Jhss 2017

Dr.
Lari presented JHSS to the

P.M. of Mauritius
Dr. Lari presented JHSS to the High Commissioner

of Mauritius H.E. J. Goburadhun
JHSS released by Meghalaya Home Minister

Hon'ble Roshan Warjri at Shillong
Dr. Lari presenting AIPC Souvenir to Meghalaya

Governor HE Shanamuganathan at Shillong
Dr. Lari welcoming Union Railway Minister

Suresh Prabhu & Tourism Minister
Dr. Mahesh Sharma & Mr. S.M. Khan RNI
JANUARY 2017 : Vol. XVIII
JHSS released by Governor U.P. H.E. Ram Naik

& Tourism Minister Dr. Mahesh Sharma
at NREC College.
JHSS : JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES
NEWS FROM ACADEMIA
11th YEAR OF REGULAR PUBLICATION
ISSN : 0974-8806
A GLOBALLY CIRCULATED AND REPUTED RESEARCH JOURNAL FROM SOUTH ASIA
JHSS
JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES
A PEER REVIEWED REFEREED INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
Editor : Dr. M.A. Lari 'Azad'
NEWS FROM ACADEMIA
NEWS FROM ACADEMIA
President of Mauritius (Acting)

H.E. Paramasivum Pillai Felicitating Dr. Lari Azad
Dr. Lari presenting a memorabilia to H.E.

the President of Mauritius (Acting)
GOPIO President Mahen Utchanah presenting a

gift to Dr. Lari
Dr. Lari with the Queen of Mysore Her Highness

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Dr. Lari presenting his Biography to H.E.

Dr. Lari being felicitated by Ex. Karnataka

Minister Leela Devi at Bangalore
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at Ghuman Conference
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of Mauritius H.E. Sir Anerood Jugnath
Dr. Lari Felicitating the P.M. of Mauritius
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at AIPC Shillong
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at Amritsar
11th Year of Regular Publication
ISSN : 0974-8806
A GLOBALLY CIRCULATED AND REPUTED RESEARCH JOURNAL FROM SOUTH ASIA
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CONTENTS :
Department of Post Graduate Studies & Research in History
NATHIMAL RAMSAHAI EDWARD CORONATION COLLEGE
KHURJA, Bulandshaher
Editorial
1.
A New Light on Akbar's Religion and Politics

Dr. M.A.Lari Azad
2.
Importance of Mir Bakhshis Under The Mughals - With

Special Reference Under Shahjahan.
Seema Khan
11
3.
Raja Jai Singh : As A Military Commander of Shahjahan

Samreen Iram
19
4.
The National Movement Till The Advent of Mahatma Gandhi

Dr. K. D. Sharma
25
ACCREDITED GRADE 'A' BY NAAC (UGC) C.P.E.

(Affiliated to Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut)
Established on 22nd March, 1901 AnnoDomini
5- lksjksa lwdj {ks= ds xaxk xq#vksa dh cfg;ksa dh ,sfrgkfldrk % ,d 34

,sfrgkfld lzksr ds :i esa
& MkW- c`ts'oj nk 'kqDyk
Degree Department of History started in 1946

Post Graduate Department of History started in 1950
Some of the Famous Professors associated with History Dept.
#Prof. R.B.L. Goswami, Former V.C. Meerut University
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# Dr. M.A. Lari Azad, HOD
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Prof. K.D. Sharma
Published : 2 Books, Guided : 30 Ph.D.s

Papers Published : 10
Dr. M.A. Lari Azad
Published : 3 Books, Guided : 12 Ph.D.s

Papers Published : 35, Edited Books : 5
6- ve`rk izhre d`r ^muds gLrk{kj* eas ukjh laosnuk

& ve`rk flag
39
7- Lokra=~;kskj efgyk miU;kldkjksa dh jpukvksa esa O;Dr uSfrd ewY;

& MkW xqyke Q+jhn lkcjh
42
8- Opportunities & Challenges for Women Entrepreneurship in 45

Indian Economy at Present Scenario
Dr. Sharad Kumar
9- cnyrs lkekftd ifjn`'; esa efgykvksa dh izfLFkfr

& MkW0 liuk flag
53
10- Transformation of Pottery Industry in Khurja City of Uttar 57

Pradesh
Dr. Pramod Kumar
11- xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork

& Mk0 eksfudk
65
12- The Effect of Socio-economic Status on Emotional Stability 69

of Children
Dr. Mridula Singh
13- Vanishing Faces of Review and Precedent : An Analytical 72

Study of Judicial Transgression and Intrusion
Aditya Chhaukar
14- Migration Considered as a Fundamental Capabilities for 80

Human Development
Abhishek Sharma
Marching towards Excellence under the dynamic supervision of:

Hon'ble Dr. Sudhir Govil
Hon'ble Dr. K.D. Sharma
Secretary, Managing Committee
Principal
15. How to Reboot Your Metabolism

Dr. Hridayesh Arya
87
16- ty laj{k.k es lg;ksxh & ty xkyu

& bath- eueksgu pUnz tSu
90
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gkWfdUl us dgk gS fd tyok;q ifjorZu] [kk|kUu mRiknu] foLQksVd
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djus ds fy, lHkh ns'kksa dks Hkhrj vkSj ckgj dh lkjh nhokjsa rksM+uh
iMsa+xhA
tc ukSdfj;ksa dh laHkkouk,a {kh.k gks jgh gSa] gekjk nkf;Ro gS fd ge
yksxksa dks u;h nqfu;k ds fy, rS;kj djsaA fdlh Hkh gkyr esa iyk;u dks jksduk
gksxkA vU; iztkfr;ksa ds fouk'k dks jksduk gksxkA cqf)thfo;ksa dks iwoZ ls ysdj
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tk;saxs vkSj d+;ker vk tk;sxhA
iz/kku laiknd
It is a new start to debate in Humanities & Social Sciences
- Dr. M.A. Lari Azad

Akbar's Recital of Khutbah
The discovery of the frauds of Qazis, the embezzlement of the
pilgrim fund by the chief religious dignitaries of the state just at that time
and the religio-political rebellion of Bengal and Bihar naturally affected
the views of Akbar. In the meantime the murder of Shah Tahmasp of
Persia and of the Vizier Sokoli of Constentinople changed the religious
balance of politics in Islam and Akbar took advantage of the situation by
reciting a Khutbah in his own name composed for the occasion by Faizi
on Prophet's birth day, Friday 26th June 1579 A.D., in Jami Mosque of
Sikri.1 Akbar, in order to emphasize position of spiritual leader of nation
(Imam-i-Adil) to which he laid claim, availed himself of certain alleged
ancient precedents and resolved to recite the Khutbah.2 Badayuni admits
that the intent of Khutbah was political and the recital affected by
indirection.'the religio-political supremacy of the Khalifah of Rum and
3
Shah of Iran. Humayun had been made to recite the Khutbah in the name
of Tahmasp as a mark of acceptance of the Shiah creed. In this jockeying
for power, inseparable from religious sectarianism, the emperor saw the
need to separate himself from the restrictions of religious controversy.and
4
at the same time to control them. But the recital of the Khutba, along with
the title of Khalifa-uz-zaman remained a sufficient challenge to the
Khilafat pretentions of Rum. Thus, the difficulty of the repudiation of the
Shiah hegemony, which meant automatic reversion of the Timurial
Empire of Hindustan into the Sunni Khilafat of Rum, was solved by the
assumption of the Khilafat title and recital of Khutba. Now that the purely
religious pretensions' of the Khilafat were guarded against, Akbar began
to attack the politico-religious claim of the Shiite Shah of Persia in his
5
peculiar way.
After Akbar's Khutbah the court was divided into two conflicting
parties- the orthodox and the liberal. The regulations which Akbar
introduced for reasons political and administrative, were interpreted by
former as having been actuated by anti-Islamic feelings encouraged by
Abul Fazl6 Even Abul Fazl admits that innovation was unpopular and
aroused much uneasy feelings. Some people said that emperor wished to
pose as Prophet of incomparable Deity. Others hinted that he was sharing
7
in Divine nature. In spite of Akbar's disavowals Smith is convinced that
he fancied in his own person bridged gulf between Finite and Infinite.
'Allahu Akbar' may be read as meaning that 'Akbar is God'. Some coins
bear legends in form 'Akbar Allah', which distinctly claims his divinity.8
When a majority of Ulama hailed Akbar's proposal to have expression
Allah-u-Akbar inscribed on his seal and on coins, Haji Ibrahim Sirhindi
objected on ground that phrase being ambiguous might cause
misunderstanding in public mind. Akbar ruled out objection and adopted
expression.9 He said, 'the very sight of kings has been held to be a part of
divine worship10 Gurreiro describes Akbar as being 'willing to be
HISTORY
A NEW LIGHT ON AKBAR'S

RELIGION AND POLITICS

calculated to benefit the nation, all shall be bound by it, and opposition to
it will involve demnation in the next world, and loss of all religous
privileges and property in this."
"This document has been written with honest intentions and for
the glory of God and the propagation of Islam"15
The decree was signed by Abdun-Nabi (Sadrus-Sadur)
Makhdumul-Mulk,Qazi Jalaluddin Multani. (Chief Qazi), Sadar Jahan
(Chief Mufti), Ghazi Khan Badakhshi and several notable Ulama. It's
promulgation was the most important of Akbar's administrative measures
but it has been miscalled the 'Infallibility Decree" and a little
16
misunderstood that for the first time he was free..... He could now bring
the Hindu, the Parsi, the Christian into his councils.... for it is the keystone
of the subsequent legislation and action of the monarch by it placed above
the narrow restrictions of Islam17. The decree no doubt conferred on
Akbar wide powers and discretion, but it didnot make him a Mujtahid, in
its original sense, much, less supreme head of Islam18 Mahzar could not be
valid without signature of Sadr-us Sadur19 It gave him no power until and
unless the divines failed to agree. Even then he had the power to interpret
the Muslim law and not to make it. All that it really affected was to take
20
away from the theologians the right to persecute others for their opinions
It was mainly a concession to orthodoxy rather than a valid instrument for
changing the Muslim law. Akbar did not claim the right of changing the
Muslim public law in theory though he changed it in practice by his disuse
of some of its provisions. Akbar alone in the Mughal Emperors claimed
for himself, as a righteous ruler, the authority to declare the Muslim law.21
It was later on that he decided to be the arbiter in the 'confusion of (all)
religions and creeds'. Arif Qandhari repeatedly calls him a promoter of
22
the Sharia. The decree was basically correct and in line with the
23
traditional Islamic political theory. It assured Akbar, so far as any written
instrument could have such effect, utmost power that any man could
24
claim to exercise within limits of Islam.
The Mahzar, having put an end to the predominance of the
bigoted orthodox, allowed the free development of the generous spirit
25
which Akbar wished to encourage. Ibadat Khana was closed down a
year or two after when Akbar assumed position of arbiter of Muslim law,
religious and secular.
There was no longer any need for an assembly of Ulama to
discuss and interpret shar.26 Ibadat Khana might have developed in a
religion-assembly, but unfortunately it became like an arena of
27
conflicting ideas and sects. The Ulama's uncompromising sectarian
fanaticism and lack of rational and realistie interpretion of Muslim law
convinced Akbar of worthlessness of orthodox Sunni Ulama and brought
about their downfall. Sometime before establishment of Ibadat Khana
JHSS, Jan. 2017, Vol. XVIII
worshipped as God11
He tried to seek peace by constituting himself supreme judge of
all differences between revival Muslim doctors. Shaikh Mubarak had
gratified him by expressing hope in 1573 A.D. that emperor might
become spiritual as well as political head of his people. It meant that
12
Akbar should perform Khilafat too. 1579 A.D. time was deemed to be
ripe for proposed momentous innovation which should extend autocracy
of Akbar from temporal to spiritual side and make him Pope as well as
king.13
The Mahzar
Whithin two months of reading of Khutbah, Akbar took bold step
of declaring himself to be chief interpreter and arbiter of 'Shara'. This was
done through a document, Mahzar, to which he secured signatures of
prominent Ulama of Court. Abul Fazl says that suggestions came from
Ulama themselves who made a request that saintly emperor, who was
superior to divines and jurists (Mujtahids) should accept position of Chief
Mujtahid, as according to Islamic scripture (The Qoran and Traditions) a
just monarch (Imam-i-Adil) was superior to Mujtahid.Since 1573, Faizi,
Adul Fazl and other prominent Muslim nobles had combined to discredit
bigoted Ulama. Akbar too was not less eager to take a decisive step, for, as
Badayuni correctly observes, he was not inclined to brook idea of
subordination to any authority religious or secular. After 1575 A.D.
Ulama's authority became irksome to Akbar, as they became a stumbling
block to his policy of religious toleration and establishment of one
common citizenship in the country. It is, therefore, diligently strove to
create a party against bigoted divines. Shaikh Mubarak prepared a
document on September 2,1579 A.D. and other Ulama signed it against
their will, for it was natural for them not to have committed suicide
willingly.14
The principal Ulama declared him 'Sultan-ul-Islam, Kahful
Anam, Amirul Mominin, Zillallaho Alal Alemin Abul Fateh Jalaluddin
Muhammad Akbar, Padishai-Ghazi, Khalla-dalla-ho Mulkahu Abdan,
(the king of Islam, the Asylum of mankind, the commander of the
Faithful, Shadow of God in the world (whose kingdom God perpetuate; is
a most God fearing king).
"Should, therefore, in the future, religious questions arise,
regarding which the opinions of the Mujtahids are at variance, and his
Majesty, in his penetrating understanding and clear wisdom be inclined to
adopt, for the benefit of the nation and as a political expedient, any of the
conflicting opinions which exist on that point, and should he issue a
decree to that effect, "we do hereby agree that such a decree shall be
binding on us and on the whole nation,"
"Should His Majesty see fit to issue a new order in conformity
with some text of the Qoran (not being in opposition, to the Qoran) and


Madad-i-Mash executed by Qazi Ali of Baghdad only added fuel to the

fire which at last blazed forth at the fatwa of Mulla Muhammad Yazdi of39
Jaunpur and soon enveloped the whole of eastern India. Muhammed
Masum Faramkhudi of Ghazipur, Masum Khan Kabuli of Orissa, Mir
Muizzul-Mulk, Nayabat Khan and Arab Bahadur took up cudgels on
behalf of the orthodox Muslims and stirred up rebellion in Bengal, Bihar,
and Orissa.40
Invitations were sent by the two former to Mirza Hakim to march
upon India. Smith asserts that leader of the conspiracy at the court was
41
42
Shah Masseur but Muhammad Akbar discards it. It was a religious
revolt of Mullas in Bengal and Bihar mixed up with politics, encouraged
by Persia and supported by dissatisfied Jagirdars.43 After suppression of
Mulla rebellion, Akbar deported guilty Mullas to Qandahar and
exchanged for horses and colts.44 Pseudo-mosques which were used as
centers of rebellion were destroyed into stables.45 Akbar was further
maligned after rebellion as destroyer of copies of 'The Qoran' and
Mosques. Akbar justified this action, on the ground that these books were
not the Qoran because revealed texts had been distorted to suit
conclusions of propagandist Mullas.46 Those mosques were not prayer
houses, but centers of rebellion; so they deserved destruction.47
In 1577 A.D. Ahmad Nabi put an influential Brahman of
Mathura to death for latters indiscreet remarks about Prophet. The
pretentiousness of the ecclesiastical department under him became a
disgrace to the state.48 Makhdumul-Mulk invented and pursued a very
disingenuous method of defrauding the exchequer.49 In 1578 A.D. Abdun
Nabi was dismissed from office of Sadr-us-Sadur and in 1579 A.D. the
power of the Muslim clergy was abolished. In the same year he and
Makhdumul-Mulk (Abdullah Sultanpuri) were appointed Mir Haj and
were exiled to Maccah, Akbar wanted to get rid of these two rapacious
Mullas. 'Iqbalnama' explains that Abdun Nabi was made over to Abul
50
Fazl's custody and was put to death presumably at Akbar's secret order in
1583 A.D.
The failure of that rebellion, even when Akbar's brother Hakim
had been discovered as a convenient peg on which to hang the claims for
an empire, proves that to a majority of his Muslim courtiers and subjects,
Akbar had not departed far enough from the true path to merit the fate of
an apostate.51 Mirza Hakim had pinned his hopes that Iranis and Turanis in
Akbar's forces would go over to his side, while Rajputs and Afghans
52
would be slaughtered and other Indians would be captured. Akbar's
policy of Sulah-i-kul was partly motivated by a desire to employ elements
of diverse religious beliefs-Sunnis(Turanis and most of the Shaikhzadas)
Shias (including many Iranis) and Hindus (Rajputs)- and to prevent
sectarian differences among them from interfering with their loyanlty to
Mubarak was accused of heresy and of introducing religious innovations

by Makhdum-ul-Mulk, Abdun Nabi and other Sunni bigots who had him
condemned to death, Abul Fazl's slashing arguments demoralized
orthodox Sunni leadership, and led to break-up of that party and downfall
of Makhdum-ul-Mulk and 'Abdun Nabi.28 Mubarak was responsible for
advising Akbar to promulgate Mahzar. He was not a little responsible for
29
influencing his religous views. Mubarak considered his emperor as
inheritor of God's effulgence into whom God has breathed His perfection
30
and he was a 'shadow provided by God' if not a shadow of God.
In the Mahzar the King's title as head of orthodox Muslims rests
on the sanction given by the Ulama, while according to the theory that
developed later, Kingship is recognized as a divine attribute: it is
communicated by god to kings without the intermediate assistance of any
34
one. The Mahzar would seem to have been final and by far most blatant
of Akbar's measures to placate and win over orthodox Muslim opinion in
India.32 Prof. Bucklar has interpreted the Mahzar as a mere political
announcement and holds that it was devised 'to fix the position of Akbar
in the Muslim world by eliminating him from the religous and political
control of Persia'. And that by decree he was by no means assuming
infallibility or a position of par with authority of Sharia.33
His religious thought and actions were not the result of any
dynamic spirit of ijtihad but were an expression of the eccentricities of his
own religious temperament. The result was obvious: neither the Muslims
nor the Hindus accepted his religious views and innovations. Abul Fazl
admits that adoption of Mahzar caused great dis-satisfaction and unrest.
Many orthodox Muslims went about criticizing emperor and spreading
all kinds of rumours about him. some charged him with abandoning his
ancestral faith of Sunnism in favour of that of Shiaism. But these charges
were, altogether groundless. Akbar did not allow Saiyyads and Ulama to
34
kiss his foot or to perform sijdah before him. It is note worthy that a
35
fatwa of Kufr against Akbar appeared only after the signing of Mahzar.
Abdul Fazl states that Akbar undertook last special pilgrimage to
Khwaja's shrine (Ajmer) within a week of promulgation of the Decree.'as
a means of calming the public and enhancing the submission of the
recalcitrants.' During his return journey he said his daily prayers in a
special tent after orthodox Muslim fashion in order to allay public
suspicion of his deviation from Sunni orthodoxy. On Khwaja's next
anniversary he sent Daniyal, as he now considered it tantamount to
36
polytheism and idolatry. Unworthy hypocrisy which he condescended
to practice failed to effect its purpose, and he found himself compelled to
meet by force the violent opposition aroused by his rash proceedings.37
Assumption of the spiritual headship by Akbar, flared up the
bigotry of the orthodox Muslims and a fire of restlessness began to
38
smolder nearly all over India. The reform in the administration of


The Promulgation of Din-i-Ilahi

The period of Akbar's enlightened measures actually starts from
1580 when there took place a final rapture between the king and the
orthodoxy.58 Gradually, Akbar was becoming wholly estranged from faith
of his youth, and was directing his energies to evolution of a new religion,
which would, he hoped, pave to be a synthesis of all warring creeds and
capable of uniting discordant elements of his vast empire in one
harmonious whole.59 He thought it undesirable therefore that Islam
should continue as the state religion.60 The attempt at establishing a
common religion was motivated by a desire to persuade the people to
accept one common religion. Which he thought essential in the interest of
the solidarity of the empire. But the age was not ripe for such a venture,
and the attempt failed, as it was bound to in the 16th century.61 Akbar's aim
62
was two fold, to ascertain the truth and to fuse together the
heterogeneous elements of his state into an organic whole which at last
culminated in the promulgation of Din-i-Ilahi in 1581 A.D.63 It seems that
it aimed at bending together a number of Akbar's courtries in personal
64
devotion to their ruler. The Din-i-Ilahi was never consciously intended
to unify the different peoples living in the empire through the medium of a
common religion. If Akbar intended to use this cult as a means for
political unification of his subjects, he would not have put restrictions
against new and intending entrants into the creed. Further, if political
unification subjects through the medium of a common religion was the
object, why should Akbar allow places of worships to be built by
members of other faiths? The Ilahians like other Muslims were orthodox.
Tawhid-i-Ilahi received so much prominence simply because it was
65
practiced by the Emperor and the great dignitaries of the state.
Bartoli writes that in order to do formal promulgation of Din-iIlahi to assembly of nobles and Ulama, Akbar unfolded that in the way (all
in one religon) security would be given to the empire. The king sent the
most distinguished Shaikh to proclaim in all quarters that in a short time,
the (religious) law to be professed throughout the Mughal empire would
be sent from the court; and that they should make themselves ready to
take it for the best, and accept it with reverence, whatever it might be'.
And all (who had no God other than the king, and no law other than his
will) with one voice replied that he should prescribe for the whole empire,
whatever was required to constitute one perfect and universal religion.66
And "the innovation of heresy" (ihdas-i-bidat) was found to give the
date.67 The king has made sect of his own and makes himself out to be a
prophet.68 All the courtiers now put down their names as faithful disciples
of the Throne.69 Consequently Din-i-Ilahi started and remained till end as
a small organization or brotherhood of those members of court who
70
accepted Akbar their spiritual as well as political leader. Nevertheless,
though probably originally intended to be a full fledged national religion,
Din-i-Ilahi remained from its inception a kind of socio-religious-cumpolitical brotherhood. It aimed at bringing together enlightened and
liberal minded Indians, who could come together on one common
platform. It is doubtful if it served any useful political purpose, for its
membership did not exceed a few thousands and with exception of Birbal,
all members were Muslims. Badayuni says that Akbar was keen to have
notable Hindus in its fold and that he frowned upon Muslims who
expressed a desire to enroll themselves. Nevertheless it became a
powerful factor that fostered a strong sense of loyalty to crown by casting
71
around it a halo of greatness and spirituality. He now was the spiritual
guide of the nation, and saw in the performance of this duty a means of
pleasing God. There were many thousands men of all classes, who have
casted over their shoulders the mantle of belief, and looked upon their
conversion to the New Faith as the means of obtaining every blessing.
72
They became his disciples through the motives of hope and fear. All
73
these lines became the source of confidence and promotion. Pinheiro
mentions that in Lahore, royal sect had many adherents.but all for sake of
money paid to them. Aziz Koka was the rash bigoted at heart and his
initial reaction to Akbar's religious policy was unfavorable, so much so
that he even left India on pretext of pilgrimage only to meet with
disillusionment, but after his return from Maccah, he enrolled himself in
Din-i-Ilahi and even performed Sijda.74 Akbar forgave and promoted him
to the rank of 5000 and appointed the governor of Bihar Soon after he
75
became Wakil (Prime Minister). Akbar did not make use of force or
pressure to secure members of the organization. Had he done so, he could
76
have had as many members as he liked. Nor did he penalize Bhagwant
Das and Man Singh for their spiritual opposition to his pet shceme of Dini-Ilahi. At Bhagwant's remark he "reflected a little' and "ceased to urge'
further, but sent Man Singh to Bengal.77 Todar Mal also refused to join,
the throne.53 Hakim disappointed to find that not a single officer, Hindu or
Muslim, nor even the Mullas of Lahore, joined him against Akbar.54
Issues involved in this struggle were firstly secularism versus theocracy
and Islamic State, and secondly, supremacy of Crown on one hand or that
of nobility and Ulama on other. Crown won contest. Struggle registered
triumph of secularism Akbar was now free to work out his own liberal
policy of toleration without being hampered by shackles imposed on him
55
by a foreign and unpatriotic nobility and a bigoted clergy. On Akbar's
celebrations of victory, there was a large number of Yogis who danced
56
and recited laudatory poems in praise of empire. ln a letter addressed to
Respectables of Maccah, Akbar says how he forgave Mohammad Hakim
and conferred upon him government of Kabul on condition that he would
strive hard for enforcement of Shariat.57


Smith thinks that "Jalla Jalaluhu" of course refer to emperor's

names, "Jalaluddin Akbar'. Jalla Jalaluhu means in Arabic, "glorious is
His glory' or "resplendent is His splendor'; an implied resemblance
81
between Akbar and sun probably being hinted at. Whole scheme was
outcome of ridiculous vanity, a monstrous growth of unrestrained,
autocracy. Its ignominious failure illustrated folly of kings who seek to
assume role of prophets.82
Akbar restricted the entrance because he was aware of their
intention of materialistic gains. Dr. R.P. Tripathi finds no political
importance of Din Ilahi. Yet he considers that it founded a party, which
gave the slogan of 'God and The King*. Ilahians established the truth that
how inspite of social, political and religious differences, the people's
meeting is possible on one platform for the loyalty of God and the King. It
gave the solidarity to public devotion towards the king and divine touch to
his throne. There is no evidence that Akbar trained the officials in it by the
83
party and sent them to propagate the concept in different provinces. Din
84
Ilahi re-affirmed Akbar's policy of Sulah-i-Kul.
ShabbirAhmad Khan Ghauri says that Akbar's 'Sulh-i-Kul was
85
the name of his fatal enmity towards Islam.
Belief in Wahdatul-Wajud led to tolerance, secularism, amicable
relations between all religious and racial communities and Akbar's
doctrine of Sulh-i-Kul the doctrine of Wahdat-ush-Shuhud let to worship
86
of external Shariat (Shariat-i-Zahiri) and communal hatred.
References :
1.
Badayuni, A.Q. 'Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh, II, pp.268 (Text Akbar Namah III
p.396)
2.
Smith, V.A., Akbar the Great Mogul p. 177
3.
Roy Choudhuiy, M.L., Din-i-Ilahi (Das Gupta and Co Ltd, Calcutta, 1952)
p.68
4.
Politella (Muslim World, LVI, Jan. 1966) pp.29-30
5.
Roy Choudhury, Op.Cit.p.68
6.
Roy Choudhuiy, The State and Religion in Mughal India pp.191-192
7.
Smith, Op. Cit, p.218
8.
Ibid, p. 177
9.
Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh, II.p.210
10. Ain-i-Akbari, III p.398 (Happy Sayings)
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
Relacam, (Spanish Tr.) Ch.m.p.16 quoted by Smith, Op.Cit, p.l78 (F.N.)

Saiyed Sabahud- din Abdur Rahman says, that he ordered, to read, instead of
Kalma
(Hindustan Ke Salatin, Ulma, Aur Mashaikh Ke Taaluqat per Ek Nazar
(Ma'arif (Urdu). 89, 5 May,1962) p.339
Tripathi, R.P. Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire p. 196
Smith, Op. Cit.p. 1 78; also Haig, S.W. , The Cambridge History of India (The
University Press,Cambridge, 1937) Iv, p.123 and pp.121 ff.
Srivastava, AL, 'Akbar the Great, I pp.241-242
Badayuni, Op.Cit., II, p.279 (Text); Aini-Akbari (Blochmann) I,p.l86
Cf. Blochmann, Smith, pp. 178-1 81, Haig, p.364
Malleson, Akbar p.158
Srivastava, Op.Cit.I, p.243; also Tripathi, R.P.,Op. Cit. .200
Badayuni, Op.Cit II, p.272
Sharma, S.R. 'The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors'. pp.33-34
Ibid,pp.l81-182
Rizvi, S.A.A., Religious and Intellectual History of the Muslims in Akbar' s
Reign: with special reference to Abul Fazl. p.253
Azad, A.K. Tazkirah (Delhi, 1968) p.41
Smith, Op. cit.p.180
Rizvi, Op. Cit.p.174
Srivastava, Op.Cit, I, p.l75
Tripathi, Op.Cit, p.l98
Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh II, pp.198-200;also 'Hazart Shaikh Abdun Nabi
Gangohi' (Makhuz) 'Huda' Islami Digest (New Delhi) Vol.21, No.245, Aug.
1988 pp.91-104.
Srivastava, Op.Cit.,p.396
Akhlaqi-Jalali p. 134
Ain-i-Akbari (Ed.Sayed Ahmad Khan) I, p.3; (Tr. Blochmann)I,p.3
Khan, I.A.,The Nobility Under Akbar and the Development of his Religious
Policy (1560-80) Journal of Royal Asiatic Society (1968) p.34.
Buckler, The Infaliblility Decree or MahdarJ.R.A..S. (1924)p.591, also
Leicester University Lecture); Krishnamurti Akbar, p.22-23
Akbar Namah, III; pp.271-274
Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh, II.p.276
Srivastava, Op. Cit I. pp.245-246
Smith, Op. Cit, p.l82
Akbar Namah, III p.397
'Mulla Muhammad Yazdi dar subah-i-Jaunpur ra raftah Fatwa be-wijub-ikharuj wa baghi bar Badshah dad,' (Badayuni, Op.Cit. II (Text) p.276)
Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh II, p.284
Akbar the Great Mughul, p.192
Akbar, M,The Punjab under the Mughals p.62 (F.N.)
Roy Choudhury, The State and Religion in Mughal India,p.24
Badayuni, Op.Cit, II, pp.193-200 (Text)
Ibid, pp.276-277 (Text)
Roy Choudhury; Din-i-Ilahi pp.90-93; Smith Op.Cit,p.207
Roy Choudhury, The State and Religion in Mughal India; p.200.
Badayuni, Op.Cit. II,p.77, 204-206
Ibid, p.203
Ain-i-Akbari I, p.273; Badayuni, Op.Cit II.p.32
Cf. Letters of Abul Fazl, from Akbar to Abdull Khan written in 1586 and
1596.
Akbar Namah, III,p.366.
but he showed no resentment.78 Dr. M.L. Roy Choudhury says that the
statement of Badayuni that Akbar was not willing to include the Hindus
and the actual absence of the Hindus in Ilahian definitely refutes the
suggestion that there was a political move of Imperial unification behind
79
Din-i-Ilahi. Smith calls it Akbar's sham religion. Shabbir Ahmad Khan
80
Ghauri writes.

