who forced to live in a concentration
camp.
"In Loving Memory of Sophie and Hans Scholl." Its All for L.O.V.E. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan.
2017.
<http://its-all-for-love.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-loving-memory-of-sophie-and-hans.html
>. This source game me an image of Hans Scholl for the trial page.
"Kyle Frabotta, "The Mindset of the Hitler-Jugend" (2004)." Kyle Frabotta, "The Mindset of the
Hitler-Jugend" (2004). N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/133p/133p04papers/KFrabottaHitl
erYouth046.htm>. This source provided an image of of boy in the Hitler Youth wearing
their special uniforms.

Lisciotto, Carmello. ""The White Rose Leaflets" Revolt & Resistance

Www.HolocaustResearchProject.org." "The White Rose Leaflets" Revolt & Resistance
Www.HolocaustResearchProject.org. H.E.A.R.T, 2007. Web. 21 Nov. 2016.
<http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/wrleaflets.html>. This primary source
was crucial in my research, as it contained all 6 of the White Rose's leaflets. Within these
leaflets, the boys spoke of Hitler's corrupt government, the treatment of the Jews, and the
cold shoulder almost every Germans citizens turned. The boys spoke way beyond their
years, speaking of topics regular kids wouldn't even know. These leaflets let me
understand the boys motives and intentions in starting the White Rose movement. This
source also provided a pictures of both Sophie and Hanss gravestones and of the
fountain dedicated to the White Rose.
MailOnline, Allan Hall for. "Nazis Slaughtered My Brother and Sister with a Guillotine: German
Woman, 93, Tells How Her Siblings Defied Hitler and Were Put to Death for Treason in
1943." Daily Mail Online. Associated Newspapers, 18 Jan. 2014. Web. 08 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2541753/Nazis-slaughtered-brother-sister-guill
otine-German-woman-93-tells-siblings-defied-Hitler-death-treason-1943.html>. This

primary source is from a recent interview from Elisabeth Scholl about her brother and
sisters executions.
Rochman,

Hazel, and Darlene Z. McCampbell. Bearing Witness: Stories of the Holocaust. New
York: Orchard, 1995. Print. This is a primary source of a poem that Sophie Scholl wrote.
Part of a very long poem, this section describes the fear when transferring leaflets. This
source emphasizes the mass pressure and fear the members of the White Rose were under
when delivering the leaflets, since they could be sentenced to death if they were caught.
Also, though they were at such high risk, the members of the group did this to stand up
for what they believed was right for their country.
"Scholl, Hans Fritz and Sophie Magdalena." WW2 Gravestone. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.
<http://ww2gravestone.com/people/scholl-hans-fritz-and-sophie-magdalena/>. This
source provided an image of the Scholl family with the children at younger ages.

Scholl, Inge, Dorothee Slle, and Arthur R. Schultz. The White Rose: Munich, 1942-1943.
Middletown, CT: Wesleyan UP, 1983. Print.This book, which is a primary source written
by Inge Scholl, tells the story of her siblings journey while creating the White Rose
Movement in an effort to denounce Hitler and the Nazi regime. It talked of their
experiences while in the Hitler Youth, and the how that translated to their adult lives. It
also gave specific details regarding her friends, teachers, and familys views on Hitler
during World War II.
Scholl, Inge. Students against Tyranny; the Resistance of the White Rose, Munich, 1942-1943.
Middletown, CT: Wesleyan UP, 1970. Print. This book which is a primary source by Inge
Scholl, helped the gathering of information on the her and her siblings early life in the
Hitler youth, their turning points, and the early of forms resistance groups. It also spoke
of the steps they took in forming the White Rose Movement, and how they created the
anti-war, anti-Nazi leaflets they distributed across Germany.
Schuffert, Pamela Rae. "More on Nazi Germany and THE GUILLOTINES." More on Nazi
Germany and THE GUILLOTINES. N.p., 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.
<http://americanholocaustcoming.blogspot.com/2013/08/more-on-nazi-germany-and-guil
lotines.html>. This source was only used for an image taken of the guillotine that
executed Sophie Scholl.
"The Star of David." Emaze Presentations. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.
<https://www.emaze.com/@AOQQLQZR/The-Star-of-David>. This source provided an
image of a Jewish couple wearing a star of David on their coat due the law Hitler passed
in 1939.
Vargo, Marc. Women of the Resistance: Eight Who Defied the Third Reich. Jefferson, NC:
McFarland &,, 2012. Print. This book is a primary source that gave information on
Sophie Scholl and her experiences during her life. Starting from her family life and when
she was young, this source explores through interviews and evidence how she became

