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{Biblia {pimperum.
REPRODUCED IN FACSIMILE,

FROM

ONE

OF

THE(HHWESIN

THE

BRUHSH

MUSEUM;

WITH

Q11 storical anti Bibliographical Blntrohuction,

BY

J. PH. BERJEAU.

\qiznikaql" N.
\JQIJKv/JH/
i J o.

_
61:.

innhun:
JOHN

RUSSELL

SMITH,3&
I.DCCC.LIX.

SOHO

SQUARE

LONDON:
l'. PICKTON, PRINTER,
rxnnrs PLACE, 29, 012031) was.

-__-__.

_, ______.___

_-_--

INTRODUCTION
'-

TO THE

BIBLIA

PAUPERUM.

ANY BIBLIOGRAPHERS in the last as well as in the present century have mentioned or described the
BIBLIA PAUPERUM ; but they have left so many questions undecided, that much remains to be said on
this remarkable block book; for, down to the present time, the author who compiled it, the artist who designed
the cuts, and the engravers, are equally unknown; and even the date of its publication is more than ever
uncertain. From two Latin editions, perfectly distinct, the number has been expanded, by some bibliographers,
into six or seven editions; and, in this way of treating the subject, there is no reason why each separate copy should
not eventually be made to constitute individually a new and separate edition.
After having traced each of the forty pages, and compared carefully, page by page, the four different copies
which are in the British Museum, with recollections of some others which have paseed through our hands, we
hope to be able to throw some light on these questions.
For the better understanding of the subject, we shall begin with a short description of the book, and examine,
in succession, who probably was the writer and illustrator of the original manuscript ; who engraved it on wood, and
printed it ; who painted the whole of its contents on the stained windows of the Convent 0f Hirschau ; what artists
imitated and sometimes copied it entirely in their compositions; and lastly, what bibliographers have mentioned or
described it, raising various conjectures or theories upon its very name, its object, its author, and the time of its
publication.

I.

Tire Poor Mans Bible, BIBLIA PAUPERUM, is so called, because it was intended, by presenting a mere
summary of the most important chapters of both the Old and New Testaments, and by speaking, with its gures,
to the eyes of the unlearned, to popularize the contents of a work, so expensive by its bulk that, before the
invention of printing, the possession of a copy was only within the reach of a very small number of rich individuals
or monastic corporations.
The BIBLIA PAUPERUM is a set in the rst edition of forty, and in the second of fty woodcuts, disposed in

three horizontal compartments, which we will call upper, middle, and lower; each being itself arranged in
three vertical divisions, which may be distinguished as left, centre, and right, all divided from each other by an

architectural framework, uniform alternately for all the verso and recto pages of the work.
The left division of the upper compartment contains a number of lines (which are not rhythmical) in black
letter, with very contracted abbreviations, in which the subject of the Old Testament immediately under is explained
in few words, with a reference to the centre subject, taken from the New Testament.
The right division contains likewise the explanation of the subject on the right, with its reference to the same
subject of the New Testament represented in the centre of the page.

4
The centre vertical division of the upper compartment represents a double window, with a prophet on each
side of a central pillar; the name of the prophet is inscribed under his bust, which generally holds the end of a
scroll, on which is written some sentence from that prophet, referring to the central subject.

The middle horizontal compartment, with its three vertical divisions, forms the principal part of the woodcut;
the left and right subjects being taken from the Old Testament, while the central subject is always taken from the
New Testament; this latter only being in chronological order.
The lower compartment contains, like the upper one, in the centre, in a double window, the busts of two

prophets, each holding a scroll, with his name and a sentence taken from his prophecies, and referring to the centre
subject.

In the blank spaces on each side is a leonine verse, explaining the subject above; while at the bottom

of the page, immediately under the two busts of the prophets, is another leonine verse, explaining the central
design.

Two Latin editions of this book are known: the more ancient presenting a set of forty woodcuts, printed
generally by friction on one side only of the paper, and facing each other, so as to make a book, when the back
of each woodcut is pasted to the following one (somewhat in the fashion of Chinese books) ; the other edition, which

is more recent, and of which one copy only is known (preserved formerly in the library of Wolfenbiittel, but now
in Paris), consists of fty plates by another artist. The order of the pages in the rst edition is indicated by the letters
of the Gothic alphabet placed at the top of the central design, and running from Q to i) for the rst twenty pages,
and from ,a. to .53., with a point on each side, for the rest; but in all the copies which we have seen, the letters
11. n, r. 5. of the second alphabet want the two dots, as had been previously remarked in Schelhorns Amoem'tates
Literariae} where we nd the rst detailed account of the book, and a facsimile of the rst page tolerably well
reproduced in woodcut.

II.
The very title of the BIBLIA PAUPERUM, Poor Mans Bible, has been contested, down to our times, by almost

all bibliographers.

Schelhorn (1724) speaks of it as Historiae et Vaticinia Veteris Testamenti ; before him,

Joly (1646) had described it as Un Livre de lAncien et Nouveau Testament, as il y avoit des gures en tailles de
bois et dedans et dessous icelles des vers qui etoient imprims en lettres Gothiques. Betulius (Bourkhardt), (1710),

names it, Typos et Antitypos Veteris et Novi Testamenti. Bircherodius (1739), and after him, Nyerup, call it,
Biblia Typico-harmonica. Schoepin (1760) adopts the name indicated by Schelhorn. Meerman (1765)
applies to it, for the rst time, its true title, Hie liber qui olim appellabatur BIBLIA PAUPERUM ; but suggests
another: Figurae Typicae Veteris atque Antitypicae Novi Testamenti, seu Historiae Jesu Christi in guris.
Heinecken (1771), the true herald of the bibliography of the forgotten block books, comes at once to the point,

and maintains its ancient denomination of Biblia Pauperum; and it was in vain that after him Lessing (1783)

proposed to call this set of early woodcuts Hirschausche fenstergemtilde, from their being drawn after the
painted windows of the Swabian Convent of Hirschau; neither this new name, nor half a dozen others, brought

forward since, have prevailed against the title indicated by Meerman, and revived by Heinecken.
There is indeed no need for changing the old name of this book, so long known in Germany as the Armen
Bibel, in France as la Bible des Pauvres, and everywhere as Biblia Pauperum. In spite of the numerous
contractions of its text, more diicult for us to read than they were for the monks and laymen of the fteenth
century, the Poor Mans Bible was justly so entitled, for two reasons: rst, because, designed to supersede costly
illuminated manuscripts, and speaking by comprehensive delineations to the eyes of the unlearned, it might be
reproduced in almost numberless copies, from the original block, at a. comparatively triing expense, compared
with copy work; and secondly, because, being an abstract of a more extensive book, it was naturally to be called
Biblia Pauperum ; as a similar title was adopted by Adamus (1494), in his Summula Pauperum, and by the
author of the Dictionarius Pauperum, which, containing, as is said in its colophon, Extracta a Magno
Dictionario, potest dici Dictionarius Pauperum.
Nevertheless, the present book must be confounded neither with the Biblia Pauperum of St. Bonaventure,

which concludes with these words :Excipiunt exempla sacre scripture ordinate secundum alphabetum ut possint
quae sunt necessaria in materiis sermonum ct predicationum facilius a predicatoribus inveniri ; nor with the MS.
1 Francof. et Lipsiae, 1724-31, vol. iv. p. 296.

seen by Braun in the library of the Convent of St. Ulrich, at Augsbourg, and of which the colophon is : Biblia
Pauperum (per quemdam fratrem religiosum nomine Maurum et monachum ordinis Sancti Benedicti, professum
monasterii Weickensteven), ex diversis collecta et in hunc novum modum redacta ad laudem dei et legencium
utilitatem nit feliciter anno D.MCCCCLXXIX."

III.
It would not be easy to ascertain who was the author of the Biblia Pauperum, who conceived the idea of
such a book, and who composed the three lines of poetry which explain the three subjects on each page. The
rest of the text contained on both sides of the upper compartment is not rhythmical, as it has been said, but
contains mere quotations from the Old Testament and Prophets, with reference to the central subject taken from
the New Testament.
It is pretty certain that the author or copyist of this text was not the artist who made the designs. The
circumstance that there are sensible variations between the drawing of the subject and its Latin explanations, shows
sufciently that the artist did not understand the literal meaning of the Latin text. This may be fairly inferred
from the following facts ;I. In the right-hand subject of page xxxiv, where Elias is taken up to heaven, the chariot is
not surrounded by ames, although the text says in curru igneo ; 2. In the right-hand subject of page xxxv,
nothing indicates that a re from heaven, ignis veniens de celo, consumed the sacrice of Elias; 3. In the left

hand subject, page xxxvii, Dathan and Abiram are swallowed up by the earth, with houses, domibus, but not with
tents, tabernaculis, as in the text; 4. In the right-hand subject of page xxxix, is seen an angel, not the Deity,
dominum innixum scalae, leaning on Jacobs ladder.

None of these mistakes are found in the designs by Albert

Diirer, Holbein, Springinklee, Gabriel Simone, Tobias Stimmer, Jost Ammon, and other artists, who treated the

same subjects afterwards, when the text was given in their vernacular tongue.
As to the author of the Biblia Pauperum, Heinecken has thrown us on a false scent when he copied the
manuscript inscription on the Hanover copy, S.Ansgarius est author hujus libri ; and when he reports, in con
rmation of this statement, what he had seen himself in the cloistcr of the Cathedral, Dom, at Bremen.

We

have explored in vain Adamus Bremensis 1 and Trogillo Arnkiel 2 to discover the slightest reason in support of the
opinion which Heinecken grounded not only on this manuscript inscription, but also on a most egregious blunder
concerning the meaning of the word pigmenta, which Ansgarius gave to some of his religious books, and which
Heinecken mistook for the painting or illumination of MSS. Before the Biblz'a Paupermn was engraved on wood,
it certainly existed in MS., as we learn from C. B. J. Hugo, the keeper of the library of Wolfcnbiittel : Certum
hie liber qui dudum ante inventam typographiam in MS. extitit, olim appellabatur Biblia Pauperum ut constat e
codice seculi xn. velx1n., sed 38 modo guras continenti, bibliothecae Guelpherbitanae.3

Bircherodius4 had seen

part of the MS. of the Biblz'a Pauperum, with the text written in the old Saxon-Danish tongue, as appears from the

following description :
Narrabatur mihi nuper, quemdam ruri habitantem virum caanaculum habere, talibns eleganter guratis
membranis picturatum. Misi e0, ct obtinui easdem numero undecim, bene magnas et in fornu'i quam folii integri
vocant. Utrinque autem haec folia guris et historiis biblicis omnium colorum elegantissimis ornata sunt, in
qualibet pagina typos ex Veteri Testalnento rerum singularum cum antitypis ex novo, cum dictis vaticiniis que
eo pertinentibus referentia, hoe quidem ordine, ut superius duo, inferius itidem duo veteris foederis prophetae quasi
colloquentes invicem, et vaticinia sua alter alteri monstrantes egregie depicti cernuntur. Adlatera horum historia:
binaa Veteris Testamenti nitide et accurate lingu antiqua Saxonico-Danica descriptaa, cum picture earumdem vivis
et jucundis coloribus expressii cernuntur, et in media pagina historia quaedam Novi 'lestamenti seu rcliquorum
antitypus haud levi articio delineata cernitur; ex.gr., una pagina habet superius Davidem et Esaiam, inferius
Job um et Annam dicta seu vaticinia sua invicem sibi monstrantia de resurrectione mortuorum; a dextro latere est

historia pueruli mortui et ah Elia resuscitati tam scripta quam eleganter picta; a sinistro historia pueruli ab Elizco
1
g
s
4

Ilistoria Ecclesiastical. Lugdun. Batav. 1595. 4to.