IMPORTANCE OF MIR BAKHSHIS

UNDER THE MUGHALS - WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE UNDER SHAHJAHAN.
Seema Khan
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
Cf. Dabistan-i-Mazahib Ed., Ashraf, N (Calcutta) pp.431-32

Akbar Namah (Beveridge) III, p.511
Srivastava.Op.Cit I, p.295
Akbar Namah III, p.379; Commentaries, pp.174-176; Tabaqat-i-Akbari,
pp364-365
Jaffar, S.M. Religious Views of Akbar and Aurangzeb as disclosed by
Contemporary Archives (Proc. All P.H.C., I, 1951), p.273
Khan IA., Notes on the Conception of Akbar's Religious Policy (read in the
Seminar, Historical Models in the Study of Tradition and Change in India,
Oct. 19-26, 1969, Simla) (A.M.U. Hist. Dept. Article No.25)p. 11
Smith, Op. Cit., P. 162
Nijjar, B.S., Punjab under the Great Mughals P.128
Srivastava.Op. Cit. I, p.528; also Akbar and National Integration (J.I.H.XL.I118, April 1962) p.8
Shaikh Nur-ul-Haq Zubdat-ut-Tawarikh VI, p.l91
Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh II .p.335
Sharma, Op.Cit, p.43
Roy Choudhury,. Op. Cit. pp.201-202.
Bartoli, pp.75-77 quoted by Smith, Op.Cit.p.221
Ain-i-Akbari (Tr. Blochmann) I, p. 198; also (Lowe), p.323
Maclagan, E.,The Jesuits and the Great Mughal,p.55
Badayuni, Op.Cit., P,299
Tripathi, R.P., Op. Cit, I, 286
Srivastava, Op.Cit. I, p.311 :
Badayuni, Op. Cit, p.277, Ain-i-Akbari Blochmann, I. p. 185
Badayuni, Op. Cit, p.314
Rizvi, Muslim Revivalist Movements in Northern India in the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries p.235
Srivastava, Op. Cit. I, P.295
Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh, II, p.313
Badayuni, Op.Cit, p.375
Keene, H.G. 'The Turks in India', pp.69-70
Smith, Op. Cit, pp.211,221
Ghauri, S.A.K. Solahvin Satarahin Sadi Men Shumali Hindustan ke Andar
Muslim Ahyaie Tahriken (Ma'arif 97, v. May 1966) p.343
Smith, Op. Cit, P.218 (F.N.)
Ibid. P.222
Tripathi, Op, Cit. P.228
Srivastava, Op. Cit. I, P. 311
Ghauri, Op. Cit, (Ma'arif 97, V, May,1966) p.344
Habib, M. Foreword to Rizvi, S.A.A. Op. Cit p.VII; Lari Azad, M.A., 'Religion
and Politics in India during the 17th Century', Criterion Publications, Delhi
1990, p.54.
Head, Dept. of History
N.R.E.C. College, Khurja
U.P. - 203131, INDIA
10
The Mughal military system as stated earlier was a combination

of Mongol mobility, Turk discipline and tenacity and Persian
sophistication and organizational ability. On the arrival of Babur in India
the system proved so effective that other independent and semiindependent states within the country began to either copy it or borrow
from it. The system was at its most effective until the time of Akbar after
1
which it went into steady decline.
During the time of Delhi Sultanate, the separation of the military
department from the Vizarat as a safeguard against a vazir's excessive
2
power. Its development under Balban and Allauddin Khalji. Balban
emphasized the important of this new office in his regime, and he had
used to say that it should be held by the highest Khan of the kingdom and
that he should be supreme in his department.3 Alauddin Khaliji further
increased its prestige and the military needs of his time greatly
emphasized the importance of the department. Thus a new department
became established as a part of the central government. In the Delhi
Sultanate it appears under several names all of which carry the same idea
4
5
6
without any distinction. Ravat-i-Arz, Arz-i-Mamalik, Mubarak Shahi,
7
Diwan-i-Arz .
The position of the head of the military department and the
importance of this office is clearly brought out in the several scattered
passages of Barni, i.e. Imad-ul-Mulk, military officer during the time of
Balban, on one occasion said, I am its chief, and the army ids the defender
8
of the subjects of the dominions . Thus, the Ravat-i-Arz of Balban or
Diwan-i-Arz of Firuzshah was to representatives of the king and the head
of the military department.9 During Sultanate period, the head of the
military department had direct access to the king, and the officers of the
departments placed their annual reports regarding the army and the
10
muster directly before the king.
The changes occurred its name, the arrival of the Mughals in
India, and the Akbar developed it on his own lines to suit the requirements
of his Empire. During Mughals the term Bakhshi was used for military
officers. Bakhashi is a word probably from the Sanskrit Bhikshu which
11
appears in east Turki and Persia during the Mongol period. In the Empire
of the Indian Mughals, the Bakhshi was an official of a high rank who had
charge of the registration of a body of troops and had to pay them.12
The Mughal Empire, like the Sultanate, was by its nature a
military rule and therefore, necessarily, a centralized despotism. In time it
tried to grow roots in the soil but retained its basic military character to the
very end. ShahJahan also followed the same system of the Mughal
Empire. Every official, including ecclesia carried a Mansab or military
rank which determined his pay and status. Even the official in charge of
the royal kitchen carried a Mansab of 600.13
During the time of Akbar the Vakil was the Chief Minister, Abul
HISTORY

11
IMPORTANCE OF MIR BAKHSHIS UNDER THE MUGHALS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE UNDER SHAHJAHAN.
Asalat Khan Mir Abdul Hadi

Zafar Khan Umadat-ul-Mulk
Khalil Ullah Khan
Seventeenth to twentieth
Twentieth to twenty third year
Twenty third to twenty
fourth year
Mahabat Khan Mirza Lahrasp
Twenty fourth to twenty
fifth year
(Itiqad Khan Mirza) Bahman Yar Twenty fifth to end of the
thirtieth year
Danishmand Khan
Thirty first year and resigned in
the same year
Amin Khan Mir Mohammad Amin Thirty first year.
The role of Mir Bakhshi in Mansabdari System Though for
administrative purposes, the Mughal army was divided into five
departments- cavalry, Elephantry, Artillery, Infantry and Navy, yet the
cavalry enjoyed a dominant position.21 The medieval sultans of India had
always, looked upon horsemen as the only effective soldiers in their
armies.22 The Mughals, too, looked upon cavalry as the main arm of their
forces.23
On a number of occasions the leading nobles of the Empire,
particularly governors of provinces and commanders of military
expeditions, recommended persons for appointment to the Emperor.
Their recommendations were generally accepted and mansabs were
24
conferred on persons recommended by them.
The institution of the army and the mansabdari system
interpenetrate each other, so that the one is incomplete without the other.
It is an important feature of the Mughal administration that all civil
officers, high and low were chosen from the holders of the military rank,
i.e., the mansabdars.
So we find that the mansabdari system is the army, the peerage
and the civil administration all rolled into one. The mansab, although
primarily a military rank really constituted the terms in which official
hierarchy, an incidentally social status, was expressed. A mansab did not
25
by itself imply pay any particular office. In a sense the history of the
mughal army is the history of the manasabdari system covers a much
wider field than the army, while some portions of the army were not under
26
mansabdars. The composition of the army, it is necessary to form a
tolerably clear idea of the graduated organization. At once military
official and aristocratic known as the mansabdari system and its incidents
and implications.
Mansabdari system is the most highly developed form-for
instance in the reign of ShahJahan. Shahjahan introduced yak-aspa, do
Seema Khan
12
Fazal's Ain-i- Akbari also described The Emperor's lieutenant in all

14
matters connected with the realm or the household after Akbar this term
to be called Nazim. The Mughal administration and the military system
inherited Turkish chaghtai terms which gradually changed to Persian
terms and still later partly adopted local Indian terminology accounts for
multiple designations and caused confusion.15
The revenue department and the department of finance were
separated from the administrative ministry and placed under a Diwan.
Several departments which dealt with army were under the overall
supervision of the vakil. The primary department for the army was under a
Bakhshi but only slightly important military departments were under a
Mir Bahari ( admiral )and an Akhtabegi ( Superintendent of remounts and
stables).16
Military departments under his overall control were Sahib-itawji (controller military Accounts) and a Nazir-i-buyutat (chief
Supervisor workshops including manufacture of arms and stores.17 The
Emperor personally supervised the armed forces and attended too much
of the detail as the commander-in-chief.
Before tracing the development of the institution of Mir Bakhshi
under ShahJahan and the power, function exercised and position
occupied by him in the hierarchy of officials, it would be appropriate to
give the biographical details of all the dignitaries who adorned this high
office and to discuss the plurality of functions discharged by them from
time to time. It would further help to point out the racial extraction, the
quantum of their mansab, the multiplicity of obligations enjoyed by them
as well as the validity of their official utilization with a view to their
postings to the most challenging jobs confronting the Empire. He was the
head of the military department and looked after recruitment, reviews and
other similar affairs connected with army. He was assisted by a
18
subordinate Bakhshi called the second Bakhshi. When armies were on
the move a separate Bakhshi was attached to each division and they were
probably individually responsible to the chief or Mir Bakhshi.19
20
List of Mir Bakshis under ShahJahan.
Name of Mir Bakshi
Time period
Iradat Khan
Continued for a short time
Sadiq Khan
First year to sixth year
Islam Khan Mashhadi
Sixth to eight year
Mir Mohammad Amir
Eight to tenth year
Jumla Sharistani
Mutamad Khan
Tenth to thirteenth year
Mohammad Sharif
Salabat Khan Raushan Damir
Thirteenth to seventeenth year
13
Hence it is gleaned from the above that the Mir Bakhshi ranked
as one of the most top officials of immense trust , responsibility and
importance in Empire and was entrusted with the significant job of the
intensely supervising the entire Mansabdari system, which was
considered the most important institution of the Mughal Empire.
Mir Bakhshi's department and Ahadis- Regarding Ahadis39
department under the Mughal Empire, we find full details in the Ain as
given below: there are many brave and worthy persons whom his
Majesty does not appoint to a mansab, but whom he frees from being
under the orders of anyone. Such persons belong to the immediate
servants of his majesty, and dignified by their independence. They go
through the school of learning their duties, and have their knowledge
40
tested. As it is the aim of external, he calls such persons Ahadis. For the
sake of the convenience of the Ahadis, a separate Diwan and a paymaster
were appointed, and one of the great Amirs as their chief. Without
partiality or accepting bribes, he takes daily before his majesty. When
they have been approved of, they passed for service. Ahadis are mustered
every four months, when a certificate signed by the Diwan and Bakhshi,
which is called now a day's tashiha, the clerk of the treasury writes out a
41
receipt, to counter signed by the principal grandees. an Ahadis generally
finds his own horse; but afterwards he gets it from the government, and if
the certificate of the inspectors, which is called Saqatnama, explains the
reason why the horse is not forthcoming he is held indemnified for his
dead horse, but does not receive the money for keeping a horse until he
gets a new one. But if he has no Saqatnama to show, he is not allowed
42
anything from the time of the last muster.
43
Lahori's Badshahnama gives the detail of Ahadis during the
ShahJahan's reign; ShahJahan maintained 7000 Ahadis in his twentieth
regnal year. Mohammad Waris44 mentioned that ShahJahan sent about
5000 Ahadis including archers, gunners, and musketeers, on each of the
three expeditions to Qandahar in 1649, 1652 and 1653.
Abul Fazal writes that Ahadis formed an elite class because they
were paid higher salaries higher than paid to the ordinary soldiers; but
they were employed mostly singly and quite ofern on non-military
errand.45
Many civilians had the ranks of Ahadis, being employed in
administration and clerical capacities. In fact through hey were not
organized as a fighting force and were employed mostly for household
duties.
Hence, from above it has been confirmed that the process applied
by the Mughal government in the appointments fixation of salaries etc.
was quite similar to the one which was applied in the case of mansabdars
and the Mir Bakhshi played an important role in all the affairs related to
46
the Ahadis.
Seema Khan
14
aspa and si-aspa. Now about do-aspa and si-aspa , the 2-3 horse rank.27
The quality of the Mughal army, therefore , depended upon the
leaders chosen under the mansabdari system and the soldiers recruited
and presented by them, the government, speaking generally rested upon
their loyalty and their efficiency.28
Mir Bakhshi's duties related to mansabdars are given below in
the brief:
The Mir Bakhshi issued certificates( Dastak) under his seal and
29
signature for the following purposes.
1. Grants of mansab, and sanctions of increments to the princes and
other royal personage, amirs of high rank, and other high officials.(
all the high officials even Diwan, Mir Bakhshi himself, Sadr-usSudur, and Mir Saman etc. held mansab.)
30
2. Muster of troops.
3. Branding of the horses.
4. Branding and verification of the troops of high amirs and
31
mansabdars, required in their death or dismissal.
5. Appointment of the Darogha , Amir and Mushrifs for the branding
and verification of troops attached to the king, and the postings of the
same to provinces and different armies.32
We find usually Mir Bakhshis presented all the candidates for
33
service before the king. The Mir Bakhshi kept the following records in
his offices:
List of mansabdars stationed at the capital and deputed to
provinces, accounts and demands due from mansabdars, abstract of pay
bills, Dastu-ul-amal(regulations) governing the salaries in cash and jagir
and the conversion of Jagirs into cash salaries, list of the rank of
mansabdars and the salaries drawn by them, and the manner in which
they were drawn, descriptive rolls (Chehra) of mansabdars and Sawars,
records of branding and verification, records of the attendance of
mansabdars in the provinces and different armies, he secured the bonds
of surety from the newly appointed mansabdars and soldiers, and
preserved theses papers in his custody.34
For this duity the Mir Bakhshi was assisted by two other
35
Bakhshis at the central. Mir Bakhshi called the first Bakhshi, his
assistants were called second and third Bakhshis respectively. In
Shahjahn's reign the number was increased to three.36 Mostly all the three
Bakhshis were in attendance in the various audiences of the monarchy.37
The work load among them was divided in accordance with the rank of
38
the Mansabdars. The first Bakhshi related to the affairs of the royal
Princes and the highest mansabdars, the second Bakhshi was related with
the second grade mansabdars, the third Bakhshi related to the lowest.
There was a complete procedure of the various papers and the
maintenance of the records.
15
References :
1.
Major General Gurcharn Singh Sandhu, A Military History of Medieval India,
Vision Books Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2003, p.567
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Ziyauddin Barni, Tarikh-i-Firozshahi, Asiatic Society Bengal, Calcutta, 1862, p.

115
Ibid.
Ibid, pp.114-115
Ibid., pp. 174, 197,
Ibid., pp.251-252
Ibid., pp.60
Ibid., p.116
Ibn Hasan, Central Structure of the Mughal Empire, p.213
Ibid.
Ibid.
Encyclopaedia of Islam, p.600
Major General Gurcharn Singh Sandhu, A Military History of Medieval
India,p.567
Abul Fazal, Ain i- Akbari, vol.III, Naval kishore,1882, trns. H.Beveridge, Low
Price Publication, 1902, 1939,p. 8
Major General Gurcharn Singh Sandhu, A Military History of Medieval India,
op.cit., p.567
Ibid., p. 568
Ibid.
B.P.Saaxena, History of ShahJahan of Dihli,Allahabad,1976,p.276
Abdul Hamid Lahori, Badshahnama, Bibliotheca Indica,vol.I,p.241
Inayat Khan, ShahJahanNama, edi. W.E. Begley and Z.A.Desai, Delhi, 1990,
p.37
William Irvine, The Army of the Indian Moghuls, New Delhi,1962, p.57
I. H. Qureshi, The Administration of the Mughal Empire, Delhi,1995, p.134
Ibid., p.114
Abdul Aziz, The Mansabdari System and the Mughal Army, Idarah-i-Adabiyat-iDelli, 2009, p.33
Ibid., pp.1-2
Ibid.
Lahori, BadshahNama, vol.I, p. 113
Abdul Aziz, p.182
Ibn Hasan,Central Structure of the Mughal Empire,p.226
Abul Fazal, Ain-i-Akbari, pp.158,191, Ibn Hasan, Central Structure of the
Mughal Empire, p.216
Musters were very common in the reigns of great mughals in India. The march
past of the army of a prince or a great noble in the reign of ShahJahan Or the
soldiers and the horses of the mansabdars after Dagh-o-Chehra ( branding and
verification ) in the case of fresh appointments, and at regular intervals in cases of
permanent officers , were also presented by the Bakhshis before the King. This
duity performed by other Bakhshis also. The presence of Mir Bakhshi was not
essential.
Ibn Hasan, p.226, this was considered necessary for the settlement of the
accounts of salaries on the basis of the troops actually in his service at that
particular time.
Mirat-i-Ahmadi, p.152
R.K.Phul,Armies of the Great Mughals ,New Delhi,1978, p.37
Ibn Hasan, pp.226-227
J.N.Sarkar, Mughal Administration, , at the end of the Aurangzeb's reign there
were three subordinate Bakhshis.
Lahori,Badshahnama, vol. I, p.279, Mutamad Khan, the second Bakhshi (During
the ShahJahan's reign) by the right of seniority in services was appointed the Mir
Seema Khan
16
Mir Bakhshi and his duties relating to army.

Firstly, Mir Bakhshi prepared a written statement called
"Haqiqat"47 of the candidate, which contained details like the name of the
applicant and his father, his native place and other special qualifications.
The Sovereign, if impressed, issued orders for an interview. The person
was brought before him in the audience hall. The candidate had to offer a
present (nazr) or a sort of service fee (khidmatana)48,but merit was the
most essential qualification for the appointment of any mansabdar or
49
official.
Secondly, the newly appointed officer brought surety for good
50
conduct (tamasak-i-hazir-zamini) credentials were verified from his
51
patron noble. The Mir Bakhshi issued a certificate called 'tasdiq' stating
that he was granted such and such mansab (both zat and sawar). It also
contained Bakhshi's order that the case should be entered into the 'record
52
of events (Waqiah). the events writer (waqiya-navis) made and
53
appropriate entry in his records ad sent back an extract called 'yad dasht'
or a sort of pay bill to Mir Bakhshi's office, then it was sent to the office of
superintendent of revision endorsed it by stating, on such and such date ,
54
month and year, it was brought for the second time. Before a
mansabdar was entitled to get his pay, he had to secure the descriptive
rolls of his relatives an horses from the superintendent of banding
department. This certificate contained the particulars given below:
Once all the above mentioned papers had been submitted to the
Mir Bakhshi's office, a special estimate of the officer's salary called
55
'taliqah' was prepared. It also contained particulars like the grantee's
rank (zat and sawar), his salary etc. A taliqah was in the form of an
executive order, which authorized the person concerned to get his salary
from he state.
56
A copy of this estimate called 'sarkhat' was handed over to the
officer. It was of great importance because it was on this basis that the
Diwan made entries in his records which he placed before the king for
sanction. The sanction thus obtained, was again reported to Mir Bakhshis;
and it was after his signature and seal that the document was considered
57
complete. The Mir Bakhshi of the Mughal Empire enjoyed all the
58
powers of the Diwan-i-Arz, as the head of the department.
From above it is confined that the Mir Bakhshi used to be the
most trusted officer of the Empire and the Emperor had much confidence
in him. Thus the duties of the Mir Bakhshi were of such a nature that he
could hardly be kept way from the imperial presence. He was
indispensably of the Mughal royalty.
17
RAJA JAI SINGH :

AS A MILITARY COMMANDER
OF SHAHJAHAN
Samreen Iram
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
Bakhshi.
Lahori, Badshahnama, vol.I, pp.147,153
I.H.Qureshi, The Administration of the Mughal Empire, p. 78
I.H.Qureshi, The Administration of the Mughal Empire, p.79, here was a separate
Bakhshi for the Ahadis.
Abul Fazal, Ain-i-Akbari, vol.II, p. 9
Ain-i-Akbari, Eng.trns. , vol.I, pp.259-60
Ibid.
Lahori, Badshahnama, vol.II,p.715
Mohammad Waris, Badshahnama, vol.II, pp.446-47
Abul fazl, Ain-i-Akbari, vol.II, cited by I.H.Quraishi, The Administration of the
Mughal Empire, p. 119
Ibid.,p.36
Abul Fazl, Ain-i-Akbari,(Eng.trns.) byH. Blockmann, vol.III, Low price
publication Delhi,1949, pp.46-47
Major General Gurucharan Singh Sandhu, A Military History of Medieval India,
New Delhi,2003, p,543
R.K.Phul,op.cit.,p.36
Ibid., p.37
Ibn Hasan,The Central Structure of the Mughal Empire, op.cit., p.93
Ibid.
M.Athar Ali, Mansab and Imperial Policy under Shah Jahan, p.6
Ain-i-Akbari(Eng.tr), vol.I, op.cit., p.258, William Irvin, Army of the Indian
Moghuls,op.cit.,p.43
Ibid.
R.K.Phul,op.cit.,p.39,U.N.Day, The Mughal Government,p.49
Ibn Hasan,The Central Structure of the Mughal Empire, p.215
Research Scholar
CAS, Department of History, A.M.U. Aligarh.
18
Mirza Raja Jai Singh was a prominent noble of Shahjahan's reign.

He was the son of Maha Singh1 and the great grandson of Man Singh
(1592 A.D. 1614 A.D), the eminent noble and great warrior of Akbar,2 he
belonged to the prestigious Kachhwaha family of Amber. Jai Singh
entered into the Mughal service in his early age during Jahangir's reign.
He was raised the mansab (rank) of 1,000 Zat and 500 Sawar in 1026 A.H.
/ 1617 A.D,3 and later ascended the throne of Amber in 1031 A.H. / 1621
A.D.4 In the present paper an attempt is made to highlight the role of Jai
Singh as a military commander in the various battles during Shahjahan's
reign. I have used the Farmans issued by Shahjahan to Jai Singh at the
time of campaigns. These Farmans provide the information about the
position of Jai Singh in the campaigns. These Farmans are available in
Rajasthan State Archives of Bikaner. I will discuss few important
campaigns of Jai Singh in the present theme. He has been mentioned by
the contemporary authorities as a skilful commander and clever
statesman at the Mughal court and who had earned reputation in the
Mughal army.
Role of Raja Jai Singh in the first siege of Parenda fort
The siege of Parenda fort was an important part of Ahmadnagar
campaign in the Deccan. Jai Singh performed excellent military activities
in the Deccan.5 In 1040 A.H. / 1631 A.D, he was deputed to the siege of
Parenda.6 This expedition was the turning point of his military career, he
had an opportunity of displaying his coolness and contempt.
Mughal general Azam Khan planned to besiege Parenda fort, but the
defenders had entranced themselves strongly in Petta town. This town
was situated on the way of Parenda fort, which was surrounded by mud
walls five yards (gaz) high and three yards (gaz) thick. Azam Khan
deputed Jai Singh with a few of the royalist to destroy the Petta town. Jai
Singh advanced upon the town which lay opposite to the fort, he started a
tremendous attack with his trained and dependable elephants, and his
other strong Rajput Kachhawaha soldiers. His elephants pulled down the
strong mud walls of Petta town. Azam Khan pressed the siege of Parenda
fort, awaited for reinforcements and treasure from court. The imperial
army strengthened their hold around the fort and marked to draw three
safe passages till the ditch from three sides and commenced to cover it up,
when Jai Singh had carried on one to the end of the ditch, and commenced
7
filling it up.
Muqarrab Khan was the commander of Nizam Shah's army, he did
not take the action against imperial army, and he waited for a favourable
opportunity, and then started the battle. He stayed at Bhum town. Imperial
army got the information about his intention, Azam Khan along with Jai
Singh and others started battle in that direction. Imperial army suddenly
attacked on the enemies, they had no opportunity to escape. They lost 600
camels, 200 horses, number of cattle and vast amount of properties.8
HISTORY
19
RAJA JAI SINGH : AS A MILITARY

COMMANDER OF SHAHJAHAN
Account of the capture Udgir fort of Raja Jai Singh

In 1045 A.H.\1636 A.D., Shahjahan gave the responsibility to
reduce the forts of Udgir to Khan-i-Dauran and his commanders, Jai
Singh was the right hand of Khan-i-Dauran, and he had excellent
contribution in the conquest of Udgir fort.21 Khan-i-Dauran had received
the order that he was getting the possession of the leading elephants,
which were the confines of his territories upon the conquest of Udgir and
Jai Singh was the commander of the royalist's vanguard and together with
another task to reduce the rebels and utterly routed them with swift of his
22
charge. Shahjahan issued the Farman and he said that, Khan-i-Dauran
asked about your services, he was presented them and also saluted your
royalty in the conquest of Udgir and desired him to attend the royal court
after the conquest of Ausa.23
In 1046 A.H. / 1637 A.D., Jai Singh received the special honour, he
was promoted the rank of 5,000 Zat and 5,000 Sawar with flower sword
(Phool Katarah). The Pargana of Chatsoo which had been until now a
crown land, a reliance of Suba Ajmer and was included in the Khalsah
Sharifah and a horse of Qibchaq from the royal stable with Mutalla
24
saddle. In 1048 A.H. / 1639 A.D., Shahjahan held a grand review of
5,000 troops at Naushera, in which he witnessed the dignified and
valorous appearance of Jai Singh and then passing between the ranks on
an elephant. Shahjahan gave the title of Mirza Rajah to Jai Singh, which
his great grandfather Man Singh enjoyed in the reign of Akbar.25
Mirza Raja Jai Singh sent with Prince Murad to reduce Mau fort
In 1051 A.H. / 1641 A.D., Shahjahan sent Prince Murad along with
Jai Singh and others to reduce the rebellion of Jagat Singh, he entered
Paithan after marching Sialkot from Kabul.26 Murad was stayed at Paithan
to established quarters and other necessities.27 Jai Singh and Asalat Khan
proceeded on the bank of Chakki river via the pass and both met in
environs of Mau and encamped on a level sport near the garden of Raja
28
Basu, which was situated between Chakki river and Darrah. Shahjahan
issued the Farman to Jai Singh that Asalat Khan would convey oral orders
to him. He was further told that Saeed Khan Bahadur Jafar Jung would
march against Mau fort in the way of Amber, you and Qilij Khan should
29
try hard to reduce the Mau.
Jai Singh and Asalat Khan were sent in different directions to better
down the barriers and besieged defended with arrows, muskets and other
implements of war and they believes in their project, influence
30
themselves with throwing up entrenchments. As soon as Mughal army
reached on the way of fort, Prince Murad gave the instructions to his
commanders. Jai Singh sent with his group to capture the fort. On other
side, he had plunged into warfare with objective of carrying out the fort by
31
an attack. He gave full attention to it, he entered the fort firstly. And Jagat
Singh was watching his defeat from the hands of Mughal commanders, he
Samreen Iram
20
After this defeat, Muqarrab Khan appealed to Randaula, the commander

of Bijapur army for help. He represented to him the depress condition of
9
Ahmadnagar. On the receipt of the report of alliance between
10
Ahmadnagar and Bijapur, Azam Khan laid siege of Parenda fort.
Jai Singh arrived at the court, Shahjahan issued the Farman to Jai
Singh, emperor appreciated the services rendered by Raja in the conquest
of Parenda fort, desired him to discharge his duties as creditably he has
11
been doing.
Second Expedition of Parenda Fort
In 1044 A.H./1634 A.D., Mughal emperor was once again started
preparations for the siege of Parenda fort, Shahjahan appointed Shah
Shuja with a huge army. Shah Shuja was conferred a mansab of ten
thousand Zat and five thousand Sawar.12 Jai Singh and Khan-i- Jahan and
other nobles were dispatched with suitable rewards and honours.
Emperor appointed one thousand mounted musketeers, infantry men and
five lakhs of treasure dispatched with Mughal army.13
Mughal general Khan-i-Jahan gave the military command to
commanders, Jai Singh along with other Rajputs appointed to the
vanguard, Rashid Khan and Asalat Khan selected to right wing, Mubariz
Khan appointed to the left wing. They reached near Parenda with as much
as speed possible on the back of the stream, which run one kilo meter from
14
the fort. Khan-i Jahan was hearing the news of enemy's attacks, he
quickly taken the steps and he divided imperial army in different
directions to suppress the rebellion. Jai Singh was appointed the rear
guard, he kept up running fight with enemy the whole way and reached to
the royal camp safely towards ends of the day.15 Khan-i-Jahan suggested
to Prince Shuja that Jai Singh and some other imperial nobles were to
mount two and three hours at the night, when imperial army reached on
the mountain at the night, they had elapsed but enemies had already
information about this plan so that plan could not be carried out.16 Jai
Singh was the commander of vanguard and arrested a number of
17
prisoners of their foot.
In 1044 A.H. / 1634 A.D., imperial army around the Parenda fort, Jai
Singh was taken the charge of centre side of battle along with Khan-iJahan and other warriors.18 At that time, Khan-i-Zaman was making the
new strategy against enemies, he taken the decision that first of all they
were attacked upon the enemies's army in front of him. Khan-i-Jahan was
to move his horse upon the army which came near him. And immediately,
Jai Singh quickly supported to Khan-i-Jahan. But they were overtaken by
the enemies.19 Jai Singh played an important role in the campaign of
Parenda fort but unfortunately this campaign was not success. He had the
charges of different sides. Jai Singh kept the road clear for the marching
forces because he was trooping away the harassing guerrilla war
technique.20

21

32
took his sons and dependants had been escaped.

Shahjahan issued the Farman to Jai Singh that appreciated the
services rendered by Raja in the conquest of Mau and directed him to
destroy the enemy root and branch. The autograph of Shahjahan in the left
upper side of this Farman.33
Shahjahan dispatched Mirza Raja Jai Singh to Balkh
In 1057 A.H. / 1647 A.D., Raja Jai Singh had reached to the court,
was head of two thousand horses, and he also received reward and
honour. He deputed to proceed to Balkh along with other Rajputs under
34
Aurangzeb. At this time Aurangzeb sent Jai Singh to bring back Saadat
35
Khan from Tirmiz. He had marched with imperial forces from Balkh
towards Kabul, they reached Faizabaad which was the city of Balkh, Jai
Singh returned from Tirmiz with Saadat Khan and he joined the imperial
army.36 Aurangzeb divided his army into three divisions he appointed Jai
Singh and his Rajputs troops on the right wing, Amir-ul-Umara and his
37
troops from the left wing and Bahadur Khan appointed the rear guard.
Jai Singh started the march from Surkhab, he faced many difficulties
on his way. On account of the slimness of the road and difficulty of defiles
that occurred further on.38 As soon as he crossed Char Chashma, he
suffered very tough situation from the continuous snowfall, during which
he halted on the road. When he reached in Hindukush, the snow falling
started for day and night after he crossed the way. He brought safely to
Kabul.39
Role of Raja Jai Singh in three campaigns of Qandahar
In 1058 A.H., / 1648 A.D., Jai Singh was appointed under
Aurangzeb to proceed Qandahar fort, he was the commander of left wing
with 5,000 horsemen.40 He was posted in aforesaid garden.41 After the
three and one-half month, imperial army could not achieve the victory on
Qandahar.42
In 1062 A.H. / 1652 A.D., Jai Singh once again appointed under
Aurangzeb to Qandahar, He was the commander of vanguard with 204
43
nobles and mansabdars, 1,000 musketeers and 3,000 infantry men, he
joined his place around the fort and appointed in the opposite the
Khwajah Khizir gate to Manshuri gate.44 Jai Singh played a prominent
role in the important campaigns under Shahjahan. He believed on his
bravely character, emperor given the responsibility of vanguard to him.
He fought the fight full of dedication in the battle field. He received the
promotion for conspicuous merit.
21.
References:
1.
Khwajah Kamgar Husaini, Ma'asir-i-Jahangiri, ed. Azra Alvi,Centre of
Advanced study, Department of History, A.M.U., Aligarh, Asian Publishing
House, Bombay, 1978, p.339, Jahangir, Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, ed. Saiyid Ahmad
Khan, Ghazipur, 1863, p.130, James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
The Central and Western Rajput States of India, Vol-III, ed. William Crooke,
Delhi, 1990, p.1339.
Tuzuk, p.356, Abul Fazl given the account of Raja Jai Singh's ancestor, Abul Fazl,
AkbarNamah, Vol-II, ed.Maulvi Abdur Rahim, Asiatic Society of Bengal,
Calcutta, 1879, p.156, Qazvini also given the information about the Raja Jai
Singh's family, Qazvini, BadshahNama, pt-b, Rotograph ( R No- 191), Rieu i
/258 b, B.M MS. No. or. 173., Centre of Advanced study Department of History,
A.M.U., Aligarh, ff.276a, b.
Tuzuk, Op.cit, p.192.
Tuzuk, p.337, Shyamal Das, VirVinod, Vol-II, Pt-b, Delhi, 1986, p.1287, James
Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or The Central and Western Rajput
States of India, Vol-III, p.1340.
History of Medieval Deccan (1295-1724), Vol II, ed. Prof. H.K. Sherwani, Joint
ed. Dr. P.M. Joshi, The Government of Andra Pradesh, Andra Pradesh, 1974,
p.231, Parenda fort was near on sina river on the route from Ahmadnagar to
Sholapur.
Inayat Khan,ShahJahanNamah, tr, A.R. Fuller,s ed. W.E.Begley and Z.A.Desai,
Delhi, 1990, p. 132, Shahnawaz khan, Maasir ul Umara, Vol.III, ed. Maulvi
Mirza Ashraf Ali, Asiatic society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1891, pp.569.
Abdul Hamid Lahori, Badshahnama, Vol-I, pt-a, ed. Kabiruddin Ahmad and
Abdul Rahim, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1923, p.357, Inayat Khan,
p.59, Moh. Salih Kambo, Amal-i- Salih, Vol-I, ed.Ghulam Yazdani, Asiatic
Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1923, p.424, Qazwini, pt-b, f.214a.
Ibid.
Qazwini, pt-b, f.214 b, The History of Medieval Deccan, p.272.
The History of Medieval Deccan, Vol-I, pp.272-273.
Farsi Farmano ke Prakash me Mughal Kalin Bharat evam Rajput Shashak, ed.
and tr. Dr. Shujauddin Khan Nakshbandi, ed. Dr. Mahendra Khadgawat, VolI,Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner, 2010, p.50, I have also seen A Descriptive
List of Farmans, Manshurs and Nishans ( addressed by the imperial Mughals to
the Princes of Rajasthan), ed. N.R. Khadgawat, published by Directorate of
archives, Govt. of Rajasthans, Bikaner, 1962, p.4.
Inayat Khan, p.117, Qazwini, Pt-c, f.319a, Khafi Khan, Muntakhab Al-Lubab,
Vol-I, ed. Maulvi Kabir Al-Din Ahmad, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta,
1869, p.495, Vir Vinod, Vol-II, pt-b, p.1277.
Inayat Khan, p.118, Ma'asir-ul-Umara, Vol-III, p.570, Salih , Vol-I, pp.615-616,
Qazwini, pt-c, f. 320a.
Qqzwini, pt-c, f-320b, Lahori,Vol-I, pt- b, p.37.
Inayat Khan, p.132, Lahori,Vol-I, pt-b, p.42.
Inayat Khan, pp.133-134.
Lahori, Vol-I, pt-b, p.44, Qazwini, Pt-c, f.324-b, Inayat Khan, p.134.
Inayat Khan, p.135.
Inayat Khan, p.135, Lahori, Vol-I, pt-b, p.45.
M.L.Sharma, History of Jaipur State, The Raj Institution of Historical Research,
Jaipur, 1969, p.99.
Lahori, Vol-I, pt-b, p.153, Inayat Khan, p.175, Jadunath Sarkar, History of
Jaipur, ed. Raghubir Sinh, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1984, p.103.
Lahori, Vol-I,pt-b, p.153, Inayat Khan, p.176.
Farsi Farmano ke Prakash me MughalKalin Bharat evam Rajput Shashak, p.71.
Lahori, Vol-I, pt-b, 247.
Lahori, Vol-II, p.145, Inayat khan, p.256, Vir Vinod, Vol-II, pt-b, p.1289,
Lahori, Vol-II, p.261, Salih, Vol-II, p.262, Khafi Khan, Vol-I, p.585, Inayat Khan,
p.283, Vir Vinod, Vol-II, Pt-II, p.1290.
Samreen Iram
22

23
Dr. K. D. Sharma
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
Lahori, Vol-II, p.261, Salih, Vol-II, p.262, Inayat Khan, p.283.

