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Eng 2 CG 20 Survey 1
Eng 2 CG 20 Survey 1
1. Arc Basis
a) Metric System
20/D = 2R/360
D = 1145.916/R
b) English System
100/D = 2 R/360
D = 5(1145.916)/R
2. Chord Basis
a) Metric System
Sin D/2 = 10/R
R = 10 / Sin D/2
b) English System
Sin D/2 = 50/R
R = 50 / Sin D/2
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R = Radius of Curve
T = Tangent Distance
D = Degree of Curve
4.
C = 2R Sin I/2
2.
E = R (Sec I/2 I)
M = R R cos I/2
3.
5.
Lc/I = 20/D
Lc = 20 I/D
6.
Lc/I = 100/D
Lc = 100 I/D
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Name___________________________________________________________
Course/Year__________________________Date Submitted__________
The deflection angles of two intermediate points A and B of a highway curve are
415 and 915 respectively. The chord distance between points A and B is
20.00 m. while the long chord is 120.00 m. Stationing of P.I. is 80 + 060. Find
the stationing of P.C. and P.T.
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Example:
The long chord of a compound curve is 425.00 meters long and the
angles that it makes with tangents of the curve were 20 and 24 respectively.
Find the radius R1 and R2 of the compound curve if the common tangent is
parallel to the long chord.
Sin 12 = C2 / 2R2
R2 = 473.78 m.
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I2 = 3600
D1 = 3 00
D2 = 5 00
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Reversed
Reversed
Reversed
Reversed
curve
curve
curve
curve
with
with
with
with
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Solution:
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the point of intersection of the first curve is 4 + 450. Determine the stationing
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the point intersection of the tangents to the P.I. of the second curve is 160.00
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meters while the stationing of the P.I. of the first curve is at 10 + 432.24. If the
radius of the first curve is 285.40 meters, determine the stationing of P.R.C and
P.T.
is
parabolic
a
vertical
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Example:
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whose elevation is 100.00 ft. The maximum allowable change in grade per
station having a length of 100 ft. is o.20. It is desired to place a culvert to
drain the flood waters during heavy downpour. Where must be the location of
the culvert? At what elevation must the invert of the culvert be set if the pipe
has a diameter of 3.00 ft. and the backfill is 1.00 ft. high. Neglect the thickness
of the pipe.
Figure:
Solution:
Length per station = 100ft.
r = rate of change per station
Elevation of P.T. = 100 + 0.04(300) = 101.2 ft.
H = 0.90 ft.
L = 6(100) = 600 ft
S1 = 400 ft.
Stationing of P.C. = 90 + 00 300 = 87 + 00
Stationing of P.T. = 90 + 00 + 300 = 93 + 00
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Ground Elevation
74.00
75.881
76.815
Station
5 + 00
6 + 00
6 + 75
Ground Elevation
76.925
75.825
70.940
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Example:
Given:
g1 = 7%
L1=160m
g2 = -4%
L2 = 120m
Required:
a. Elevation of the
Curve of the underpass
b. L2 if elevation of curve is 22.683m.
c. Stationing of the HP of the curve for
question b.
Solution:
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+ 780 and the elevation is 110.00 meters a) determine the height of fill at the
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Name___________________________________________________________
Course/Year___________________________Date Submitted__________
In a certain road construction undertaken by DPWH it was decided to
connect a forward tangent of 3% and a back tangent of -5% by 200 meter
symmetrical parabolic curve. It was discovered that the grade intersection at
10 + 100 whose elevation is 100.00 meters fall on a rocky section with the
exposed boulder at elevation 102.67 meters. To avoid rockky excavation, the
project engineer decided to adjust the vertical arabolic curve in such a way that
the curve will just clear the rock without altering the position of P.C. and the
grade of the tangents. Determine the stationing and elevation of new P.T.
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2. When the passing sight distance is less than the length of curve.
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what point (station and elevation) of the curve should the catch basin be
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4.50 ft., while that of the object at the instant of perception is 3.50 ft. The
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length of the parabolic curve is 1,152.00 ft. and that of the passing sight
distance is 1,100.00 ft. The designed grade at the back tangent is -5% while
the forward tangent has a designed grade of +3%.