Cimbrisc/ze Ileyden Bekehrung. Hamburg, 1702. 4to.
Meerman, Origiues Typographica'. Hague Comit. 1765. 4to.
De Diperditia Seplmtrianalium Antiquitatibus e! mazime Golko-cimbricia.

See Westphalen, Manum. inedii. rerum Germanicarum.

Lipsire, 1739, tom. iii. p. 698.

'7.

Folio.

6
vitae restituti, tam literis quam coloribus jucundis exhibetur spectanda. In medio paginae Christus Lazarum e
mortuis excitans cum adstante virorum et fccminarum comitatu simili articio exprimitur. Sic alia pagina
peccatorum remissionem tractat cum nitidissimis guris Nathanis Davidem peccato absolventis suo, Mosis Mariam,
et Christi Mariam Magdalenam, adjunctis historiis scriptis, prophetarum imaginibus, eorumque praedictionibus de
remittendis in Christi regno peccatis: alia pagina de tentatione Christi agit ; alia de infanticidio Herodis; alia de
nativitate Christi, &c....... Omnia autem, ut dixi, cum typis, antitypis et vaticiniis tam scriptis, quam eleganter
pictis. Totus autem codex, quantum ex his undecim colligo foliis, revera olim BIBLIA TYPICO-HARMONICA
continuit, ingenti adornatus sumptu, ut si adhuc integer fuisset, etiam principis alicujus ornare potuisset biblio
thecam, nec monachorum opus aliquem same mentis hominem oenderet.

Insuper autem non oculos legentis

modo mire a'ecisset, verum ad compendiosam sacri codicis cognitionem haud parvum fuisset adjumentum. At
tale quid extitisse ut sciamur, unice jam his picturis debemus quibus post abolitionem reliquorum ob varietatem
colorum pepercerunt.
Fiorillo 1 mentions a MS. of the Biblia Pauperum as extant in 1180, in the Convent of Tegernsee: the gures
were drawn with the hand, and the name of the artist was unknown, but Fiorillo supposes it might be the work
of the monk Wernher, an opinion discarded by NaglerSB in his biography of Wernher or Werinher.
This monk, called Werinherus Scholasticus, to distinguish him from two other monks of the same convent,
was at once draughtsman, painter, and poet. We know neither the date and place of his birth, nor his history;

but from letters written by himself and others, it appears that he was brought up and taught in the Convent of
Tegernsee. According to Nagler; Er dichtete und schrieb eine Anweisung zur Dicht-Kunst. Dann nennt er sich
als Verfertiger eines Lobyezlz'c/ztes auf die heilige jungfrau vom Jahr 1173 ..... Man schreibt ihm auch, ein
lateinischer Gedicht in der dramatischen Form jener Zeit zu, ein ludus paschalis, von der Ankunft und der

untergange des Antichrists.

But, continues Nagler, Wenn man auch die Biblia Pauperum, welche das Kloster Tegernsee besass, dem
Wernher scholasticus zuschreiben will, bleibt dies nur Vermuthung.
We nd in a letter written to the Abbot Cunradus by this monk, the following verses, very similar to the poetry
of the Bilz'a Pauperum :
Nobilis est gemma, magnatum nobile stemma
Et vir linguosus, sapiens, nimis ingeniosus,
Nobilis et forma, virtutis et inclyta norma,

Nil poteris fari, neque dictari, nee arari. 3

F. Kugler4 says of the same monk : Biblia Pauperum, qua: in coenobio Tegernseensi servabantur, facta
Saaculo xii., (iiinthnerus,5 commotus similitudine, quam habent cum picturis carminis, de vita B.V. Mariaa, ab eodcm

Werinhero instituta esse existimat; quae tamen nondum reperta sunt in bibliotheca regia monacensi, ubi codices
MSS. Tegernseenses nunc servantur.
The probable period when the Biblia Pauperum was produced for the rst time in MS., is to be inferred, both

from the form of the leonine verses explanatory of the subjects, and from the abbreviations used in the text.
On the rst point: at the early time of S. Ansgarius (825), Latin rhymed poetry was not in use, as may be
seen from the works of Sedulius,6 written in the fth century, and the other Latin poets about this period. ,

This rhymed poetry is likewise not to be met with in Latin poets posterior to the fteenth century; on the contrary,
it was most frequently used in Germany from the eleventh to the fteenth century.7
The abbreviations likewise were seldom employed in MSS. anterior to the ninth century, but become more

and more frequent down to the invention of printing.

The original MS. of the Biblia Pauperum may thus be traced to the twelfth or thirteenth century, as it is
asserted by Hugo, Meerman, and Fiorillo, above quoted, while the costumes of the block book announce a more

recent period; this gives rise to a question, which we will now examine in considering what artist designed the
gures.

1 Geschichte der Zeiclmenden Klinste in Deutacliland. Hanover, 1815. 8vo.

2 Neues Allgemeinea Knatlerlezicon. Miinchen, 1851. 8v0.
3 See Pez (B.) Theaaums Anecdotorum. Folio. Augsburg, tom. vi. pt. i. p. 377
4 De Werinhero.

Berolini.

8vo.

5 Gi'inthner, Geachic/zte der Lilerarischen Anstalten in Baiern.

8vo.

Miinchen, 1810.

6 Paw/tale Carmen. Venet. Alde, 1502.

7 See Pertz, Monumenta Germankz. Hanover, 1854, fol. tom. xii. p. 224.

IV.
The designs of the Biblia Pauperum are much better, and the woodcuts executed with more skill, than the
engravings generally produced in the second half of the fteenth century, when the German formschneiders were
called to illuminate the productions of the followers and imitators of Guttemberg. The whole of these designs,
bearing the closest resemblance to those of the speculum humanae salvationis, belong evidently to the school of
John van Eyck (born 1366, died 1466). Mr. Charles de' Bron, the ablest iconophile of Belgium, keeper of the
prints in the Arenberg Library, and W. Burger, author of Les Tresors JArt de Mano/tester} and Les .Muae'es ae
Hallaude, are both of opinion thatthe designs of the Biblia Pauperum are incontestably from the Dutch school, or
rather from the northern Netherlandic school of the time of the Van Eycks, and not anterior to the rst part of the
fteenth century. At this period, as our friend W. Biirger remarks, the Flemish, Dutch, and almost the
German school, are but one; because the Van Eycks predominate from the North Sea to the Dutch and the

German Rhine.
Dr. Waagen,3 in his turn, says, that the best and most original of the designs beaLthe strongest analogy to
the pictures of the Van Eycks, though none whatever to those of the contemporary painters of Upper Germany.
\Vhatever may be the authority of Dr. VVaagen in such matters, it may be fairly asserted that the woodcuts of
Springinklee,4 a German artist, published at no very distant period from the date assigned by Dr. Waagen to the
Biblz'a Pauperum, bear as strong an analogy to the designs of this block book as the pictures of the Van Eycks.
Heinecken, to support his opinion that the author of the book was St. Ansgarius, rst Bishop of Hamburg and
Bremen, tells us that he saw himself, in the cloistcr of the Cathedral of Bremen, two bassi relievi, sculptured in

stone, the gures of which are of a middle size, and line for line the same as those in the German (Latin) edition of

the Biblz'a Pauperum.

One of them is in the rst arch of the vault close to the principal entrance of the church,

and represents, in the middle, the Annunciation, and on either side Eve tempted by the serpent, and Gideon with
the eece.

At the bottom are the two busts of prophets, &c.

In the eighth arch of the vault is represented, in

like manner, the baptism of Christ; and on each side of it Pharaoh drowned in the Red Sea, and the two spies

carrying the bunch of grapes, with the same Latin inscription.

We regret that so judicious a connoisseur as Heinecken has not informed us whether, in these sculptures,
supposed by him to go back as early as the time of St. Ansgarius, 2'.e., to the ninth century, the gures wear the
costumes of the fourteenth or fteenth century, clearly indicated in our block book. Schelhorn thinks these
costumes are purely imaginary, and vary often for the same prophet. Some variations of this kind may indeed be
found in the work, but generally the costume attributed to David, for instance, is so completely the same, that,

throughout the whole work, any gure with this name is almost the exact copy of the rst.
After Heinecken, the scharfsinnige Lessingi has put us on a quite different track, and endeavoured to show

that the designs of the Bib/fa Pauperum were merely copied from the stained windows of the Convent of Hirschau,
near Calw, in Wurtemberg.

Unfortunately this convent was destroyed in the French war of 1694, and all veri

cation is long since impossible; but manuscript and printed documents incontrovertibly bear witness that if the
Biblz'a Pauperqu was not a copy of the windows of Hirschau, it is certain that the latter were designed after the
block book itself.
The disposition of the designs, and the framework which surrounds them in the book, are very much in favour
of the former hypothesis, unless the two works (the block book and the windows of Hirschau) were executed after

the drawings of an older manuscript.

The Convent of Hirschau, founded by the Counts of Calw, was destroyed several times during the middle ages;
but it was rebuilt in 1082, the church consecrated in 1085, and the oratorium in 1487. During the thirty years
war the monks went to St. Gall, and carried with them the celebrated Chronicon Hirsaugiense. The new cloister,

on the forty windows of which were painted (probably afterwards) the subjects of the Bz'blz'a Pauperum, was built
in the year 1091.
1
3
4'
5

Paris, Renouard, 1858. 8vo.

2 Ibid. id. 1858. 8vo.
Galleries and Cabinets of Art in Great Britain. London, 1857. 8vo.
Der Schatzbehalter oder Sclirein der waren reiclhumer dea liq/la und ewiger seeligkeil. Niimberg, erben Anth. Koberger, 1491.
Beytrd'ge zur Gesckickte and Lileralur. Braunschweig, 1773. 8vo.

4to.