Lahori, Vol-II, p.263, Salih, Vol-II, p.267, Inayat Khan, p.284.
Farsi Farmano ke Prakash mai MughalKalin Bhart evam Rajput Sashak, Vol-I,
p.102.
Lahori, Vol-II, pp.264-265, Inayat Khan, p.284.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Farsi Farmano ke Prakash mai MughalKalin Bhartv evam Rajput Sashak, Vol-I,
p.106.
Lahori, Vol-II, pp.683-684, Inayat Khan, p.384, Salih, Vol-III, p.13.
Muhammad Waris, Badshahnama, Transcribed copy no s- 86,87, Deptt of
History, A.M.U., Aligarh, p.22, Salih, Vol-III, p.14, Inayat Khan, p.399.
Waris, p.22, Salih, p.14, Inayat Khan, p.400.
Waris, p.23, Salih, Vol-III p.16, Inayat Khan, p.400.
Waris, p.24, Salih, Vol-III, p.16, Inayat Khan, 402.
Waris, pp.24-25, Salih, Vol-III, p.16, Inayat Khan, p.402.
Inayat Khan, p.426, Salih, Vol-III, p.68.
Inayat Khan, pp.427-428, Salih, Vol-III, p.82.
Inayat Khan, p.433, Salih, pp.93-94.
Inayat Khan, p.464, Salih, Vol-III, pp. 139-140.
Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb, Vol-I, M.C. Sarkar&Sons, Calcutta,
1912, p.153.
Research Scholar
C.A.S. Deptt.of History.
A.M.U. Aligarh.
24
At the advent of Gandhi the Indian political scene was not very
inspiring. The political life in the country was at a low ebb and the ranks of
dynamic leadership had rather thinned. The 1907 split at Surat had left the
Congress impoverished due to the withdrawal of its most active, youthful
and revolutionary elements. Thereafter the Congress had neither the
power to inspire, enthuse or educate the people because it was like a boat
which was left rudderless and even without a boatman who could steer it
or had the ability to do so. By harsh measures the Government had
become successful in suppressing the revolutionary movement in which a
few young persons used force to terrorise the Britishers, especially those
who were notorious due to their misdeeds against the Indians. Most of the
distinguished leaders were either away form the political scene or were
inactive. The Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, the Press Act, the
Explosive Substances Act, the Criminal Law Amendment Act, all these
were quite effective in holding in check the nationalist feelings of the
policies of the Government of India.1 Under the Press Act no less than 208
prosecutions took place between the years 1910 and 1913, and numerous
editors were thrown behind bars. 2 Tilak had returned to India after six
years in Mandlay Jail.
In spite of these adverse political conditions, created by the
Britishers, even to the moderate class of Indian intellectuals a national
3
and political ambition was growing in all classes.
The Indian masses were growing apathetic to the political tune of
those few persons who were restive and on the edge on account of their
deep rooted feeling that the foreign rule was in the disinterest of the native
people. It was neither sociably beneficial to her people nor economically
profitable. More than that the new era of peace and feeling of evenness
inspired her intelligentsia to think about the great past of India which gave
the world great thinkers. Most of the English educated Indians remained
in the illusion that the Raj was bound to bring them progress and
prosperity and they would be treated fairly well; and there was reason to
think in that way. When the Indians viewed their past history of their
imbecile rules who ruled arbitrarily and plunged the country into chaos
and divided it into hundreds of petty principalities, making it vulnerable
to the foreign invasions which caused great upheaval not in the political
field, but disturbed and destroyed the social fabric. No doubt many
Indians considered the Raj, a God-sent agency which would deliver their
country from many ills that afflicted her at that time. 4
Western thought and science broadened and illumined the minds
of a large number of Indians and they embarked on the part of reformation
in many fields, and this trend once adopted continued till the advent of
Gandhi in the Indian politics. New literary and language reforms, social
reconstruction, political aspirations, religious movements and changes in
social manners and thoughts appeared throughout the whole country, and
HISTORY
THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT TILL

THE ADVENT OF MAHATMA GANDHI

25

opinion there. These leaders had only a limited field of reference where
they wished to bring some changes which did not offend their rulers. They
wanted their goodwill and cooperation of the British Raj because they had
faith in their bonafides, their values of Western culture and the sense of
justice, and more because they though that it would take a long time to
11
bear out Western institutions on the Indian soil.
They early nationalists had done the ground-work by developing
a feeling of national unity irrespective of caste, region or religion by
putting forward economic and political demands which comprised a
common political programme and this was directed in a quite amicable
way which did not seem a cause of trouble to the Indian British
Government. They organized a powerful all-India agitation against the
abandonment of tariff duties on imports and against the imposition of
cotton excise duties. Such agitations did not challenge the British rule in
India but its real aim and purpose was to draw the attention of the British
Government to the ills of the Indian people.12 They realised that the
condition of the Indian farming class was very deplorable on account of
heavy land revenue and cheap prices they were paid for their products.
They urged the govt. to provide cheap credit to the peasantry which
suffered at the hands of the money-leaders and the zamindars and make
available irrigation facilities and improve the working conditions of the
plantation labourers. All these demands came through petitions because
13
they believed in the justics and fair play of the Govt. but at the same time
the early leaders were quite aware of the growing poverty and economic
backwardness of India and her economic drain by England which they
wanted to stop. The country's poverty was due to the destruction of the
indigenous industries and slow development of the modern industries
which were the strong source of England's economics progress. They
advocated for the use of Swedeshi goods in place of foreign which were
flooding the Indian markets, causing a great harm to Indians in all fields.14
Rajani Palme Dutt gives a quite different version of the
nationalist movement in India which quite suits only to amuse and arouse
the curiosity of common place persons because he exercises in the
inefficiency of documentary evidence and whatever authentications he
puts across seem clearly twisted and fabricated to suit the ideology he
pleads for. His thesis is that from the very conception of the Congress, it
worked under the aegis of its masters, the British Government which
directed and controlled its affairs and planned its programmes.15 Under
the title 'The First Wave of the Struggle 1905-1910, he argues that the
Congress leaders very faithfully followed the path showed by its masters
and never offered the name Swaraj till 1905. During this period the
Congress represented only the bourgeoisie and its leaders used the
methods to keep its members in control and therefore it did not act for the
Dr. K. D. Sharma
26
it seemed that India was awakening from its long slumber which had not
only ruined her body politic but soul also. 5
There were social reforms nearly in all the provinces of India and
it revived the contesting and self-searching spirit of the people who where
hitherto inactive. Many illustrious person entered the political fray and
started in the direction which was hitherto considered banned. Dadabhai
Naorohi, Mahadev Govind Ranade, V.S. Srinivasa Sastri, Sir
Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, K.T. Telang and Gopal Krishan
6
Gokhte represented the noblest type of patriotism.
These great patriots were quite liberal in their out-look and
pleaded for the freedom form race and creed prejudices and justice on all
levels and loyalty to the rulers that was due to the law but at the same time
they were great exponents of equality between man and man. They were
realist in the sense that they did not aspire to remote and impossible but
believed in the concepts of fairness and raison d etre.7 M.K. Gandhi with a
variation stepped in their footsteps and continued his struggle according
to the political philosophy of his predecessors, who had a clear idea that
they should take things first which lay nearest at hand and not run after an
illusion or illusions. The moderate Indian national leaders found
conditions different from South Africa where the coloured persons
suffered from the colour prejudice. Leaving a few local cases the
8
Englishmen in India mixed freely with the Indians, but not without racial
arrogance which remained an integral part of their character, and it was
perhaps due to their conviction that they belonged to the ruling class and
also due to their lack of knowledge of the real character of a common
Indian.
Congress leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Surendra Nath
Banerjee declared with great satisfaction that the British rule in India had
conferred upon us the great benefits and that they should be loyal to the
backbone to British Government by broadening its basis, liberalising its
spirit enabling its character, and placing it upon the unchangeable
foundations of a nation's affections.9 They looked to England for
guidance, sympathy. They said that the English history had taught them
those principles of freedom which they cherished with their life-blood.
Before Gandhi, the leadrs of the Congress were little concerned with
common people on the political level, but decided things among
themselves on theoretical basis,10 though their main object was to educate
the people, to arouse national political questions. They carried this
programme by holding meetings of elites and criticising to Government
through the press only to a limited extent, submitting memoranda and
petitions to the officials of Government itself, and turning to influence the
British Parliament and British public opinion. Dadabhai Naoroji spent a
great part of his life in Britain propagating the influencing the public

27

disfigurement of child-widows before they attain the age of 18, and even
after that age, without the consent of the widow recorded in writing before
22
a 'panch' and a magistrate, should be prohibited by law. The result of all
these efforts was that opposition to social reforms on the part of
orthodoxy gradually declined by 1912.23 Many leftist writers incorrectly
illustrate that the nationalist movement interlinked with orthodox
Hinduism organized 'Goraksha Samities' and Ganesh Festival and in
many ways included a number of religious models which destroyed the
real spirit of the national movement. Actually the National Movement
started from the renaissance in religion and social tents. They recognised
fully the overwhelming sense of the spiritual revealed by the Hindus. So
every nation-builder in modern India must have adopted the motto of
religious reformation and freedom. But this work was done exclusively
on non-communal way.
In the beginning the Congress formulated its economics and
political demands with a view to unify the Indian people on the basis of
common political programmes, and ther avoided those which were likely
to create dissensions among them. One such programme was the agitation
for the reduction of heavy land revenue payments. They also urged the
Government to provide cheap credit to the peasantry through agricultural
banks and make available irrigation facilities on a large scale. They
demanded a radical change in the existing pattern of the taxation and
expenditure which put a heavy burden on the poor while leaving the rich,
especially the foreigners, with a light load. They wanted the government
to spend more money on the spread of education in the country and with it
they agitated for the freedom of speech and the press.24 It is wrong to say
that the Congress in its early phase failed to keep pace with the cravings
and aspirations of the people who were suffering under the foreign yoke
and that it did not realise the political and economic interests of the
common people and its record was barren. At its very earliest session, the
Congress urged the abolition of the Council of the Secretary of State and
then it urged that the Supreme and existing Local Legislative Councils
should be expanded by the admission of a considerable proportion of
elected members and all budgets should be referred to the Councils, that
the right of interpellation be granted and that a standing committee of the
House of Commons should be constituted to receive protests against the
exercise by the Executive of the powers which would be vested in it.25
In 1891 the Congress reiterated its demand that India could not
be governed well until her people were allowed, through their elected
representatives, a potential vice in the legislature. In 1892 the Congress
accepted the new Council Act with a reservation that its did not concede
to the people the right of electing their own representatives to the
Coucils.26 At its Bombay Congress session in 1915 the Congress
Dr. K. D. Sharma
28
masses of the country but served as an institution which acted on the

behest of the Britishers who had their own interests to bring off.16 He
further argues that the nationalist leaders wrongly assumed that the
British Government would support their programmes of improving the
conditions of the Indian masses economically and of spreading education
which was a great source of awakening in the masses. The Britishers felt
that in the long future their interests would come into clash with the
nationalist leaders.17 But the arguments Rajani Palme Dutt puts forwards
in his support carry no weight because of the lack of support of the
documents of history nor they are logically admissible.
Great institutions have always had small beginnings till a storm
which takes time to gain strength and speed. In the beginning the
Congress remained an institution which was mild in its demands. It could
not exist and survive if it had taken the path of conflict and antagonism
from the very beginning because it had neither the support of the masses
nor circumstances favoured it any how. Every institution tries to cope
with the times it lives in for its success and survival. Extreme demands
would have crippled its working because it was not only working in the
political field but social field also and our early nationalist leaders were
quite aware of the weaknesses and follies of our social system. The
evolution of the Indian National Congress present the same phenomenon.
It entertained modest ideals to cut through mighty obstacles and hence
remained wedded to the solution of social, ethical and economics
problems along with those of political ones. No institution can go beyond
its capacity and strength it wields. It is wrong to assert that before the
advent of Gadhi, the Congress did not espouse the cause of the poor
people. In every annual session of the Congress, the Congress leaders
18
took up the cause of untouchables, child marriage and widow-marriage.
It was the popularity of the Congress among the masses which enlarged
its volume. Had it been a pseudo-organisation it would have never been
enriched by different tributaries but would have dried up and lost in the
dry-desert of politics. The ever growing support of the masses is clear
19
evidence of the righteousness of its policies.
The national movement not only included political grievance but
also the fusion into one national whole of different economic, social,
moral and mental aspects which were the causes of regeneration of the
nations.20 Many of the social ills were due to the misguidance of the
religious traditions or tenets. Therefore the Congress leaders included the
programme of the purgation of the unhealthy and distorted beliefs in the
field of religion because they were aware of the fact that without it every
21
effort would be fatal to success in the political field. At the fifth session
of the National Social Conference at Bombay B.G. Tilak moved an
amendment in the resolution of Mrs. Kashibai Kanilkar that the

29

Therefore the policy, the Congress followed during its early

times was a wise and practical policy for its development and strength,
otherwise it would have been crushed in the cradle it was born in.
The early years of the Congress have come up for adverse
comments in the writings of several historians though the arguments they
have advanced are not very cogent. Rajani Palme Dutt talks of
reactionary Hindus during this era. He criticises Mr. B.G. Tilak for his
pro-Hindu policies.31 He forgets that the Hindus formed the bulk of the
Congress organisation from the very beginning and without purging them
from the religious evils and glorifying their religion no national
movement could go ahead, and secondly his attitude was never
aggressive. Like all other reformers of the Renaissance, he wanted to
revive self-confidence among the Hindus who were suffering at the hands
of Christian missionaries and Muslims. An egreious Christain manifesto
was presented to Lord Dalhousie by the missionaries asking him to give
his earnest consideration to the question whether or not all men should not
32
embrace the same system of religions. A large number of Hindus were
being converted to Christianity and Islam because of the weaknesses that
were inherent in the Hindu organisation and social system. Tilak felt the
necessity of a constructive programe as a complement to the political
programme, such as spreading education, starting Ganpati Festival,
Shivaji Festival. He started the New English school at Poona in 1880 and
then founded The Deccan Educational Society which ran a number of
institutions in Maharashtra with the help of some eminent scholars and
these institution produced ingenuous persons who contributed to the
social and political uplift of the country.33
Tilak was against the social changes through the enactment and
by the alien rulers but favoured new changes brought by the themselves
and which emanated from natural impulse. He held the view that the
changes effected by an alien and benevolently despotic administration
34
would be sporadic and artificial and of little permanent value. Therefore
Tilak is wrongly changed for opposing Age of Consent Bill. It was not due
to his orthododx views but he felt that the change should come from
within and not without.
With the passage of time the Government adopted an attitude of
obscurantism and in this affair it was assisted by the Anglo-Indian Press
and the European community in India. The country was in a lethargic
state but it could rise to any heights if it had been given a good leadership.
Mahatma Gandhi returned to India on January 9, 1915 after
gaining great and new experiences from South Africa via England.
Though many learders in India were familiar with his activities in South
Africa yet the masses were little aware of what he had done there for his
countrymen who lived there. Gandhiji arrived here without any ambition
Dr. K. D. Sharma
30
demanded definite step to be taken towards self-Government and that

India should be raised in status from the position of a Dependency to that
of an equal partner in the Empire with the Self-Governing Dominions.
The Congress in its early stage dealt with a number of subjects and they
were repeated year after year in its annual and special sessions, though it
failed to press the Government to redress its grievances to its
satisfactions.27
In the second Congress Session it demanded the separation of
Executive from the Judiciary. The improvement problems of India under
British occurred to the minds of the earliest politicians quite clearly. In
1894 the Congress protested against the Excise Duty on the Cotton
manufactured in British-India. But by 1909 the endless representations
that had been made proved futile because the speed with which the
Congress politicians were desirous to materialize them was too radical
for the Britishers who were trying to maintain their empire by introducing
a few changes only. But this early agitation certainly advanced our nation
movement by providing strength to the most aggressive forces of the time
and created a wide political awakening among the middle classes, uppermiddle classes and intelligentsia. They paved the way to make India a
28
nation.
The attitude of the Government towards the early Congress
organization was full of suspicion and the Government publicly criticised
its leaders and accused them of possessing seditious and double sided
character. The British officers branded them as disloyal Babus, seditious
Brahmins and violent villains and the organisation was called the factory
of sedition.29 Lord Curzon declared in 1900 that the Congress was
tottering to its fall, and one of his great ambitions was to assist it to a
peaceful demise. He described the Congress as an unclean thing. Some
Englishmen accused the Congress as an organisation which received
money from other countries. These instance are enough to prove that the
Congress movement was purely an indigenous movement run in the
interests of her people, and if it failed to fulfill the lone standing demands
of the people, it was due to its limitations and the times it was working in.
Bishop Whitehead was of the opinion that the British opinion from 1883
onwards moved in exactly the opposite direction.
Aspirations for self-government were stigmatized as disloyal;
even the claims of the Indians to take a larger share in the government of
their own country was looked upon with disfavour by the British
Government. Mr. Gokhle who once believed in the benevolency of the
British rule in India came to the conclusions that the Brirish bureaucracy
was opponent of education Indians. Lord Morley and Lord Minto felf
disappointed from Gokhle's behavior who was a man of temperate
wiews.30

31

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Sitaramayya, B. Pattabhi, The History of the Congress, p. 29.

Singh, Sita Ram, Nationalism and Social Reform in India, Ranjit Printers and
Publishers, Delhi, 1969, p. 119.
Report of the 3rd I.N.C. 1887, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi,
p. 2-3.
Ibid., p. 6.
Report of the 5th N.S.C., p. 20.
The Leader (Allahabad) dated 6th January 1913 (NMML).
Ibid., p. 36.
Ibid., p. 38.
Ibid., p. 51.
Kulkarni, V.B., The Indian Triumvirate, p. 22.
Anluwalia, M.M, Freedom Struggle in India (1885-1909), Delhi, p. 28.
Palme Dutt, Rajani, India Today, p. 336.
Ibid., p. 10.
Singh, Sita Ram, Nationlism and Social Reform in India, p. 74.
Kripalani, J.B., Gandhi., p. 52.
Kulkarni, V.B., Indian Triumvirate, p. 74.
Principal
N.R.E.C. College, Khurja
Dr. K. D. Sharma
of rising to the summit of Indian leadership because a large number of

intrepid and intelligent leaders were active in politics. C.R. Das in
Bengal, Dr. Annie Besant in South, Srinivasa Sastri, a disciple of Gokhle,
Lala Lajpat Rai, a great stalwart from the Punjab, Bal Gangadhar Tilak,
Bipin Chandra Pal, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, a champion of moderation,
Pandit Madan Malviya, a man of rationalist outlook, Pandit Moti Lal
Nehru, Sir Pherozeshah Mehta from Bombay, Mohamed Ali Jinnah, a
progressive lawyer and a Muslim leader, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Dr. M.A.
Ansari, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, the Aga
Khan, an eminent Muslim leader and Ali Brothers were some of the
illustrious leaders in the Indian political field.
But the political activity of the Congress was in confusion when
Gandhi entered Indian politics because the revolutionaries had already
failed to make may dent on the British rule in India. Bipin Chandra Pal
was inardent , Lala Lajpat Rai was in U.S.A., Sri Aurobindo Ghose had
left politics for an ascetic life, and Tilak had just returned from Mandlay
35
Jail after many years. This new atmosphere provided him great
opportunity to work in political, social and economic fields because
problems of the people were so vast that they needed a Messiah who
could relieve then from their innumerable tribulations. They needed a
man of courage who had an acumen of human problems and a desire to
work, a strong devotion to their cause and a well throughout way, and
36
Gandhi had all these qualities in him.

REFERNCES :
1.
Kriplani, J.B., Gandhi his Life and Thought, Publication Division Govt. of
India, New Delhi, 1970, p. 52.
2.
Keer, Dhanajay, Mahatma Gandhi, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1973, p. 208.
3.
Kulkarni, V.B., Indian Triumvirate, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, 1969.
4.
Kulkarni, V.B., op. cit., Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, 1969, p. 1.
5.
Majumdar, R.C., The History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol. X, Part II,
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, 1965, p. 1.
6.
Gandhi, M.K., My Experiments with Truth. Navajivan Press, Bombay, 1940, p.
220.
7.
Kulkarni, V.B., op. cit., p. 2.
8.
Ibid., p. 3.
9.
Sitarmayya, B. Pattabhi, The History of the Indian National Congress, The
working Committee of the Congress, 1955, Madras, p. 98.
10.
Ibid., p. 97.
11.
Ibid., p. 98.
12.
13.
Ibid., p. 100.
14.
Kulkarni, V.B., op. cit., p. 4.
15.
Palme Dutt, Rajani, India Today, Bharatiya Itihas Anusandhan Parishad, 1977,
p. 331.
16.
Ibid., p. 332.
17.
Ibid., p. 333.
32
33
HISTORY
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'ks[kkor jktiwr lhdj ds xaxkxq# ia- jk/ks';ke 2 mn;iqj jkT; ds xaxkxq# iaegs'k mik/;k; 3 nsofy;k izrkix<+ jkT; ds xaxkxq# ia- Jhjke fd'kksj
f=xq.kk;rk] 4 vyoj jkT; ds xaxk xq# ia- mek'kadj ojokfj;k] 5 tks/kiqj jkT;
ds xaxk xq# ia- Hkw"k.k ojokfj;k] 6 dkfB;kok<+ lksyadh jktiwr ds xaxk xq# iaeukst frokjh] 7 Hkjriqj jktoa'k ds xaxk xq# f'kodqekj rqUoh igyoku vkfnA4
buds vfrfjDr Hkh lwdj {ks= ls vkus okys rhFkZ;kf=;ksa ds bu xaxk
xq#vksa ls lEc) gksus dk bfrgkl vR;Ur jkspd gS D;ksafd ;g lEc)rk orZeku esa
LFkkfir lEc)rk ugha gS cfYd bu xaxk xq#vksa dh cfg;ksa vk/kkj ij lSdM+ksa o"kksZa
ls pyh vk jgh gSA ;g cfg;k ifj.kke gS bu xaxk xq#vksa iwoZtksa dh egkRE; ls
voxr djk;kA buds Hkze.k dk;ksZa ls O;fDr;ksa ds eu esa lwdj {Ks= esa vkus ,oa
vius iwoZtksa ds vfLFk foltZu ,oa fi.M nku vkfn iz;kstuksa ls iki deksZa ls eqfDr
o eks> dh izkfIr dh Hkkouk tkx`r gqbZA
bl izdkj ds vusd /kkfeZd dkj.kksa dh izkfIr gsrq ;gk ds xaxk xq#vksa us

ns'k ds foHkUu LFkkuksa ij Hkze.k djds yksxksa dh tupsruk dks tkxzr fd;kA ftlls
mUgsa vkRe&lUrks"k dh lq[kn vuqHkwfr dh izkfIr gks ldsA lwdj{ks= ds onK Kku
ls lqlfTtr xaxk xq#vksa u vius Hkze.k dkyhu izokl ds nkSjku nwjLFk {ks=ksa esa
jktk vkSj egkjktkvksa ds ;gk mifLFkr gksdj osnksa] mifu"knksa ,oa iqjk.kksa esa of.kZr
Kku o lwdj {ks= esa tkdj vius ikiksa dks u"V djds] ln~ekxZ ij pydj vius
iwoZtksa dks ln~xfr izkIr djkus rFkk Lo;a dks Hkh eks{kksUrq[k djus dks izsfjr fd;kA
bu xaxk xq#vksa ds iz;klksa ds QyLo:i lwdj{ks= dh /kkfeZd ,oa uSfrd
xfrfof/k;ksa dk izlkj nwjLFk {ks=ksa esa gksus yxkA lwdj{ks= dh Hkwfe dk egkRE; iq.;
ysus ds fy, jktkvksa] lkekUrksa ds usr`Ro esa lSadM+ksa dh la[;k esa yksx fo'ks"kr%
ekxZ'kh"kZ 'kqDy ,dkn'kh ,oa }kn'kh ds ioZ ij i/kkjus yxsA5 ;gk ds xaxk xq#
vius bu HkDrksa ds lkFk lSadM+ksa lglzksa ehy dh nwjh iSny gh pydj lwdj{ks=
vkrs Fks vkSj fQj muds fy, Hkkstu vkokl rFkk Bgjus dh leqfpr O;oLFkk djrs
FksA bl izdkj bu xaxk xq#vksa ,oa rhFkZ ;kf=;ksa ds e/; vR;Ur e/kq J)kLin
lEca/kksa dh vVwV Ja`[kyk curh x;h vkSj ls rhFkZ ;k=h vius eu esa bl Hkko dks
vR;Ur n`<+rkiwoZd vkjksfir dj ysrs Fks fd Hkfo"; esa ge ;k gekjs iq=&ikS= vkfn
tc dHkh Hkh lwdj{ks= ;k=k djsaxs rks bUgh xq#vksa o muds o'ktksa ds laj{k.k esa
djsaxsA
;gk ds xaxk xq#vksa ls lwdj{ks= esa vkus okys rhFkZ ;kf=;ksa jktk]
egkjktk o iztk ds lEca/k vR;f/kd izxk<+ gksrs x;s vkSj ;s ih<+h nj ih<+h pyrs
jgsA nksuksa gh ,d nwljs ds izfr vUrjkZRek dk lEca/k j[krs FksA tgk ,d vksj
rhFkZ;k=h vius xaxk xq#vksa ds izfr J)k ,oa leiZ.k dh lPph yxu j[krs Fks] ogha
nwljh vksj xaxk xq# muds oSHko o oa'k o`f) dh dkeuk djrs FksA ôlq/kSo
dqVqEcde* dh Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr lwdj{ks= ds xaxk xq# vius ;kf=;ksa dks viuk
ifjokj dk vfHkUu vax ekurs gq;s muds lq[k&nq%[k esa 'kkfey gksrs FksA bl rjg
bu xaxk xq#vksa ds ifjokjksa dks fnO; ifjokj dgk tkus yxkA ftudh la[;k
lgL=ksa gtkjksa ds vkl&ikl gksrh FkhA ;s xaxk xq# vius fnO; ifjokj ds izfr
vlk/; dk;Z fd;k djrs FksA tSls& muds uke fy[kuk] xks= fy[kuk] izoj
fy[kuk] o.kZ fy[kuk vkfn dh tkudkjh vyx&vyx j[krs FksA bu xaxk xq#vksa
us ogh ys[ku dk dk;Z izkjEHk fd;k rkfd mudh v'kqf);ksa dks nwj djrs gq;s oa'k
ijEijk dh ;kn dks v{kq.; cuk;k tk ldsA vyx&vyx oa'kksa ds vyx&vyx
6
xaxk xq# gksrs Fks tSlk fd mudh oa'kogh ys[kksa ls irk pyrk gSA
lwdj{ks= ds xaxk xq# vius ogh ys[kksa nLrkost esa ikfjokfjd fooj.kksa
ds lEca/k esa dbZ egRoiw.kZ rF;ksa dks fy[kk djrs Fks layXud 1A eSaus nLrkost
i<+us ds mijkUr ns[kk fd muds ogh ys[kksa nLrkostksa dk lkj bl izdkj gS&
1xaxk xq#vksa dh ogh ys[kksa esa lwdj{ks= esa vkus okys ;k=h ifjokjksa dk
le; mudk uke o muds vkus dk dkj.k rFkk muds lwdj{ks= esa Bgjus dk le;]
vkus vkSj fdl LFkku ij Bgjs vkfn dk fooj.k Li"Vr% fy[ks tkrs Fks] tks
U;k;ky;ksa esa dbZ ckj lk{;ksa ds :i esa izLrqr fd;s tk pqds gSaA
34