affiliated with the Nazi resistance and the risks she took to become one of the most
important resistance women during World War II. It also tells of she was like as a child
and her times at school, in college, her participation in the White Rose, and ultimately,
the trial that led to her demise.
Vinke, Hermann, and Hedwig Pachter. The Short Life of Sophie Scholl. New York: Harper and
Row, 1984. Print. This book is a valuable primary source best for learning about the life
of Sophie Scholl. Through journal entries, letters, and the 6 leaflets from Sophie and the
Scholl family, Inge is able to retell Sophie life. She tells of childhood stories, of her
father's warnings, and of Sophies views on recent events during her life.
Von Lpke, Marc. "Sophie, Hans Scholl Remain Symbols of Resistance | Germany | DW.COM |
18.02.2013." DW.COM. Deutsche Welle, 18 Feb. 2013. Web. 08 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.dw.com/en/sophie-hans-scholl-remain-symbols-of-resistance/a-16605080>.
This source provided an image of Hans and Sophie Scholl which was used for the Thesis
page.
Walden, Geoffrey. "Munich Pt. 5." Munich Pt. 5. N.p., 20 July 2000. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.thirdreichruins.com/munich5.htm>. This source was used only for obtaining
the cover image of the University of Munich page, which was an image of a building that
was a part of the university during the 1940s.
"Why Is the Holy Symbol of 'Swastik' Found in the Nazi Flag?" Quora, n.d. Web.
<https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-holy-symbol-of-Swastik-found-in-the-Nazi-flag>.
This source provides an image of the Nazi flag with the swastika symbol.
"WORLD WAR II." Pinterest. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2017.
<https://www.pinterest.com/cpassmore0508/world-war-ii/>. This source provided an
image of the type of Graffiti the White Rose vandalized with during their graffiti
campaign.
www.dw.com, Deutsche Welle. "Sophie, Hans Scholl Remain Symbols of Resistance | Germany
|
DW.COM | 18.02.2013." DW.COM. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.dw.com/en/sophie-hans-scholl-remain-symbols-of-resistance/a-16605080>.
This source was used as a quote for Hans Scholls final words.
2012, SAINT MICHAEL. "SOPHIE SCHOLL & THE WHITE ROSE (9 MAY 1921 TO 22
FEBRUARY 1943)." SOPHIE SCHOLL & THE WHITE ROSE (9 MAY 1921 TO 22
FEBRUARY 1943). N.p., 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 08 Jan. 2017.
<http://victimsfamiliesforthedeathpenalty.blogspot.com/2014/02/sophie-scholl-white-ros
e-9-may-1921-to.html>. This website was only used for a photo of Sophie Scholl
including text of how she acted before being guillotined.

Secondary Sources:
"D.j.1.11." German National Youth Groups Weimar Republic Dj 1.11. HBU, n.d. Web. 20 Nov.
2016. <http://histclo.com/youth/youth/org/nat/ger/chron/weimar/ind/dj1-11.htm>. This
website is a valuable secondary source great for finding information on Hans Scholl's
first resistance group that he joined called the d.j.1.11. This source gave information on
the activities, internationalism, political role, size, and creation of the d.j.1.11.
Dumbach, Annette E., and Jud Newborn. Shattering the German Night: The Story of the White
Rose. Boston: Little, Brown, 1986. Print. This secondary source is straightforward, easy
to understand document that explains how the White Rose resistance group raised the
imploring voice of youths who were urging to take a stand against the regime. This
source described that the students from the university of Munich were ordinary kids who
were fed up with Hitler's maltreatment of the Jews, and took a stand. Teaching that
anyone can take a stand. Throughout the book, the author quotes pieces of the leaflets,
never in full. This allowed for more interpretation from the author.
Floyd, Doug. "The White Rose - A Lesson in Dissent." Pinterest. N.p., 25 May 2012. Web. 07
Jan. 2017. <https://www.pinterest.com/pin/244883298458717012/>. This source was
only used for an image of the main White Rose members in a collage.
Freedman, Russell. We Will Not Be Silent: The White Rose Student Resistance Movement That
Defied Adolf Hitler. Boston: Clarion , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016. Print. This book,
a secondary source, gave background information on the inclusion of Sophie and Hans
Scholl in the Hitler Youth movement. It also gave information on how they began to
resist Hitler and information on their White Rose organization/anti-Nazi beliefs. Also,
descriptions of what the White Rose did to resist and the ending trial that sent Sophie,
Hans, and their professor to death.
"Geschwister-Scholl-Platz." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschwister-Scholl-Platz>. This source provided an image
of the street sign dedicated to the White Rose, and in name of the Scholl siblings Sophie
and Hans.
"Global Nonviolent Action Database." Global Nonviolent Action Database. N.p., n.d. Web. 08
Jan. 2017.
<http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-rose-resistance-hitlers-regime-1942-19
43>. This source gave information on a quote used in the White Rose introduction page
on what the groups goals were, as well as information on the leaflets.
Gruber, Samuel. "Public Art and Memory." Public Art and Memory. N.p., 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 04
Jan. 2017.
<http://publicartandmemory.blogspot.com/2013/02/memorial-to-munichs-white-rose.htm