Lessing found in the Library of Wolfenbiittel, with the date of 1574, a MS. of Karge (alias D. Johan Parsi
monius), a Lutheran abbot of the Convent of Hirschau, in which are collected picturas et scriptures omnis generis
in monasterio Hirsaugiensi hinc inde extantes ; and among them a description of the Historize Novi Testamenti
de Christo, dei et hominis lio, una cum typis et prophetiis Veteris Testamenti, in fenestris circuitus monasterii

Hirsaugiensis.
At the end of his description, the Lutheran abbot says : Ubicunque in praecedentibus descriptis guris,
supra aut infra mediam guram seu historiam ex Novo Testamento de Christo positam, nomen propheta legitur, ibi
semper in fenestris circuitus monasterii Hirsaugiensis pro ipso nomine prophetae pictus propheta, hoc est gura seu
imago gravis et sapientis viri, inlerdu-m integral, interdum et quidem ut plurimum usque ad umbilicum tantummodo
pitca conspicitur, cui adjuncta aut circumvoluta est scheda, in qua prophetw dictum legitur in hunc vel similem

modum.

But at the time of Parsimonius, the fortieth window was gone, for he adds ;- Hanc guram ego

nunquam vidi sed a meo antecessore D. Heinrico (Weickersreiter) abbate descripsi.

In this passage we have noted two words, inleraum inleyra, which induce us to believe that the subjects
painted on the windows of Hirschau being the same as those in the Biblia Pauperum, they nevertheless were not
executed by the same artist. In the block book, indeed, the gures of the prophets are merely busts, and never
inleyrw.
Martin Crusius, in his book, De Comilibus Calvensibus (1594), is no less conclusive : Caeterum sicut ipsum

Hirsaugiae templum intra sese leucophaeis imaginibus Veteris et Novi Testamenti, romanorum imperatorum,
pictum est, ita etiam monasterii perystilium iconibus articio in x1. fenestris encausto exornatum est, iisque ternis
(sicut et pulcherrimo salientium aquarum fonte) ternis, inquam, imaginibus eleganter decoratum est; nempe ita, ut
in medio cujusque fenestra: cernatur historia aliqua Novi Testamenti (a nato Christo per passionem ejus, usque ad
judicium extremum et vitam eternam) atque in utroque latere illius mediae fenestrae, ex Veteri Testamento typus
appareat aut historia typica cum praedictionibus prophetarum de Christo.
Crusius terminates his description with the words, Picta sunt haec studio et opere xxxxn Hirsaugiensis
abbatis Joannis (Schultett) patria Calvensis : anno salutis circa MvarIr. tempore inceptae ecclesiarum per
D. Lutherum reformationis.
This date, so well established, settles at once the priority of the block book to the stained windows of the
convent of Hirschau. Another proof of this, and no less conclusive, is the silence which the learned Trithemius, in

his Annalee Hz'rsauyierzses, going down only to 1513, has kept on the artistic work executed in the Convent of
Hirschau, contemporaneously with the beginning of the Reformation.
What conrms still more this priority of the Biblia Pauperum, is the fact, that two parts of the original block,
then much worn out, and from two different pages (centre designs of the 38th and 39th pages) were used as frontis
piece to the Bicn Boeck, printed at Zwolle, by Peter Van Os, in 1488.1

The architectural disposition of the triptyk containing the designs of the Biblia Pauperum, suggests the idea
that they were intended for, or taken from, the stained windows of a church, or the walls of a cloister.

In the rst

case, the designs would have brought with them more of the ornaments of a Gothic window, and shown more slender

proportions.

The second supposition is then most probable, and is very nearly changed into certainty, if we

compare the general plan of the work with that of the Duomo dOrvieto, in which Ugolino da Sienna and Pisano 2
sculptured and painted Biblical subjects, between Tuscan pillars, as in the Biblia Pauperum,

Many cloisters of Italian convents, with frescoes painted on their walls, and surmounted by the Gothic windows
of the cells, still present a general appearance very similar to the framework of the Biblia. The Duomo dOrvieto,
built in the fourteenth century, with its ornamented gables, its windows divided by a single pillar, with the gure
of a saint in each division; the centre design of its fore-front representing the Coronation of the Virgin; and above

the principal entrance, the gure of the Virgin in an oval glory, as represented in the book of Canticles; the
canopy suspended over the font like a vast parasol ; the basso relievo of Niccolo Pisano representing the creation
of Eve; the other sculptures and paintings of the same artist, closely imitated in the Biblia Pauperum, are very
likely the starting-point of the MS. of this block book, before its engraving on wood and adaptation to the stained
windows of the Convent of Hirschau.

1 See a facsimile of this frontispiece in Mr. Sothebys Principia Typographica.

'1 See Della Valle G.) stampe del Duomo dOrvieto. Rome, 1791. Folio.
3 Gesclziclrte der Zeiclmenden Kiinrle in Deutschland.

Hanover, 1816.

8vo.

9
The Church of Walbourg, near Haguenau (France), presents the only example We know of a stained window
with the history of the Virgin, represented in its twenty-one compartments, where four subjects are the same as in
the Bilz'a Pauperum, viz., the Presentation at the Temple, the Flight in Egypt, the Baptism of Christ, and the

Supper at Emmaiis. This window having been made in 1461, when the block book had been printed almost forty
years, it may fairly be supposed that these four designs of the window were a mere copy of those of the book.
As we advance in the fteenth century, the copyists and imitators of the designs popularized by the Bidlia
Pauperum become more and more numerous until the beginning of the sixteenth century, when the Biblical repre
sentations, putting aside the unartistic execution of the earlier painters and engravers, partake of the general
movement of the renaissance, and begin to show us the Hebrews dressed as Greek and Roman warriors.
Among the artists who evidently had before their eyes a copy of the Biblia Paupcram, we must name rst
the formac/mez'cler, Springinklee, who, in the book entitled Dionysius vom Himlz'ac/ren Firstenl/zum (published by

Koberger, at Nuremberg, in 1491, in small folio, and illustrated with numerous wood engravings), merely copied
several of the designs of the Biblz'a Paupermn, and always so closely followed the ideas of the block book, that the
latter is constantly recalled to the mind by the gures of the Dionysz'us. The Biblia, cum Concordantz'z's Veteris et
Novi Tcstamentz' (published by Sacon, for Antonius Koberger, 1521 ; Lyons, folio; illustrated by the same artist,
Springinklee, who has been confounded with Kaldung, and sometimes with his publisher, Koberger, by some
iconographers), contains likewise several woodcuts, copied or closely imitated from the Bilz'a Pauperum.

Albert Diirer without scruple largely borrowed from the same source, as may be seen in his Ascension,
Entry into Jerusalem, and Apotheosis of Christ.
Another formschneider, Hans Leonard Schmn'elein, in the latter part of the fteenth century,1 followed the
example of his master, Albert Diirer, and reproduced the same designs; both, however, modifying, and not a little
improving, the productions of the primitive artist.
Although the engravings of Lucas van Leyden show no great similarity to the woodcuts of the BiMia Paupemm,
we nd, nevertheless, in some of them, the same costumes; and in a triptic reproduced by Du Sommerard,2 some
subjects of the Passion are taken from the block book, such as Judas kissing Christ in the Garden of Olives,
Christ bearing his Cross, &c.
When we enter the sixteenth century, we nd no more imitations of the block-book designs; Holbein, Jost

Ammon, Tobias Stimmer, and Gabriel Simoni, who treat the same subjects to illustrate printed books, do not
remind usin the slightest degree of the woodcuts copied or imitated by Springinklee, Albert Diirer, Schaeu'elein,
Lucas van Leyden, and the window-stainers of the Church of Walburg.
If we go back to the ninth century, as suggested by Heinecken, we nd not the least similarity between the
block-book designs and those of the Charlemagne Bible, for instance? which have preserved the character of the

Byzantine MSS.

Neither do we see on what ground the designs of the Bz'6lia Pauperum have been attributed to

Roger of Bruges, otherwise Rogier van dcr Leye, Rogier van der \Veyden (born 1401, died 1464).

The biographers

of this master, as Vasari, Karel van Mander, Cyriaque of Ancone, make no mention of his having ever composed
designs for illuminated MSS. This is not the case with Johann van Eyck (born 1366, died 1446), as we shall
see presently.
The fact of John van Eyck having executed, or caused to be executed under his eye, such works as the

illuminations of MSS., cannot be doubted, from the miniatures 0f the NS. No. 6829, in the National Library of

Paris, described by Camus in the Notices ales MSS. ale la Biblz'ol/rgue Nationale,4 and which contains ; Un
abrgc (les principaux livres de la Bible, en Latin et en Francais, avec des reexions egalement dans les deux langues,

sur chaque fait ou prcepte nonc dans la Bible pour exposer le sens littral du texte ce quil predit et ce quil
enseigne. On the last leaf but one of this MS. is to be read, En ce livre a iijc xxj feuillets, et ystoires ij vlxxv';

then further : Ce livre de la Bible, e11 Latin et en Franeoys, historie fut au bon Duc lhilippes de Bourgogne,
deuxiEme de ce nom, etc..... Les tableaux sont alternativenicnt dans des cadres dcors darchitecture Gotliique,
et dans dautres cadres composes darcs de cercle inscrits dans un carr long. All the pictures are not from the
same hand, but Camus says :- Si lon alloit jusqua prtendre que quelques miniatures sont de Jean de Bruges
(John van Eyck) lui-meme, ce ne serait pas faire tort a sa reputation si justement merite.
1
2
3
4

See Pinder. (Udalr.) Speculum Passionis. Niirenberg. Fol.

Les Arts au Moyen Aye (fteenth century, chap xi. pl. 11).
See the work of the Count Aug. de Bastard on this subject.
Tom. vi. p. 106. 4m. Paris, au 1x.

1507.
Paris.
FOllO-

PuriS, 1334

10.
M. Lcon de la Borde 1 has found, in the archives of Lille, for the year 1438-39, a receipt for six francs, six sols,

six deniers, which applies, probably, to this same MS., and which we produce here :
A Jollannes van Eye/re, paintre de MdS., quil avoit pay a ung enlumineur de Bruges, pour avoir enlumin
certain livre pour MdS. oil il a U0 XXII. grosses lettres et XIJ petites."
The designs of the Biblia Pauperum might indeed have come from John van Eyck himself; and so illustrious
an origin would explain sufciently their imitation by artists like Albert Diirer, Lucas van Leyden, &c. We read in
Lon de la Borde,2 that, from 1350 to 1484, the sculpteurs, imagiers, tailleurs dymages, were very numerous in
the Netherlands; and there is nothing extraordinary in the supposition that one of these guersnialers, Laurence

Coster, of Harlem, for instance, or some other, might have engraved on wood, under the direction of Van Eyck,

the designs of the MS. illuminated for the Duke of Burgundy.