35

bl izdkj ls xaxk xq# us Hkkjrh; lekt ls lEcaf/kr rF;ksa dks viuh

ofg;ksa esa fyfic) djus ds dkj.k ,d rjg ls bfrgkl ys[ku dk dk;Z fd;k gSA
xaxk xq#vksa ds ys[ku dh ;g ijEijk izkphu dky ls vkt rd vuojr :i ls
py jgh gSA bu ofg;ksa ls ;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd dksbZ fo'ks"k O;fDr dh e`R;q dc
gqbZ vkSj mldh vfLFk;k folftZr djus lwdj {ks= esa dkSu vk;kA ,d vkSj
egRoiw.kZ rF; tks bu xaxk xq#vksa ds nLrkostksa esa ns[kus dks feyrk gS og jktkvksa
ds gLrk{kj] vaxwBs ds fu'kku] gkFk ds iats dk lEiw.kZ fu'kku] jktkvksa dh eqnzk
eqgj rFkk Hkkoh ih<+h ds fy, fn;s x;s fn'kk&funsZ'k muds Lo;a ds gLrfyf[kr
v{kj ds lkFk izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA11
izkphudky ls ysdj orZeku le; rd dh ?kVukvksa dk mYys[k xaxk
xq#vksa dh ofg;ksa esa ns[kus dks fey tkrk gSA izkphu dky esa dkSu&dkSu 'kkld Fks
fdl fons'kh us Hkkjr ij vke.k fd;k] dc ;wjksih; Hkkjr vk;s] fczfV'k bZ"V
bf.M;k dEiuh us ns'k dh lkekftd vkfFkZd jktuSfrd vkfn izdkj ds D;k&D;k
gLr{ksi fd;sA vkfn dk mYys[k bu xaxk xq#vksa dh cfg;ksa esa fey tkrk gSA eSaus
vius 'kks/k esa ;g ik;k fd ;fn xaxk xq#vksa ds nLrkostksa dk v/;;u fd;k tk;s
rks ;s nLrkost /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd] ,sfrgkfld] jktuhfrd] HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd ,oa
lkaLd`frd vkfn fo"k;ksa ds 'kks/k egRoiw.kZ fl) gks ldrs gSaA
izkphu dky esa tc dkxt dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk Fkk] rc bu xaxk xq#vksa
us vius nLrkostksa dks Hkksti=ksa] rkM+i=ksa ,oa rkez i=ksa dh lgk;rk ls ys[kc)
fd;kA bu xaxk xq#vksa ds ikl Hkksti=] rkM+i= ,oa rkez i=ksa vkt Hkh lqjf{kr gSaA
bu nLrkostksa dk nqxZi;ksx o u"V gksus ls cpkus ds fy, vR;f/kd lqjf{kr LFkkuk
ij j[kk gkykafd bu xaxk xq#vksa dks vius bu nLrkostksa ds egRo ds fo"k; esa
tkudkjh ugha Fkh ysfdu vkt bfrgkl ys[ku esa ;g lgk;d fl) gks ldrs gSaA
ljdkjh j[kj[kko o iqjkrRo foHkkx dh ykijokgh ds dkj.k bu rkez
ys[kksa dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldk gSA lwdj {ks= ds dqN LFkkuh; yksxksa dks feysa
rkezys[kksa dks] viuh O;fDrxr /kjksgj ekudj]xksiuh;rk dk vuko';d vkoj.k
iguk j[kk gSA ijUrq lwdj {ks= ds dqN izoq) oxZ us viuh mnjrk dk ifjp; nsrs
gq, lwdj {ks= ls lEcfU/kr bu rkezys[kksa dks 'kks/k dk;ksZa esa yxs gq, O;fDr;ksa dks
v/;;u dh n`f"V ls fn[kkus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA blds ckotwn Hkh bu rkezys[kksa
dk iqjkrkfRod v/;;u dh n`f"V ls tks rRo mi;ksxh gSa] dk izdk'ku gksuk
vfuok;Z gSA lwdj {ks= ds xaxk&xq#vksa ls izkIr lkexzh dk vkt rd dksbZ mi;ksx
ugha fd;k gSA ;gk ds cgqr lh cfg;k o rkezys[k fuf'pr :i ls iqjkrkfRod
lkexzh ds :i esa mi;ksxh gks ldrs gSa] ;fn buls izkIr rF;ksa dks v/;;u fd;k
tk;sA lksjksa fuokfl;ksa ls cfg;ksa o rkezys[kksa ls lEcfU/kr fo"k;ksa dh ppkZ djus ij
os yksx dbZ rF;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tk;sA lksjksa fuokfl;ksa ls cfg;ksa o rkezys[kksa
ls lEcfU/kr fo"k;ksa dh ppkZ djus ij os yksx dbZ rF;ksa ls lEcaf/kr fo"k; ij
iw.kZr% ekSu /kkj.k dj ysrs gSaA ;|fi ia- vfer dqekj vukM+h] tks lksjksa esa fuokl
djrs gSa] mUgksaus dqN rkezi=ksa dks mRlkfgr gksdj eq>s fn[kk;kA esjs }kjk bu rkez
i=ksa dks ekxs tkus ij mUgksaus eq>s i<+us ds fy, Hkh iznku fd;k tks izkd`r Hkk"kk esa
36
2xaxk xq#vksa us lwdj{ks= ds ckgj LFkkuksa dk Hkze.k djds ;kf=;ksa dks

muds iwoZtksa ds fo"k; esa voxr djk;k fd dc dc lwdj{ks= dh ;k=k ij os vk;s
Fks vkSj muds oa'k fofoj.k dks lk{; ds :i esa izLrqr djrs Fks tks ,d etcwr
,sfrgkfld lk{; fl) gks ldrs gSaA
3xaxk xq#vksa ds oa'k ys[ku dh ijEijk ds dkj.k lwdj{ks= esa i/kkjus okys
rhFkZ;kf=;ksa ds fuokl LFkkuksa ds ekxZ] vkus&tkus ds lk/ku] muds xko] ftys vkfn
ds izek.k ds lk{; ,sfrgkfld ys[ku lg;ksxh fl) gks ldrs gSaA
4xaxk xq#vksa dh ofg;ksa ls jktk&egkjktkvksa ,oa lk/kq&lUrksa ds fo"k; ls
lEcaf/kr rF;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
vk/kqfud Hkkjr dh dqN izeq[k ?kVuk;sa] ftudk mYys[k cfg;ksa ls izkIr gksrk gS
ftudks eSaus 'kks/k i= esa mnkgj.k ds :i esa mfYyf[kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
mnkgj.k & 1 jk"Vh; kfUr dk izeq[k dsUnz lksjksa Hkh 26 ebZ rd ppkZ
dk eq[; fcUnq cu x;kA fcBj ls ukuk lkgc ds vkns'kkuqlkj] xaxk ?kkVh dh
leLr ukoksa ij kfUrdkfj;ksa dk vf/kdkj gks x;kA lksjksa ds ijeohj ns'kHkDr
Lok/khurk laxzke ds fy, xko &xko tkdj kfUr dk vy[k txk jgs FksA laxzke
ds fufek vko';d vL=&'kL=ksa dk Hkh laxzg dj fy;k x;k FkkA kfUr ds
mRizsjd roksa ds :i esa lnkf'ko egsjs] jkeukFk frokjh] prqHkZqt oS';] lnklq[kjk;
lDlsuk] fo'oEHkj dksBsokj] }kfjdk izlkn i.Mk] gdhe jtc vyh] psrjke tkVo
vkSj cYyw esgrj izeq[k FksA ------------ nqHkkZX;o'k ;g kfUr vlQy jgh vkSj vaxzsth
QkSt dh vkxjk&;wfuV us ^lksjksa* ij vke.k djds lHkh kfUrdkfj;ksa dks cUnh
cuk fy;kA buesa ls dqN dks rks rRdky xksfy;ksa ls Hkwu fn;k x;kA dqN Qklh ij
yVdk fn, x,A ------------- blds vfrfjDr Hkh dbZ uke feyrs gSaA ftudk mYys[k
7
dbZ vU; xaxk xa#vksa dh cfg;ksa esa feyrk gSA
mnkgj.k & 2 1857 ds bl LorU=rk laxzke esa ns'kHkDr jghe vyh dks
dHkh Hkh foLe`r ugha fd;k tk ldrkA y[ku ds iru ds ckn ;g ohj 600
lSfudksa dh VqdM+h ysdj igys esjB e.My esa kfUr dk vy[k yxkrk jgk]
rnuUrj ,Vk tuin esa Hkh lu~ 1858 esa lksjksa ,oa jke?kkV esa viuh lf;rk ls
8
vaxzstksa dks Hk;Hkhr dj fn;kA
mnkgj.k & 3 xk/khth ds ued lR;kxzg vkUnksyu dh ?kks"k.kk ds lkFk
gh ns'k esa ;g vkUnksyu Hkh"k.k nkokuy dh rjg O;kIr gks x;kA ------- tuojh lu~
1931 bZ- ds lksjksa gR;kdk.M ds lUnHkZ esa KkrO; gS fd -------- flikfg;ksa }kjk pykbZ
xbZ xksfy;ksa ls 6 ns'kHkDr 'kghn gks x,A yxHkx 105 yksx ?kk;y gks x;sA9
bl xksyhdk.M ds le; ^lksjksa dkaxsl desVh* ds eU=h Jh osnozr 'kkL=h
th Fks] ftUgsa bl lUnHkZ esa yxHkx ,d o"kZ rd ds fy, xqIros'k esa jgrs gq, Qjkj
gksuk iM+kA bl dk.M esa ?kk;y gksus okyksa esa v'kQhZyky dqyJs"B] dUgbZ jke
dklxat] nkeksnj 'kekZ] j?kqoj n;ky] [ksepUnz] feV~Bwyky] dUgS;kyky]
ykyrkizlkn] oYyHkfeJ] cztuUnu xqIr] myQr >cj] I;kjsyky dkdkuh]
jkepUnz ---- bR;kfn ds uke mYys[kuh; gSaA vnkyr }kjk bu yksxksa dks nf.Mr
fd;s tkus dk mYys[k gSA10

37
HINDI
ve`rk izhre d`r 'muds gLrk{kj'

eas ukjh laosnuk

& ve`rk flag

gSaA ftldh Nk;kizfr layXu gS layXu la[;k & 2A bl Js.kh esa ia- vfer dqekj
vukM+h th dksfV'k% c/kkbZ ds ik= gSa] mu yksxksa dh vis{kk bUgksaus fuosnu ds
mijkUr Hkh bu rkezi=ksa dh Nk;kizfr;ksa dks fn[kkus ls bUdkj dj fn;kA lwdj
{ks= esa fHkUu&fHkUu iz;kstuksa ds voljksa ij ;gk ds izoq) oxZ us ,d cM+h la[;k esa
rkezys[kksa dks ns[kk gSA bu rkezys[kksa dks iqjkrRo foHkkx ds }kjk ,df=r djds
laxzgky;ksa ds :i lqjf{kr fd;k tk;s] rks lwdj {ks= ls lEcfU/kr rF;ksa dks tkuus
esa lgk;rk fey ldrh gSA
bu xaxk xq#vksa dks vius bu nLrkostksa ds egRo ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh u
Fkh u gS fdUrq bfrgkl ys[ku esa budh mi;ksfxrk dks utjvUnkt djuk ,d
egRoiw.kZ dM+h dks utjvUnkt djuk gksxkA
lanHkZ lwph %
1- cjkg iqjk.k AA & 169@31&91AA
2- lqJqr lafgrkA lw=LFkku AA 1@6AA
3- MkW- ds-ih- vkpk;Z & lkfgR; niZ.k] eksrhyku cukjlhnkl] fnYyh& 7 lu~ 1986] i`- 39
4- O;fDrxr loZs{k.k Hkze.kA
5- Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. XI, by W.W. Hunter, IInd Edition, 1886,
pg. 385-686
67891011-
xaxkxq# ia- mek'kadj ojokfj;k dh lqjf{kr ofg;kA

MkW jk/kkd`".k nhf{kr dh cfg;ksa esa mfYyf[krA
ia- vfer dqekj vukM+h dh cfg;ksa esa mfYyf[krA
;g mYys[k ,Vk fMfLVDV xtsfV;j] lksjksa ijxuk ds i`"V &212 ij Hkh mfYyf[kr gSA
ia- meka'kdj njokfj;k dh cfg;ksa esa mfYyf[krA
,Vk tsy fjdkMZ ds vuqlkjA
dfua?ke] vkdZykWftdy fjiksVZ] Hkkx] i`"V 267
izok
bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr foHkkx
Mk- ch-vkj-,- fo'ofo|ky;] vkxjk
38
fdlh Hkh lkfgR;dkj ds d`frRo ij mlds O;fDrRo dh Nki

fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa vo; fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mudh vuqHkwfr rFkk Hkkouk,Wa muds
lkfgR; esa dgha&u&dgha n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSaA ,d lQy lkfgR;dkj dh lcls
cM+h foks"krk vius ;qx dh jktuhfr ,oa lektxr leL;kvksa ] dqaBkvksa] la?k"kZ dks
xgurk rFkk ;FkkFkZ ds lkFk rdZ dh dlkSVh ij tkp ij[kdj lQyrkiwoZd
fpf=r dj lekt dks >a>ksM+uk gSA iatkch Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dks foo dh Hkk"kkvksa
esa LFkku o lEeku fnyokus okyh rFkk îatkc dh vkokt+*] îks,Vsl vkWQ n
fefyfu;e* dgykbZ tkus okyh ysf[kdk âve`rk izhre* us viuh jpukvksa esa
lk/kkj.k tu dh ihM+k] ukjh osnuk] izse] nfer oklukvksa] :f<+xr laLdkjksa]
foHkktu rFkk lkEiznkf;drk dh =klnh dk vR;Ur ekfeZd fp=.k fd;k gS] foks"k
:i ls ukjh dh vkarfjd osnuk dks vius ys[ku dk vk/kkj cukdj muds euksHkkoksa
vkSj la?k"kZ dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k gS fdUrq bu fofo/k vk;keh leL;kvksa dk ysf[kdk
us lek/kku Hkh izLrqr fd;k gSA
^muds gLrk{kj* L=h leL;k iz/kku miU;kl gSA vkyksP; miU;kl L=h
kks"k.k] muds kkjhfjd & ekufld ihM+k] nq%[k&nnZ] vdsysiu o la?k"kksZa dk thoar
:i izLrqr djrk gSA miU;kl dh dFkk vk|ksikar rd ukjh kks"k.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA
;g ,d izrhdkRed miU;kl gS ftlesa ve`rk izhre us lekt esa fofo/k :iksa esa gks
jgs ukjh kks'k.k] O;Fkk o izrkM+uk dk eeZLikhZ fp=.k fd;k gSA miU;kl esa
^ft+Unxh* vkSj ^gok* tSls izkd`frd rRo ukjh :i /kkj.k dj /kjrh ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa
dk Hkze.k djrs gSaA ^ft+Unxh* /kjrh ij jg jgh efgykvksa dks ^psruk* (Kku) HksaV
Lo:i nsuk pkgrh gS] fdUrq ukjh dh ukjdh; fLFkfr ns[k og osnuk ls Hkj mBrh
gSA
Ekkuoh; :i /kkj.k dj /kjrh ij jg jgh efgykvksa ls feyus vkSj Kku nsus
dh bPNqd ft+Unxh lcls igys gok ds lax ,d ?kj ds ikl igqprh gS ftlesa ml
?kj ds ekfyd us viuh iRuh dks dSn dj j[kk FkkA og L=h lfn;ksa ls dqy] lekt
vkSj /keZ ds uke ij cuh ijEijkvksa dh nhokjksa esa tdM+h fL=;ksa dk izrhd gS]
ftuesa viuh ijEijkvksa dks rksM+us dk ysk-ek= Hkh lkgl ugha gSA mlls feyus dh
egRokdka{kk ds dkj.k ft+Unxh rdZ nsrs gq, fd og rks mldh lkalksa esa /kM+drh gS]
vr% mlls feyus tk ldrh gS] mlls HksaV djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA blds mRrj
esa gok dk ;g dguk dsoy lkl fy, tkus dks ft+Unxh ugha dgrs] ft+Unxh ij
,d dVk{k gSA ^êgt+ lkl fy, tkus dks ft+Unxh ugha dgrs fiz;! mlus rks dHkh
rsjk uke Hkh ugha lquk gksxkcjlksa&cjl lkl ysrs tkuk vkSj iqrfy;ksa dh rjg
1
fgyrs&Mqyrs tkuk ft+Unxh ugha gksrkA** vFkkZr tc euq"; dh vkRek thou ds
izfr mldh thftfo'kk] mldh vkdka{kk lekIr gks tk, rks og dsoy ,d
pyrh&fQjrh ykk cudj jg tkrh gSA
vkxs os ,d ,slh fu/kZu vkSjr ls feyrs gSa tks Hkw[k ls fcy[krh NksVh lh
cPph dks NksM+dj jsy dh iVjh ij iM+k dks;yk mBkus esa O;Lr gS rkfd mlls
vius ifjokj dk isV iky ldsA mldk ifr ukSdjh esa NVuh gksus ds dkj.k chekj
jgus yxk Fkk rFkk iq= ,d lsc pqjkus ds vkjksi esa tsy esa can gSA bruk gh ugha
39
ve`rk izhre d`r ^muds gLrk{kj*

eas ukjh laosnuk
ukjh dh lksp &le> ds izrhd gSa ftls iq#"k us cyiwoZd gLrxr dj fy;k gSA
ijh dh Lora=rk }kjk og ;g lansk nsrh gSa fd fdlh Hkh izdkj dh fLFkfr ls ckgj
fudyus ds fy, :=h dks Lo;a gh iz;Ru djuk gksxkA igkM+ dh pVVkuksa ds e/;
f[kyha dqN ifRr;ksa ds ek/;e ls Hkh gok vareZu dh kfDr dh vksj ladsr dj fo"ke
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk n`<+rkiwoZd lkeuk djus ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSA
var esa ft+Unxh vkSj gok ^mYdk* uked L=h ls feyrs gSa ftlesa thfor jgus
dh bPNk gS] tks ft+Unxh dk okLrfod vFkZ tkurs gq, mldk Lokxr djrh gSA
varr% ft+Unxh ;g ns[k izlUu gksrh gS fd mlesa vU; fL=;ksa dh vis{kk dfBukb;ksa
dk lkeuk djus dk lkgl gS vkSj og mls ^psruk* HksaV Lo:i nsrh gSA
vr% ^muds gLrk{kj* miU;kl esa tgk ysf[kdk us gj eksM+ ij Hkax gksrh
ukjh dh xfjek dk cM+k gh ekfeZd fp=.k fd;k gS] ogha nwljh vksj ukjh dks ijh
xkFkk rFkk pV~Vkuksa esa f[kyha ifRr;ksa ds ek/;e ls izksRlkfgr Hkh fd;k gSA bl d`fr
dks i<+dj ikBd dks ;g vglkl gksrk gS fd ysf[kdk dk joS;k thou ds izfr
ldkjkRed gSA Lo;a mUgksaus vius thou esa ftu fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk
fd;k] ftUgsa ns[kk] Hkksxk muesa ls og vius vnE; lkgl ds dkj.k gh mHkj ikbZA
viuh vfLerk dh igpku rFkk thou ls izse mUgsa lekt esa viuh ,d fofk"V
igpku cukus esa lgk;d gqvkA viuh blh ^vkRekuqHkwfr* vFkok psruk dks og
vius lkfgR; esa ik=ksa foks"kr% L=h ik=ksa ds ek/;e ls fpf=r djrh vkbZ gS vkSj
;gh thou n`f"V ^muds gLrk{kj* esa Hkh pfj=kFkZ gqbZ gSA
& ve`rk flag
40
,d O;fDr mlds iq= dks NqM+okus dk >wBk Hkjkslk fnyok mldh vfLerk Hkax
djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA ;gk Hkh ukjh thou rFkk gkykr dh dBksj ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ds gkFkksa fook gSA ;gk thou dk vFkZ dsoy îsV ikyuk* ek= jg x;k gSA vxys
iM+ko esa ft+Unxh ,d dLcs esa igqpdj ns[krh gS fd ,d ;qorh dks lksyg Jàxkj
djok] /kwe&/kke ls dgha ys tk;k tk jgk gSA gok }kjk ;g crkus ij fd og lrh
izFkk dks iw.kZ djus ds fy, ekku Hkwfe dh vksj tk jgh gS rks ft+Unxh dk eu
ngy tkrk gS & ^^bl nsk esa ,sls fnu Hkh vkrs gSa] tc ekku Hkwfe esa ft+Unk vkSjrksa
2
dks Hkh ys tk;k tkrk gS !** og lksprh gS fd D;k ifr dh e`R;q ipkr ukjh dk
viuk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha] D;k ifr ds lkFk mldk thou Hkh lekIr gks tkrk gS ?
lekt ;g D;ksa Hkwy tkrk gS fd igys og ,d balku gS rRipkr fdlh dh iRuh!
vxys iM+ko ij igqpdj ft+Unxh ns[krh gS fd dkfrZd eghus dh fBBqjrh BaM esa
eSyh&dqpSyh fLFkfr esa dqN fo/kok, eafnj dh lhf<+;ksa ij xBfj;ksa ds leku cSBh
gSaA muds ifjokjokyksa us mUgsa ?kj ls fudky fn;k gS D;ksafd mudk ;g
vU/kfookl gS fd ;fn os fL=;k bl ekg esa bZoj ls izkFkZuk djsaxh rks nwljs tUe
esa os fo/kok ugha gksaxhA bl izdkj ysf[kdk gekjs nsk rFkk lekt esa lfn;ksa ls pyh
vk jgh lM+h&xyh ekU;rkvksa rFkk :f<+;ksa dks mtkxj djrh gSaA
,d ?kj ds ckgj ,d= gqbZ HkhM+ rFkk ml ?kj ls fudy jgs /kq, ls mUgsa ;g
irk pyrk gS fd ngst ds ykyp esa ,d vcyk dks thfor tyk fn;k x;k gS ^^csVs
dk C;kg ?kj esa tks iSlk ykrk gS & mls ngst dgrs gSa vkSj mlls tc iwjk ugha
iM+rk] rks vkSj ekx fy;k tkrk gS vkSj ugha feyrk rks cgw ml jkLrs dh #dkoV
fn[kus yxrh gSA ogh vxj jkLrs ls gVk nh tk,] rks ;g O;kikj fQj ls gks ldrk
gS & ,d vkSj C;kg] ,d vkSj yM+dh lsvkSj fQj ls ngst vkSj iSlk**3 ;gk
ve`rk izhre us LokFkZ esa va/ks yksHkh euq";ksa dh vekuoh;rk dk inkZQkk fd;k gS
vkSj lkFk gh ngst tSlh dqizFkk ds nq'ifj.kkeksa dh vksj Hkh bkkjk fd;k gSA
vkxs c<+us ij ft+Unxh vkSj gok ,d NksVs ls xko esa igqprs gSa] tgk uoo/kq
dh Mksyh mlds llqjky u ys tkdj xko ds t+ehankj ds ?kj ys tkbZ tkrh gS]
D;ksafd ml xko dh ;g izFkk Fkh fd uo&fookfgrk dks igyh jkr t+ehankj ds lkFk
gh xqt+kjuh iM+rh FkhA mlds ipkr nwljh cLrh esa mudh HksaV foHkktu dh
fofHkf'kdk ls ihfM+r ,d ,slh L=h ls gksrh gS tks os;ko`fr tSls dyafdr /ka/ks dks
viukus ds fy, fook gSA ek }kjk foork esa viuk, bl /ka/ks dks mldh csVh dks
Hkh viukuk iM+rk gSA mls bl ckr dk nq%[k gS fd nks'k u gksrs gq, Hkh mls lekt
vkSj ifjokj }kjk viekfur gksuk iM+rk gSA fdlh vksj ds nq"deZ dk Hkkj mls
larku ds :i esa mBkuk iM+rk gS] tks mlds fy, ojnku ugha cfYd vfHkkki cu
x;kA ukjh ds izfr lekt dk nqO;Zogkj] ladh.kZ ekufldrk rFkk izR;sd Lrj ij
gj :i esa mlds izfr gks jgs kks"k.k dks ns[kdj ft+Unxh fopfyr gks dgrh gS &
4
^^;g esjs cnu ij dSlk gLrk{kj gS & bl nsk dh fdlh csVh dk !**
ukjh dh ,slh fLFkfr ls fopfyr ft+Unxh dks gok ,d ijh xkFkk lqukrh gS
fd fdl izdkj ,d ijh ds ia[k pqjk euq"; us mls /kjrh ij jgus ds fy, ck/; dj
fn;k Fkk vkSj var esa vius ia[k izkIr dj og ijh Lora= gks xbZ FkhA okLro esa ia[k
ve`rk izhre d`r ^muds gLrk{kj*

eas ukjh laosnuk
lanHkZ lwph %
1 ve`rk izhre, muds gLrk{kj , i`.111
2 ogh, i`.118
3 ogh, i`.122
4 ogh, i`.123
'kks/kkFkhZ
fgUnh foHkkx
d'ehj fo'ofo|ky;
Jhuxj] d'ehj
41
HINDI
Lokra=~;kskj efgyk miU;kldkjksa dh

jpukvksa esa O;Dr uSfrd ewY;


m"kk fiz;aonk fy[krh gSa&^îj bu lcdks Hkh rks enn dh t+:jr gS
ekSlh! firkth dks isUku feyrh gh fdruh gS\ mlesa rks nks oDr nky&jksVh Hkh u
pys] eSa Hkh vxj u d:a rks fdlds vkxs gkFk QSyk;sa\ yM+dksa dks i<+kuk gS gh]
4
lM+d ij rks vokjk ?kweus ugha fn;k tkosxkA**
ysf[kdk us îpiu [kEcs yky nhokjsa* dh lq"kek esa ikfjokfjd uSfrdrk
ds xq.k fo|eku jD[ks gSaA ifjokj ds izfr og fdruh lefiZr gSa&^îgyh ckr rks
ugr ;g gS fd esjh cgqr ftEesnkfj;ka gSaA rqels rks dqN Hkh fNik ugha gSA i{k?kkr
5
ls ihfM+r ckcw] nks cgus vkSj HkkbZ] lc eq>s gh djuk gSA**
ikfjokfjd uhfr ds vUrZxr ek&firk ds drZO; Hkh ns[kus dks vkrs gSaA
êk* dSlh Hkh gks] og vius iq=ksa ds fy, tkus D;k ugha djrh] mldh uSfrdrk gh
mldk vkJ; gS&miU;kl ysf[kdk ^Lusg eksguhk* us vius miU;kl ^dy ds
fy,* esa ifjokj ds izfr ,d êk* ds nkf;Ro dk mYys[k fd;k gS&
^^vfgY;k dh ek us vkpy dh xkaB [kksydj ,d--- dkyh iM+h eSyh lh
galqyh fudkyhA ^vkSj dqN rks jgk ugha--- vfgY;k chekj gSA dqN cksyrh ugha--- pqi
iM+h jgrh gSA nwljs cPps gS] muds eqg esa nks&pkj nkus Mkyus gSa u---A**6
euq"; lekt dk fofk"V izk.kh gSA lekt dk fuekZ.k gh euq";ksa }kjk
gksrk gSA bl izdkj euq"; lekt ls tqM+k gSA blfy, ;g lkspuk xyr gS fd
lekt ls Lora= fdlh Hkh O;fDr dk viuk i`Fkd thou gksrk gSA
^^ftl izdkj ewy uSfrdrk dk pje y{; gS] ekuork dk dY;k.k] mlh
izdkj ekufld uSfrdrk Hkh lekt&foks"k ds dY;k.k dks loksZifjr ekurh gSA
lkekftd uSfrdrk dk y{; gS lekt esa O;oLFkk mRiUu djuk rFkk lkekftd
thou dks v{kq.k cuk;s j[kukA**7
Lkekt dh uhfr ds fo"k; esa kfkizHkk dgrh gSa&^^lekt gj fdlh ds
jgL; ds insZ dks D;ksa QkM+ Mkyuk pkgrk gSA O;Lrrk vkSj la?k"kZ ds ifg;ksa ij
Hkkxrs gq, O;fDr ds efLr"d esa lansg vkSj gj fdlh ds [kkstchu ds rarq D;ksa
dqycqykrs jgrs gSa] vkf[kj D;ksa\**8 uSfrdrk dks lekt esa fijkus dk iz;kl gesa
djuk gksxkA vkilh izse dks c<+kok nsuk gksxkA
^^rqe L=h cuksxs ;k iq#"k ;g rks eSa vHkh ugha tkurhA ysfdu tks Hkh :Ik
gksxk] cukuk rqe ogh tks cuuk pkgrs Fks] lkjs flre ds ckotwn Mjuk erA**9
lekt dh uhfr dks cnyuk gksxk] ifjorZu ds fy, iz;Ru djus gksaxs iqjkus vkSj
:<+ laLdkjksa dks u"V djuk gh gksxkA lekt dks uohu :Ik nsuk gksxkA
lekt esa euq"; jgrk gS vkSj bl ;qx esa viuh mnjiwfrZ gsrq vko;d gS
fd mlds ikl vFkkZHkko u gks] kklu dh uhfr gksuh pkfg, fd lHkh yksx lq[k ls
jgsa] fdlh dks vkfFkZd ijskkfu;ksa dk lkeuk u djuk iM+s] Lokra=~;kskj fganh
miU;kl ysf[kdkvksa us vius miU;klksa esa vkfFkZd uhfr fo"k;d fopkj O;Dr fd,
gSa&ekDlZ dk dguk Fkk&iwthokn vkSj ;a=hdj.k] bfrgkl vifjgk;Z vkSj fu"Bqj
rdZ ;qfDr ds vak gSA muls NqVdkjk fey rks ldrk gS ij rHkh tc os vius
^ykWftd* dks iwjk djds ml pje fcanq ij igqps tk;sa] tgk fonzksg [kqn o [kqn
iui mBrk gSA ;a=hdj.k ds ncko esa ?kqVs&fils dkexjksa dk fonzksg Hkh ,sfrgkfld
fu;fr dk vfuok;Z vax gSA**10
vkfFkZd igyw ij ysf[kdkvksa us fopkj O;Dr fd, gSa mudk dguk gS fd
42
uSfrdrk euq"; ls tqM+h gqbZ gS] vr% euq"; ds uSfrd ewY;ksa dh lPph
ij[k ge ekuoh; ewY;ksa }kjk gh dj ldrs gSaA ekuo ewY; ekuo&vfLrRo ls tqM+s
gSaA fcuk ekuoh; laosnukvksa dks dsUnz esa j[ks ewY; dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh]
ewY;ksa dh izfr"Bk dk vFkZ gS ekuork] euq";rk dks izfrf"Br djukA
euq"; uSfrdrk ds ek/;e ls gh mPp ls mPprj /kjkry dh vksj c<+
tkrk gS] D;ksafd uSfrdrk esa ekuo pfjr] vkpj.k] O;ogkj vkfn lHkh vk tkrs
gSa&^êuq"; pfj=cy ls gh egkekuoRo dks izkIr djrk gS ^pfj= u gh ekxk tk
ldrk gS] u gh mls dksbZ [kjhn ldrk gS] pfj= latks;k tkrk gSA**
orZeku ifjizs{; esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk iru gks jgk gSA HkkSfrdoknh]
fodkloknh] ekuoh; ftthfo"kk dh izo`fRr us uSfrd /keksZa dks R;kx fn;k gSA
ifpeh Hkksxoknh uhfr esa uSfrdrk gzklksUeq[kh gksrh xbZ gSA
nwljh vksj oxZHksn ds dkj.k uSfrd ewY;ksa dk iru gqvk gSA
vehj&iwathoknh lH;rk esa iys yksx fuEu oxZ dks vlH; taxyh ekurs gSa rFkk
mudk kks"k.k djrs jgrs gSaA blls mudh uSfrdrk u"V gksrh xbZ gSA vkfFkZd
foiUurkvksa us mls mPp oxZ ds le{k ghu ik= cuk fn;k gSA loZgkjk oxZ viuh
dq.Bkvksa&vkReXykfu esa viuh uSfrdrk [kksrk tk jgk gSA euq";&euq"; ds chp
Lrj Hksn gS tks gekjh fuEu Lrj dh [kks[kyh ekufldrk dk lwpd gSA ;g ewY;
oS;fDrd] ikfjokfjd] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fdlh Hkh :Ik esa gks ldrs gSaA
^^tgk ,d vksj ;g lp gS fd O;fDr dk lkjk thou ml lkekftd
,drk dk lkis{k cuk jgrk gS] ftldk og LoLFk gksrk gS] ogk ;g Hkh mruk gh
lp gS fd O;fDr;ksa dks vius O;fDrRo esa gh lkekftd ,drk dh flf) gks ikrh
gSA O;fDr esa uSfrd vkpj.k dk xq.k ckgj ls mRiUu fd;k tkrk gS ;g tUetkr
ugha gksrkA lkekftd uSfrdrk ds ncko ds dkj.k uSfrd vkpj.k dh mldh
vknr iM+ tkrh gS oS;fDrd uSfrdrk ds vUrxZr Ô;fDr* esa Hkys&cqjs vFkok
mfpr vuqfpr dk Kku] mlds er ,oa fookl] mlds uSfrd vknkZ ,oa ewY; vk
tkrs gSaA oS;fDrd uSfrdrk] vius O;kid vFkZ esa] O;fDr dk viuk thou&nkZu
1
gS] ftlds lgkjs og thou ;kiu djrk gSA**
eUuw HkaMkjh us fy[kk gS&^^nk lkgc dk iwjk O;fDrRo gh tSls lH;rk ds
2
izse esa e<+k gqvk gS--- thou esa la;e vkSj vkgkj&O;ogkj esa fu;eA**
^^v[kckj dks rks vktk+n jguk gh pkfg,] os gh rks gekjs dkekas dk] gekjh ckrkas
dk vlyh ni.Zk gkrss gAaS ejsk rks mly
w gS fd ni.Zk dks /k/aqkyk er gkuss nkAs gk] viuh
Nfo n[skus dk lkgl gkusk pkfg, vkneh e]as cMh+ fgEer vkjS crwk pkfg, mlds fy,
3
blls tks drjkrk g]S og nl
w js dks ugh]a vius dks gh Nyrk gAS**
^îfjokj** euq"; ds thou dh izkFkfed ikBkkyk gSA ;gha ij euq";
vius thou dh lEiw.kZrk vftZr djrk gSA ikfjokfjd laca/kksa dh vogsyuk dksbZ
Hkh euq"; ugha dj ldrkA ifjokj ls gh mls lc dqN izkIr gksrk gSA ekrk&firk]
HkkbZ&cfgu ;s ,d gh ifjokj ds fofHkUu kkjhfjd vo;o gSaA buds izfr vke
O;fDr dks mnkj n`f"Vdks.k viukuk pkfg,A
uSfrd ewY;ksa dks euq"; ogha rd lqjf{kr j[k ldrk gS] tc og vius
drZO;ksa dks n`f"Vxr djrs gq, Lo;a ds ifjokj okyksa ds izfr drZO; fuokZg djs] ;gh
rks mlds thou dks vkxs c<+kus esa lg;ksx djrs gSaA
43
Dr. Sharad Kumar