l>. This source was used for an updated image of the University of Munich main building
where the sixth leaflet was distributed.
"Hans Fritz Scholl." Welcome to Katja's Dacha. N.p., 22 Jan. 2001. Web. 03 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.katjasdacha.com/whiterose/biographies/hscholl.html>. This website is all
about Hans Scholl. It describes his life from a young boy, and through Hitler Youth and
onto being a member of the D.J.1.11. It also describes Hanss leading role and
contributions to the White Rose group that he is famously known for creating.
Henderson, Simon. "The White Rose and the Definition of 'resistance: Simon Henderson
Explains the Significance of Hans and Sophie Scholl in the History of Nazi Germany."
Gale. History Today Ltd., Dec. 2005. Web. 23 Oct. 2016.
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T002&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&
searchResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=BasicSearchFormtPosition=3&docId=GA
LE%7CA141250635&docType=Article&sort=RELEVANCE&contentSegment=&prodI
d=GPS&contentSet=GALE%7CA141250635&searchId=R2&userGroupName=mlin_b_
massblc&inPS=true>. This secondary source journal article gave information on Hans
and Sophie's lives. Starting from their times as young children beginning in the Hitler
Youth program, it shows their beginning resistant feelings to the actual formation to the
White Rose. Explaining the different leaflets and the dangers the group went against, it
shows the significance and stand the group and its members, mainly including Sophie and
Hans, took in Germany during the Third Regime.
Historyhorse. "Sophie Scholl - The Mass." YouTube. YouTube, 13 Aug. 2009. Web. 08
Jan. 2017. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NaTwJh1s_wQ>. This video provided a
s
summary on the Sophie Scholl movie and how her and Hans were captured, and
the process of them being sent to trial and sent to death.
Hohenhaustor, Peter. "White Rose Memorial Museum." White Rose Memorial Museum Munich Dark Tourism - the Guide to Dark & Weird Places around the World. N.p., 2010. Web.
04 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.dark-tourism.com/index.php/15-countries/individual-chapters/222-white-ros
e-memorial-museum-munich>.This source provided an image of the White Rose museum
dedicated to the members who risked their lives against the reign of Hitler.
"Holocaust | Basic Questions about the Holocaust." Holocaust: A Call to Conscience.
Projetaladin, n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.projetaladin.org/holocaust/en/40-questions-40-answers/basic-questions-abo
ut-the-holocaust.html>. This website provided a clear definition of the term "The
Holocaust."
Hornberger, Jacob G. "Holocaust Resistance: The White Rose - A Lesson in Dissent." The White
Rose - A Lesson in Dissent | Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative
Enterprise, n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/rose.html>. This website which

is classified as a secondary source, provided crucial information on the White Rose

Group. It supplied information on the leaflets effects across Germany, and the legacy of
the White Rose Movement, as well as many images of Hitler and the White Rose Group.
It also provided information on the context of what was going on in Germany before and
leading up to the Holocaust.
Knickerbocker, Vicky. "Sophie Scholl and the White Rose: A Case Study in Dissent in
Nazi Germany." Study Guide For Sophie Scholl: The Final Days. University of
Minnesota, June 2006. Web. 1 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.bing.com/cr?IG=6F240B8CC12A4D90A0403921FDFFBC88&CID=2F369
AB8D45268970B919347D5636975&rd=1&h=NSm-3psWuhWps3EtYFPFVbrslbLdzre8
dgiWDWn776g&v=1&r=http%3a%2f%2fchgs.umn.edu%2feducational%2fpdf%2fsophi
eScholl.pdf&p=DevEx,5081.1>. This website gave information on the trial of the White
Rose, as well as further information on events leading up to the trial. It also discussed and
gave further information on the main members of the White Rose.
Kroeger, Alix. "Europe | Adenauer Voted Germany's Greatest." BBC News. BBC, 29 Nov. 2003.
Web. 08 Jan. 2017. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3248516.stm>. This source
provided information and data collected on how Sophie and Hans Scholl are some of the
most respected Germans of all time.
Newborn, Jud. "Somebody Had to Make a Start." Opinion (2008): n. pag. Jewish Journal. Web.
31 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.jewishjournal.com/opinion/article/somebody_had_to_make_a_start_200802
15>. This online secondary source, was an article marking the 65th anniversary of the
arrest of Sophie and Hans Scholl. It honors the members of the White Rose for their
courage and describes the circumstances of their deaths. This source also gave
information on the birthplace and family life of the Scholl's.
Nine, Keris. "Zimmermann - The White Rose." Zimmermann - The White Rose. N.p., 01 Jan.
1970. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.
<http://operajournal.blogspot.com/2013/03/zimmermann-white-rose.html>. This source
provided an image of the White Rose opera performed in honor the the White Rose
group.
Pbrennan. "Major Events of the Holocaust Timeline." Timetoast. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Jan. 2017.
<https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/major-events-of-the-holocaust>. This online
interactive timeline was used to give background information on the Holocaust. It also
includes information on Hitlers actions, that influenced Sophie and Hans Scholl.
Pettinger, Tejvan. "Sophie Scholl Biography -." Biography Online.
Www.biographyonline.net, 12 Aug. 2014. Web. 03 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.biographyonline.net/women/sophie-scholl.html>. This secondary source
gave information on Sophie Scholl as a child, and her journey through the White Rose
and also the events leading to her death.