In the National Gallery in London we nd, in a picture of Van Eycks, the very costume of the Queen of Sheba,
and the most ugly broad-brimmed hat of Solomon.
From the numerous works on the middle ages which we have consulted, to ascertain the date of the drawing
of the Biblia Pauperum, we come to the conclusion, that it was most certainly made, in the form given by the block
book, between 1410 and 1420.

As Dr. Waagen gives a much later period in the fteenth century, we must here

quote our authorities for adopting a different opinion.

In Hefner,3 we nd in the plates 18, 20, 21, costumes

corresponding respectively to the years 1410 and 1417, and faithfully reproduced in the Biblia Pauperum.

In

Montfaucon 4 (tom. ii. pl. liii.) the costumes of Charles le Illauvaz'e (1356), of the ofcers who arrest him, and of the

guests who surround him, bear a no less remarkable similarity. The like may be said of the costumes pl. vii. tom. iii.
(1370), pl. xxiv. (1389), pl. ii. (1364), of the same work.

The early date of the designs of the Biblia Pauperum is also proved by the form of the nimbus which surrounds
the head of the Deity. The plain cruciferous nimbus found in the MSS. and paintings of the thirteenth and
fourteenth centuries, and which is to be found constantly throughout the Biblia Pauperum, is modied, orna
mented, or replaced by rays in the more recent compositions of Springinklee, Albert Durer, Lucas van Leyden,

Schaeu'elein, &c.

This single reason is perhaps enough to show that the German (Latin) edition of the Biblia

Pauperum, which Heinecken calls the fth, Dr. \Vaagen the rst, and which for us is the second, was executed later

than the Netherlandish edition.

The interest which naturally attaches itself to the beginnings of engraving on wood, as the rst step in the
invention of printing, has led us to researches and comparisons which perhaps are not useless for the history of art.
We will, therefore, give here the indication of the principal artists of the fteenth century who imitated or copied
in their compositions the designs of the Biolz'a Pauperum, following the order of the block book :
II. The Burning BushSpringinklee. 1491.
1V. Presentation in the TempleVan Liesborn.
,,

,,

,,

XXIII. The Crown of Thorns.Lucas van Leyden.

XXIV. Isaac carrying the woodSpringinklee.

,, Quintin Metzys, Lucas van Leyden.

V. Flight in Egypt.Joachim Patenier.

V. Idols fallingSpringinklee. I491.
IX. Baptism of Christ. Gaddi Taddeo.

1330-1336.

Speculum salvationis.

Didron, Iconographie Chre'lienne.

XIV. Entry into Jerusalem. Albert Diirer;

Springinklee ;

SChiBUblein-

Samson killing the LionAlbert Diirer.

XXIX. Samson carrying the Gates of GazaSpringinklee.

XVII- Joseph 8014 by his BrothersSpringinklee-

xxxr. Christ in the GardenSchwu'elein; Martin Schmn;

XVIII. Melchizedeek and AbrahamJob. Hemmeling.

The Last Supper.A. Carracci. Speculum salvationis.
The MannaSpringinklee.

XX. The Fall of the Angels.Springinklee (exact copy).

XXI. Joab killing Abner. - Springinklee.

Harleian MS.,

1<0- 1319-

Albert Durer.
XXXIV. AscensionAlbert Durer; Schwuelein.
XXXV. Pentecostes.Schaeutfe1ein; Joh. Hemmling.

XXXVI. Coronation of the Virgiu.-Andreas Orcagua (1350),

National Gallery.

XXXVII. Apotheosis of Christ, MS. of the fteenth centuryAlbert

Judas kissing ChristLucas van Leyden.

XXII. Daniel in PrisonSpringinklee.
XXIII. Sem covering the nakedness of NoeUnknown master;
woodcut in the British Museum.
q-uroh

Christ bearing his CrossLucas van Leyden.

XXV. Abrahams SacriceSpringinklee.

XXV. Creation of EvaSpringinklee. Speculum salvationis.
XXVIII. Christ to the Limbs.-Miniature of the thirteenth century.

Diirer ; unknown master, British Museum, Z 7, 567.

Springinklee; Schmu'elein.
XXXVIII. Hell.Original block frontispiece of the Bien Boeck.

Les Dues de Bourgogne, Eludes sur les Lellres, les Arts, et lIndustrie, pendant le :rv" aicle. Tom. i. p. 358, des preures. Sro. Paris, 1819.
Essal dun Catalogue des Artistes Originairea des Pays Baa. 8vo. Paris, 1849.
Traclllen des Clzrisllichen Millelaller.

Monuments de la Monarclu'e Franc-(rise.

Folio.

Folio.

Manheim, 1810.

Paris, 1730.

11
Among the designs of the Biblia P62500710", the one most often reproduced, and more or less faithfully copied,
is the Apotheosis of Christ, forming the centre subject of page xxxvii. In this drawing, Christ, descending
from heaven, two swords on each side of his head, and his feet resting on a globe, appears to Mary and John, while
from open graves the dead raise their hands towards him. From this woodcut it was very difcult to guess what
the artist intended by two curved lines going from the two gures kneeling on either side, and passing under the
drapery of Christs mantle.

But a MS. of the fteenth century, beautifully illuminated,1 and in or from which this

design is exactly reproduced, with the addition of two angels blowing their trumpets above the swords, shows that

these curved lines are the ends of the rainbow on which Christ is sitting.
Albert Diirer, and all the masters who after him treated the same subject, substitute a lily for one of the swords.
Springinklee, Schaeu'elein, and the early unknown German formschneiders, indicate the rainbow more clearly than
the Biblia Pauperum, although Albert Diirer missed it by extending the drapery from one of the kneeling gures to
the other.
In the centre subject of page xxi, where Christ appears in the garden, the spade in his right hand is
decidedly an English (but also probably a Dutch) tool, which none of the German masters has reproduced in this
form, while many replaced it by a cross.
Before terminating these comparisons, we must not forget to draw the attention of archaeologists to an
enamelled cross, painted in the twelfth century, and to be found in the Mediaeval Room of the British Museum, on

which are ve types of the Old Testament, having reference to the crucixion. The idea of the composition is the
same as the general plan of the Bz'blz'a Pauperum; and three of the subjects, viz., the Brazen Serpent, the
Widow of Sarepta, and the Two Spies returning from the Land of Promise, with a monstrous Grape, are

likewise designed in the block book.

The miniatures of the Passion, from Mr. Woodburns collection, seen by Dr. Waagen, in the Print Room of

the British Museum, are from an artist of the Van Eyck school ; but, with the exception of the similarity of costumes,

there is no particular resemblance between them and the same subjects in the Biblia Pauperum.
Thus, by its architectural framework, our block book may be said to belong to the Tuscan school, as illustrated

in the Duomo di Orvieto, in Santa Maria di Toscanella, in San Miniato di Firenze.

The drawings, imitated from

the fresco paintings of Italian convents, most likely by John van Eyck, ornamented some costly MS. before being
engraved on wood by some of the yuersnyders, so numerous in the Netherlands at the end of the fourteenth and
the beginning of the fteenth century. The block book was afterwards the model on which were made and painted
the windows of the celebrated Convent of Hirschau, and was the starting-point of numberless imitations by the early
German painters, wood and metal engravers, such as Springinklee, Albert Dtirer, Schazu'elein, Hans Hemmeling, &c.

v.
The woodcuts of the Bilz'a Paupermn, evidently anterior to the invention of printing and to the year 1440,
are too well executed, and a work of too great importance, to be considered as the rst attempt at wood engraving.

The gure of St. Christopher, bearing the date of 1423, has long been considered as the rst woodcut with a date; '
but M. de Rei'enberg discovered one bearing the date of 1418; and M. Lon de la Borde 3 gives the facsimile of '
an indulgence-letter, which answers to 1410.
When we know that a Franciscan monk, Luger, engraved on wood in Nordlingen, at the end of the fourteenth
century ; that Wilhem Kegler, otherwiseVVilhem Briftrucker (printer of cards), lived in the same town, about 1420

we may fairly conjecture that engraving on wood is much more ancient in Europe than it is generally considered.
How many times indeed, and by how many talented men, must a new process in art or industry he invented, before
being understood by the contemporaries of the inventors, and admitted to the test of practice and application?
How long was an invention practised anterior to the sixteenth century before nding an historian? or, rather, what
invention, before the multiplication of books by the press, was considered worthy to be noted and mentioned in

MSS.?

Who cared to preserve, for a remote posterity, the rst prints engraved by the formac/mez'ders of

Germany and the gucrsnyders of the Low Countries, long before Albrecht Diirer and his early followers?
1 See Du Sommerard, LArt au Moyen Age ,- Album 3" Sc'rie, ch. viii. pl. 9. Folio. Paris.
3 De'buls de llm-pn'merie 12 Mayeuce e25 Bamberg. 4to. Paris, 1840.
4 See Beyschlag, Nordlingisclre Gesclrlec/rts Ilislorie.

8vo.

Nordlingen, 1803-1808.

9 See LArlisle. 4to. Paris, 1845.

12

Therefore it is no wonder that the names of the rst European wood-engravers have not come down to us,
and that the history of the two Cunios, told by Papillon,1 has been treated with contempt by Heinecken and so
many iconographers; however, it is probably perfectly true, and would carry the rst attempt of wood-engraving in
Italy to 1385, about the time when Luger was formsc/mez'der in Nordlingen.
But this is not the place to examine the origin or introduction of wood engraving in Europe: whether Marco
Polo brought it from China, on his return to Venice, in the year 1295or whether it was suggested by the relievo and
sunken engravings of the goldsmiths of the twelfth century, as may be seen in the painted enamels exhibited in the
British Museum.2 We shall content ourselves with simply recalling what bears a more immediate relation to our
subject. Trithemius,3 the rst biographer of printed booksif we set aside the interested colophons of early
printers, who sought to attribute the invention of printing to their relationssays that the Cat/rolz'con was at rst
engraved on wood : Imprimis igitur characteris litterarum in tabulis ligneis per ordinem scriptis, formis que
compositis vocabularium, Catolz'con nuncupatum, impresserunt sed cum iisdem formis nihil aliud potuerunt impri
mere, e6 quod characteres non fuerunt amovibiles de tabulis sed insculpti, sicut diximus. Bergellanus, in an old

poem quoted by Maittaire,4 conrms the testimony of Trithemius, and indicates what ink was employed for the
printing of the xylographic forms :
FAUSTUS Germanis munera fausta ferens.
Et levi ligno sculpunt hi grammata prima,
Quae poterat variis quisque referre modis.
Materiam bibulaa supponunt inde papyri,
Aptam quam libris littore Nilus alit :
Insuper aptabant, mittit quas sepia guttas
Reddebat pressas seulpta tabella notas.