;fn euq"; lkgl ls dke ysrk gS rks mldh vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk lek/kku mudk
Lor% gks tk;sxkA
^êq>s rks ,sls fuHkhZd vkSj mRlkgh uo;qodksa dh vko;drk gS] bl
;kstuk ds fy, pkgrk gw fd ?kjsyw&m|ksx&;kstuk dks vki yksx lEHkkys] vki
yksx gh crk, fdruk cM+k liuk Fkk ckiw dk gekjk gj xkao vkSj gj xzkeh.k
vkfFkZd :Ik ls Lora= cus] leFkZ cusA**11
Lokra=~;kskj fganh miU;kl ysf[kdkvksa us vU; oxZ ds jgus okys yksxksa ds
izfr uSfrdrk izLrqr dh gSA fuEu oxZ ds loZgkjk oxZ ds yksx vkf[kj lekt esa gh
jgrs gSa] blds vius vf/kdkj gSaA
euq"; lekt dk vax gS vr% gj euq"; dks lekt ds dk;Z&dkSky esa
Lora=rk gksuh pkfg,A
^^,d vthc Loj us esjk /;ku [khapk&^êsjh le> esa ugha vk;k] ;g #nu
dk gS--- ;k xhr dk ;k nksuksa ds feys tqys :Ik dkA ikl tkdj ns[kk rks--- ,d
fHk[kkj.kh vkSjr pkjksa rjQ fpFkM+s QSyk;s fuiV vdsyh lwus eSnku esa O;atuksa esa
flj fn;s cSBh gSA og jks jgh Fkh] mlds #nu esa Hkh laxhr ds Loj Fks--- mlds lkeus
dh Hkh[k dh dVksjh [kkyh iM+h Fkh] nks pkj fpFkM+s b/kj&m/kj fc[kjs FksA**12
euq";ksa ds lsod tks ewd izk.kh gSa] muds izfr Hkh gesa lgkuqHkwfr j[kuh
pkfg,A eatqy Hkxr us fy[kk gS&^^txslj us ?kksM+h xkM+h ls vyx dh vkSj mldk
lkt mrkjus yxk] fQj mldk da/kk lgykrk mls uhe rys cka/k vk;kA nks pkj
/kkSy /kIi] ?kksM+h ds iqV~Bksa ij fn, vkSj ykM+ ls cksyk&^vkt rsjh oks ekfyk d:axk
13
vkSj [kjkZ fQjkxk fd rsjh [kky xksjs lkgc ds cwV tSlh pedkjk ekjsxhA**
uSfrd ewY; ekuo dh vfLerk dks fdl rjg thfor j[krs gSa] rFkk vkt ds
ifjizs{; esa uSfrdrk dSls u"V gksrh tk jgh gS] miU;kldkjksa us bldh ppkZ gh ugha
dh] izR;qr uSfrdrk dh j{kk djus ds fopkj Hkh vfHkO;Dr fd, gSaA
lanHkZ %
12345678910111213-
fganh miU;kl dk fodkl vkSj uSfrdrk] Mk- lq[knso kqDy] i`- 9

egkHkkst] eUuw HkaMkjh] jk/kkd`".k izdkku] fnYyh] i`- 13&14
ogh] i`- 19
ipiu [kacs yky nhokjsa] m"kk fiz;aonk] jktdey izdkku] fnYyh] i`- 11
ogh] i`- 110
dy ds fy,] Lusg eksguhk] iwoksZn; izdkku] fnYyh] i`- 64
fganh miU;kl dk fodkl vkSj uSfrdrk] Mk- lq[knso] i`- 6
ukosZ] kfkizHkk kkL=h] jktdey izdkku] fnYyh] i`- 35
ngdu ds ikj] fu:iek lscrh] uskuy ifCyfkax gkml] fnYyh] i`- 83
fprdkscjk] e`nqyk xxZ] uskuy ifCyfkax gkml] fnYyh] i`- 83
egkHkkst] eUuw Hk.Mkjh] jk/kk d`".k izdkku] fnYyh] i`- 30
dy ds fy,] Lusg eksguhk] iwoksZn; izdkku] fnYyh] i`- 47
csxkus ?kj esa] eatqy Hkxr] ljLorh fogkj] fnYyh] i`- 16&17
vflLVsaV izksQ+slj] fganh foHkkx
vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky;] vyhx<+
44
ABSTARCT
Women entrepreneurship is the process where women organize all the
factors of production, undertake risks, and provide employment to others.
The definition of women entrepreneurship has never been differentiated
on the basis of sex and hence could be extended to women entrepreneurs.
This paper particularly focuses on various issues pertaining to women
entrepreneur's issues, challenges and future perspective in India. Today
women entrepreneurship becomes significant tool for women
empowerment. Women entrepreneurs need to enhance their living
standard into a comfortable level along with their family which in turn
helps in development of the country. Generally entrepreneurs are strength
of any successful economy in the world. Today with growing population
we want to take necessary step to nurture entrepreneurship particularly
women empowerment through entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is
considered as one of the most important factors contributing to the
economic development of the society .Entrepreneurs have been
considered instrumental in initiating and sustaining socio-economic
development.
In India, concept of women entrepreneurship is of recent origin. Women
have become aware about their rights and situations and entered in
different fields of business. They have established their own successful
business empires. They are contributing towards the growth of Indian
economy and improvement of their socio-economic conditions.
Government of India has given due importance to women empowerment
in the country and several schemes has been introduced for the women
entrepreneurs. Women workforce ratio in the country is increasing due to
the increase in the women literacy rate in India. Woman constitutes the
family, which leads to Society and Nation. Female entrepreneurs make
significant contributions to economic growth and to poverty reduction.
This conceptual paper indicates the role and emphasizes the women
entrepreneurs as the potentially emerging human resource in the 21st
century to overcome the economic challenges in global perspective.
KEYWORDS
Women Entrepreneurs, Women Problems, Women Workforce, Women
Empowerment, Entrepreneurship, Problems, Opportunities, Challenges,
Self-Fulfillment Self Help Groups etc.
INTRODUCTION
Today, many women have established their own economy i.e.,
entrepreneurial empire and are now ruling their world as they wished to.
The hidden entrepreneurial potentials of women have gradually been
changing with the growing sensitivity to the role and economic status in
the society. Skill, knowledge and adaptability in business are the main
reasons for women to emerge into business ventures Indian women had
undergone a long way and are becoming increasingly visible and
ECONOMICS
Opportunities & Challenges for

Women Entrepreneurship in Indian Economy
at Present Scenario

45
OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES FOR

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIAN
ECONOMY AT PRESENT SCENARIO
women entrepreneurs are performing extremely fantastic.
Bio-technology
IT enabled enterprises
Event Management
Tourism industry
Telecommunication
Plastic materials
Sericulture
Mineral water
Sericulture
Floriculture
Herbal & health care
Food, fruits & vegetable processing

CHALLANGES FOR INDIAN WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR
Generally women need to come across lot of struggles, challenges and
obstacles in their personal life. When they turn into business they have to
face many problems for every success. Despite effort is made by them
they must be recognized positively and they faith to withstand by
themselves.
Scarcity of raw material: Most of the women enterprises are

plagued by the scarcity of raw material and necessary inputs. Added
to this is the high price of raw material, on the other. The failure of
nay women co- operatives in 1971 engaged in basket making is
an example how the scarcity of raw material sounds the dearth- knell
of enterprises run by women.
Stiff Competition: Women entrepreneurs do not have organization

setup to pump in a lot of money for canvassing and advertisement.
Thus, they have to face a stiff competition for marketing their
products with both organized sector and their male counterparts.
Such a competition ultimately results in the liquidation of women
enterprises.
Limited Mobility: Unlike men, women mobility in India is highly

limited due to various reasons. A single woman asking for room is
still upon suspicion. Cumbersome exercise involved in starting an
enterprise coupled with the officials humiliating attitude towards
women compels them to give up an idea of starting an enterprise.
Family Ties: In India, it is mainly a woman's duty to look after the

children and other members of the family. Man plays a secondary
role only. In case of married woman, she has to strike a fine balance
between her business and family. Her total involvement in
family leaves little or no energy and time to devote for business.
Support and approval of husbands seem necessary condition or
women's entry in to business. Accordingly, the educational level and
family background of husbands positively influence women's entry
Dr. Sharad Kumar
46
successful in all spheres and have shifted from kitchen to higher level of
professional activities. Women entrepreneurs are fast becoming a force
to reckon with in the business world and are not only involved in business
for survival but to satisfy their inner urge of creativity and to prove their
capabilities. Educated Women is contributing to a great extent to the
social transformation and in the future, will be seen that more women
venturing into areas traditionally dominated by men. Female who play an
intriguing role by frequently interacting and actively adjusting herself
with socio-economic, financial and support spheres in society is called
women entrepreneur.
WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA
The status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over
the past few millennia. From equal status with men in ancient times
through the low points of the medieval period, to the promotion of equal
rights by many reformers, the history of women in India has been
eventful. In modern India, women have adorned high offices in India
including that of the President, Prime minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha
and Leader of the Opposition. As of 2011, the President of India, the
Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha
(Lower House of the parliament) are all women.Women
Entrepreneurship means an act of business ownership and business
creation that empowers women economically increases their economic
strength as well as position in society. "Women Entrepreneur" is a person
who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become
economically independent.
In India, women entry into business is a new phenomenon.
Women entry into business, or say, entrepreneurship is traced out as an
extension of their kitchen activities mainly to 3 Ps viz, pickles, powder
and papad. Women in India plugged into business for both pull and push
factors. Pull factors imply the factors, which encourage women to start an
occupation or venture with an urge to do something independently. Push
factors refer to those factors, which compel to take up their own business
to tide over their economic difficulties and responsibilities. Women
entrepreneurs manufacturing solar cookers in Gujarat, small foundries in
Maharashtra and T.V. capacitors in Orissa have proved beyond doubt that
given the opportunities, they can excel their male counterparts. Smt.
Sumati Morarji (Shipping Corporation), Smt. Yumutai Kirloskar (Mahila
Udyog Limited), Smt. Neena Malhotra (Exports) and Smt. Shahnaz
Hussain (Beauty Clinic) are some exemplary names of successful and
accomplished women entrepreneurs in our country.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR INDIAN WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR
Women entrepreneurs believe good enough to contribute for the society
well being in order to tap the opportunities in entrepreneurship. They
have many responsibilities towards society betterment. In recent days

47

policies, financial assistance from public and private institutions and

also the environment suitable for women to establish business units.
Knowledge in Business Administration: Women must be educated

and trained constantly to acquire the skills and knowledge in all the
functional areas of business management. This can facilitate women
to excel in decision making process and develop a good business
network.
Awareness about the financial assistance: Various institutions in

the financial sector extend their maximum support in the form of
incentives, loans, schemes etc. Even then every woman entrepreneur
may not be aware of all the assistance provided by the institutions. So
the sincere efforts taken towards women entrepreneurs may not
reach the entrepreneurs in rural and backward areas.
Exposed to the training programs: Training programs and

workshops for every type of entrepreneur is available through the
social and welfare associations, based on duration, skill and the
purpose of the training program. Such programs are really useful to
new, rural and young entrepreneurs who want to set up a small and
medium scale unit on their own.
Identifying the available resources: Women are hesitant to find out

the access to cater their needs in the financial and marketing areas. In
spite of the mushrooming growth of associations, institutions, and
the schemes from the government side, women are not enterprising
and dynamic to optimize the resources in the form of reserves, assets
mankind or business volunteers. Highly educated, technically sound
and professionally qualified women should be encouraged for
managing their own business, rather than dependent on wage
employment outlets. The unexplored talents of young women can be
identified, trained and used for various types of industries to increase
the productivity in the industrial sector. A desirable environment is
necessary for every woman to inculcate entrepreneurial values and
involve greatly in business dealings.
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
The government programme for women development began as
early as 1954 in India but the actual participation began only in 1974. At
present, the Government of India has over 27 schemes for women
operated by different departments and ministries. Some of these are:
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM)
Prime Minister's Rojgar Yojana (PMRY)
Women's Development Corporation Scheme (WDCS)
Working Women's Forum
Indira Mahila Yojana
IndiraMahilaKendra
Dr. Sharad Kumar
48
into business activities.
Lack of Education: In India, around three- fifths (60%) of women

are still illiterate illiteracy is the root cause of socio- economic
problems. Due to the lack of education and that too qualitative
education, women are not aware of business, technology and market
knowledge. Also, lack of education cases low achievement
motivation among women. Thus, lack of education creates problems
for women in the setting up and running of business enterprises.
Male dominated Society: Male chauvinism is till the order of the

day in India. The constitution of India speaks of equality between
sexes. But, in practice women are looked upon as able i.e. weak in all
respects. Women suffer from male reservations about a
women's role, ability and capacity and are treated accordingly. In
nutshell, in the male-dominated Indian society, women are not
treated equal to men. This in turn, serves as a barrier to women entry
into business.
Low Risk: Bearing Ability: Women in India lead a protected life.

They are less educated and economically not self- dependent. All
these reduce their ability to bear risk involved in running an
enterprise. Risk bearing is an essential requisite of a successful
entrepreneur. In addition to above problems, inadequate infra
structural facilities, shortage of power, high cost of production, social
attitude, low need for achievement and socio- economic constraints
also hold the women back from entering into business.
Lack of confidence: In general, women lack confidence in their

strength and competence. The family members and the society are
reluctant to stand beside their entrepreneurial growth. To a certain
extent, this situation is changing among Indian women and yet to
face a tremendous change to increase the rate of growth in
entrepreneurship.
Socio-cultural barriers: Women's family and personal obligations

are sometimes a great barrier for succeeding in business career. Only
few women are able to manage both home and business efficiently,
devoting enough time to perform all their responsibilities in priority.
Market-oriented risks: Stiff competition in the market and lack of

mobility of women make the dependence of women entrepreneurs
on middleman indispensable. Many business women find it difficult
to capture the market and make their products popular. They are not
fully aware of the changing market conditions and hence can
effectively utilize the services of media and internet.
Motivational factors: Self motivation can be realized through a

mind set for a successful business, attitude to take up risk and
behavior towards the business society by shouldering the social
responsibilities. Other factors are family support, Government

49

Women's development corporations have to gain access to openended financing.
The financial institutions should provide more working capital

assistance both for small scale venture and large scale ventures.
Making provision of micro credit system and enterprise credit

system to the women entrepreneurs at local level.
Repeated gender sensitization programmes should be held to

train financiers to treat women with dignity and respect as
person sin their own right.
Infrastructure, in the form of industrial plots and sheds, to set up

industries is to be provided by state run agencies.
Industrial estates could also provide marketing outlets for the

display and sale of products made by women.
A Women Entrepreneur's Guidance Cell set up to handle the

various problems of women entrepreneurs all over the state.
District Industries Centers and Single Window Agencies should

make use of assisting women in their trade and business
guidance.
Programmes for encouraging entrepreneurship among women

are to be extended at local level.
Training in entrepreneurial attitudes should start at the high

school level through well-designed courses, which build
confidence through behavioral games.
More governmental schemes to motivate women entrepreneurs

to engage in small scale and large-scale business ventures.
Involvement of Non Governmental Organizations in women

entrepreneurial training programmes and counseling.
CONCLUSION
The country needs to mobilize and utilize fully all its resources
including human resources. The participation of women in economic
activities is necessary not only from a human resource point of view but
also is essential even from the objective of raising the status of women in
the society. The economic status of the women is now accepted as an
indicator of a society's stage of development and therefore it becomes
imperative for the government to frame policies for development of
entrepreneurship among women. The long-term objectives of the
development programmes for women should aim to raise their economic
and social status in order to bring them into the mainstream of national
life and development. For this, due recognition has to be accorded to the
role and contribution of women in the various social economic and
political and cultural activities
The challenges and opportunities provided to the women in this
digital era are growing rapidly fantastic rather job seekers. They are
flourishing as designers, interior decorators, exporters, publishers,
Dr. Sharad Kumar
50
Mahila Samiti Yojana
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh
Khadi and Village Industries Commission
Indira Priyadarshini Yojana
SIDBI's Mahila Udyam Nidhi Mahila Vikas Nidhi
SBI's Sree Shaki Scheme
NGO's Credit Schemes
National Banks for Agriculture and Rural Development's

Schemes etc.
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Women entrepreneurs need to be encouraged positively in terms
of understanding the reality of entrepreneurship with exceptional
potential. They have to be directed in a righty way to come up with lot of
ideas into their focus. Appropriate efforts to be taken into account for
effective development of women entrepreneurs.
Consider women as specific target group for all developmental

programmes.
Vocational training to be extended to women community that

enables them to understand the production process and
production management.
Skill development to be done in women's polytechnics and

industrial training institutes. Skills are put to work in trainingcum-production workshops.
Training on professional competence and leadership skill to be

extended to women entrepreneurs.
Training and counseling on a large scale of existing women

entrepreneurs to remove psychological causes like lack of selfconfidence and fear of success.
Counseling through the aid of committed NGOs, psychologists,

managerial experts and technical personnel should be provided
to existing and emerging women entrepreneurs.
Continuous monitoring and improvement of training

programmes.
Activities in which women are trained should focus on their

marketability and profitability.
Making provision of marketing and sales assistance from

government part.
To encourage more passive women entrepreneurs the Women

training programme should be organized that taught to
recognize her psychological needs and express them.
State finance corporations and financing institutions should

permit by statute to extend purely trade related finance to women
entrepreneurs.

51
& MkW0 liuk flag

garment manufacturers and still exploring new avenues of economic

participation. Independence brought promise of equality of opportunity
in all sphere to the Indian women and laws guaranteeing for their equal
rights of participation in political process and equal opportunities and
rights in education and employment were enacted. But unfortunately, the
government sponsored development activities have benefited only a
small section of women. The large majority of them are still unaffected
by change and development activities have benefited
only a small section of women i.e. the urban middle class women.
Women entrepreneurs can contribute largely to the wealth of the society
in a most efficient manner. But they need to perceive fully the role and
significance of entrepreneurship. So the forthcoming days are definitely
meaningful and decisiveness to the Indian women entrepreneur.
REFERENCES :
Vasant Desai (2010), Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Development and

Management, Himalaya Publishing House.
Donald F.Kuratko Richard M.Hodgetts(2011), Entrepreneurship in the New

Millennium Thomson-South.Western.
A.Aruna Devi $ K.Subramanian (Mar2014), Women Entrepreneurship in

Tirunelveli: A Study.
Afza, T., Hassan, M. and Rashid, M an Assessment...A., (2010). 'Enterprising

Behaviour of Enterpriseless Rural Women'
Ahl, H., (2006). 'Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new

directions',Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 30, No. 5,
Amutha, D., (2011). 'Enterprise Involvement of Women Entrepreneurs', Research

on Humanities and Social Sciences
Vasant Desai (2010), Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Development and

Management, Himalaya Publishing House.
Donald F.Kuratko Richard M.Hodgetts(2011), Entrepreneurship in the New

Millennium Thomson-South.Western.
Institute for Women Development Report 2001.
D. Padmavati (2002), Training women for Entrepreneurship Social Welfare,
S.Mathivanan & M.Selvakumar (2008), A study on Socio-Economic

Background and Status of Women Entrepreneur in Small.
Vinze, Medha Dubashi (1987), Women Entrepreneurs in India: A Socio

Economic Study of Delhi, Mittal Publications. Delhi.
www.articlebase.org
www.forbes.com
www.smallindustryindia.com./ssiindia/census/sumryes.htm.
Assistant Professor
Department of Economics
N. R. E. C. College, KHURJA
52
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SOCIOLOGY
cnyrs lkekftd ifjn`'; esa

efgykvksa dh izfLFkfr

53

6-
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54
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esa ekuk tkus yxkA ngst yksfHk;ksa ls rax vkdj efgyk,a vkRegR;k rd dj
ysrh FkhA fdUrq blh ;qx esa jktk jke eksgu jk;] bZoj pUnz fo|klkxj]
Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh] Lokeh foosdkuUn tSls lekt lq/kkjdksa dk tUe
gqvkA ftuds iz;klksa ls fofHkUu vf/kfu;e ikfjr gq;s %&
11829 & lrh izFkk fujks/kd vf/kfu;e
21856 & fgUnw fo/kok iquZfookg vf/kfu;e
31929 & oky fookg fujks/kd vf/kfu;e
41937 & lEifRr vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e
51954 & foks"k fookg vf/kfu;e

55
Dr. Pramod Kumar

iq:"kksa ls vkxs gSaA isIlh b.Vjuskuy dh lh0bZ0vks0 Jherh bfUnjk uqbZ] izeq[k
lekt lsfodk ,oa iwoZ vkbZ0ih0,l0 vf/kdkjh Mk0 fdj.k osnh] Hkkjr fodkl
ifj"kn c`t iznsk dh izkUrh; egklfpo Mk0 fnO;k ygjh] efgyk lkfDrdj.k ds
lkDr mnkgj.k gSaA
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o[kwch fuHkk jgh gSaA vko;drk gS rks cl iq:"k dks viuh lksp cnyus dh ,oa
efgykvksa dks leqfpr lEeku ,oa LFkku iznku djus dhA
lUnHkZ %&
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2- fo".kq iqjk.k %& 2&135&6
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t;iqjA
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Vhdkjke dU;k egkfo|ky;
vyhx<+
56
Abstract
Man is both creator and molder of his environment which has
given him physical sustenance to afford him the opportunity for
intellectual, moral, spiritual social and economic growth. In the long and
tortuous evaluation of the human race, man has acquired the power to
transform his environment on an unprecedented scale through the rapid
acceleration of science and technology Man's need caused requirements
of advanced industrialization in the study area i.e. the result of people's
luxuries. Pottery industry in the study area has a long history and traces its
origin to the last decade of the 14th century when Tamur Lung invaded
India. In 1934, the Uttar Pradesh Government took interest in the
development of the industry to conduct trails in the manufacture of white
wares at Khurja. There are 470 small scale units engaged in the
manufacturing of a variety of ceramic products like crockery, insulators,
electrical items, bone china wares, sanitary and decorative items. The
cluster comprises of dependent and independent pottery units. The
independent pottery manufacturers have integrated production facilities
ranging from raw material processing to firing. The ceramic production
from the cluster remained static at low levels till mid 80's and only after
mid 80's started witnessing higher growth rates.
The Problem
The pottery industries are releasing pollutants in the form of
residual slugs, gases and smoke and atmosphere is infested by organic
and inorganic particles constitute some major environmental challenges
and causes wide spread allergic rhinitis in form of upper respiratory tract
allergy, hypersensitivity and various types of bronchial troubles. The
traditional technology in pottery industry is causing pollution which has
harmed the environment and human health even it has not been less
effective to soil and agriculture.
The Study Area
Khurja, one of the commercial cities of Uttar Pradesh is situated
on Grand Trunk Road, some 86 Kms. South-east of Delhi and 45 Kms.
north-west of Aligarh and falls on the main Railway Line connecting
o
o
Delhi to Hawrah. It lies between 28 4' and 28 43' north latitudes and
o
o
77 18' and 78 4' east longitude. The Khurja Municipality has an area of
about 549.186 hectares with an urban residential area of 30% and
agriculture land use of about 29%. The development area of the town is
above 1.08 lakh hectares. The central portion of the city forms an elevated
site flanked by low-lying strips on the border areas of the city, having dry
and healthy natural climatic conditions like that of other parts of the
western Uttar Pradesh. The rich soils and advanced agriculture with good
location near big markets has promoted the growth of population and so
as the concentration of cheap labour.
GEOGRAPHY
Transformation of Pottery Industry in

Khurja City of Uttar Pradesh

57
TRANSFORMATION OF POTTERY INDUSTRY IN

KHURJA CITY OF UTTAR PRADESH
cluster has witnessed adoption of energy-efficient oil-fired tunnel and

shuttle kilns. With regard to raw material processing, the units at Khurja
use inferior quality of raw materials and do not use scientific methods for
raw material processing and fabrication. Setting of CGCRI in Khurja in
1981, could develop the entrepreneurship and the scientific & technical
input to the age old traditional technology of stone ware manufacturing
specially in the firing the wares in coal fired down draft kilns. Keeping in
view, the office of the Development Commissioner, Small Scale
Industries entrusted TERI for undertaking a diagnostic study for the
modernization of the pottery industry in Khurja.
Modernization and Mechanization of Pottery Industry
Although shuttle and tunnel kilns are relatively new entrants in
the cluster but the energy audit of these kilns indicates a large scope for
improving their performance. The study has brought out a few
incremental technological changes which when demonstrated, will have
a direct and visual impact for possible replication by other similar units in
the cluster. The old technology prevailing in the ceramic units is more
expensive and lesser productive and affects the existence of the products
in the market in comparison to the products of advanced and highly
technical ceramic units settled in other places of India. The most
promising options for technology demonstration are reduced deadweight
of trolley and improved loading arrangement of trolleys and efficient
burner system. A number of new units came up for making processed raw
materials only and the installed capacity of the industry was raised to 25
tonnes per day.
However, the general trend in the ceramic industry was most
progressive towards mechanization but the automatic machines must be
introduced for the various shaping and other processes with close
collaboration between the practical potter and the ceramic engineer to
mechanize the raw materials processing and of prepared bodies of semi
finished products. Firing is mechanized by the use of continuous tunnel
kilns. The craft man ship of the individual potter which in the past was
decisive as regards the success or failure of individual firm, required the
partnership of the ingenious engineers who plan and coordinate
automatic machinery and mechanical devices. The government of Uttar
Pradesh and the owner of pottery industries took interest to change the
mode of industries to develop them from old pattern to modern style. The
kilns, machines and processes should have been changed to make the
industries modern and efficient in production. During the Last Decade,
Khurja Industries had undergone a phenomenal change. Most of the coal
fired down draft kilns have been replaced by oil fired shuttle kilns and
tunnel kilns to reduce the cost of production and effects of pollution.
Kilns and their Modification and Modernization
Kiln is a chamber having a few openings in which coal is burnt
Dr. Pramod Kumar
58
Objectives of Study
As an important task of geographical monitoring, it is to observe
the state of Pollution in both pottery and other enthropogenically
modified geo-system for improvement, development and amelioration of
natural as well as manmade environment and human health. In view the
above challenges of environmental degradation and health losses, the
object of study includes to assess the potentials of environmental
condition for further progress. The object of study is to improve the
performance of the Khurja small-scale pottery cluster and human health.
The research will present the strategy to promote mechanism to increase
the adoption of energy efficient technologies and ground level practices
in cluster of ceramic industries. The study will map the operational
practices including new technologies in the main energy using parts of the
operations. Finally, the intention of the research is to examine the barriers
and the environmental impacts of industries to the adoption of improved
technologies and to suggest specific interventions to reduce them.
The Source of Data
The techniques of environment upgrading include field
investigation, preparation of field maps, design of sampling and the
presentation of data by different documented maps and diagrams. The
study is based on primary and secondary sources of data obtained from
census reports, bulletins of environmental studies and Science reporters.
The data will also be collected from the official records of Pollution
Removal Institutions, offices, ceramic research centers, agencies and
personal field investigations.
Working Processes of Pottery Industries
The 90% of the total potters were carrying out their pottery
activity with the help of traditional methods by hand building crockery
wares whereas only 6% reported to adapt appropriate technology. Wares
could be constructed by hand from coils of clay combining flat slabs of
clay, or pinching solid balls of clay or some combination of these. Parts of
hand-built vessels were often joined together with the aid of slip, an
aqueous suspension of clay body and water. A clay body was decorated
before or after firing. Prior to some shaping processes, clay must be
prepared such as table wares although some studio potters found handbuilding more conducive to create one-of-a-kind works of art. Although
international ceramic manufacturing has undergone considerable
technological changes over the years but there was technological
stagnation in Khurja pottery cluster. Majority of the units at Khurja still
use obsolete technology downdraft kilns that have higher production
costs, lower profit margins, higher fuel consumption, maximum wastage
and higher level of pollution. The highly polluting and inefficient coal
fired tank furnaces, the high noise making and old techniques of
processing were in working. From mid-1997 onwards, Khurja pottery

59

Their energy efficiency is extremely low at only between 3 6 %. The

coal fired pottery units based on down draft kilns could expect 33 35 %
and sometimes 40% of their production costs to be spent on energy.
Growth of Shuttle & Tunnel Kiln at Khurja Potteries
Tunnel kilns are prepared for glazed stoneware product mainly
because of better energy efficient compared to both the down draft and
shuttle kilns. Tunnel kilns may have reduced the cost of production by
about 10 to 15 % compared to the cost of production with conventional
down draft kilns. Cost saving fuel consumption by tunnel kilns is mainly
due to improved energy efficiency and lesser rejection rate of kilns which
is about below 107 % compared to 10 to 15 % of the shuttle kilns than the
down draft kilns. The combined effect of all the benefits achieved by
using Tunnel kilns has resulted on lowering of the process of the finished
products in the cluster. The length of Tunnel kilns are mostly about 90 ft,
100 ft and 120 ft. Tunnel kilns have better instrumentation to monitor and
control the operation and required highly skilled operator for operating
the furnace. The only cause of tunnel kilns is the efficiency in
manufacturing and deficiency in fuel consumption. Firing of green wares
is the energy intensive but Shuttle and Tunnel kilns are relatively recent.
Shuttle kilns were first introduced in Khurja pottery cluster in 1988. In
terms of energy efficiency the shuttle kilns are not as efficient as the
Tunnel kilns but are more energy efficient than the conventional down
draft kiln. The basic design of shuttle kilns in Khurja is similar to those of
Europe and USA with some difference. The shuttle kilns abroad are
provided with FID temperature control, air/fuel ration control and
comprehensive safely system. The shuttle kilns of Khurja have exhausted
the mode of manufacture that can be classed as down draught. The main
differences are instrumentation and combustion system. The kilns have
no control system but instrumentation is only mode of temperature
display. The combustion system is also very basic with control system for
air/fuel ratio. The duration of cycle for shuttle kilns is 24-30 hours
depending upon the size of the kiln and nature of the product. The energy
consumption in shuttle kilns reveals that specific energy consumption in
various units varies between 2508.8 and 6585.60 K cal/Kg but is very low
in comparison of down draft kilns. The remaining pottery manufacturing
units which have not switched over to shuttle/tunnel kilns so far are now
not operating their down draft kiln due to economical constraints,
competition among the industry itself on production cost and requirement
of shorter firing regimes. Shuttle kilns are also batch kilns and are
particularly suited to the firing of specialized items like bone China and
stone ware decorative items and crockery. This is because these products
are light in weight and require low gloss. Combined with loading and
unloading shuttle kilns these have a total cycle time of 2 3 days,
compared to 5 7 days for coal fired down draft kilns. Firing and cooling
Dr. Pramod Kumar
60
and sent inside. The phenomenon of firing in dawn draught type furnace
is in which flames rush in the chamber, strike the top and are reflected
back where upon they pass out from beneath the furnace. A number of
kilns exit for use in the pottery industry and are known as muffle, semimuffle or direct fired kilns. They are based on the nature of contact
between the flame and the ware. The kiln may operate on a batch or a
continuous production cycle and may use different type of energy. The
pottery industries in Khurja use Down draft kilns, Shuttle kilns and
Tunnel kilns. All down draft kilns in Khurja were coal fired. Diesel
fueled shuttle and Tunnels kilns were first introduced in the early 1990.
Despite being late entrants, they were increasingly popular due to various
operational advantages. The shuttle and Tunnel kilns in Khurja presently
run of diesel oil. Electric kilns, however, are not used due to the higher
unit cost of electricity as compared to other fuels such as diesel which has
highly regular supply. The pressure of the liquefied petroleum gas
cylinder is too low to achieve the high temperatures required. There is
however a possibility that piped natural gas may become available in the
near future or the next few years. The energy cost of kilns typically ranges
from a low of 22% to a high of 35% of the sales values of production.
Decline of Coal Fired Down Draft Kiln in Khurja Potteries
The downdraft kilns used in Khurja were the coal fired kilns of
European design. The kiln made use of natural draft and as such did not
require any blowers or fans for its operation. The hot gases were produced
in fire boxes and these hot gases passed from the fire boxes to top of the
kiln chamber and then pulled down through the setting of wares and leave
through hole in the floor to go to the chimney through flue channels. It
took 10 15 days to complete one firing cycle. The coal fired pot furnace
were mostly use in glass and were highly inefficient, using only 63% of
energy and the rest of it goes waste. It produces huge volume of flue gas
consisting un-burnt carbon and other fine particles and create pollution in
the environment. Due to fall of unwanted groups from kiln furniture/sag
gars, deposition or absorption of carbon and due to variation of
temperature inside the kiln, the product quality varied and went to
inferior. The technology had undergone and no modification or
improvement until early 1990s was made. All productions were carried
Downdraft kilns with green wares placed in sag gars and then in the kiln
for firing. A typical operation cycle from cool to cool took approximately
5 7 days. The required temperature gradient over time and its uniformity
could not be maintained in the downdraft kiln which contributed to a high
rejection rate of between 15-30 %. The only advantage of this kiln is its
construction which is well known to the local people but the cost of a unit
is in the order cost at least two times more and up to four times as much,
depending on the size, the diameter 17, 23 or 27 feet and quality of
construction and reduction in fuel consumption by about 17%-20%.