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Elements of Spiral
TS = the point of change from tangent to spiral
SC = the point of change from spiral to circular curve
CS = the point of change from circular curve to spiral
ST = the point of change from spiral to tangent
SS = the point of change from one spiral to another
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The symbols PC and PT, TS and ST, and SC and CS become transposed when the direction of stationing
is changed.
a = the angle between the tangent at the TS and the chord from the TS to any point on the spiral
A = the angle between the tangent at the TS and the chord from the TS to the SC
b = the angle at any point on the spiral between the tangent at that point and the chord from the TS
B = the angle at the SC between the chord from the TS and the tangent at the SC
c = the chord from any point on the spiral to the TS
C = the chord from the TS to the SC
d = the degree of curve at any point on the spiral
D = the degree of curve of the circular arc
f = the angle between any chord of the spiral (calculated when necessary) and the tangent through the TS
I = the angle of the deflection between initial and final tangents; the total central angle of the circular
curve and spirals
k = the increase in degree of curve per station on the spiral
L = the length of the spiral in feet from the TS to any given point on the spiral
Ls = the length of the spiral in feet from the TS to the SC, measured in 10 equal chords
o = the ordinate of the offsetted PC; the distance between the tangent and a parallel tangent to the
offsetted curve
r = the radius of the osculating circle at any given point of the spiral
R = the radius of the central circular curve
s = the length of the spiral in stations from the TS to any given point
S = the length of the spiral in stations from the TS to the SC
u = the distance on the tangent from the TS to the intersection with a tangent through any given point on
the spiral
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U = the distance on the tangent from the TS to the intersection with a tangent through the SC; the longer
spiral tangent
v = the distance on the tangent through any given point from that point to the intersection with the tangent
through the TS
V = the distance on the tangent through the SC from the SC to the intersection with the tangent through
the TS; the shorter spiral tangent
x = the tangent distance from the TS to any point on the spiral
X = the tangent distance from the TS to the SC
y = the tangent offset of any point on the spiral
Y = the tangent offset of the SC
Z = the tangent distance from the TS to the offsetted PC (Z = X/2, approximately)
= the central angle of the spiral from the TS to any given point
= the central angle of the whole spiral
Ts = the tangent distance of the spiraled curve; distance from TS to PI, the point of intersection of
tangents
Es = the external distance of the offsetted curve
Spiral Formulas
The following formulas are for the exact determination of the functions of the 10-chord spiral
when the central angle, , does not exceed 45 degrees. These are suitable for the compilation of
tables and for accurate fieldwork.
(1)
(2)
(4)
(6) B =
(3)
-A
seconds
(9) Y = C Sin A
(11)
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(8) X = C Cos A
= 1 Tan ( )
(10)
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(Exsec
(12)
(13) Z = X - (R Sin
(14) o = Y - (R Vers
(Vers
(15) Ts = (R + o) Tan ( I) + Z
= 1 - Cos
(16) Es = (R + o) Exsec ( I) + o
(Exsec ( I) = Tan ( I)(Tan( I))
Empirical Formulas
For use in the field, the following formulas are sufficiently accurate for practical purposes when
does not exceed 15 degrees.
a=
/3 (degrees)
A=
/3 (degrees)
a = 10 ks2 (minutes)
S = 10 kS2 (minutes)
Spiral Lengths
Different factors must be taken into account when calculating spiral lengths for highway and
railroad layout.
Highways. Spirals applied to highway layout must be long enough to permit the effects of
centrifugal force to be adequately compensated for by proper superelevation. The minimum
transition spiral length for any degree of curvature and design speed is obtained from the the
relationship Ls = 1.6V3/R, in which Ls is the minimum spiral length in feet, V is the design speed
in miles per hour, and R is the radius of curvature of the simple curve. This equation is not
mathematically exact but an approximation based on years of observation and road tests.
Table 1 is compiled from the above equation for multiples of 50 feet. When spirals are
inserted between the arcs of a compound curve, use Ls = 1.6V3/Ra. Ra represents the radius of a
curve of a degree equal to the difference in degrees of curvature of the circular arcs.
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Railroads Spirals applied to railroad layout must be long enough to permit an increase in
superelevation not exceeding 1 inches per second for the maximum speed of train operation.
The minimum length is determined from the equation Ls = 1.17 EV. E is the full theoretical
superelevation of the curve in inches, V is the speed in miles per hour, and Ls is the spiral length
in feet.
This length of spiral provides the best riding conditions by maintaining the desired relationship
between the amount of superelevation and the degree of curvature. The degree of curvature
increases uniformly throughout the length of the spiral. The same equation is used to compute
the length of a spiral between the arcs of a compound curve. In such a case, E is the difference
between the superelevations of the two circular arcs.
Spiral elements are readily computed from the formulas given above. To use these formulas,
certain data must be known. These data are normally obtained from location plans or by field
measurements.
Example:
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The tangents of a spiral curve has azimuth of 226 and 221 respectively.