The Dutch loudly claim for Lorenz Janszoon, better known as Laurence Coster, not only the glory of
having invented printing in movable types, but also that of having engraved the most artistic and most celebrated

among the block books. It is true that early bibliographers, as Hadrian Junius (Ad. Jongh), in his Batavz'a, 1575,
do not speak of the Bidlz'a Pauper-mu,- but the Speculum Humane? Salvatz'onia, already noticed by Chevillier,5 in
1694, as a curious and scarce book, bears so strong a resemblance to the Biblia Pauperum, that it may be said to
be the work of the same engraver.
According to J. Koning,6 the xylographic monuments attributed to Laurence Coster, would have been
produced in the following order :
10. Historian St. Joannis Evangelistae.
2. Biblia Pauperum.
3. Ars Moriendi.
4. Historia seu Providentia Beatae Virginis.

5. Speculum llumana: Salvationis.

6. Donatus.
7. Horarium. -

The fact of John van Eyck being the contemporary of Laurence Coster (born 1370, died 1440), and having
directed the latter in his reproductions of religious pictures by wood-engraving, gives much probability to the
supposition of Koning, relative to the engraver of the Biblia Pauperum. This supposition is strongly supported
by Joly,7 when he mentions : Deux petits livres in folio, que M. de Malinckrot, doyen de Munster t voir a
M. Ogier et a moi le 25 9" 1646 lun M: LANCIEN ET Nouveau TESTAMENT et lautre de lApocalypse, oh il y
avoit (les gures on taille de bois, et dedans et dessous icelles des vers qui etoient imprinis en lettres gothiques,
avec des portraits de ce Laurent Coster au commencement on il est dit que les vers et gures sont des annes

1428, 1430, et 1440.

Mallinckrot told his French visitors, that, ac'r'orcling to his opinion, the two rst pages, on which were the
portraits of Laurence Coster and the date of the books, had been subsequently added; but the opinion of

Mallinckrot must be received with the greatest caution, as he was the most decided adversary of the pretensions
of Harlem to the invention of printing.8 This book, De lA/zcien et Aouveau Testament, is considered by Maittaire
Q QUQ IQW

Traile' Historique at Pratigue de la Gravure en Bar's.

Svo.

Paris, 1766.

See the enamclled plate offered to Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, 1139-1146, in the Medimval Room.
Annalea Hirsaugienaea. 1514-.
4' Annales Typoyrap/rici. lLto. Hagar. comitum, 1719
De Origine Ill/pogv'ap/ziw Parisimsie, p. 281. 4to. Paris, 1694.
Bydragen to! de Gesc/riedenia def Bueckdrukkrmat. 8vo. llarlem, 1823.

Voyage in Munster, p. 187. 8vo. Paris, 1670.

See Mallinckrot (Bern) De Ortu ac Progressu Artie Typograpkim. 4to.

Colon. 1639.

13
as the Speculum Humane Salvatiom's, the only block book known, or rather described, in 1719 ; but it is evidently

a mistake, as the indication of Joly applies clearly to the Biblz'a Pauper-um.

If one of the block books mentioned by Koning can be attributed to Laurence Coster, we may as well consider
him as the engraver of the rst edition of the Biblia Puuperum; for Ottley 1 says : There is reason to believe that
the Blulz'a Pauperum, the book of Can/idea, and the cuts of the Speculum Salulz'a, were engraved in great part

by the same wood-engraver, although from designs of different artists.

Several of the cuts in the Speculum bear so

striking a resemblance to some of those in the Biblz'a Pauperum, as to leave little or no doubt that they were

engraved by the same hand ; others, in their mode of execution, exactly correspond with some of those in the book
of Canticles.
The engraver of the second edition, of fty plates, which Dr. Waagen considers as the rst, was one of those
Nuremberg formschneiders who were the masters of Springinklee, Albert Diirer, and Schaau'elein; it was perhaps
the work of this Luprecht Riist, master of Martin Schoen, and whose very existence has been denied by modern

iconographers.
The French Biblla Pauperum, entitled Les Fzyures du Viez'l Teslamenl el du Nouvel, printed in Paris, without

date, by Anthoine Vrard, of which the single known copy, on vellum, splendidly illuminated, is to be found in the
British Museum, seems to have been overlooked by almost all the bibliographers.

Brunet,2 who probably never

saw this treasure of art, speaks of it as an indifferent imitation of the block book : Les planches sont infrieures
a celles de loriginal; et les textes de ces planches prsentent des differences. The production of Vcrard, never
theless, deserves to be considered as by far the best printed edition of the Biblia Pauperum ; and its drawings,

although by another artist, are not inferior to those of the original block book, and far superior to the compositions
of F. Walther and Hans Hiirning. Lea Figures (In Vz'ez'l Teslameut et du Nouvel, to the number of forty, are faithful
imitations of the Dutch block book, with the same Latin inscriptions on the scrolls and under the various subjects.

The Latin explanation of the cross references between both Testaments is not the same as in the block book,
nor constantly headed by the word Legitur, but it is also Latin, as is every word on the plates, while the more
extensive development of Le Regard (les aleuw Teslameus, printed on the back of the engravings and on the inter

vening leaves, is French.

Sometimes the copyist has failed in deciphering the contractions of the block book, but

that is seldom the case ; and in many instances we found, in the French edition, the conrmation of our own

explanation of some contractions which had been badly translated by previous bibliographers.
In another point of view this French edition is important, because it concurs with the stained windows of
Hirschau, in limiting to forty the number of the original designs of the rst edition of the Bib/la Pauper-um.

the copies now extant of the Pster and German Armen-Bz'beln being too imperfect, and not numerous enough to
afford a complete proof on this subject.
The colophon of the book, which Brunet has not completely given, is as follows : Cy nist ce present liure
intitule le regard des deux Testamens imprim a Paris, pour Anthoine Vrard, marchant libraire demourant a Paris
pres lostel dieu devant la rue neufue nostre dame, a lenseigne Saint Jehan lEvageliste ou au palais au premier pillier

Devant la Chappelle ou len chante la messe de messeigneurs les presidens.

The engravings of this book may be attributed to Jollat, a French engraver, qui, suivant Fournier,3
travailloit tres proprement a Paris, vers 1490; i1 t dans ce terns pour Godefroy de Marnef la danse des morts en
24 estampes trs bien graves au trait; il a fait ditl'rentes gravures tres dlicatement executes en 1502, et
suivantes pour Simon Vostre, Philippe Pigoujet et Simon de Colines, imprimeurs a Paris.
The year of the publication of this Reward (les deun' Zealamenswhich, after the colophon, should be the title
of this workis stated, by various bibliographers, about 1503. In order to ascertain this datum, we collected the
colophons of a great number of works printed by Vrard, and we found that this bookseller, who began to publish

books in Paris in the year 1480, was established ten years later, sur le pout Notre Dame, where he remained till
1499, when, the bridge having been destroyed, he transferred his shop to the Carrefour St. Severin ; then, on the

17th September, 1500, he took his abode in the Rue St. Jacques pres le petit-pont ; from whence he removed
to devant la rue neuve Notre Dame, where he published the French Bible des Puuvres. The rst book indicating
this new address bears the date of 1503, and the last 1511.

The German edition of the Bz'6lz'a szperulm, or Armen-Bz'bel, published by Friedrich Walther and Hans
1 An Inquiry into lire Origin q/Engraviny, p. 155.

4to.

London.

5" Manuel zlu Libraire el de lAmaleur de Livres, tom. ii. p. 278.

5 Disserlalion aur ZArl de yraver en B0119, p. 59.

8vo.

Svo.

Paris, 1758.

Paris, 181-2.

14

Hiirning, in 1470, was drawn by Walther, painter, from Dunkesbiihl, burgess of Nordlingen, in 1460,1 and probably
engraved by Hiirning, whose trade was that of joiner, while \Valther was a window-stainer. The artist who cut
in wood the gures of the Biblia Pal/perm, printed on both sides, at Bamberg, by Albert Pster, in 1461, was

inferior to the Dutch and German engravers of the block book.

As to the Italian reproduction of the Biblia Pauperum, printed at Venice, in 1515 (8vo), of the 118 woodcuts
by which it is illustrated, some were taken from Albert Diirers Small Passion, and the remaining copied from
the wood and copper engravings of the Petits Maitres.

VI.
Heinecken,2 who was able to compare various copies of the Biblia Pal/120mm, suggested the idea that several
editions of this block book had been produced successively, and indicated the marks by which the various editions
might be distinguished. According to this author, the rst edition is that where upon the twenty-rst print,

bearing the signature ,a,, the triangular space over the two pillars that divide the central subject from the two
lateral ones, is ornamented with a sort of star; whereas in all the other editions the centre of the triangle has what

represents a globular moulding in alto relievo. The letters It a r 5 of the second alphabet have no points on each
side, whereas they exist in the second and third editions.
Heinecken says :- The second edition I consider that where, in the ornament between the two niches at the

top in the print marked , i] . (No. 28), three leaves joined in the centre by a small knob, ll the three angles of the
ornament, and where in the print 2p . (No. 35) the tiara of Moses has two horns at the top of it.

What Heinecken calls here the tiara of Moses, is a head-dress belonging probably to Aaron, but certainly not
to Moses, who is further on the background; the same tiara may be seen in the right-hand design of plate 26,
but again on the head of Aaron (or some other priest), not on that of Moses.

In the third edition, continues Heinecken, this tiara or cap of Moses has only a small button on the top
of it.
The fourth edition is more easily distinguished, the prints not being marked, like the others, with the letters
of the alphabet. Perhaps it may be the most ancient: who knows whether or not the copyist may have added these
letters afterwards, to guide the printer in arranging the sheets?
These four editions, concludes Heinecken, are close copies of each other.
As for the fth edition, it is the one due to a German artist, with fty plates instead of forty.
To this we cannot help sayingzIf the set of blocks of the rst edition have been engraved no less than four times,
they must be the work of the original engraver; for, the reproductions in woodcut, in copper-plate, in lithography,
executed by later artists, as facsimiles, in the works of Schelhorn, Heinecken, Camus, Strutt, Horne, Dibdin,

Falkenstein, Chatto, and Mr. Sotheby, betray immediately another hand, while all the differences signalized in the
copies, taken for so many editions, have no importance, and bear only on partial retonc/ies, but never on a whole print.
As regards the indications of Heinecken, Ottley 3 remarks, that Lord Spencers copy wants the points on each
side of the letters 110125 of the second alphabet; and in that respect corresponds with Heineckens description
of the rst edition, whilst in all other particulars it answers the description given by him of the second."
Of the four copies in the British Museum, the Grenville copy is the only one where the two dots are not
wanting; but when we look at the back of the leaves, we see that the part corresponding to these points is not
shining like the rest of the relievo lines of the block printed on the paper with a burnisher.