61

Source of data : CGCRI office of Khurja

The basic layout of Khurja Tunnel kilns is similar to those of
tunnel kilns in Europe or USA with difference in airflow inside. The air
movement is from exit to entrance and a fan in the exhaust stack is used to
pull the gases down the kiln with the ware moving against the airflow.
These kilns can provide an effective counter flow of heat exchange. This
arrangement enables the exhaust gases to be used for preheating the
wares. In contrast, the Khurja kilns are designed to keep the preheat air
curtain which is used to restrict the flow of hot gases to the front of kilns.
There is no exhaust fan provided in the Tunnel kilns and thereby making it
less efficient in using exhaust gases can also lead to a less than desirable
temperature profile i.e. the preheat section of the kiln which may stay at
quite low temperature around 300o 350o C as against 500o to 600o C
required. Further kilns have flue gases drawn only from the side of the
kilns. They have only three or four thermocouples with temperature
display and the operator adjust burner as necessary to control
temperature. The operators are mainly concern with the peak temperature
in the burning zone. There is no provision to measure the actual flow of oil
or air, therefore, the burners can be setup by eye experience only. Tunnel
kilns are steady state continuous kilns on an average of about 22 to 23
trolleys travel through the kiln in 24 hours. Tunnels kilns have an energy
efficiency of 30% and the rejection rate of finished products is 1.8-2.3%.
This translates into significant savings and has resulted a lowering in
prices of finished products but require a significant capital outlay and also
more land space than either shuttle or downdraft kilns.
Gas Fired Kilns
The Khurja pottery cluster has been demanding access to natural
gas from the nearby pipeline which passes at a distance of 14 km from
Khurja near Shikarpur for over a decade. They have been repeatedly
denied access on the basis of the short supply with the Gas Authority of
India (GAIL) and because Khurja does not lie within the prioritized Taj
Trapezium zone. Recently, however a private gas supplying company
has approached the pottery manufactures with the proposal of supplying
piped gas to the units at a rate at which normal cooking gas cylinders are
available. The supplier has, however, desired that they relying on the
PDC. They procure body and glaze in readymade form and make green
ware in their units. The majority of the 494 units are traditional units.
They always started with low capital investments and use basic and old
technologies. There are now about 130 modern units that have invested in
shuttle and tunnel kilns moving away from the older coal fired down draft
kilns.
Injection Moulding Machines
Recent advances in ceramic is injection molding which make it
feasible technically and economically to produce medium to large
volumes of complex, ultra-high precision ceramic components.
Engineers can now combine the intricate geometry which has long been
the domain of plastic and metal parts, with the superior performance
characteristics of ceramics. Moulding and heating is now possible in the
same machine which saves energy and time and is less hazardous to
environment. The well-known benefits of ceramic material include: high
hardness and mechanical strength; wear and corrosion resistance;
dimensional stability over a wide range of temperatures; ability to
withstand high working temperatures; good electrical insulation and
excellent dielectric properties. However, until recent advances in CIM
technology, production engineers and product designers did not view
Dr. Pramod Kumar
62
cycles take approximately 12 hours each. Shuttle kilns have an energy

efficiency of 25%. They are more energy efficient than coal based
downdraft kilns but not as efficient as tunnel kilns. Compared to tunnel
kilns however, shuttle kilns require less space and a small capital
investment.
The shuttle kilns ranged in size from 4 to 20 cubic meters and a
firing of between 0.7 to 5 tons per day. This translates an annual capacity
around 120 150 firing per year of 100 to 600 tones of product. The
reason of low recognition of shuttle kiln is the higher cost and smaller size
in comparison of tunnel kiln. Those units who have a smaller output can
put this intermittent kiln to better use. Finally, the intermittent nature of
the tunnel kiln allows it to be controlled more easily than the continuous
tunnel kilns and so those who are making higher quality products and are
not confident of the tunnel kiln find this a more convenient alternative.
Shuttle and Tunnel kilns were first introduced in to Khurja pottery cluster
in 1993-1994.Tunnel kilns are oil fired steadily state continuous kilns.
The design and technology of Tunnel kiln in Khurja have been obtained
from that of Thangarh pottery cluster near Ahmadabad. Although the first
tunnel and shuttle in Khurja was built in 1992. Large scale adoption of
this kiln took place only after 1998. Presently, 344 down draft kilns, 53
Shuttle kilns and 95 oil fired kilns are in operation at Khurja pottery
cluster.
Decrease in Coal Kilns and Increase in Shuttle/Tunnel Diesel Kilns
in Khurja since 1995-2010

63
& Mk0 eksfudk

ceramics as a viable option for complex parts requiring tight dimensional

tolerances. There is a discernible move away from the energy-inefficient
and wasteful practice of machining off material, towards more efficient
net-shape fabrication which takes advantage of computer-driven
technology. This trend, in turn, has allowed production engineers and
product designers to improve productivity, lower manufacturing costs
and improve product performance. Jigger is a machine for the shaping of
clay body into flatware by the differential rotation of a profile tool and
mould. Advanced grinding machines like Steel Pipe Grinding Machine
and latest Jigger Jolly can make the pottery production easier more
efficient and less hazardous. New ceramic potteries were set by
government through Khurja Ceramic Industry Development Plan and the
pilot research and processing laboratory for porcelain was set up at
Khurja. An extension centre of the Central Design Centre, Lucknow was
opened in Khurja in 1961 and made a layout and plan for new industrial
units and new product designs which introduced new form of products in
the ceramic industry. The high and low tension insulator laboratory was
also established in 1962 during this plan period. Third plan also launched
a programme for building up a complex, comprising 18 factories which
was the first functional ceramic industry estate in India. These were
allotted to the ex-trainees of the Govt. central pottery institute on hire
purchase basis. All facilities for supply of processed body, glazes,
colours, testing, designing, power, fuel and water were provided to them.
Development of Appropriate New Technology Package
Physico- chemical characterization of different raw materials
and common clays and additives etc. of different region should be
available on subsidized rates. Evaluation of potter clays of and
Development of body mixes using locally available raw materials should
be taken care of the industrial development. Improvement in existing
Terracotta Products being manufactured by pottery industries will be
improved through appropriate machineries and equipments.
Development of body matching glazes, matching engobes and control of
terracotta products is necessary. Designing and development of new
products using locally available common clays and transfer of
Technology through training cum demonstration programme at
institutional and field level to assist in implementing the newly
development technology package.
References :
1.
Dale, A.J : (1963) Modern Ceramics Practice, London, Macloren& Sons Ltd.
2.
Mirmira, S.K. (1973) Indian Pottery, Bhadrawati, GramodayaSangh.
3.
Raghunath, N.V. : (1955) Modern Ceramic Technique, Bangalore Printing
and Publishing.
Dept. of Geography
NREC College, Khurja
64
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PSYCHOLOGY
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65
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-05 Lrj ij Hkh lkFkZd varj ughaA
izkIr fd;s x;s ifj.kkeksa ds voyksdu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k

Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/;eku esa ik;k x;k varj laosxkREkd ifjiDork ds laosxkRed
ruko] laosxkRed uSjk';] lkekftd nwjh] O;fDrRo fo?kVu rFkk usr`Roghurk esa
de gksus ds dkj.k -05 Lrj ij Hkh lkFkZd ugha gSA ;gk ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd
xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=k,a ftl izdkj ds xzkeh.k ifjos'k esa thou ;kiu djrs gSa ogk ds
ikfjokfjd ,oa lkekftd vkn'kZ] ewY;] jhfr&fjokt ijaijk;sa bR;kfn muds ekul
iVy ij yxHkx leku izHkko Mkyrs gSaA fyax Hksn ds dkj.k vusd i{kksa esa vusd
izdkj ds f;k&dykiksa esa ckydksa dh rqyuk esa ckfydkvksa dks vusd izdkj ds
fu"ks/kksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i muesa dgha u dgha
ladksp dh izo`fk Nk=ksa dh rqyuk esa dqN vf/kd ns[kus dks feyrh gSA fdUrq
O;fDrRo ds laxBukRed fodkl esa tgk ikfjokfjd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd
fofo/krkvksa dks /kkj.k djuk gksrk gS ogk ckyd ,oa ckfydk,a nksuksa gh vius
O;ogkj dks ifjos'k ds vuq:i izLrqr ;k O;Dr djus ds fy, ck/; gksrs gSaA
laosxkRed ifjiDork muds f;k&dykiksa dks mi;qDrrk iznku djus esa vge~
Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA tSlk fd ns[kk x;k gS fd laosxkREkd ifjiDork esa Mwck gqvk
O;fDr fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa viuh euks'kkjhfjd {kerkvksa dks visf{kr <ax ls vius
ifjn`';ksa esa O;Dr ugha dj ldrkA blh izdkj uSjk'; ds dkj.k mlesa vusd
izdkj dh dq.Bk mRiUu gksrh gSA mlesa vlkekftd fo'ks"krk,a fodflr gksrh gSaA
ftlls mlesa euLrki o euLrki ds y{k.k mRiUu gksrs gSaA lkekftd nwjh mlesa
ghurk ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA og lgt Lusg o lg;ksx ls oafpr jg tkrk gSA
blh izdkj laosxkREkd mi;qDrrk u gksus ij O;fDrRo fo?kVu dk f'kdkj gksdj
og vius y{; ds vuq:i O;ogkj djus esa vlQy gksrk gSA usr`Roghurk dh
izo`fk mls vR;f/kd ladksph ,oa misf{kr cuk nsrh gSA laosx laca/kh bu fo"kerkvksa
ls cpus ds fy, gh xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa us laosxkRed ifjiDork ds lgt
Lo:i dks /kkj.k fd;k gSA D;ksafd laosxkRed leFkZrk gh thou ds okLrfod ewY;
dks /kkj.k djus esa lgk;d gks ldrh gSA xzkeh.k Nk= ,oa Nk=k,a ftl izdkj ds
'kSf{kd ifjos'k esa v/;;u djrs gSa mlesa fo|eku vusd izdkj ds lajpukRed
dk;Z mlds thou n'kZu ,oa thou 'kSyh dks mi;qDrrk iznku djrs gSaA 'kk;n
;gh dkj.k gS fd laosxkRed ifjiDork ds bu {ks=ksa esa xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds
e/;ekuksa esa fdlh izdkj dk lkFkZd varj ugha ns[kk x;k gSA
laosxkRed ifjiDork ds laiw.kZ {ks= esa Hkh xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds
e/;ekuksa esa varj ux.; gksus ij Hkh -05 Lrj ij Hkh lkFkZd ugha ik;k x;k gSA ;gk
ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa us laosxkRed ifjiDork ds lE;d
Lo:i dks gh cuk, j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA D;ksafd laosxkRed vfrjs[k ;k
laosxkREkd 'kwU;rk nksuksa gh O;fDr dks fo?kVudkjh ;k fu'py cuk nsrs gSaA ,slh
fLFkfr esa bl izdkj dk O;fDrRo vius ifjos'k ds lkFk mi;qDr leUo; ;k
lkeatL; LFkkfir djus esa v{ke jgrk gSA 'kk;n ;gh dkj.k gS fd xzkeh.k
Nk=&Nk=kvksa us laosxkRed ifjiDork dks yxHkx leku :i ls visf{kr egRo
fn;k gSA ftlls os vius vkn'kksZa ,oa ewY;ksa dks ikfjokfjd] lkekftd ,oa 'kSf{kd
izfrekuksa esa lgt Hkko ls LFkkfir dj ldsA
& Mk0 eksfudk
vFkkZr~ dk;Z ds vuq:i bu fo'ks"krkvksa dk gksuk iz;ksT; ds f;k&dykiksa ij

ldkjkRed izHkko Mkyrk gSA bl laca/k esa lkFk&lkFk dk;Z djus okys izca/kdksa]
fujh{kdksa bR;kfn ds fopkjksa ,oa ewY;kaduksa dks Hkh blesa lfEefyr fd;k x;kA
ifjdYiuk %& xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh laosxkRed ifjiDork esa lkFkZd varj
gksrk gSA
dk;Zfof/k %&
izfrn'kZ %& izLrqr kks/k dk;Z ds fy, xzkeh.k Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh la[;k 100]
100 pquh x;h gSA
v/;;u lkexzh %& izLrqr kks/k dk;Z ds fy, laosxkRed ifjiDork dk ekiu
djus ds fy, laosxkRed ifjiDork ekiuh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ekiuh dh
fo'oluh;rk ,oa oS|rk dh tkp blds iz;ksx ls iwoZ dh tk pqdh gSA
izf;k %& pqus x;s iz;ksT;ksa ij ekiuh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA blds ckn izkIr
iznkksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k ftlls fd mi;qDr fu"d"kZ izkIr gks ldsA
ifj.kke ,oa foospu %& ,df=r iznkksa dk lkj.khdj.k ,oa foys'k.k fuEu
rkfydk es aizLrqr fd;k x;k gS &
rkfydk
xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh laosxkREkd ifjiDork ds e/;eku] ekud fopyu ,oa
Vh&ewY;
uksV %& NS =
66
laosxkRed ifjiDork
67
THE EFFECT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS

ON EMOTIONAL STABILITY OF CHILDREN
Dr. Mridula Singh
fu"d"kZ %& mi;qZDr ifj.kkeksa ds foospu ds vk/kkj ij ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd bu

rF;ksa dh i`"BHkwfe esa xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa us laosxkRed lejlrk dks yxHkx
leku :i ls /kkj.k djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i buds
e/;ekuksa dk varj fdlh Hkh Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha ik;k x;k gSA
lUnHkZ lwph %
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'kks/k izca/kA izdkf'kr ua0 3720 A
f'k{kk euksfoKku] izdk'kd&fouksn iqLrd
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fcV~ohu eSu ,aM oweSu Vw eSfjM ;axA
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68
Present study is an attempt to study the emotional stability and

also to find out it's difference with regard to socio-economic status among
the students in the age group of 12-14. As the child grows, he gets more
and more control over his emotions; the bodily expressions of the emotion
are generally more suppressed, he is not as readily disturbed by ordinary
happenings, he does not easily get into fit of excitement, fear or danger
called emotional stability. In the present study the researcher had studied
the emotional stability of 12-14 years students.
INTRODUCTION
Emotions are very important in human life. Emotions are basic,
primeval forces of great power and influence designed by nature to enable
the organism to cope with circumstances which demand the utmost effort
for survival or success. Our emotions control our behavior. Emotion in
the organism is a dynamic internal adjustment, that operates for the
satisfaction and welfare of the individual. People express opinions but
know less about them and much less about how to deal with them.
Emotions themselves are neither positive nor negative, neither desirable
nor undesirable. Every emotion can lead to desirable positive action as
well as to negative undesirable behavior. When emotions are excessive or
become chronic, or when they urge us to action contrary to our best
interest, they require control. Emotional stability is considered as one of
the important aspect of human life. So emotional stability can be describe
as a step in the direction of decreasing intensity, increasing
appropriateness and a gradual reduction of explicit bodily reactions.
The present study deals with the emotional stability of the
students in the age group of 12-14 from high and low socio-economic
status. In this stage the children undergoes a phase of rapid transmission
from childhood to adulthood which is the period of adolescence, during
adolescence a child has to go through a number of stress and strain arising
out of physical and psychological changes those accompany this
important period. Various problems faced by students during
metamorphosis may affect the behavior of the children to such extent that
they may even lose emotional stability and consequently become so
emotionally disturbed as to defeat in every sphere of life. It is necessary
that everyone understand his / her emotions and know to give without
destroying jest for life and mental stability. This study was an attempt to
know the effect of socio-economic status on the emotional stability of
school going students. Socio-economic status is a very dominant
variable. So far as the previous studies in India are concerned, it may be
observed that they have a wider coverage in terms of consideration of
different aspects of the problem, but have lesser depth in terms of their
methodological strengths. Against such a background, the results can not
be considered conclusive. So there is always a chance for new finding.
OBJECTIVES
EDUCATION
laosxkRed ifjiDork
69

To study the emotional stability of the students of high and

low SES.
(ii)
To compare the emotional stability of the students of high
SES with that of low SES students.
HYPOTHESES
Hypotheses of the present study were in null (HO) form.
1. There is no significant relation of emotional stability with high
and low SES.
2. There is no significant difference in emotional stability on the
basis of high and low SES of the students.
VARIABLES
Independent Variable Socio-economic status
Dependent Variable Emotional Stability
DESIGN OF THE STUDY
The present study was an attempt to study the emotional stability
of the students of high and low SES. To know had the socio-economic
status any relation with emotional stability, descriptive survey method
had been used for the research. The researcher selected the children of 1214 years of age through random sampling. The sample consisted 100
students out of 200 (with the age limit of 12-14) in which 50 students were
of high SES and 50 of low SES. The sample had been taken from four
schools of Mathura district out of which two were of C.B.S.E. and two of
U.P. Board. The researcher had used two tests first of all she had
performed Socio-Economic Status Scale by R.L. Bhardwaj to know the
SES of the students. After the selection of fifty-fifty students of both the
students Emotional Stability Test by A.K. Singh and Alpna Sen Gupta
was introduced. After the collection of test paper the researcher analyzed
them by using appropriate techniques. The researcher had used mean,
standard deviation and critical ratio for significant difference.
FINDING OF THE STUDY
After the interpretation of the scores of the students of high and
low SES on emotional stability scale, the difference was found in their
mean values. Mean value of the student of high SES was 4.16 and mean
value of the students of low SES is 11.04. It shows the effect of SES on
emotional stability. The students of high SES were much stable in
comparison to the students of low SES because high scores on the
Emotional Stability Scale showed lack of emotional stability. In the study
CR was 16.4 which showed a significant different in the emotional
stability of the children of high and low SES.
CONCLUSION
The children of high SES show their superiority on Emotional
Stability Scale. They are more emotionally adjusted than the children of
low SES. About the result it can be said that in high SES families the
communication between parents and child is very much. The ideology of
the parents towards life also affects their children. Their perception of
things and objects is also different all these factors make their relation
with children more effective and stable than the parents of low SES. The
children of high SES are provided with a atmosphere which is suitable for
the emotional development because they get emotional, social,
economical security there. On the other hand, low SES children do not get
that security. They do not get proper exposure. Their relations with
parents are not quite well. This also affects their emotional stability
because whatever they perceive in their family affects their attitude.
REFERENCES :
1. Best, John W.
2. Buch, M.V.
3. Chauhan, S.S.
:
:
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4.
5.
Hollingworth, H.L.
Good, C.V.
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6.
Parmeshwar E. &
C. Beena
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Young, T.P.
7.
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:
Dr. Mridula Singh
70
(i)

Research in Education, Prentice Hall.

Survey of Educational Research, 4th Vol., p. 153.
Advanced Educational Psychology, Vikas
Publishsing House, Noida.
Educational Psychology.
Dictionary of Education, McGraw Hill Book
Company, New York.
Invitation of Psychology, 1st Edition,
Neel Kamal Publication, Hyderabad, p. 534-35.
www.google.com, www.yahoo.com
Emotions in Man and Animal, John Willy & Sons,
ICNC, New York, p. 19-43.
Associate Professor
Deptt. of Teacher Education
D.S. College, Aligarh
71
LAW
Vanishing Faces of Review and Precedent:

An Analytical Study of
Judicial Transgression and Intrusion
VANISHING FACES OF REVIEW AND

PRECEDENT : AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF
JUDICIAL TRANSGRESSION AND INTRUSION
Aditya Chhaukar
significance of Judicial Review in the subsequent statement: 'The
principles of Judicial Review give effect to the Rule of Law. They ensure
that administrative decisions will be taken rationally in accordance with a
fair procedure and within the powers conferred by Parliament'. Review
proceedings means proceedings by way of an application for review
under the Judicature Amendment Act 1972; or by way of an application
for certiorari, mandamus or prohibition; or by way of an application for a
declaratory judgment. The Indian Constitution also provides the
provisions of judicial treatment conferred in Part III of the Constitution to
provide relief to the people seeking justice against the impugned orders of
the courts.
Judicial Review in Indian Constitution
In India, Judiciary, in the purview of judicial review
encompasses of three facets: judicial review of legislative action, judicial
review of court's decisions and judicial review of administrative action.
The judges of the superior courts have been entrusted with the duty of
upholding the Constitution and have also been conferred the power to
interpret it. The judges are only to ensure that the equilibrium of power
envisaged by the Constitution must be maintained and the legislature and
the executive do not, in the discharge of functions, transgress
constitutional limitations. In fact, Judicial Review is the reassessment of
the legality of actions or decisions made by those who anyway are in
position of public authority or bodies. The actions or decisions in
question are brought before Judges in court proceedings where the
lawfulness and exactness of the decision is examined. Thus, judicial
review is a highly multifaceted and mounting subject in the task of
providing justice to the people. This subject has its roots long back and its
scope and extent is distinct from case to case. It is considered to be one of
the basic features of the Constitution and the courts in exercise of their
power of judicial review would zealously guard the human rights,
fundamental rights and the citizens' rights of life and liberty. The
inappropriate consideration of grounds and improper decisions not only
violate the right of the petitioners but also raise a question on the ability
and integrity of judges.
Limitations of Judicial Review
Judicial review is the power that truly makes the courts a coequal branch of government with the executive and legislative branches
and allows it to defend the rights of the people against potential intrusions
by those other branches. Judicial review enables a person aggrieved by an
administrative decision or refusal to make a decision, or action, or
inaction to seek review by a court of the lawfulness of that decision. But
the fact exists is that the court will not review a decision in order to
determine whether or not it was the right decision to make review on the
merits. The subject matter of every Judicial Review is a decision made
Aditya Chhaukar
72
Indian Constitution encloses the traits of federalism that

apparently delegates both powers and responsibilities to the subordinate
authorities for better performance of functions, which indeed, mostly
tends to the growing probability of violation of rights and unlawful
exercise of powers. Generally the inappropriate and distorted discharge
of duties by the subordinate authorities has adverse effect on the teaming
millions seeking justice in judiciary. To way out this serious dilemma, the
judicial review is keystone of public law to benefit people against
unlawful decisions and by means the Judiciary makes an important
contribution to public administration. The impugned decisions of courts,
statutory officers and statutory tribunals are usually reviewable by the
Courts but generally the judicial concerns and senior courts do not look
back on. Previous decisions of senior courts and judges which later may
be landmark provisions and indirect direction for resolving the cases of
similar subject matter or issues are disappearing suddenly or gradually
due to developing the tendency of not following up the seniors. The
acceptable and accurate implementation of constitutional remedies like
judicial review and precedents are also currently a versatile subject
matter due to improper concern and avoidance by the judges. Judiciary in
carrying out its duty of interpretation and consideration of precedents and
review petitions should be cautious as they may be helpful to judges and
beneficial to victims in the situation of not reaching the aspect of essence.
The penal of senior judges of Supreme Court should propound and
establish the steps which led to the confirmation of exercising of
constitutional remedies.
Historical Perspectives of Review Petitions
The principle of judicial review has its roots in the principle of
separation and distinction of powers. The idea of decentralization of
powers was introduced by Baron de Montesquieu in the 17th century but
judicial review did not arise from it in force until a century later. The
principle of judicial review appeared in Federalist Paper #78, authored by
Alexander Hamilton which first disposed of the idea of enforcement of
the Constitution by legislature upon themselves voluntarily. Marbury vs.
Madison US SC 1800, Supreme Court of United States held that the
judiciary has the power to review actions of the legislature and set out a
unified and simplified course of action for obtaining judicial review.
Before 1972 the English and New Zealand courts also granted powers of
extraordinary remedies. The courts made a provision to the petitioners
to file a prerogative writ when a decision was successfully challenged at
common law. Later this became known as a prerogative order and these
orders were named certiorari, prohibition and mandamus. For the last 35
years judicial review procedure has been dominated by Part 1 of the
Judicature Amendment Act 1972 and has served New Zealand well. In R
(Alconbury) v Secretary of State 2001, Lord Hoffman enlightened the
73

code law. The Supreme Court has been given the highest appellate power
of any court of law in the United States but beyond that function it has
emerged into an effective source of new reform, based largely on the
status accorded to judicial precedence. In recent American history,
specific suits identical to Roe v. Wade can become bywords for legal
changes that affect the broad swath of American society. Though its
significance to American history cannot be discounted, the principle of
judicial precedence is not unique to the United States legal system. The
doctrine of judicial precedent is based on stare decisis. Stare decisis i.e.
stand on the decision is usually cited as a constraint: it restricts a judge's
ability to act on his personal preferences but as a doctrine it is praised for
minimizing blunders and the influence of whim and above all for
providing consistency. While it is an internal restraint - the court imposes
it upon itself - nevertheless it acts in the form of limitation on biased steps
of court. However, at a minimum it raises the bar for a judge who would
like to track more innovative interpretation but it is admired because its
use legitimizes court decision-making. These rare instances aside,
precedent is a valuable instrument of empowerment; as it is particularly
helpful when the court lacks institutional freedom, when the federal
government is not fragmented, precisely the time when the court is most
needed to review federal action. Most often, the judiciary's independence
is considered to be important because of its need to preserve individual
rights. Here, the question which should be taken into consideration is the
importance to preserve federalism, one of the basic structures of the
constitution.
Limitations of Precedents
Precedents are often used to appeal or overturn previous
judgments. These cases go from the standard court to the appeals court
where precedents are often cited as the grounds for a ruling to be
overturned. The precedents set forward are not binding in legislature and
legislators can pass laws to overturn rulings that are unpopular. Unless the
Supreme Court decides that the laws are unconstitutional, they take the
place of the precedent that was previously used in its place. In the
assistance provided by precedents, once a point of law has been decided
in a particular case, must be applied in all future cases containing the same
material facts. But, in order for the doctrine of judicial precedent to work,
it is necessary to be able to determine the point of law. In the course of
delivering a judgment, the judge will set out his reasons for reaching a
decision. The reasons which are necessary for them to reach their decision
amount to the ratio decidendi of the case. The ratio decidendi forms the
legal principle which is a binding precedent and must be followed in
future cases containing the same material facts so it is important to
separate the ratio decidendi from the obiter dicta. In addition to binding
precedents, there exist persuasive precedents. These consist of judicial
Aditya Chhaukar
74
by a person in power, or, the failure of that person or body to make a fair
decision. Here, the issue to be taken into consideration is that review is
not a process of appeal and must only be used when all other avenues of
resolution have fallen short. The main variance between appeal and
Judicial Review is that the appeals process delves into the value of the
decision under inspection whereas the judicial review deals with the
legality of the decision under the examination of the courts. It is also
known that an individual cannot apply for a Judicial Review if does not
have locus standi but if the reason stands and the party has 'sufficient
interest' in the matter, it would be entitled to apply for a review. Perhaps
the courts have taken a somewhat restricted view of locus standi by
holding that only those directly affected by an administrative action
should have standing to apply for a review. However, in the case IRC v
National Federation of Self-Employed and Small Businesses Ltd (1981)
when referring to those who should be able to apply for Judicial Review
on the basis of locus standi, Lord Roskill stated it impossible to find a
phrase which was exhaustive or definitive of the class of person entitled
to apply for judicial review. The court will only review a decision so as
to determine whether it was a lawful decision and within the power of the
decision-maker. If the court finds that the decision is not lawful then it
may set aside the decision. Normally, the court will then remit the
decision back to the original decision-maker to be made again. (Research
shows that the fresh decision is often more favourable to an applicant than
the first decision that was set aside.) Judicial review is more complicated
area of law and the applicant should consider a legal advice before
commencing any judicial review proceeding as it must be sought in a
superior court. In Syed T.A. Haqshbandi v State of J&K (24) the
Supreme Court observed, Judicial review is permissible only to the
extent of finding whether the process in reaching the decision has been
observed correctly and not the decision itself, as such. More or less the
courts do not tend to revive the decisions even after the given provision of
review, the courts should take proper steps to prevent the petitioners from
irreparable economic loss.
Expediency of Precedents
A precedent is a legal pronouncement establishing a standard or
rule that a court or other judicial body adopts when deciding later cases
with similar issues or facts based upon earlier trial results. The use of
precedent provides predictability, consistency, fairness, and competence
in the law. A text of immense importance for precedence of judgments
from Mahabharat Mahajano Yen Gatah Sa Pantha ( That path is the
right one which has been followed by virtuous men) may also be
interpreted to propound the theory and magnitude of precedent. In ancient
legal systems of Babylonian and Chinese empire, the judicial decisions
were considered to be of great authority and later on, embodied in the

75

simply avoid unfriendly precedents altogether. This shows their troubled

insight for the real approach of judicial independence and tendency to
value the efficiency and integrity of the judicial system over the
intellectual freedom of individual judges. In many states judicialdisciplinary committees have the power to remove maverick judges. As
in the federal court system, most of the disciplinary proceedings relate to
financial and personal misconduct, or egregious abuses of judicial
authority. However, in 1999 the California Commission on Judicial
Performance heard a case against Justice J. Anthony Kline who openly
refused to apply binding precedent. He argued that the controlling state
Supreme Court case was wrongly decided. Kline escaped punishment by
later claiming that his refusal was more an argument for an exception to
precedent than willful defiance. After all it is often said in Centre for
Public Interest Litigation v Union of India AIR (2005) SC 4413 that the
justice should not only be done but it should appear to have been done.
Justice must be rooted in confidence, and confidence is destroyed when
the right minded people go away thinking the judge was biased.
Conclusion and Suggestions
The study unerringly points towards the permissibility and
democratic nature of the judicial review in India which is not
undemocratic and is absolutely essential because the judiciary while
interpreting the constitution or other statutes is expressing the will of the
people. The people who have reposed absolute faith and confidence in the
Indian judiciary as well as in Indian Constitution must be treated with
justice. Mentioning the reasonable precedents in the counter applications
and review petitions and considering them after a profound analysis may
prove to be helpful in escaping the blunders in the influence of personal
and subject matter bias. If the judiciary interprets the Constitution in its
true spirit and the same goes against the ideology and notions of the
executives and officials, then it must not be forgotten that the Constitution
of India reflects the will of the people of India. If this reality is
appreciated, then all arguments against the democratic nature of the
judicial review and precedents would fade away. The judicial review
would be undemocratic only if the judiciary completely ignores the
concept of separation of powers and indulges in unnecessary and
undeserving judicial activism. The judiciary must not forget its duty of
vigilant interpretation of precedents and essential consideration of error
apparent review petitions. However, the judiciary must also not ignore
the self-imposed restrictions which have now acquired a status of
prudent judicial norm and behaviour but both the above functions are
necessary for enhancing the trust of the citizens in judicial treatments and
basic conception of constitution. If the Indian judiciary takes these two
precautions, then it has the privilege of being the one of the most
democratic judicial institution of the world, representing the biggest
Aditya Chhaukar
76
statements which are not binding but may be taken into account. A form of
persuasive precedent is obiter dicta. Persuasive precedents also include
case law from other jurisdictions and traditionally the Privy Council
decisions have been merely persuasive on the English courts. It may also
come in persuasive form, though that is not binding for court decisions
but rather an applicable factor which may be taken in account. According
to an another system, judicial precedence can also be limited by region, so
that a decision made upon appeal for a particular region will not be
assured of creating judicial precedence for the purpose of a court in
another region. The scope of Supreme Court precedence also exists
within certain limits such as are practiced by the Court itself, in order to
provide for the flexibility of its decision-making process. The legal
scholars and researchers have noted the frequency with which the
Supreme Court reverses its previous decisions. The Court considers the
application of the stare decisis principle to questions of Constitutional
intent to be more limited than it is to other areas of law.
Suspected and despondent vision of Lawyers and Petitioners
The lawyers and applicants, through their experiences, generally
found the review petitions and citation of precedents worthless because
of the overlooking behavior of judges. The reckless attitude of judges
towards these judicial treatments has also provoked this belief of
advocates which usually results in fading of petitioner's faith towards
review petitions and significance of precedents. Not only reviews,
curative review petitions likely end in failure because there are very rare
chances that a review petition will succeed in the Supreme Court. It is the
normal tendency of the Judges not to accept the review petition even if
they themselves had committed an error. Most of the judges who took the
decision are adamant on not overruling or even reviewing their own
decision. However, still people try by filing review petition, hoping
against hope. In fact, some people try even a curative petition after
rejection of their review petition in the Supreme Court. Creating such a
negligible sight for this essential facet of democracy is unconstitutional
and is making the spoof of Article 32 of the constitution. From centuries,
judges have been impeached for failure to preside due to psychosis
(Charles Pickering in 1804) and treason (West Hughes Humphreys in
1862). A few impeachments were based on inappropriate legal decisions
but these cases involved charges of political and subject matter bias
(Samuel Chase in 1805). Federal judges have been impeached 14 times in
U.S. history, but never for refusing to apply settled law. As a practical
matter, judges who disagree with an ostensibly binding precedent usually
reframe their case so it matches up with a more appealing line of past
casesthat way they can rule how they want. By this route, judges like
Harry Pregerson who famously announced at his 1979 confirmation
hearing that he would follow his conscience if it conflicted with the law,

77

References :
1. Ferejohn, John. (1999) Independent Judges, Dependent Judiciary:
Explaining Judicial Independence. Southern California Law Review
72:353--384.
2.
Friedman, Barry. (1998) 'Things Forgotten' in the Debate Over Judicial

Independence.
Georgia State University Law Review 14: 737
3.
Levy, Richard E. (1993) New York v. United States: An Essay on the Uses
and Misuses of Precedent, History, and Policy in Determining the Scope of
Federal Power. Kansas Law Review 41:493--534.
4.
Lucinda, Bondy.V, Sunkin.M, (2015) The Value and Effects of Judicial

Review The Public Law Project Caledonian Road London, United
Kingdom.
5.
Pandey J.N. (2012) The Constitutional Law of India 49th Edition ,Central
Law Agency, Allahabad
6.
Tonnesson.M (2000), Judicial Review in International Perspective Kluwer

Law International, Netherlands.
Aditya Chhaukar
78
democracy of the world.