The minimum length of the spiral is 40.00 meters. with a minimum super
elevation of 0.10 m/m width of roadway. The maximum velocity to pass over
the curve is 70.00 km/hr. Assume width of the roadway to be 9.00 meters.
a) Determine the degree of simple curve.
b) Determine the length of the spiral at each of the simple curve.
c) The super elevation of the first 10.00 meters from the S.C. on the
spiral. Use e = 0.004 K2/R
Solution:
a) e = 0.004 K2/R
0.10 = 0.004(70)2/R
R = 196.00 meters
D = 1145.916/R
D = 1145.916/196.00
D = 5.85
b)
Lc = 0.0036K3/R
Lc = 0.0036(70)3/196.00
Lc = 63.00 meters say 60.00 meter (use multiple of 10 m.)
c)
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LESSON 9 EARTHWORKS
EARTHWORKS the construction of large open cuttings or excavations
involving both cutting and filling of material other than rock.
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Where:
V = Volume of section of earthwork between Sta 1 and 2 of volume
of prismoid,m
A1, A2 = cross sectional area of end sections, m
AM = Area of mid section parallel to the end sections and which will
be computedas the averages of respective end dimensions, m
NOTES:
1. A Prismoid is a solid having for its two ends any
dissimilar parallel plane figures of the same number of
sides, and all the sides of the solid plane figures. Also, any
prismoid may be resolve into prisms, pyramids and wedges,
having a common altitudes the perpendicular distance between
the two parallel end plane cross section.
2. As far as volume of earthworks are concerned, the use of
Prismoidal formula is justified only if cross-section are taken
at short intervals, is a small surface deviations are observed,
and if the areas of successive cross-section cliff or widely
usually it yields smaller values than those computed from
average end areas
PRISMOIDAL CORRECTION FORMULA
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PROBLEM:
1. Given the following cross-section notes of a roadway with a base
of 6m and SS of 1.25:1.00, between the volume of the prismoid between
the two-end sections by the following methods: a) end area method; b )
Prismoidal formul;c)end area method and
prismoidal correction formua.
Station
10 + 00
10 + 20
+6.55
+3.65
+2.84
+0.52
SOLUTION:
Compute for the area at each station cross-section and at mid-section
Figure
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HCm
= 1 / 2 (2.84 + 1.85)
= 2.345m
DLm = B / 2 SHLm
= 1 / 2 (6) + 1.25(3.22)
DLm = 7.05m
Area by method of triangle
Am = Ae + Af + Ag + Ah
= (3)(3.24) + (7.05)(2.345) + (5.10)(2.345) + (3)(1.68)
Am = 21.68m
COMPUTE FOR THE VOLUME OF EARTHWORK VOLUME OF CUT IN
BETWEEN THE TWO STATIONS
Figure
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WORKSHEET 31 EARTHWORKS
Name___________________________________________________________
Course/Year___________________________Date Submitted__________
Derive the prismoidal correction formula for a triangular end areas using the
formula V = L/6 (A1 + AM + A2)
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WORKSHEET 32 EARTHWORKS
Name___________________________________________________________
Course/Year___________________________Date Submitted__________
Derive the prismoidal formula for determining volumes of regular solid.
V = L/6 (A1 + AM + A2)
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WORKSHEET 33 EARTHWORKS
Name___________________________________________________________
Course/Year___________________________Date Submitted_________
Using the prismoidal correction formula, find the corrected volume of cut
between stations 80.00 meters apart if the area of irregular sections in cut at
stations are 26.00 sq.m. and 68.00 sq.m. respectively. Base width = 8.00
meters, side slope 1:1.
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WORKSHEET 34 EARTHWORKS
Name___________________________________________________________
Course/Year___________________________Date Submitted_________
The side slope of a railroad cut shown is 1:1. The width of the roadway is
10.00 meters. Determine the corrected volume by applying the prismoidal
correction. Distance between sections is 100.00 meters.
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WORKSHEET 35 EARTHWORKS
Name___________________________________________________________
Course/Year___________________________Date Submitted_________
Given the cross section notes below of the ground which will be excavated for a
roadway, compute the volume of excavation between stations 47 + 00 and 48 +
00 by: a) end area method; and b) prismoidal formula. The road is 30.00 ft.
wide with slopes of 1.5:1
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WORKSHEET 36 EARTHWORKS
Name___________________________________________________________
Course/Year___________________________Date Submitted_________
From the following cross section notes, compute the corrected volumes of
cut and fill, the road bed being 20.00 ft. wide in cut and 16.00 ft. in fill. The
side slope for both cut and fill is 1:1. Give the results in cubic yard.
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WORKSHEET 37 EARTHWORKS
Name___________________________________________________________
Course/Year___________________________Date Submitted_________
The following cross section notes are for a road passing a hilly country.
The roads bed is 11.00 meters wide for thorough cut, 10.00 meters for side hill
and 9.00 meters for fill. The slope of the cut is 1:1 and 1.5:1 for fill. Find the
volume of cut and fill by the end area method.
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