The dots were, then,

very likely added with the hand afterwards, to correct what appeared a defect to some previous possessor of the
book, who was not aware that these dots were wanting in all the known copies, although they might perhaps he
found in the rst copies. The Grenville copy can scarcely be reckoned among these early productions, as it is the
one in which appear the most numerous and important breakages in the blocks.

While tracing our facsimiles of the forty plates, we were struck by seeing that the result of the comparison
made at the British Museum, between the Gaignat, or Kings Library copy, and the Print Room copy, and written
1 Beyschlag, Nordlingiaclle Gesclllecta Historic. Nordlingen, 1803-1808.
2 [die Gc'ne'rale dune Collection dEstampes. 8vo. 1771
3 An Enquiry into the Origin and Early History of Engraving. 4t0. London, 18l6.

15

with the pencil on the latter, indicated variations bearing EXCLUSIVELY on outside work, as foliage of the trees,
background buildings, shadings of the pillars, triangular ornaments in the architectural framework: in short, on
parts which were most easily broken by the process of rubbing the back of the paper with a burnisher, to transfer
the impression of the woodcut.
Further comparison with other copies did not enable us to discover any difference bearing on parts protected
by their proximity from each other against accidents arising from the process of friction.
The same observation had been made by Mr. Chatto,1when he saw that the distinguishing marks were to be found
on parts which might easily have been broken, and replaced by the insertion of another drawing: a fact conrmed
by the wood blocks of early xylographic monuments not destroyed, and descended to us, which bear testimony of
new pieces introduced into the wood to replace letters or parts of the drawings broken away by some accident.
" From the triing variations, continues Mr. Chatto, noticed by Heinecken, in the three rst editions, it is not

unlikely that they were all taken from the same blocks.
This opinion is strongly backed by Mr. Sotheby, when he says,2 Too much importance has been bestowed
by Heinecken on the slight variations in some of the cuts, and more particularly on the dots on either side of
the second alphabet, commencing page xxi. ...... And he adds further.: From the many slight variations
occurring in impressions which at rst appear to have been taken off from the same blocks, it is very evident that
the xylographers found no difculty in altering and replacing any portion of the design which had been damaged;
and we believe that even the printers of the work were in the constant practice of having retouched or recut those
parts of the blocks that were injured by too much pressure or want of due care. Thus, with a few alterations by
the xylographer, and a little mending by the printer, the impressions taken off the same wood blocks would so differ
as to account for the slight variations which are occasionally found in those obtained apparently from the same
series of blocks.
After so conclusive an argument, we are astonished to nd that Mr. Sotheby reckons no less than six editions
of the Biblia Paupermn due to the Netherlandish xylographers, and nishes by saying : It must not be presumed
that from our having specied only ve editions, we consider there were no more. There were no doubt many other
editions of the work published, probably in Holland, and also in Germany.
From the facts above enumerated, we think our readers will arrive at a conclusion rather different; above all,

when they consider that, of the various copies of the Bitlz'a Paupemm, some are printed with a common press, and
others with a burnisher, which gives a very different appearance to the prints, and changes even the character of the
design of plates taken evidently from the same blocks; when they ascertain that of the four copies in the British
Museum, two (the Lucca and most of the plates of the Print Room copies) printed with a press, present lines deeply

sunk in the paper, much better dened, and giving a more artistic appearance to the design, while the two copies
(the Grenville and Kings Library) printed with the burnisher, or at any rate by friction, with clotted and badly
dened outlines, from the bad quality of the ink, and the almost inevitable moving of the paper, seem to have been
printed from another set of blocks, although no material difference exists between the four copies, which could

not be explained by partial retouching of the parts most exposed to be damaged.

It is very true, as it did not escape the notice of Mr. Sotheby, that the trees in the Grenville copy present not

the same lines as in the other copies; but the numerous breakages in this copy show that it was printed when the
blocks were in their worst state ; and we should not be reluctant to admit that all the trees had been then replaced
by the insertion of new pieces.
Such arguments would have long since ruined the theory of Heinecken, relative to the plurality of editions of
the Netherlandish Biolia Pauperum, if long-admitted prejudices had a less obstinate vitality.

But it is a subject

of astonishment that so many clever amateurs of books and engravings have not been struck at once by this plain
and simple reasoning: the Biblia Pauperum was engraved and published at no very distant period before the
invention of printing. After the production of the splendid works of Guttemberg, Schoetfer, Mentel, Jenson, &c., the

block-book engravers had to share the fate of the copyists of MSS., and as the latter rubricated and illuminated the
new books, the former were called to illustrate them. Thus, not only no block book was any more produced, but
the henceforward useless blocks were actually taken to pieces, to illustrate the works of the press. Now, if such be
the caseand we shall prove that it wasin admitting, as Heinecken did, four editions of the Netherlandish

block book, the early Dutch printers had in their hands no less than sixty blocks, folio size, engraved with
1 Treatise on Wood Engraving.
2 Princioia Typographic-a.

8vo.

London, 1839.

religious subjects; and, by taking the blocks to pieces, they had 1120 portraits and illustrations of the Scriptures,
which could be introduced in all the books published at that time.
Nevertheless, until now, the bibliographers had discovered only two of these cuts, used as a frontispiece to the

Bien Boeck,1 whilst, by dint of researches in the British Museum, we have found no less than seventy-seven pieces of

the original edition of the Biblia Pauperum inserted in the following book :2Die passye ende dat liden ans lieren
[beau Cristi mitten guren en mit veel sconen prop/lecirm y/ienomcn uten Olden Testamente bewisen de mitten yuren
opt Nye Testamen to. This book, of which the frontispiece, representing Christ under a wine-press, does not belong
to the Biblia Pauperum, has the remainder of its illustrations taken exclusively from the rst edition of this block
book, in the following order :
1. Jesus in the House of the Pharisee.
tilt-BO N:

. The Widows Son restored to life by Elisha.

. Portrait of Job.

. The Resurrection of Lazarus.

. Portrait of Solomon; and two different portraits
of Zacharias. (Two pieces.)
. David with the Head of Goliath.

. Portrait of Solomon, but the name of David.

40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.

. Entry into Jerusalem.

. Three portraits of Prophets, in two pieces.

. Judas Maccabeus.
. Portrait of Ozee.

. Christ driving the Money Lenders out of theTemple.

. Again, the three Portraits, in two pieces, but with

the names Aggei, proverb. David.

. Joseph sold to the Ishmaelites.
. Portrait of Zacharias.

. Judas lscariot receiving the Money for his Treason.

. The Manna.
. Portrait of Solomon.

. The Last Supper.

. Micaiah prophesying the Death of Ahab.
. Portrait, with the inscription, Jone.
. Christ in Gethsemane.

. The Fall of Angels.

. Portrait of Baruch.
. Christ in the Garden of Olives.
. Again, the three Portraits, in two pieces.

7 . Jacob killing Abner.

. Portrait, with the name of Solomon.

.
.
.
.
'.
.
.

Christ bearing his Cross.

The Sacrice of Abraham.
Portrait.

Christ on the Cross, with the Madonna fainting.

The Creation of Eve.
Portrait.
The Crucixion, and the Soldier with the Spear.
The three Portraits.

Jonah cast into the Sea.

Portrait.
The Entombment of Christ.
David killing Goliath.
Portrait.
Christs Descent to Limbo.
Jonah vomited up by the Whale.

. Portrait.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

The Resurrection.
The Daughter of Sion seeking for her Spouse.
Portrait.
The three M aries at the Sepulchre.
The three Portraits.
The Daughter of Sion discovering her Spouse.
Christ appearing to Mary Magdalen in the Garden.
Joseph discovering himself to his Brethren.
Portrait.
Christ appearing to his Disciples.
Gedeon and the Angel.
Portrait.
The Incredulity of Thomas.

69. The three Portraits.

. Judas betraying Christ with a Kiss.

. Enoch taken up into Heaven.

. The three Portraits, in two pieces, still in the

. Portrait.

same order.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39

' . The Ascension.

Judas proposing to betray Christ.

. The three Portraits.

Shem covering the N akedness of Noah.

Portrait.
Christ crowned with Thorns.
Daniel accused by the Babylonians.
Portrait.

. Moses receiving the Tables of the Law.

. Portrait.
'. The Pentecost.
The Sacrice of Abraham; on the reverse of the

i.st page, of which the signature is N. 6, and the colo

Pilate washing his hands.

Isaac carrying the Wood.

phon thus worded; Dit teghen woerdighe boec

is voleynt te zwol inden stichte van utrecht, bi mi

Portrait.

Peter van 0s Jnt iaer ons heren M.cccc.1.xxxrx., op

sinte peters auBt Ad cathedram."

1 T Cantimpratani, Der Bien Boecl". Zwolle, Peter Van 08- fOIiO- 1489
2 Die Pas-rye ende dal liden one heren Ilieau Cristi.

Zwolle, Peter Van Os.

Mo.

1489.

17
This discovery shows, rst, that the original edition of the Biblia Pauperum having been taken to pieces as
early as 1489, the block book was anterior to the stained windows of Hirschau; secondly, that if a printer used the

blocks of the original edition to illustrate his books, there is no reason why others should not have made the same
use of the blocks of the second, third, and fourth editions, if such had ever existed ; and nally, it fully conrms what

Koning says, in the Algemeene Kunst en Letler-Bode;1En daartoe behoort, onder anderen, de belangrijke
ontdekking, door mij voor weinige weken gedaan, omtrent de guren van twee Prentwerken door Laurens Janszoon
Koster verwaardigd, te weten de Are Moriendi en de Biblia Pauperum, van welke laatste de houtsnc-vormen, even

als die van den Spieyel onzer beliouaenis, in de Noordelijke Provincien van Nederland zijn gebleven, en in den loop
der vijftiende eeuw door eenen anderen Drukker, in onderscheidene boeken, door hem uitgegeven, zijn geplaast.

We do not guarantee, of course, the opinion of Koning, that the prints were actually engraved by Coster, but the
Netherlandish origin of the block book is thus perfectly established.
The xylographic editions of the Bidlia Pauperum would then have been produced in the following chrono
logical order :
1420-1430. The original Netherlandish (Latin) edition, very likely engraved on wood, and printed by
Laurence Coster, after the drawings of John van Eyck.

1450-1460. The German (Latin) edition of fty plates, drawn by some Nuremberg formschneider, most
probably Melchior Wohlgemuth.
1470. The German edition, drawn by Friedrich Walter, and engraved by Hans Hiirning, at Nordlingen.
1475. The second German edition, supposed to be printed by Sporer, at Erfurth.
After the invention of printing in movable types, the Biblia Pauperum was reproduced, but printed on both
sides of the paper :
10. 1461. By Albert Pster, at Bamberg, on another plan, with a greater space for the text and less for
the woodcuts, which are smaller, and by an inferior artist.
2. 1500 to 1503. By Anthoine Vrard, in Paris, on the same plan, and in close imitation of the original,
but with an addition of French explanations, printed both at the back of the plates and on supple
mentary leaves.
3. 1515 to 1520. The Italian Billie Pauper-um, with subjects differently arranged, and 118 woodcuts, of
which some are taken from Albert Diirers Small Passion. This Bible, printed at Venice, was the

work of Giov. Andrea Vavassore detto Vadaguino.