1. The consideration of remedies like judicial review and
precedents need extra attention due to the excessive violation of
this feature of constitution. As precedents are helpful in
illustrating the unnoticed aspect of a case so judges should
analyze the applicability of the concerned precedents to avoid
the probability of making more flaws.
2. As lower courts by definition are placed under Supreme Court
precedence and other higher court powers so through judicial
precedence they may exercise their influence on lower courts.
The lower courts, while making a decision, should also be very
cautious in comprehending the core of circumstances and
evaluating the prominence of the concerned precedent.
3. The judicial review filed with error apparent records may be of
substantial nature and petitioner files it with his immense trust in
the fundamental right to constitutional remedy conferred by the
part III of the constitution, so needs to be considered. Showing an
irresponsible conduct for the petitions usually lessen the
expectations of the petitioner in judiciary.
4. Delayed disposal of the cases or pendency for a long period in the
courts has an adverse effect on the consideration of judicial
review. There should be better arrangement of judges in the
appellate courts which would be able to give appropriate time to
the review petitions.
5. The judges should not be overconfident and adamant to their
previous decisions because this is not the question of their
competence and prestige. Rejecting the review petitions to
escape the overruling of their own decision can destroy the life of
an individual.
6. Apart from the previously mentioned reasons accountable for
the failure of review petitions the impreciseness of petition may
be a distinct cause. A careful perusal of the grounds of review of
the impugned judgment deals with the important issues which
may be error apparent. So the review petitions filed on the
ground of error apparent on the fact of the record need be
prepared cautiously. When filing a review petition, an error
apparent on the face of record must be such an error which must
strike one on mere looking at the record and would not require
any long-drawn process of reasoning on points where there may
conceivably be two opinions.

LLM (Constitutional Law)

Advocate, Delhi High Court, Delhi
79
COMMERCE
Migration Considered as a Fundamental

Capabilities for Human Development
Abhishek Sharma
INTRODUCTION:
Human development brings together the production and
distribution of commodities and the expansion and use of human
capabilities. It also focuses on choices on what people should have, be
and do to be able to ensure their own livelihood. Human Development is a
process of enlarging people's choices. However, almost without
explanation, it presented four principles which it argued to be 'essential' to

the human development paradigm: Productivity, Equity, Sustainability
(across time), and Empowerment. Human development is, moreover,
concerned not only with basic needs satisfaction but also with human
development as a participatory and dynamic process. It applies equally to
less developed and highly developed countries. Migration as an integral
part of development and global transformation processes rather than a
problem to be 'managed' or 'solved' by tackling its perceived root causes.
Human mobility has always been an intrinsic part of human development.
Human mobility plays a central role in global and local processes of
social, economic and political change: it is both molded by and helps to
mould these global transformations. In order to understand how mobility
is part of structural change, but can also affect the nature and direction of
change or 'development', it is vital to explore the dialectics between
structure and agency involved in human mobility. Mobility at the
individual and group level cannot be dissociated from more general
processes of social and economic change which constantly alter the
spatial distribution of opportunity structures and, hence, mobility
patterns. However, it would be erroneous to reduce migrants to pawns
passively reacting to macro-forces propelling them around the globe.
People need a certain minimum of social and economic resources in order
to be able to migrate. It is therefore no coincidence that wealthy people
and societies tend be generally more mobile than relatively poor people
and societies. People have agency, and, on the individual level, the
decision to migrate (or not) and the act of migrating can generally be seen
as an expressions of human development. Migration can be considered as
a fundamental capabilities-enhancing freedom itself. It is more
appropriate to conceive of a continuum running from low to high
constraints under which migration occurs, in which all migrants deal with
structural constraints. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the
discussions regarding the concept of human development and drawing on
the extensive policy and academic literatures, to propose relationships
between the concept of human development and four related concepts:
the Millennium Development Goals, Human Rights, Human Security,
and Happiness. Inequality, the duration of outcomes across time, and
environmental sustainability are also prominent due to their fundamental
importance or settled mobility and migration have always been an
intrinsic part of human development. This paper argues that the degree to
which migrants are able to affect structural change is real but limited, the
nature of change in sending and receiving is not pre-determined; and that
in order to enable a more focused and rigorous debate, there is a need to
better distinguish and specify different levels and dimensions at which
the reciprocal relationship between human mobility and development can
be analyzed.
Abhishek Sharma
ABSTRACT:
Recent literature has contrasted Human Development, described
as the ultimate goal of the development process, with economic growth,
described as an imperfect proxy for more general welfare, or as a means
toward enhanced human development. Migration can be considered as
a fundamental capabilities-enhancing freedom itself. It is more
structural constraints. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the
discussions regarding the concept of human development and drawing on
the extensive policy and academic literatures, to propose relationships
between the concept of human development and four related concepts:
the Millennium Development Goals, Human Rights, Human Security,
and Happiness. Inequality, the duration of outcomes across time, and
environmental sustainability are also prominent due to their fundamental
importance or settled mobility and migration have always been an
intrinsic part of human development. This paper argues that the degree to
which migrants are able to affect structural change is real but limited, the
nature of change in sending and receiving is not pre-determined; and that
in order to enable a more focused and rigorous debate, there is a need to
better distinguish and specify different levels and dimensions at which
the reciprocal relationship between human mobility and development can
be analyzed. By increasing selectivity and suffering among migrants,
current immigration restrictions have a negative impact on migrants'
wellbeing as well as the poverty and inequality reducing potential of
migration. Besides being an integral part of human development,
mobility also tends to affect the same structural processes of which it is
part. Simplistic positive-versus-negative debates on migration and
human development can be overcome by integrating agency-structure
dialectics in the analysis of migration impacts. Every day human beings
make a series of choices some economic, some social, some political,
some cultural. If people are the proper focus of development efforts, then
these efforts should be geared to enhancing the range of choices in all
areas of human endeavor for every human being.
Keywords: Human Development, Millennium Development Goals,
Human Security, Human Rights, Inequality, human mobility,
environment, happiness, process freedom, migration.
80
MIGRATION CONSIDERED AS A FUNDAMENTAL

CAPABILITIES FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
81

(5)
of origin. Migrants often play an important role in the civil society

of countries of origin, but many states have had ambiguous
attitudes towards emigrants.
Social and Cultural Change: In such cases, instead of increased
inequalities per se, it is perhaps better to speak of new inequalities
based on access to external monetary resources through livelihood
diversification, a process in which migration has tended to play a
preponderant role. While the pivotal role of migration and
remittances in social and economic reproduction of rural and urban
sending communities has been widely acknowledged
(Heinemeijer et al. 1977; Klooster 2005), migration also tends to
affect socio-ethnic structures and culture in sending communities
and even on the national level. There are no objective standards for
determining which form of inequality was worse.
Mobility as Human Development for Indian Economic Growth:

The previous section has assessed the intricate links between the
structural transformation processes at the macro-level commonly
referred to as 'development' on the one hand, and population mobility on
the other. The emergence of contemporary migration patterns is
intimately linked to capitalist development, Globalization and the
associated social, economic and demographic transformation or
transition of both origin and destination areas. In the global South and
North, migration has been part and parcel of the associated processes of
capitalist growth, industrialization, urbanization and demographic
transitions. Migration is an intrinsic part of that process rather than an
independent cause or consequence of it. Thus migration is both a cause
(among many) and a consequence (among many) of processes of social
transformation, which underpin human development. The lack of explicit
definitions of 'development' has rendered academic and policy debates on
the connections between mobility, migration and development
particularly muddled. Many disagreements in the migration and
development debate and the seemingly contradictory results of empirical
studies can therefore often be related to different implicit meanings
attached to the term development and differences in level of analysis. Our
analysis has also shown that recent changes in the global political
economy have spurred South-North migration but have also given rise to
increasingly complex and multi-polar migration patterns due to the rise of
new migration poles in the Gulf, East and South-East Asia but also
particular countries, for instance Ghana, Nigeria, Gabon, South Africa
and Libya in Africa. However, it would be misleading to represent human
mobility merely as a derivative of structural transformation processes
usually embodied in the term 'development', as such a view would reduce
migrants to pawns that passively react to macro-forces, thereby ruling out
Abhishek Sharma
82
Mobility as a Driver of Human Development through Migration:

(1) Remittances, Investments, Consumption and Growth: As
societies develop they are likely to go through many shifts of
specialization patterns in which some sectors, like agriculture, may
become progressively less important, and the decline of a
particular sector is not necessarily bad for the country's economic
development. The same goes for de-population of very marginal
rural areas, which seem to be rather a universal component of
development processes, which may lead to more optimal
allocation of production factors and increased overall welfare.
(2) Income, Poverty and Social Inequality: Even relatively small
amounts of remittances can substantially improve the livelihoods
and wellbeing of migrants and their families in sending countries.
A range of empirical studies have confirmed the positive
contribution of international remittances to household welfare,
nutrition, food, health and living conditions in migrant sending
places and regions (de Haas 2007a; Massey, Arango, Hugo,
Kouaouci, Pellegrino, and Taylor 1998; Rapoport and Docquier
2005; WorldBank 2001).Rather than a response to destitution,
migrations tend to be a livelihood strategy pursued by social
groups (typically households) in reaction to relative deprivation
(cf. Quinn 2006; Stark and Taylor 1989; Taylor 1999) to spread
income risks and, if possible, improve income levels.
(3) Gain or drain? Migration, human capital formation and
education: The research literature indicates that large-scale outmigration from rural regions can disrupt economic production and
lead to a decline of productivity in the agricultural and other
traditional sectors (De Haas 1998). However, on the longer term
this immediately negative effect can be counterbalanced by
remittance-fuelled investments, provided that the regional
investment environment is sufficiently attractive. On the national
level, migration is often believed to be an obstacle to development
or even aggravate underdevelopment because it would deprive
poor countries of their scarce human resources. However, there are
various reasons to question the brain drain hypothesis. First, the
brain drain seems to be only truly massive in a minority of
countries.
(4) Migrants Participation in civic and political life: Migration does
not only affect processes of human development through
individual social and financial remittances. Migration also affects
social and political life in countries of origin in a broader sense.
Migrants and their descendants often tend to remain involved with
origin countries through business investments, frequent return
visits or collective initiatives to promote the development of places

83

CONCLUSION:
This paper has analyzed the intricate, reciprocal connection
between mobility and human development. The analysis has shown that
migration has always been part and parcel of more general, interrelated
social and economic transformation processes and that modern forms of
rural-urban and international migration cannot be dissociated from the
interrelated, more general processes of capitalist accumulation,
economic specialization, urbanization, colonial expansion, and, more
recently, globalization. In addition, migration is not just a result of social
transformation but is in itself a form of social transformation, which has
feedback effects on the societies involved. We have also argued that, from
a capabilities perspective, migration can be considered as a fundamental
capabilities-enhancing freedom itself. However, the inherent danger of
focusing on individuals' agency is that we loose sight of the importance of
structural constraints. These are essential to understand why both the
nature and development impacts of human mobility tend to be so diverse.
So, any meaningful understanding of migration needs to simultaneously
analyse agency and structure. Rather than applying dichotomous
classifications such as between forced and voluntary migration, it is more
structural constraints, although to highly varying degrees. Besides being
an integral part of human development, mobility also tends to affect the
same structural processes of which it is part. Simplistic positive-versusnegative debates on migration and development can be overcome by
integrating agency-structure dialectics in the analysis of migration
impacts. This paper agues that the degree to which migrants are able to
affect structural change is real but limited; the nature of change in sending
and receiving is not predetermined; and that in order to enable a more
focused and rigorous debate, there is a need to better distinguish and
specify different levels and dimensions at which the reciprocal
relationship between human mobility and development can be analysed.
The new economic policy reforms have had positive as well as negative
impact on women in general and rural women in particular. Due to
illiteracy and awareness, rural women have been subjected to
exploitation. The changing trends as a result of structural adjustment
policies have affected them in both ways. However, in view of the new
globalization and new economic policies, a rapid growth rate is expected
in export oriented industries and there will be an opportunity to generate
large scale employment for both men and women, as a result of
marketization, privatization and larger foreign investment.

REFERENCES:
Adams, Richard H. 1991. "The Economic uses and Impact of International Remittances
in Rural Egypt." Economic Development and Cultural Change 39:695-72
2003. International Migration, Remittances, and the Brain Drain: A Study of 24 LaborExporting Countries. Washington D.C.: WorldBank
Abhishek Sharma
84
their agency. As argued above, because people have agency, human

mobility is as much part of such transformation processes as a factor
affecting such processes.

2004. "Remittances and poverty in Guatemala." World Bank, Washington D.C.

2006. "Remittances, Poverty, and Investment in Guatemala." in International
Migration, Remittances, and the Brain Drain, edited by . zden and M. Schiff.
Washington D.C.: WorldBank.
Adams, Richard H. and John Page. 2005. "Do international migration and remittances
reduce poverty in developing countries?" World Development 33:1645-1669.
Adelman, Irma, J. Edward Taylor, and Stephen Vogel. 1988. "Life in a Mexican village:
a SAM perspective." Journal of Development Studies 25:5-24.
Ahoure, Alban Alphonse Emmanuel. 2008. "Transferts, governance et development
conomique dans les pays de l'Afrique sub-saharienne." Paper presented at African
Migrations Workshop, Rabat, Morocco, 26-29 November 2008.
Alper, A. M. and B. Neyapti. 2006. "Determinants of workers' remittances - Turkish
evidence from high-frequency data." Eastern European Economics 44:91-100.
Amin, S. 1974. "Modern Migrations in Western Africa - studies presented and
discussed at the 11th International African Seminar, Dakar, April 1972." Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Amuedo-Dorantes, C. and S. Pozo. 2005. "On the use of differing money transmission
methods by Mexican immigrants." International Migration Review 39:554-576.
Anarfi, J. and S. Kwankye. 2003. "Migration from and to Ghana: A Background Paper.
." University of Sussex: DRC on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty
Arthur, J. A. 1991a. "International Labor Migration Patterns in West Africa." African
Studies Review 34 65-87.
Asis, Maruja, M. B. 2008. "How international migration can support development: a
challenge for the Philippines." in Migration and Development: Perspectives from the
South, edited by S. Castles and R. Delgado Wise. Geneva: International Organization
for Migration.
Avci, Gamze and Kemal Kirici. 2008. "Turkey's Immigration and Emigration
Dilemmas at the Gate of the European Union." in Migration and Development:
Perspectives from the South, edited by S. Castles and R. Delgado Wise. Geneva:
International Organization for Migration.
Bakewell, Oliver. 2008. "Keeping Them in Their Place: The ambivalent relationship
between development and migration in Africa." Third World Quarterly 29:1341-1358.
85
HOW TO REBOOT YOUR METABOLISM

Dr. Hridayesh Arya
Bakewell, Oliver and Hein de Haas. 2007. "African Migrations: continuities,

discontinuities and recent transformations." Pp. 95-118 in African Alternatives, edited
by L. de Haan, U. Engel, and P. Chabal. Leiden: Brill. Baldwin, Richard E. and Philippe
Martin. 1999. Two Waves of Globalisation: Superficial Similarities, Fundamental
Differences: NBER Working Paper No. W6904
Bauer, Th. and K. Zimmermann. 1998. "Causes of International Migration: A Survey."
Pp. 95- 127 in Crossing Borders: Regional and Urban Perspectives on International
Migration, edited by P. Gorter, P. Nijkamp, and J. Poot. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Berriane, Mohamed. 1997. "Emigration Internationale du Travail et MircoUrbanisation dans le Rif Oriental: Cas du Centre de Taouima (Rgion de Nador,
Maroc)." Pp. 75-97 in Migration Internationale et Changements Sociaux dans le
Maghreb. Actes du Colloque Internationale du Hammamet, Tunisie (21-25 juin 1993).
Tunis: Universit de Tunis.
Blue, S. A. 2004. "State policy, economic crisis, gender, and family ties: Determinants
of family
remittances to Cuba." Economic Geography 80:63-82.
Bump, Micah 2006. "Ghana: Searching for Opportunities at Home and Abroad."
Migration Information Source.
Castells, Manuel 1996. The Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society
and Culture. Vol. I: The Rise of the Network Society. Cambridge, MA; Oxford, UK:
Blackwell Publishers.
Castles, Stephen and Ral Delgado Wise. 2007. "Migracin y Desarrollo: Perspectivas
desde el Sur." Mexico City: Miguel Angel Porra.
2008. "Migration and Development: Perspectives from the South." Geneva:
International Organization for Migration.
Castles, Stephen and Mark J. Miller. 2009. The Age of Migration: International
Population Movements in the Modern World. Basingstoke and New York: PalgraveMacmillan and Guilford.
Senior Research Fellow
Department of PG Studies & Research in Commerce
N.R.E.C. College, Khurja.
86
In the body of all organisms, growth, movement, respiration,

nutrition, excretion and reproduction occurs and biological activities
regularly take place to keep the body organ healthy. Such biological
activities need energy. The energy is available to organism from the food.
The body of organism obtains various food materials from the nature.
Food is digested, absorbed and then by physical and chemical
transformation, food materials enter in the body cells and help in life
activities. Even when we are at rest, our body needs energy for all its
hidden functions such as breathing, circulating blood, adjusting hormone
level and growing & repairing cells.
As metabolism is a natural process, our body generally balances
it to meet our individual needs. That's why if we try so called starvation
diets, our body compensate by slowing down these bodily processes and
conserving calories for survival. Unfortunately weight gains most
commonly the result of eating more calories than we burn. To loose
weight, we need to create an energy deficit by eating fewer calories.
Increasing the number of calories we burn through physical activity or
both. We can burn more calories with regular exercises such as walking,
bicycling and swimming etc.
Physical activity- Physical activity and exercise such as playing tennis,
walking to the store, chasing after the dog and any other movement
account for the rest of the calories our body burns up each day. Physical
activity is by far the most variable of the factors that determine how many
calories we burn each day. Physical fitness is the ability to adapt to the
demands and stresses of physical efforts. It is broadly considered as the
ability of an individual to meet out daily demand put on the organism by
the environment and also keeps some reserves to meet out the
contingency challenges on day to day basis.
Importance of Exercise to Improve your Health and Fitness
Regular exercise improves our cardio-respiratory efficiency (aerobic
capacity).
It improves strength and flexibility of our body.
Exercise provides positive effects on the balance of lipids,

cholesterol and triglycerides.
Exercise decreases the secretion of hormones triggered by emotional

stress.
It can defuse hostility by providing emotional outlet for pent-up

anger.
It converts the chemical or food energy in to mechanical or work

energy and makes your metabolism more efficient.
It gives better control of body fat.
It improves psychological and emotional well being.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

87
Some Health Secrets

Eat less fatty foods. Fatty foods like butter, cheese, oil, ghee and fried
food are not good for us.
At snacks time eat fresh fruits, sandwiches vegetable salads, roasted

chana and curd instead of junk foods like Pizzas, noodles, potato
wafers and ice creams etc. Junk food can make us fat and unhealthy.
Drink water or fresh fruit juices instead of cold drinks.
Eat fresh fruit and vegetables, whole grain cereals, corn flakes,
unpeeled apples, pears and raisins rich in fibre which help in
digestion.
Eat less sugar and salt

Benefits of physical FitnessStaying active means keeping body functioning at a high level.
Regular exercise will maintain the performance of your lungs and heart to
most efficiently burn off excess calories and keep your weight under
control. Exercise can also improve muscle strength, increase joint
flexibility and improve endurance. It also decreases the risk of heart
diseases, the leading cause of death. Physical activity relieves symptoms
of stress, depression and anxiety. Try to find some activities that give you
pleasure and fun because it can add something good to your life.
You can maintain your total energy expenditure as you age by
combining strength training and aerobic activity. Even better every
workout you do will give you a metabolism boost, not just during it but
also afterwards. One study found that a 50 minute weight routine
delivered an additional after burn of 14 calories (Michelle et al, 2015). A
systematic study of high intensity exercises for the patients of
cardiovascular and metabolic diseases is done by Itamar Levinger et al. in
2015. Shannon M. Looney and Hollie A. Raynor (2013) discussed about
the life style and Behaviour of a person in the treatment of obesity. How
mango supplements improves blood glucose in our life and obese
individuals is discussed by Shirly et al. in 2014. Obesity prevention and
treatment in school going children was discussed by Sharon M. Karp and
Shabina B. Gesell in 2015 while preventive control of obesity in infants is
studied by Liea Ann S. Gittner in 2014.
Metabolism, simply put is the total number of calories your body
burns each day. Sixty five percent of those calories are used up for 24-7
functions like breathing and circulations. The top burners are your brain,
liver, heart and kidneys with another 10 percent devoted to the process of
digesting the food. The remaining 25 percent of the calories you burn can
be chalked up to the physical activity you do in a day.
References :
1.
Itamar Livinger, Christopher S. Shaw, Nigel K. Stepto, Samantha Cassar,
Andrew J., Mc Ainch, Craig Cheetham and Andrew J. Maiorana (2015). What
doesn't kill you makes you fitter: A systematic review of high intensity interval
exercise for patient with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Clinical
Medicine Insights:Cardiology 9: 53-63.
2.
Jennifer Brady, Amber Farrell, Sharon Wong and Rena Mendelson (2008).
Beyond television children's engagement with online food and Beverage
markrting. Clinical Medicine: Pediatrics 2: 1-9
3.
Liea Ann S. Gittner (2014). Obesity prevention in children from birth to age 5.
Primary Prevention Insight 4: 1-9
4.
Michelle Wien, Lynn Monaham-Couch and Patricia Davidson (2015). Weight
loss and maintenance in adult population: What works? Primary Prevention
Insight 5: 5-9.
5.
Shannon M. Looney and Hollie A. Raynor (2013). Behavioral lifestyle
interventions in the treatment of obesity. Health Services Insight 6: 15-31.
6.
Sharon M. Karp and Shabina B. Gesell (2015). Obesity prevention and
treatment in school aged children: Adolescents and young adults-Where do we
go from here? Primary Prevention Insights 5: 1-4.
7.
Shirly F. Evans, Maureen Meister, Maryam Mahmood, Heba Eldoumi, Sandra
Peterson, Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Stephen L. Clarpe, Mark Payton, Brenda J.
Smith and Edralin A. Lucas (2014). Mango supplementation improves blood
glucose in obese individuals. Nutrition and Metabolic Insight 7: 77-84.
Dr. Hridayesh Arya
88
It improves the health over the lifespan.

A person who is fit is capable of living life to its fullest extent. Physical
and mental fitness play very important roles in your lives and people
who are both, physically and mentally fit are less prone to medical
conditions as well.
Dept. of Zoology, NREC College,

Khurja 203131
89
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
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lp vkSj lp dsoy ;g gS fd Hkkjr o"kZ esa orZeku eas vkSlru 1170 feyh
eh- okf"kZd o"kkZ gksrh gS] vf/kdka'kr% ekulwu ds ekSle esaA blesa Hkh 80 Qhlnh o"kkZ
ty cg dj leqnz esa pyk tkrk gSA ;g vkadM+k ckfj'k ds cnyrs iSVuZ ds lkFk
c<rk gh tk jgk gSA igys ckfj'k dh xfr ekWMjsV jgrh Fkh ftlls ikuh :drk
Fkk vkSj tehu esa T;knk fjpktZ gksrk FkkA orZeku esa ekulwu ds fnu de gksrs tk
jgs gSa vkSj tc ckfj'k gksrh gS rc cgqr rhoz xfr ls gksrh gS blds dkj.k cgdj
csdkj gksus okys ikuh dk izfr'kr Hkh c<+ jgk gSA bl izfr'kr dks c<+kus esa vk/kqfud
lH;rk ds uke ij c<+rs dkadzhV ds taxy Hkjiwj lg;ksx dj jgs gSaA dhpM+ ls
luh lM+ds rks vc xkoksa esa Hkh eqf'dy ls fn[krh gS] vkt jsuokVj gkosZfLVax dk
yqHkkouk ukjk ljdkjh ukjk cudj Hkj jg x;k gSA bl rjg ikuh dh deh esa pkgs
fons'kksa ls vk;kfrr frFk pdkpkSa/k djus okyh 'kgjh thou 'kSyh gks] 'kq) fefujy
okVj cukus ds uke ij 5 xquk lkQ ikuh dk viO;; gks] lHkh viuh&viuh
rkdr ls ;ksxnku ns dj leL;k dks Hk;kog cukusa esa yxs gq, gSaA vkt lEiw.kZ
uhfr vkSj mik; ^^rkRdkfyd** 'kCn rd lhfer gks dj jg x, gSaA
ikuh dh deh dks dsoy I;kl cq>kus rd gh lhfer ugha djuk gSA
vUrjkZ"Vh; [kk| uhfr 'kks/k laLFkk ds vuqlkj ikuh dh deh ls nqfu;kW dh 45
Qhlnh ldy ?kjsyw mRikn th-Mh-ih- ij [krjk mRiUu gks tk,xkA oYMZ
bdkukSfed Qksje us Hkh bl ckjs esa psrk;k gSA ;g Lohdk;Z rF; gS fd Hkkjrh; vFkZ
O;oLFkk d`f"k vk/kkfjr gS fo'ks"kdj ekulwu o"kkZ vk/kkfjrA ,d vksj o"kZ 2015 esa
ekulwu ds nkSjku 14 Qhlnh de o"kkZ gqbZ ogh] cnyrs ckfj'k ds iSVuZ ds dkj.k
miyC/k ekulwu dh o"kkZ dk lkFkZd mi;ksx u rks d`f"k gsrq gks ik;k] u gh ty
Jksrkas esa leqfpr ty Hkjko gks ik;k A
vkad.kksa ds vuqlkj] fiNys 10 lky fd rqyuk esa 3@4 gh ikuh 'ks"k gS
ty Jksrksa esa A vkdM+kas dks gh Lohdkj djsa rks ns'k ds 91 izeq[k ty Jksrks dh] 17
ekpZ 2016 lkIrkfgd leh{kk esa 43 vjc D;wfcd ehVj ikuh 'ks"k gSA izR;sd
Hkkjrh; dh jkst dh ikuh [kir 200 yhVj ekus rks ;g ikuh 6 eghus esa [kRe gks
tk,xk A
bl rjg ikuh dh deh ,d vksj tgkWa [kk|kUu ds mRiknu ij vlj
Mkyrh gS ogha jkstxkj ij Hkh vlj gksrk gSaA dkcZu fMLDykstj fjikVZ ds vuqlkj
vxys rhu lky esa ikuh dh deh ls dbZ rjg ds O;olk; izHkkfor gksaxsaA ;wusLdks
ds fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj bu jkstxkjks esa d`f"k] eRL; vkSj tkZ mRiknu 'kkfey gaSA
blesa 1-60 vjc jkstxkj lh/ks rkSj ij layXu gSA blh dze esa 4-75 djksM+ dkexkj
QwM izkslsflax]VsDlVkbYl vkSj QkekZ bUMLVh ls tqM+s gSa tks ikuh dh deh ls lh/ks
rkSj ij izHkkfor gksaxsa A vkaf'kd :i ls ikuh ij fuHkZj 1-10 djksM+ dkexkj isij
fuekZ.k]IykfLVd vkSj fuekZ.k lsDVj esa 'kkfey gSaA bl rjg 45 izfr'kr th Mh ih