Phillips, Francis. "Sophie Scholl, Executed by the Nazis 70 Years Ago, Shows the Human Spirit
at Its Finest." CatholicHeraldcouk. Catholic Herald, 2014. Web. 04 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2013/02/26/sophie-scholl-executedby-the-nazis-70-years-ago-shows-the-human-spirit-at-its-finest/>. This source gave
information of the d.j.1.11. As well as information and quotes on Sophie and Hanss trial
and interrogation.
Revolinski, Kevin. "Searching for Sophie: Munich, the White Rose, and Sophie Scholl." The
Mad Traveler. WordPress, 10 June 2013. Web. 04 Jan. 2017.
<http://themadtraveler.com/blog/searching-for-sophie-munich-the-white-rose-and-sophie
-scholl/>. This source provided up to date pictures of the White Rose leaflet memorial
and a quote about it, as well as a quote about the square named after the Scholls.
Sherlock, Joel. "The White Rose Legacy." Carrying on the Legacy of the White Rose. N.p., 12
Dec. 2013. Web. 07 Jan. 2017
<https://whiterosemovementblog.wordpress.com/the-white-rose-legacy/>. This website
provided information for a quote involving the White Rose legacy, as well as other
information on the importance of Sophie and Hans Scholl.
Simkin, John. "Spartacus Educational." Spartacus Educational. Spartacus Educational, 1997.
Web. 07 Jan. 2017. <http://spartacus-educational.com/GERschollH.htm>. This secondary
source article provides information about Hans Scholl's life. The article is very detailed
and includes many details on Hans' childhood in the Hitler Youth, the White Rose Group
and his family; including Robert Scholl. This website also provides information on the
main members of the White Rose. This source also provided many photos of Hans and
his family, including the image of Werner scholl, that further showed his life.
"Sites around Munich (3)." Traces of Evil. N.p., 2008. Web. 03 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/munich-reich-press-office.html>. This source
gave me a picture of a comparison of the Nazi Peoples Court from the 1940s, to what it
is like today.
Sophie Scholl the Final Days. Goldwind Film/Broth Film, 2005. This film is about the final days
of Sophie and the White Rose getting captured, and the interrogation that led to the
members deaths.
The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica. "Hitler Youth." Encyclopdia Britannica.
Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2017.
<https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hitler-Youth>. This source provided a definition for
the term "Hitler Youth" which was used to better understand a tab.
"The History Place - Great Speeches Collection: Cardinal Galen's Speech - Against Nazi
Euthanasia." The History Place - Great Speeches Collection: Cardinal Galen's Speech Against Nazi Euthanasia. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017.

<http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/galen.htm>. This source gave me the quote for

the picture of Catholic Cardinal Clemens von Galen.
"The Leaflets." White-rose-studies. Center for White Rose Studies, n.d. Web. 07 Jan.
2017. <http://www.white-rose-studies.org/The_Leaflets.html>. This secondary source
provided analysis on all six leaflets. It broke down each of the leaflets and summarized
what they were about.
"Weimar Youth Groups: Dj 1.11 (1929-33)." German National Youth Groups Weimar Republic
Dj 1.11. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2017.
<http://histclo.com/youth/youth/org/nat/ger/chron/weimar/ind/dj1-11.htm>. This source
provided information for a quote on the legacy and importance on the d.j.1.11.