To resume what concerns the Latin editions of the Biblia Pauperum: there are but two which cannot be

mistaken the one for the other, for they are executed by different artists.
The rst edition, of Netherlandish origin, with forty plates, and of which not a single copy is perfectly similar
to the other on account of the various modes of printing.
The second edition, by a German artist, counts fty prints.

A single copy of the latter is known, and was

brought from Wolfenbiittel to the National Library in Paris.

VII.
We shall now refer, in chronological order, to the biLliographers who described the block books and the
Biblia Par/perm, gathering from them all information relative to the probable origin, composition, engraving,

printing, and publication of the xylographic monuments.

1540. Hadrianus Junius, in his Biz/aria MS.,2 of1540, is the rst to attribute to Laurence Coster the engraving

and printing of block books, in the following terms :Pinaces totas guratas additis characteribus expressit.
Quo in genere vidi ab ipso excusa Adversaria, operarum rudimentum, paginis solum adversis, haud opistographis:

is liber erat vernaculo sermone ab auctore conscriptus anonymo, titulum praeferens Speculum Noah-re Salulia, in
1 Haarlem,1.p.354.

Svo.

1923.

1 Printed: Lugduni, Batav., page 255.

4to.

1588.
or

18
quibus id observatum fuerat inter prima artis incunabula (ut nunquam ulla simul et reperta et absoluta est), uti

pagin avers glutine commiss cohazrescerent, ne ill ips vacuae deformitatem adferrent.
But Junius does not mention the Biblia Paupe-rum, which only recent Dutch writers ranged among the

xylographic works of Coster.

1610. Andreas Reichard, who saw the Convent of Hirschau in 1610, viz., eighty-two years before its

destruction by the French, says, in a MS., kept in the Library of Wolfenbttel :-- Das Kloster lag in einem
romantischen Thal, und wrde von dem neuen Kloster (N cu-Hirschau) durch einen Bach getrennt.

Die Kirche

des neuen Klosters war gross, lang, hoch und weit, und prangte sich mit zWey gleich hhen Thrmen an der

Abendseite, sie hatte die Form eines Kreuzes, und war mit grossen braunrothen Quadern zusammengesetzt. Im
innern erhoben sich viele prchtige Sulen; berall erblickte man Mahlereien, selbst in den Fenstern des
Kreuzganges, in Welchem die Geschichte des Heilandes, mit Rcksicht aus die ihn betreffenden Prophezeihungen
in dem alten Testament, dargestellt war.
1646. Joly, in his Voyage Maus/er,l precedcntly quoted, mentions, as we have said, Un livre de lAncien
et Nouveau Testament, oii il y avoit des gures en tailles de bois et dedans et dessous icelles des vers qui etoient
iniprims en lettres gothiques ; which Maittaire and the subsequent bibliographers have taken for the Speculum
Humane: Salvatz'onis, although J olys description applies better to the Biblz'a Paupcrum.

1700. W. E. Tentzel,2 without admitting the invention of printing as being owed to Laurence Coster,
acknowledges that the latter is very likely the engraver and printer of the block books:-Zwar die Hollnder
kan man nicht gantz verwer'en, sondern man muss ihrem Laurentio die Ehre lassen, dass er den Donat und

andere Bcher auf hlzerne Tafeln, gantze Seiten auf einmahl geschnitten, und so Formen-weise abgedruckt. But
the Biblia Pauperum is not named by Tentch among the xylographic works of Laurence Coster.
1710. J. G. Bourckhard,3 after having spoken of Dr. Hartliebs C/n'romancy, and two various editions of the
Ara !orz'endi,which were in the Library atWolfenbttel, mentions one of the German editions of the Biblia Pauperum
in the following terms :- Tribus hisce libris duos alios eius generis, quos Augusta etiam Bibliotheca custodit,
subiungam : licet vterque post in uentam plane istam a Germanis commodiorem multo expeditioremque excudendi
rationem editus sit: quod impressionis annus commonstrat: qui quum duobus istis prcedentibus additus non est,
indicatu omnino ditcile mihi videtur, an iis, quos iam nominaturus sum, multo sint antiquiores.

Primus horum

argumentum ipsum, quod pertractat, Typos scilicet et Anti/ypos Valeria et Novi Tcslamentz', prima statim pagina
orditur, idque Germanico sermone, plurimis, adiectis guris: prodiit anno 1457, nisi cifris, sive notis numeros
signicantibus, fallor: harum enim gures inusitatiores sunt, ita ut legere etiam quis posset, 1477. Alter qui varias
fabulas et sz'mi/itudz'nes Germanicis r/tylmz's ewpressas, continet, Bamberyaz, lucem adspexit, anno 1461, folio, cum

variis guris.
1715. De Sallengre4 attributes likewise to Laurence Coster the rst xylographic books, viz., the Speculum
llumame Salvationis, the Canticle of Canticles, and a third, 012 2'! y a des Figures de B021? qui representent [es sqot
lcc/tez mortels, et 2m Commenlaz're lalin au dessous, &c.; here also we see not any mention of the Biblia Pauper-um.

1724. Schelhorn,5 who is the rst to draw the attention of bibliographers to the most remarkable of the
block books, by publishing a facsimile of the rst page, has given of this xylographic monument only a short notice,
of which we extract the following lines :Lil;)l iste ejus form est, quam tabula ligno incisa representut constans
foliis xxxrx., haud opistographis, ita tarnen, ut et hic, decoris gratia, du pagin semper glutine commissae
cohaerescant, charactere Gothico, ut vides, majusculo, rudi et impolito expressus, variis guristextui additis et

ubique immixtis scatens. Non imagines duntaxat, verum etiam ipsum textum tabulis insculptum esse ex
specimine patet.
1727. Das Merkwrdige Wien 6 gives the description of the block book in the following terms : Das erste
Werck eng von Folio B an, und endigte sich in Folio V, das ist in UU, und bestand aus 39 Blttern, weil das

Alphabet nur bis u gieng.

1 Paris, 1670.

Die Materie gehrte zum Leben Christi, der Text war mit illuminirten Figuren

8vo.

2 Discours von Erndung der Lblichen Buch-Drucker-Kunst in Deutschland

3 Betulius, bluialula ad Amicum.

Bro.

rlIe/Iwirea de Lilte'rature, vol. i. p. 392.

12m0.

Gothic, 1700, p. 30.

Hanover, 1710.
Bro.

La Haye, du Sauzet. 1715-1717.

5 Amamilales Lilerarim.

An anonymous publication, with the sub-title Oder Manaltlic/ee Unterredungm van verschiedenen daaelbst bqmllic/ten le/'c/nczirn'ig/mlen
der Nalur und Kunst, p. 103.

In iii parts.

4to.

Wien, January, February, and March, 1727.

,eIP",

* ~'--_q wi "m -

-__._______'-*w**
w
.

19
vergesellschatet, s0 aus dem alten Testament von dem Auctore genommen, und auf Christum, den Heyland der

Welt, nach seinen Begriff appliciret werden. Jede Seite war in neun Arcolas eingetheilet, deren drey obersten nicht
so gross als die drey mittelsten, grosser aber als die drey untersten sich befanden. In dcr obersten Reihe sahe man
dieVorbildcr und zuweilen auch Prophezeyungen aus dem A.'l. so der Author auf Christuln gedeutet hatte, &c.&c.
Then he gives the Latin text of the leonine verses explanatory of the subjects; and passes afterwards to the
description of the Book of szlz'clcs, Ara .Memoramlz', and Apocalypse (giving facsimiles of these three last block
books); which were bound in one volume with the Biblia Pauperum, and were at this time in the library of Count
Charles Pertusati, at Vienna.

1760. Schocpin (J0. Dan),1 after having mentioned the early xylographers, and among them Laurence
Coster, enumerates the specimens of xylography, and as the rst ; VATICINIA VETERIS TESTAMENTI DE CHRISTO

. . . aliique hujus generis libelli, quorum plerique idiomatis Latini sunt; quidam teutonici ; omnes non opistographi,
sed foliatim ab una tantum parte impressi, &c.
1766. Papillon2 describes thus the Bz'blz'a Pauperum .-LHz'sloz're de lAncien et du Nouvenu Tea/amen],
petit in folio de quarante six estampes, graves grossierement en bois dun gout ancien gothique, rien quan trait,
imprime dun seul cdt du papier, avec une encre grise; ainsi quune explication latine, presque a chaque gure,
grave dans dc petits quarrs aux planches de chaque sujet, avec, dans le milieu, une des lettres de lalphabet en gros

charactere gothique, pour guider a larrangement de ces images.

de ce livre.

M. le president de Cotte possede un exemplaire

1767. Martin Gerbert,3 in his account of the visit he made to Schelhorn, at Mennningen, in the year 1759,

says: Wir haben bey Schelhomen Bucher gesehen, deren holzerne Buchstaben nicht von einandergetrennct,
sondern mit gestochenen und eingeschnittenen 'l'afeln gedrucket sind, dergleichen wir auch schon weiter oben
angefiihret, und auch vou Schelhorn noch andere bemerket werden. Die vou Schelhorn erwahnte Bucher belaufen
sich auf vierzig Seiten, sie sind nicht auf beeden Seiten gedrueket ; sondern nur auf der einen, uud zwey Blatter

sind zusammen in eines geleilnet.

Gerbert says further : Die Erndung der Holzschnitte, raiimet Schmpin dem Coster in der Stadt Harlem
um das Jahr 1428, ohne Bedenken ein, welche der eigentlich so genannten Buchdruekerkunst vorgegangen.

1771. Then comes the Ide'e Ge'lze'rale dzme Collection dEstampes, in which Heinecken restored to the Biblz'a
Paupermn all the importance to which it was entitled as an early specimen of wood-engraving, and the rst and
most remarkable step to the invention of printing. But the book of Heinecken is so well knOWn, its article on the
Biblia Pauperam has been so often translated, reproduced, discussed by English writers, and we have in the course
of this Introduction so often referred to it, that it would be useless to make here a new resum of the opinions and

general information conveyed to us by this author about the block books.

1783. G. De Bare, in his Catalogue of the La Vallire Library, art. 1'21, describes the Hialon'ae Valeria et
Novi Testamenti, petit in folio ; and, in a bibliographical note, analyses what Heinecken has said of the book, without

adding to it any opinion of his own.

179$). Camus,6 while describing the Biolz'a Pauper-um, printed by Albert Pster, at Bamberg, nds a great
similarity existing between our block book and the Speculum Humanw Salvationz's:-Ces deux ouvrages out
beaucoup dainit entre eux pour le volume, le choix des histoires, les moralits, la composition des tableaux.