ij [krjs dh vk'kadk cu tkrh gSA
Hk;kog gksrh ikuh dh deh dh leL;k dk fujkdj.k dSls gks] bl fok;
dk rkRdkfyd vkSj nh?kZdkyhu mik; [kkstus ds iwoZ dqN fcanqvksa ij fopkj djuk
vko;d gS%&
1okkZ ty iquZHkj.k dh rqyuk esa 30 izfrkr vf/kd nksgu gks jgk gSaA
ekax vkSj vkiwfrZ esa varj Hkh fujarj c<+ jgk gS A ljdkj us laln esa okZ 2015 esa
isk fjiksVZ esa crk;k gS fd ns'k esa 1123 vjc D;wfcd ehVj ikuh dh lkykuk
miyC/krk gSA dsUnzh; ty vk;ksx ds vuqlkj 2050 rd nsk es 1180 vjc
D;wfcd ehVj ikuh dh t:jr gksxhA
bl leL;k dk funku esxklsls iqjLdkj ls lEekfur Jh jktsUnz flag us
vius cSrwy e-iz- izokl ds nkSjku ofjB ukxfjd laxBu]cSrwy ds lnL;ks ls ppkZ
ds nkSjku] viuh thou vkSj dk;Z kSyh dks funku :i cuk;k FkkA mUgksaus crk;k
fd mudk ladYi Fkk fd ;fn ,d yksVk ikuh i`Foh ls fy;k tkrk gS] rks ;g dtZ
gS ftls C;kt lfgr ,d yksVk ls vf/kd ty dks okfil tehu esa Hkstuk gSA blh
mn~ns; ls tks ty laxzg.k {ks=ksa dk fuekZ.k izkjaHk esa vdsys vkSj lQyrk ds ckn
vikj tu lg;ksx ls fd;k mlh dk ifj.kke gS fd vkt fodsfUnzr lkeqnkf;d
ty izca/ku orZeku ty ladV dk gy cu pqdk gSaA ikuh dk vf/kdkj fdlh
m|ksxifr dks nsus dh ctk; yksxksa dks ikuh dk ekfyd cuuk gksxkA
2- Hkkjr esa okZ1990 esa ,d cgqjkVh; dEiuh us igyh ckj cksrycan ikuh dks
cktkj esa mrkjkA /kqvkW/kkj izpkj ds cy ij cksrycan ikuh lqjf{kr ikuh ?kksfkr gks
x;kA 'kgjh bl foKkiu ds lokZf/kd izHkko esa vk, vkSj cksrycan ikuh dks csgrj
LokLFk dk izrhd ekuk tkus yxkA blh dze esa lu~ 1992 esa Mcfyu dkUQzsal vkWu
okVj ,.M ,uok;jesaV esa fodklkhy nskksa esa ikuh ds futhdj.k dh cqfu;kn
iDdh dj nh xbZA rhljh nqfu;kW ds nskksa ij ikuh ds futhdj.k dk ncko cukus
ds fy, vkbZ ,e ,Q o foo cSad us bl krZ ij dtZ fn;k fd mUgsa lalk/kuksa ij
ljdkjh fu;a=.k de djuk gksxkA ,sls esa ikuh ds dkjksckj ds fu;a=.k dk jkLrk
[kqy x;k A lrgh& Hkwfexr ty HkaMkj.k vkSj L=ksarks dks lgstus dk rkRdkfyd
vkSj nh?kZ dkfyd mik; Lo;a djus dh txg ljdkj }kjk Hkh futh dj.k]
O;olk;hdj.k] Bsdsnkjh izFkk tSlh d`f=e O;oLFkk cukdj ikuh atSlh izkd`frd
t:jr dks lqy>kus dk liuk ns[kk tkus yxkA
OkkZ 2013 esa nsk esa cksrycan ikuh dk cktkj 60 vjc :i;s dk FkkA
vuqeku gS fd okZ 2018 rd ;g] lkykuk 22 izfrkr o`f/n ds lkFk 160 vjc
:i, gks tk,xkA ikuh dk dkjksckj ykxr vkSj equkQs ds fygkt ls csgn vkdkZd
gSA ykxr ekewyh gksus dh otg ls daifu;ksa] fokskdj cgqjkVh; daifu;kas dk
tcjnLr equkQk gksus yxkA ysfdu mldk [kkfe;ktk vke yksxks dks mBkuk iM+k
gSA daifu;ksa }kjk i;kZoj.kh; fu;eksa dks rkd ij j[kdj va/kk/kqa/k rjhds ls Hkwfexr
ty dk nksgu djus esa ljdkj dh flQZ ykpkjh gh fn[kkbZ nsrh jgh ftlds
QyLo:i cgqjkVh; daifu;ka ikuh ds :i esa ,d ,sls izkd`frd lalk/ku dks
csrgkkk fupksM+us ij yxh gSa] ftldh ek=k lhfer gSaA vkSj ftl ij igyk
90
91
ikmMj] lkcqu] lksMk vkSj fyfDoM rd lhfer gks x;k gSaA foKkiu bl rjg
izdkflr gksrs gaS ekuksa bu lk/kuksa ds vfrfjDr crZu lkQ djus dk vU; dksbZ
fodYi gh ugha gSA cgqjkVh; daifu;ksa dh vkilh izfrLi/kkZ ds pyrs rh{.k ls
rh{.k fMVtasZV lkcqu] dsd] ckj vkfn cktkj esa mrkjs tk jgs gaS] tks O;Lr gks ;k
lkekU;] ,d x`g.kh ;g lkspuk gh ugha pkgrh fd cgqr vf/kd ikuh ls lkQ djus
ds ckn Hkh] crZu lkQ djus esa iz;qDr fMVtsZaV dk vak rks ksk jg gh tkrk gSa tks
vUrr% Hkkstu djrs le; isV esa tkrs gSA vEy rRo dh vf/kdrk gksus ds dkj.k
,sflfMVh ] vYlj] dSalj vkfn dk dkj.k curs gaS A ogha crZu /kksus okyh efgyk ds
gkFk esa [kqtyh ] :[kk iu ;k Ropk ds vU; jksx dh fLFkfr cu tkrh gS A crZuksa dks
jk[k ls /kksus esa vis{kkd`r cgqr de ikuh yxrk gSA ;fn jk[k ls /kks, gq, crZuksa esas
;fn jk[k dk vak jg Hkh tk, rks dksbZ uqdlku ugha gksrkA vfirq jk[k ds {kkjh;
rRo jksx izfrjks/kd kfDr c<+krs gSA
vEyh; vkSj {kkjh; rRo D;k gSa vkSj blds ukius dk iSekuk D;k gS] bls
le>as ! Ikkuh dh vkSj vU; fdlh inkFkZ dh vEyrk ukius dk iSekuk ih ,p osY;w
pH Value gS
1- ;fn ikuh dh ih ,p osY;w 7 gksrh gS rks og U;wVy ikuh dgykrk gSA
2- ikuh dh ih- ,p- osY;w 7 ls mij gksrh gS rks og vYdykbu ;k {kkjh; ikuh
dgykrk gSaA
3- ikuh dh ih- ,p- osY;w 7 ls de gksrh gS rks og ,flfMd ikuh] vEyh; ikuh
dgykrk gSaA
tSu lekt lfgr vusd lektksa esa Hkkstu esa ikiM+ ,d eq[; ?kVd gksrk
gSA ikiM+ esa Hkh vusd rjg ds {kkjh; inkFkZ ;Fkk lTth[kkj]Qwy[kkj vkfn ,d
?kVd ds :i esa gksrs gSa A D;ksa gksrs gS {kkjh; inkFkZ ikiM+ esa] ;s fdl rjg LokLFk ds
fy, mi;ksxh gSa \
orZeku esa QkLV QqM] pkV elkysnkj Hkkstu] gksVsy] BaMk is;] fMCck can
inkFkZ dk izpyu c<+ jgk gSA lCth] Qy] vukt vkfn dks iSnk djus rFkk lajf{kr
j[kus esa jklk;fud [kkn rFkk tUrq uk'kd nokvksa dk mi;ksx c<+rk tk jgk gS A
;s lHkh izfdz;k,sa vEyh; gS A gekjs 'kjhj dh {kerk ds vuqlkj ih- ,p- osY;w dk
larqyu u gksus dh fLFkfr esa ,sflfMVh] dfCt;r] ok;qjksx tksM+ks esa nnZ vkfn gksus
yxrs gSA ;s y{k.k 40 okZ dh vk;q ds ckn LiV :i ls fn[kus yxrs gaSA y{k.k
vk/kkfjr nok dk lsou Hkh jksx dks tM+ ewy ls nwj ugha dj ikrk] QyLo:i jksx
Hkh kjhj esa LFkk;h fuokl cuk ysrk gSA ;s lHkh fLFkfr;kW vEyRo dh o`f/n vkSj
{kkjRo dh deh dh ifjpk;d gaSA vr% ewy leL;kds gy ds :i esa vf/kd vEyh;
Hkkstu djus dh txg {kkfj; rRo iz/kku Hkkstu Hkh xzg.k djsaA blfy, tSu lekt
lfgr vusd lektksas esa ikiM+ dk lsou Hakkstu esa vko;d lfEefyr jgrk gS
tks dqN gn dj {kkjh; rRo dh iwfrZ djrk gSA
oSls rks {kkjh; ty cukus dh ekhu Hkh feyrh gS A ijarq dher dh n`fV
ls bldk mi;ksx lHkh ds fy, laHko ugha gSA bl volj ij bl feFkd dks rksM+uk
Hkh vko;d gS fd cksrycan ikuh csgrj LokLFk dk izrhd gS ;k fd lokZf/kd
lqjf{kr ihus ;ksX; ikuh gSA vejhdh [kk| izkklu ds vuqlkj 40 Qhlnh
92
vf/kdkj nsk ds ukxfjdksa dk gSaA dsjy gkbdksVZ] eqEcbZ gkbdksVZ ];wusLdks vkfn uss
Hkh ikuh dks thus ds vf/kdkj ds rgr cqfu;knh vf/kdkj ?kksfkr fd;k gSA lfo/kku
esa fn, x, jkbV Vq ykbQ vkSj jkbV Vq QqM dk lca/k Hkh jkbV Vq okVj ls gS ijarq
cgqjkVh; daifu;ksa dh vf/kdre equkQs dh pkg ds vkxs lHkh vf/kdkj csekuh gS
D;ksafd ljdkj cscd gSA
3ljdkj dh iwjh uhfr kgj dsfUnzr gSaA LekVZ flVh vkSj mleasa miyC/k
djkbZ tkus okyh lqfo/kkvksa ds vkdkZ.k ls xkWokas esa tcju foLFkkiu c<+ jgk gS vkSj
kgjksa ij vkcknh dk cks> c<+ jgk gS A bl kgjh laLd`fr ls ,d vksj tgkW ikuh
dk O;; ugha viO;; c<+ jgk gS ogha pepekrh lhesaV dh lM+dks us ikuh dks
tehu esa tkus ls vo:/n dk fn;k gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lokZf/kd Qk;nk BaMs
is;ty cukus okyh cgqjkVh; daifu;ka mBk jgh gSaA BaMk is;ty vkt kq/n nw/k
ls egxk gSA
4kgjks esa c<+rh vkcknh ds ncko dks >syus ds fy, dkadzhV ds txy vc
rky&rkykcksa] iks[kjksa dks Hkh fuxyus yxs gSA ;g fLFkfr ,d 'kgj dh ugha vfirq
HkkjrokZ ds lHkh kgjksa esa ,d tSlh gSA equkQk vkSj equkQk esa dehku ds ckjs esa gh
lkspk tk jgk gS] QSlys fy, tk jgs gSa A vU;Fkk D;k dkj.k gS fd vkt u rks
pkjkxkg fn[krs gaS] u igys tSls yckyc rky]rkykc ]iks[kj A mijksDr fcanqvksa
lfgr vusd vU; fcanq Hkh gaS ftlds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd ljdkjh
uhfr;kW dkjxj lkfcr ugha gks ik jghs gSA okLro esa leL;k vnwjnkhZ usr`Ro dh gS
A fuokj.k ij ljdkj dh lksp kwU; gS A vU;Fkk D;k dkj.k gS fd egkjkV ds
ykrwj esa /kkjk 144 yxkuk iM+ xbZA D;k ;g ikuh ds fyl ;q/n tSlh fLFkfr ugha gS
ftldh Hkfo"; ok.kh lkykslky igys ls dh tk jgh gSA
ijUrq vdsys ljdkj ds Hkjksls fodjky gksrh ikuh dh deh dh leL;k
dk fuokj.k ugha gks ldrkA ty lj{k.k lekt dk nkf;Ro gSA gekjs iqj[kkas us
tykk;&okih]ckoM+h]rky&rkykc blh mn~ns; ls u dsoy cuok, Fks cfYd
mudks lgstk Hkh Fkk A vkt lekt dks ladYi ysuk gksxk fd bu ikuh ds miyC/k
L=ksrks dks vc feVus ughs nsasx]s gj Lrj ij iw.kZ laj{k.k iznku djsaxsA
gekjh izkphu thou kSyh esa jk[k dk fofkV LFkku Fkk A kkSp ds ipkr
gkFk jk[k ls /kks, tkrs Fks A orZeku esa cgqjkVh; daifu;ksa ds foKkiu us fnekx esa
?kj cuk fn;k gS fd gkFk /kksus ds fy, ,UVh csDVhfj;y lkcqu ;k gSaMokl gh JsB
fodYi gSA jk[k dks ysdj ;g Hkzkafr LFkkfir dj nh xbZ gS fd jk[k vc miyC/k
ugha gS] fokskdj kgjksa esa dqN vak esa tykou ydM+h dk LFkku xSl us t:j ys
fy;k gS ijarq vkt Hkh ftl ek=k esa nw/k dh miyC/krk gS] og izek.k gSA fd nw/k nsus
okys izk.kh Hkh gaS vkSj mRlftZr xkscj HkhA jk[k dh vuqiyC/krk cgqjkVh;
daifu;ksa dh dqfVy pky dk ,d ek= fgLlk gSA /;ku nsus ;ksX; rF; ;g gS fd
lkcqu ;k gaSMokl ls gkFk /kksus esa tks ikuh [kpZ gksrk gS mldh rqyuk esa jk[k ls
gkFk /kksus esa vfrvYi ikuh yxrk gS vkSj /;s; Hkh iwjk gks tkrk gSaA
dqN le; iwoZ rd kgjkas esa vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkt Hkh crZu jk[k ls
lkQ fd, tkrs gaSA budks /kkssus esa Hkh ikuh cgqr vYi yxrk gSA vkt cgqjkVh;
daifu;ksa ds /kqvkW/kkj izpkj ds pyrs kgjksa esa crZu lkQ djus dk lk/ku fMVtsZaV
93
tyxkyu& tSu ekxZ esa ty dks Nkudj gh iz;ksx esa ykuk] Jkod dh
=siu fdz;kvkssa esa lfEefyr gSA fu/kkZfjr fof/k;ksa ls kq/n fd;k x;k] tho jfgr
ty izklqd dgykrk gSA izklqd ty dks vfpRr ty Hkh dg ldrs gaS A bl ty
esa vl[; vidk;] vuar fuxksn vkSj vla[; =l tho ugha jgrs tks lkekU; ty
;k lfpr ty esa jgrs gaSA
ty Nkuus dh lk/kkj.k O;or fof/k dwi] ckoM+h] unh vkfn ds ty dks
diM+s ls Nkuus dh gSA ;g fof/k izR;sd tSu ifjokj esa viukbZ tkrh gS ftlls ^^
NUuk ^^ tSfu;ksa dh igpku cu x;k gSA NUus ls Nuk gqvk ty nks ?kM+h vFkkZr 48
feuV rd gh izklqd jgrk gSaA yoax]gjM ls izklqd fd;k ty 6 ?kaVs rd izklqd
jgrk gSA bl fof/k esa ;g lqfufpr djuk vko;d gS fd ikuh dk Lokn o jax
cny tk,A
mckyk gqvk ty 24 ?kaVs izklqd jgrk gS A ijarq bl gsrq nkoSdkfyd
lw=& vkBoas v/;;u dh NBoh xkFkk esa ^^rRrQklqla** kCn nsdj m".kksnd ysus
dh vkKk nh xbZ gSA blls LiV gksrk gS fd dsoy xje gksus ek= ls ty vfpRr
ugha gksrk] fdarq og iw.kZ ek=k esa xeZ gksus ls vfpRr gksrk gSA ek=k dh iw.kZrk dk
vkk; ;g gS fd ^^f=n.Mksn~or** rhu ckj ikuh mcyus ij gh vfpRr gksrk gS
vU;Fkk ugha \
vkpkjkax lw= ds nqljs JqrLda/k ds mn~nskd lkr vkSj vkB esa xje ikuh
ds flok; chl izdkj dk /kksou Hkh crk;k gS bldh dky e;kZnk lHkh _rqvksa esa
pkj izgj ls >k>sjh vf/kd crkbZ xbZ gS A dqN izeq[k /kksou vfpRr ikuh
vxzkuqlkj gS&
1-pkoy] nky] fry] rqk to vkfn dk /kks;k gqvk ikuh
2- Nkk dh ijkk dk ikuh
3- vkVk dk /kksou ikuh] vkslkl.k dk ikuh
4- jk[k ls crZu /kks;k gqvk ikuh
5- vke] dsjh- beyh] vkWoyk] nk[k] [ktwj] dsj] cksj] ukfj;y] [kkjd] vukj vkfn
dk /kksou ikuh
jklk;fud n`fV ls /kksou ikuh {kkjh; ty gS vkSj vk/;kfRed n`fV ls
vfpRr ty tks vizR;{k :i ls tho n;k dk ewy gS A
bl ys[k dk eq[; mn~ns'; ty ds bl viO;; dks jksdus ds lkFk gh
thon;k gsrq mfpr ek=k esa fefJr fd;k gqvk jk[k ty ls tu lekU; dks
ifjfpr djkuk gS ftlesa vkxe ds vuqlkj ty dk o.kZ]xa/k] jl vkSj LikZ cny
tkrs gSaA
/kksou jk[k dk ikuh%&
1- vk;qosZn esa jk[k HkLe ds lQy iz;ksxksa ls NksVh &cM+h vusd chekfj;ksa esa jkgr
vkSj eqfDr crkbZ gSaA vk;qosZn esa jk[k dks ,aVhlsfIVd crk;k gSaA
2- ikuh dks kq/n djus dh i/nfr;kW [kphZyh rFkk le; vkSj fo|qr ds O;; okyh
gksrh gS tcfd jk[k ls ikuh dks kq/n djus dh fcuk [kpZ okyh i/nfr gSA
3- ckck] Qdhj vkSj riLoh kjhj ij jk[k yxkrs gaS ftls HkHkwr dgk tkrk gS A ;g
HkHkwr kjhj dk j{k.k djrh gSA tho tarq kjhj ij Mad vkfn ugha yxkrs vkSj
94
cksrycan ikuh vlqjf{kr gksrk gSaA ;gkW ;g rF; Hkh dks /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd
iSflfQd baLVhV~;wV ds eqrkfcd vesfjdk esa 1 Vu feujy okVj ckWVy cukus esa 3
Vu dkcZu mRltZu ds lkFk gh] 1 yhVj feujy okVj cukus ij 5 yhVj lkQ
ikuh [kpZ djuk iM+rk gSaA feujy okVj izkIr djus dk ;g fodYi Hkh ikuh dk
viO;; ek= gh gS
bl lPpkbZ ls eqag ugha eksM+k tk ldrk fd fu;ksftr ty lalk/kuksa ds
vHkko ls cM+h vkcknh tw> jgh gS A c<+rs futhdj.k] vkS|ksfxd vkSj ekuoh;
vifkVksa ls is;ty ladV yxkdj c<+ jgk gS A vkt 10 djksM+ ?kjksa esa cPpksa dks
i;kZIr ikuh ugha fey jgk blls gj nwljk cPpk dqiksfkr gS A
oYMZ cSSad ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa 21 Qhlnh ladzked chekfj;kW nwfkr ikuh
dh otg ls gksrh gaSA buesa yksjkbM] vklsZfud] ysM lhlk vkSj ;wjsfu;e rd
?kqyk ik;k tkrk gSA cM+h vkcknh isV ds ladze.k ls ysdj dSalj rd dh pisV esa gSa
A
ljdkjh uhfr ds vkWdMs cukrs gSa fd dsoy 18 Qhlnh xzkeh.k vkcknh ds
ikl gh kq/n ikuh miyC/k gSa tcfd 41 Qhlnh xzkeh.kksa ds ikl eksckby Qksu gSA
dSlh foMEcuk gSA 20 izfrkr xzkeh.k vkcknh nsk dh ,slh gS] tks vlqjf{kr ty
L=ksrksa ij fuHkZj gSaA 3 yk[k cPps gj lky nwfkr ikuh ihus ls nqfu;kW esa ejrs gSaA
Ikkuh ds mijksDr Hk;kog vkWdM+ks ds ifjizs{; esa D;k ikuh dh deh ds
lkFk&lkFk LoPN ikuh gsrq dksbZ O;ogkfjd lek/kku gS \
TkSlk fd iwoZ esas mYys[k fd;k tk pqdk gS fd e/;iznsk ds cSrwy ftys ds
eqyrkbZ ls fudyh ^^rkIrh** ds ikuh ds nksgu ds fy, iz;kljr ofjB ukxfjd
laxBu cSrwy ds lnL;ksa us ftlesa bl ys[k ds izLrqfrdrkZ Hkh lfEefyr Fks Jh
jktsUnz flag ls muds cSrwy izokl ds nkSjku ikuh dks ysdj foLr`r ppkZ dh Fkh A
bl eqykdkr esa gqbZ foLr`r ppkZ dk Lej.k iqu% gks x;k tc if=dk 03 vizSy
2016 ds vad esa Jh jktsUnz flag dk lk{kkRdkj NikA Jh vrqy pkSjfl;k ls gqbZ
lk{kkRdkj esa ^^ D;k dksbZ ,slk vuqdj.kh; Lokoyacu dk lQy eakWMy gS ** ds
mRrj es ogh ckr nqgjkbZ tks ofj"B ukxfjd laxBu cSrwy ds lnL;ksa ls dbZ lky
igys dgha FkhA fQj Hkh iz'u dk mRrj v{kjk% izLrqr gS&
^^ nsk esa ,sls dbZ lQy ekWaMy gSa A jktLFkku esa gSA geus jktLFkku esa
,d nks ugha 1200 xkWoksa esas bls lQy cuk;k gS ty laj{k.k lekt dk Hkh nkf;Ro
gSA yksxksa us 80 ds nkd esa ikuh dks lgstuk kq: dj fn;k Fkk A ikuh ,d ckj
tehu esa tkus yxk rks Qlysa ygygkus yxh A fodsfUnzr lkeqnkf;d ty izca/ku
bldk gy gS A ikuh dk vf/kdkj fdlh m|ksxifr dks nsus dh ctk; yksxksa dks
ikuh dk ekfyd cukuk gksxk **A
OfjB ukxfjd laxBu cSrwy ds lnL;ksa ls gqbZ okrkZ vkt Jh jktsUnz flag
iqu% nqgjk jgs gSaA D;ksa \
vuxkj vkSj lkxkj oxZ ds lk/kqvksa ds fy, j;.klkj] ewykpkj]
Jkodkpkj] nkoSdkfyd lw=] vkpkjkax lw= vkfn vusd vkxe xzaFkksa esa] lk/kqvksa
ds oxZ ds vuq:i vkpkj fln~/kkar n'kkZ, x, gS] ijarq laiw.kZ ekuork ds dY;k.k ds
fy, tSunkZu dh rdZiw.kZ ,oa foKku lEer vuwBh nsu gS ^^ tyxkyu ^Â
95
jk[k ds mi;ksx dk izeq[k dke ;g gS fd crZu vkfn de ls de ikuh ls

ektas tk ldrs gSA iqu% ftl ikuh ls crZu lkQ fd, tkrs gS mlh ls /kksou ikuh
cuk fn;k tkrk gSa bl rjg ikuh dk viO;; iw.kZ :i ls #d tkrk gS vkSj crZu
/kksus esa [kpZ Hkh dqN ugha gksrkA ;fn jk[k ;qDr ikuh xVj esa pyk Hkh tk, rks
vla[; =l vkSj vuar LFkkoj thoksa dh fojk/kuk ugha gksrhA
fMVtsZUV ikmMj ls crZu vkfn /kksus esa cgqr vf/kd ikuh dk viO;; gksrk gSA
crZu /kksus ds ckn fMVtsZUV dk 'ks"k FkksM+k Hkh va'k u dsoy 'kjhj ds fy, gkfu
dkjd gS vkSj vU; dksbZ mi;ksx ugh dj ikus ds dkj.k xVj esa cgkus ij tho
?kkr gksrk gSA
bl ys[k dk mn~ns'; /kksou ikuh tSlh fof/k;ksa dks viukdj ikuh ds mi;ksx
dks 'kjhj dks uhjksx j[kus ds lkFk gh ikuh dh ek=k dks U;wure j[k dj Hkh lkFkZd
mi;ksx esa yxkuk gSA ty laj{k.k dh ;g Js"B] foKku lEer] rdZ iw.kZ fof/k ty
ijh{k.k dsUnz }kjk izekf.kr djkbZ xbZ gSA dksjck N-x- esa fLFkr lgk;d vfHk;ark
ty ijh{k.k dsUnz esa /kksou ikuh dh tkWp dh fjiksVZ bl laca/k esa izLrqr gSA
tc oSKkfud ijh{k.k vkSj iz;ksx 'kkyk;sa /kksou ikuh dh Js"Brk dks leFkZu ns jgh
gSa] rc fujksxdk;k cuk;s j[krs gq, tho n;k vkSj vuqdEik ds xq.k tkx`r djrs
gq, ty laj{kj.k esa lg;ksx iznku djsaA
lanHkZ %
1- if=dk 03 vizSy 2016 dk laMs tSdsV
2- izLrqfr drkZ dh d`fr vkfn oSKkfud egkohj
3- iqLrd & /kksou ikuh &tho n;k dk vn~Hkqr [ktkuk
4- lgk;d vfHk;ark] ty ijh{k.k dsUnz dksjck
5- Jh izdk'k pUnz cksgjk] esu jksM] dksjck
lsokfuo`Rr vfrfjDr eq[; vfHk;ark ,oa

ofj"B ukxfjd laxBu] cSrwy
802 vkj-ih-uxj Qsl 1
dkslkckM+h] dksjck N-x- 495677
96
dnkfpr Mad yxk Hkh Hkh nas rks mudk tgj ugha p<+rk gSA
4- xkWoks esa vkt Hkh jk[k pksV vkfn ds fy, izpfyr mipkj gS
5- vukt lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, jk[k ,d izeq[k rRo gS A
6- /kksou jk[k dk ikuh ihus ls kjhj esa jDr d.k dh l[;k c<+rh gS vkSj LQwfrZ
jgrh gSA
7- /kksou ikuh ls isV esa c<+h gqgZ vEy dh ek=k fu;af=r gksrh gSA ftlls ,flfMVh
dks lekU; fd;k tkrk gS A
97
HONORARY MEMBERS OF J.H.S.S.

1- MR. ABHIJEET SINGH, BASTI [ UP. ]
2- MR. ABHISHEK SHARMA, KHURJA [ U.P.]
3- DR. A.K. CHHOKAR, KHURJA [ UP. ]
4- MS. ALKA RANI, HAPUR [ UP. ]
5- DR. ALKA TIWARI, MEERUT [ UP. ]
6- MRS. AMBIKA SINGH, ALIGARH [ U.P.]
7- MS. AMRITA SINGH, SRI NAGAR [ JK.]
8- DR. ANJANA, BULAND SHAHR [ UP. ]
9- DR. ANJU SINGH, NEW DELHI
10- DR. ANSUYA AGRAWAL, MAHASAMUND [ C.G. ]
11- DR. ANURADHA SINGH, BHU. VARANASI [ UP. ]
12- DR. A. P. DUBEY, SHIKOHABAD [ UP. ]
13- DR. ARADHNA GUPTA, MEERUT [ U.P. ]
14 - DR. ARCHANA SINGH, BULAND SHAHR [ UP. ]
15- DR. ARUNA SHUKLA, NANDER [MH.]
16- DR. ASHISH CHANDRA, BULAND SHAHR [ UP. ]
17- MR. ASHOK ARYA, KHURJA [ UP. ]
18- DR. ASHOK BACHULKAR, AZRA[M.H.]
19- DR. A. V. KAUR, MEERUT [ U.P. ]
20- DR. B.D. SHUKLA, AGRA [ U.P. ]
21- MR. B. P. GAUR, NEW DELHI
22- DR. B.P. SINGH, KHURJA [ U.P. ]
23- DR. CHANDRA KANT S. PANDAV, AIIMS, DELHI
24- DR. CHANDRIKA P. THAKAR, JUNAGADH [GUJ.]
25- DR. DAKSHA M. MISTRY, VADODARA[GUJ.]
26- DR. DARSHANA UPADHYAY, BARODA [ GUJ. ]
27- PROF. DHANVIDYA PATEL, VADODARA [ GUJ. ]
28- DR. E. SUDHA RANI, HYDERABAD [ AP. ]
29- DR. FARHAT TABASSUM, AURANGABAD [MH. ]
30- DR. GHAZANFERULLAH, SIKANDRABAD [ U.P. ]
31- DR. GHULAM FARID SABRI, AMU, ALIGARH [UP.]
32- PROF. GITA CHOVATIYA, RAJKOT [ GUJ. ]
33- DR. HARENDRA SINGH, BULAND SHAHR [ UP. ]
34- DR. H. B. CHAUDHARY, IARI. NEW DELHI
35- DR. HEMLATA SUMAN, SHIKOHABAD [ UP. ]
36- DR. HENA, KANNUR [ KRL.]
37- DR. HRIDAYESH ARYA, BULANDSHAHR [ U.P. ]
38- DR. JACOUELINE P. MARAK, W.GARO HILLS[MEGH.]
39- MRS. JAGRITI PATEL, VADODARA [ GUJ .]
40- DR. JASWANT SINGH, KHURJA [UP. ]
41- DR. KAILASH UPADHYAY, RAJKOT [ GIJ. ]
42- DR. KAMLA MAHESHWARI, BADAUN [ UP. ]
43- DR. KAPILA PATEL, SABARKANTHA [ GUJ. ]
44- DR. KIRTI BAJPEYEE, JABALPUR [ M.P.]
45- DR. KRISHNA SHARMA, BULAND SHAHR [ UP. ]
46- MR. KULDEEP SINGH, BULAND SHAHR [ UP. ]
47- MRS. LEENA SINGH, JODHPUR [ RAJ. ]
48- DR. LOKESH CHAUHAN, MEERUT CANTT. [ UP. ]
49- DR. MADHULIKA TIWARI, GHAZIABAD [UP]
50515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586878889909192939495969798-
DR. MANISH MAHESHWARI, ALIGARH [ U.P. ]

DR. MANJU MAGAN, SHAMLI [U.P.]
ER. MANMOHAN CHANDRA JAIN, KORBA[CG.]
DR. MEENU SHARMA, ALIGARH[UP.]
DR. MITHILESH DIXIT, SHIKOHABAD [ UP.]
DR. MONIKA, TRKC, ALIGARH [U.P. ]
DR. MONICA SHARMA, ALIGARH [ U.P. ]
DR. MRIDULA SINGH, ALIGARH [ UP. ]
DR. MRIDUL KUMAR VERMA, SHIKOHABAD[UP.]
DR. NAVNEET SHARMA, KHURJA [ UP. ]
DR. NIDHI SHARMA, MATHURA [ U.P. ]
MS. NILOFAR HAMID, SRI NAGAR [ J.K. ]
MS. NUTAN GARG, BULANDSHAHER{U.P.}
DR. PALLVI DIXIT, LUCKNOW [ UP. ]
DR. PUNAM SHARMA, JABALPUR [MP]
DR. PRABHA KUMARI, BHAGALPUR [ BIHAR ]
DR. PRAMOD KUMAR, KHURJA[U.P.]
DR. RAJESH KUMAR, ALIGARH [ UP. ]
DR. RAJINDRA SHARMA, SIMLA [HP]
DR. RAMESH CHANDRA, AMROHA [ UP. ]
DR. RENU PANDEY, LUCKNOW [U.P.]
DR. RANU RATHORE, JABALPUR [ M.P. ]
DR. SANDHYA P. MERIYA, DAMAN
MS. SANGITA YADAV, SHIKOHABAD [ UP. ]
DR. SANJAY KUMAR SINGH, GHAZIABAD [U.P.]
DR. SAPNA SINGH, ALIGARH [U.P.]
DR. SATNAM KAUR GILL, JABALPUR [ M.P. ]
DR. SEEMS CHANDRAN, KASARGOD [KRL.]
DR. SEEMA KAUSHIK, ALIGARH [UP.]
DR. SHAILY SHARMA, ALIGARH [UP.]
DR. SHARAD KUMAR, KHURJA[U.P.]
DR. S.P. JAIN, VADODARA [ GUJ. ]
DR. SHUCHI GUPTA, MEERUT [ U.P.]
DR. SUDHIR KUMAR SRIVASTAVA, DEORIA[UP.]
DR. SUMAN SHARMA, BHAV NAGAR [ GUJ.]
DR. SUNANDA SHELKE, SANGLI [ MH. ]
DR. SUPRIYA P., CALICUT [ KRL. ]
DR. SUSHMA GAUTAM, KHURJA [ UP. ]
DR. SUSHMA PURWAR, UNNAO{U.P.}
DR. TARUJA B. BHOSALE, SINDHUDURG [ M. H.]
DR. VANDANA SEMALTI, GHAZIABAD [ U.P. ]
DR. VANDANA SHARMA, MODI NAGAR [ UP. ]
DR. VANDANA SRIVASTAVA, LUCKNOW[UP.]
DR. VASUNDHARA SAXENA,BULANDSHAHER[U.P.]
DR. VISHAL KAUSHIK, BULAND SHAHER[U.P.]
DR. V. D. DUBEY, BULAND SHAHER [ UP. ]
DR. WILLIAM, KHURJA [ U.P. ]
MRS. YOGITA SHARMA, BULANDSHAHER [ UP.]
DR. ZAHIDA JABEEN, SRI NAGAR [ J K]

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Dr.

Lari presented JHSS to the

Dr. Lari presented JHSS to the High Commissioner

JHSS released by Meghalaya Home Minister

Dr. Lari presenting AIPC Souvenir to Meghalaya

Dr. Lari welcoming Union Railway Minister

JANUARY 2017 : Vol. XVIII

JHSS released by Governor U.P. H.E. Ram Naik

JHSS : JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES

NEWS FROM ACADEMIA

11th YEAR OF REGULAR PUBLICATION

A GLOBALLY CIRCULATED AND REPUTED RESEARCH JOURNAL FROM SOUTH ASIA

JANUARY 2017 : Vol. XVIII

Editor : Dr. M.A. Lari 'Azad'

NEWS FROM ACADEMIA

NEWS FROM ACADEMIA

President of Mauritius (Acting)

Dr. Lari presenting a memorabilia to H.E.

GOPIO President Mahen Utchanah presenting a

Dr. Lari with the Queen of Mysore Her Highness

JHSS released by H.E.

Dr. Lari presenting his Biography to H.E.

Dr. Lari being felicitated by Ex. Karnataka

Dr. Lari being felicitated by 'Sarhad' (Pune)

Dr. Lari presenting a memorabilia to the Prime Minister

Dr. Lari Felicitating the P.M. of Mauritius

Dr. Lari being felicitated by Karnataka contingent

Dr. Lari being felicitated by Punjab contigent

11th Year of Regular Publication

A GLOBALLY CIRCULATED AND REPUTED RESEARCH JOURNAL FROM SOUTH ASIA

JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES

A PEER REVIEWED REFEREED INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

JANUARY 2017 : Vol. XVIII

Contact for Editorial -

Dr. M.A. Lari Azad

Contact for Business Dr. Roshan Ara, Managing Editor

Printed by Litho Offset Printer, Achal Tal, Aligarh-202001

Last Page (Cover) 4 Colour

Membership Contribution (Including Postage)

` 3,000/` 2,100/` 1,200/` 3,00/` : 5,000/` : 3,000/` : 2,500/` : 1,200/-

200$ (By Air Mail)

A New Light on Akbar's Religion and Politics

Importance of Mir Bakhshis Under The Mughals - With

Raja Jai Singh : As A Military Commander of Shahjahan

The National Movement Till The Advent of Mahatma Gandhi

ACCREDITED GRADE 'A' BY NAAC (UGC) C.P.E.

5- lksjksa lwdj {ks= ds xaxk xq#vksa dh cfg;ksa dh ,sfrgkfldrk % ,d 34

Degree Department of History started in 1946

Prof. K.D. Sharma

Published : 2 Books, Guided : 30 Ph.D.s

Dr. M.A. Lari Azad

Published : 3 Books, Guided : 12 Ph.D.s

6- ve`rk izhre d`r ^muds gLrk{kj* eas ukjh laosnuk

7- Lokra=~;kskj efgyk miU;kldkjksa dh jpukvksa esa O;Dr uSfrd ewY;

8- Opportunities & Challenges for Women Entrepreneurship in 45

9- cnyrs lkekftd ifjn`'; esa efgykvksa dh izfLFkfr

10- Transformation of Pottery Industry in Khurja City of Uttar 57