Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
REACTION ENGINEERING
CKB 20104
CHAPTER 1
MOLE BALANCE
Dr. Kelly Yong Tau Len
Section of Chemical Engineering Technology UniKL MICET
Tel: 06-5512051, Email: kytlen@unikl.edu.my,
VLE: CKB20104 - kytlen_MICET
Chapter 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Objectives
Upon the completion of this chapter, students are
able to:
Define the rate of chemical reaction
Apply mole balance equation in reactors systems
Identify commercial/industries reactor system
10/2/16
Introduction
Kind
Number
Chemical
Identity
Introduction
4
Isomerization
10/2/16
Reaction
2. The rate at which this occur is called
RATE OF REACTION (or simply known
as REACTION RATE) and it can be
expressed in 2 ways either as:
Product
10/2/16
rA
Rate of DISAPPEARANCE of
reactant A
+rA
Rate of FORMATION of
reactant A
10/2/16
rB
Rate of DISAPPEARANCE of
product B
+rB
Rate of FORMATION of
product B
Example 1
10
10/2/16
Example 1
11
A + 2B C + 2D
1. Determine rA
A =
15 mol
.
+B =
30 mol
.
Example 1
12
A + 2B C + 2D
15 mol
+C =
.
4. Determine the rate of disappearance of C
Solution: The rate of disappearance of C is r C. Because C is a
product, its rate of disappearance, -r C, is a negative number
15 mol
C =
.
10/2/16
Example 1
A + 2B C + 2D
13
+A =
15 mol
.
6. Determine rB
Solution: rB is the rate of disappearance of B
B =
30 mol
.
A + 2B C + 2D
Given the rate of disappearance of A is 15
mol/L.min at the start of the reaction. At the
start of the reaction:
1. Determine the rate of formation of D
2. Determine the rate of disappearance of D
10/2/16
A
A
GA
FA0
Rate of flow
of A into the
system
(moles/time)
IN
FA0
FA
Rate of generation
of A by chemical
reaction within
system
(moles/time)
GENERATION
Rate of flow
of A out of
the system
(moles/time)
OUT
Rate of
accumulation
of A within system
(moles/time)
ACCUMULATION
FA
= :
Rate of generation, GA is
a product of variation in
the rate of reaction, r A
throughout the reactor
volume, V
NA represents the
no. of moles of
species A in the
system at time t
A
A
GA
FA0
Rate of flow
of A into the
system
(moles/time)
IN
FA0
FA
Rate of generation
of A by chemical
reaction within
system
(moles/time)
GENERATION
Rate of flow
of A out of
the system
(moles/time)
OUT
= :
+ : =
FA
Rate of
accumulation
of A within system
(moles/time)
ACCUMULATION
10/2/16
Advantages:
High conversions obtained by leaving
reactant in the reactor for long periods of
time.
Disadvantages:
High labor costs per batch.
Variability of product from batch to batch.
Difficulty large scale production.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIMXE5FeAy0
10/2/16
Key Characteristics
Unsteady-state operation
because there is NO flow
through the system.
No spatial variation of
concentration and temperature
(well-mixed).
Mainly used for small scale
operation.
Suitable for slow reactions
Has no inflow and no
outflow of reactants or
products while reaction is
carried out.
Continuous
Stirred Tank
Reactor
(CSTR)
Plug Flow
Reactor
(PFR)
Packed
Bed
Reactor
(PBR)
Continuous
Flow
Reactors
10
10/2/16
21
Commonly used in
industrial processing.
Also referred to as
backmix reactor.
Used primarily for
liquid phase reaction.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRMIr6tPVQg
22
Key Characteristics
Steady state operation (flow
through the system), hence no
accumulation.
Can be used in series
configurations.
No spatial variation of
concentration or temperature (wellmixed).
Mainly used for liquid phase
reaction.
Suitable for viscous liquid.
Reactants are continuously
introduced into the reactor while
products are continuously
removed.
11
10/2/16
23
Commonly used in
industrial processing.
Consists of a cylindrical
pipe
Used more often for gas
phase reaction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBVYchEbzGk
24
Key Characteristics
Steady-state operation (flow through the system), hence no accumulation
Consists of a cylindrical pipe which reactants and products can flow
through
Spatial variation in axial direction but not in radial direction
Suitable for fast reaction mainly used for gas phase reaction
Temperature control may be difficult
There are no moving parts
12
10/2/16
25
IN
Key Characteristics
Similar to PFR. Can be thought of as PFR
packed with solid particles, which are almost
always catalysts.
Steady-state operation.
Spatial variation.
Mainly used for gas phase catalytic reaction
although examples for liquid phase reaction
are also known.
Temperature control may be difficult.
There are no moving parts.
Pressure drop across the packed bed is an
important consideration.
13