Ils

existent en manuscrits dans plusieurs bibliothques ; les dessins en sont trs grossiers surtout sils sont compars
aux tableaux, que jai dccrits. The pictures to which Camus here makes allusion, are those of the MS. No. 6829,
of the National Library in Paris, illuminated by John van Eyck, and above mentioned.
The facsimile of the 13th page of the rst edition of the Biblz'a Paupermu, given by Camus, without the letters,
and without any shadings of the pillars, is taken evidently from a block much worn, and retouched in the right
design, where the background building has been replaced by the slope of a mountain with a tree. The cap in the
hand of one of Josephs brothers has disappeared, and the whole surface of the block appears to have been rubbed
out, to render it more even, making the outlines much heavier, and more irregular than they were when the block
was rst engraved.
1 Vindiciw Typographicm.

4to.

Argentorati, 1760.

9 Traile' His/orique et Pralique de la Gravure en Boia. Svo. Paris, 1766.

3 Reiaen dare/t .l/emamzien, Welschland und Frankreich. 8vo. Ulm., Francfurt and Leipzig, 1767
4 Leipzic, 1771. 8vo.
5 Calalogue dos Livres de la Bibliol/rque defeu [0 Due de la Vallire, p. 33.
6 Notice dun livre imprime' (i Bumberg en 1462. 4t0. Paris, an VII.

Sro.

Paris, l783.

20

1800. Sprenger (PL), in his account1 of the Latin Biblia Paupernm, printed by Albert Pster, is of opinion
that the title of Arnzen Bibel ought to be maintained, because der namen riihre daher, weil es ftir sehr viele zu
Kostbar war, sich das Manuscript einer volstandigen Bibel anzuschaen.
1801. Breitkopf (F. G. Im.) 2, speaking of the Biblia Paupermn, says, Ob dies Buch aus dem Bildern, die
man in den alten Kircben und Klostern antri't, oder die Bilder aus dem Buche enstanden sind, ist zwar noch nicht

ausgemacht: doch ist nicht zu leugnen dass eins aus dem andern entstanden, und wahrscheinlich das Buch nach
den Bildern in den Kirehen gemacht worden sey.
1803. Daunoua describes the Biblia Pauperum, sivc jiyurw Valeria ei Novi Testamonii, and admits the ve
editions, as indicated by Heinecken.

1803. Zapf,1 in his description of the German Biblia Pauper-run of 1470, of which he reproduces the last
page in facsimile, has given, in German, the explanation of the subjects ; but it seems a mere translation of Heinecken,
successively reproduced by Ottley and Mr. Sotheby, asit contains the same mistakes about the subjects: thus, in the
print, 'VII. 5, the right design is, der Tod der Siihne Heli vorher verki'mdigt, in Ottley and Mr. Sotheby, The
prediction of the Death of the Sons of Ely, while the subject is the young J oash saved from the massacre of Athalia
by Jozabeth.

In page xi, I, he mistakes, as the two latter, in the right subject, Elijah for Elisha: a mistake

repeated by them only in page xiv, a, right subject; but in page xv, p, he says, as the Latin text imports,
Darius befehlt den Esra den Tempel zubaucn, when the two English bibliograpbers say, Darius requested by
Esdras to build the Temple. Zapf is right again, in page xvi, left subject, when he does not mistake, as Ottley,
the messenger sent to Jacob for Joseph himself sent to his brethren ; but he falls again into the same error as Ottley,
in page xix, 5, when he takes the men bearing corn to the famished Samaritans for the groom of King Joram
crushed to death in the gate." The left subject of page xxiii has not been properly understood either by him,
or by the following bibliographers. In this design 11am is not uncovering the nakedness of his father Noah,
but Noah is covered by Shem, while Ham, on the background, is pointing at his father in a not very respectful
manner.
1814. Dibdin, in his Bibliol/reca Sloancoriarna,5 after having mentioned Schelhorn as the rst who noticed the

impression of the Bib/ia Paul/erum, shows that the letters in alphabetical order, placed in the centre of the upper
compartment of the page, form, whatever may be the opinion of bibliographers to the contrary, the ORIGIN
or SIGNATURES. In the following pages he gives several facsimiles of the book, as Jacob and the Angel,
The Pentecost, Magdalena in the Garden," The Hell, and The Deity holding the Souls of the Blessed

in his lap.
1816-1858. From 1816 to 1858, among English writers, Ottley, in his Inquiry info le Oriyin and Early
History of Enyraviny, Chatto and Jackson, in their Treatise on Wood Enyravz'ny, and Sotheby, in his Principia
lypoyrap/lica, give a prominent place to the Biblia Pauperum, and facsimiles of various plates of this block
book. We have quoted them so often in the present Introduction, that it only remains for us to refer the reader to
these works, in which he will nd much valuable information.

\Ve subjoin, in a chronological order, a list of the books, either already mentioned or not, and referring to the
Biblia Parry/cram and the block books in general.
1487. Lunormnus m; Saxonra. Tboeck canden [even one Heeren I/wsu Clirisli, with the colophon :
'lantwerpen by my Gheraert de leeu woenende in die selve stadt in Sinte Marcus na est onser vrouwen pant Int
iaer ons heeren M.CCCC LXXXVIJ. den der de dach in November. We nd a number of woodcuts imitated from the
Biblia Pauper-um, but showing, namely, by the ornament of the nimbus, the hand of an artist much posterior to the
engraver of the block book.

The woodcuts, closely imitated from the Biblia, are :

1. The Circumcision.

4. The Massacre of the Innocents.

2. The Adoration of Magi.

3. The Flight in Egypt.

l
I

6. Christ driving the Money Changers from the

Temple.

1 Ael/csle Buchdruckergesc/iicllle, von Bomb/11y, p. 32.

'3 Versucli den Ur-sprzmg der Spielkarlen, &r'.

4to.

lart xi. p. 81.

Niirnberg, 1800.
4to.

Leipzig, 1801.

3 Analyse des Opinions dicerses sur ZOriyiue (Ie Z'In/prin/erfe, vol. xi. p. 58. 8m. Paris, an VII.
4 Ueber cine alle and 1160718! seliene Artsy/160 non dcs Juuunis de Turrecremata, Ezplanaiio in Paalierium and einige andere iypoyraphisclre
Selim/wile", p. 27.

5 Vol.i. p. xxr.

4to.

8vo.

Nirrnberg, 1808.

London, 1814.

21

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Magdalene in the House of the Pharisee.

The Last Judgment.
The Last Supper.
Christ in the Garden of Olives.
Judass Kiss.

1488. TH. CANTIMPRATANI.

Der Bien Bocclc.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

The Entombment.
Magdalene in the Garden of Olives.
Thomass Incredulity.
Ascension.
Pentecost.

Zwoll, Peter Van Os.

Folio.

1491. Dan SCHATZBEHALTER. Niirnberg, Koberger. Folio.

1512. LUDOLPHUS DE SAxONIA. Ditcsdlev one ltefs lzeren tltesu crz'stz' Anclervcrve plchrz'nt Tantwerpen int
Imps van Delft.

The woodcuts of this edition, although imitated, and sometimes closely copied, from the Gerard

de Leeus edition, are much inferior to the latter, and cease to have much similarity with those of the Bz'blia

Pauperum. The Last Judgment, The Crucixion, The Entombment (Z1), The Three Maries at the
Sepulchre (Aaij), The Ascension (ccv), and The Pentecost (d i), are the only cuts offering the same ideas as
those of the block book.
1518. Hortulus anime. Noremberg. 8vo.
1519. PzNDER (UDALnIcnIJs). Speculum Passionz'e. Nuremberg. Folio.
1588. J UNIUS (HADRIANus).

Batavz'a.

1610. REICHARD (ANDREAS).

1612. SCHRIJVER. (PIETER).
1640. MALLIchROTT (B. a).

Lugduni Batav., Raphelengius.

MS. Btblz'otltecaa Wolfcnbuttelleneie.

Besclmjvz'nplie can out Batavz'cn.

See Lassme, &c.

Arnhem.

8vo.

De Ortu et Proprcesu Artie Yppoprapliica.

1643. SAUBERT (JOH.) Hz'etorz'a Bz'blz'ot/leca Reg'publz'cw Aorz'bcrpcnsz's.

1670. JOLY (M.) Vopape a Munster en 1646. Paris. 12m0.
1690. TRITHEMIUS. Annalee Htreazraieneee. St. Gall. 4to.
1700. TENTan (\V. E.)

4to.

Colon. Ag.

Norib.

4to.

16mo.

Diecours con Er/inrlunp a'cr Lottie/zen Buclr-Drucker-Ii'unet.

Gotha.

l2mo.

1710. BETULIUS (J. G.) Epistola aa' Amtcum cle Btblz'otlieca Wot/entuttclensz'. I-Ianov. 8vo.
1713. FABRICIUS (Jon. ALB.) Btblz'oprapln'a Antiquam'a. Hamburg and Lipsim. Mo.
1715. (SALLENGRE.)

Memoiree ale Liftralure.

La Haye.

8vo.

1719. MAITTAIRE (M.) Annalee Typograpliz'ct. Hagae, comitum. 4t0.

1725. SCHELHORN (J. G.) Ammnz'tatce Literarz're. Francofurti et Lipsiae.
1727. Dae Merclcwrlrrlzpe Wien.

\Vien.

12mo.

4to.

1739. BIRCHERODIUS (Tn. B.) De Drpcrditts Sqltentrional'tum Antiguz'tatz'bus.

inca'ita rerum Germanz'carum. Lipsiae. Folio.
1751. CLEMENT (DAVID).

Bibliotliegue Curteuse, tom.ii. p.145.

G5tting.

In WESPHALEN Monumenta,

4to.

This Bibliographer entitles the Biblia Pauperum, the Historia Jesu Christi in Fiyurie.

1756. Cansrus (MARTIN.) De Comz'tz'bus Caluensz'oue. In WEGELlNUS (Jon. R.) T/zeeaurum rerum Scevz'caram.
Lindaugiw. Folio.
1758. FOURNIER (LEJEUNE). Dissertation eur lOrzpine et les Proprcs cle lArt ae Graver en Bots, p. 26.
Paris. 8vo. This author mentions the block books rather extensively, and says :-Les plus anciennes (impressions)

en taille de bois qui nous restent, sont plusieurs livres dimages qui sont dans le prcieux Cabinet dAntiquits
'lypographiques do Mr. le President de Cotte; lun en 46 planches, connu sous le mom (1 fltetoire (lAncz'en et
Nouveau Testament;. . . . then he describes the Apocalypse, the Speculum Humane Salvalz'onis, the Are Illorz'cnrlz',

the Are Memorandz', &c. : designating the Biblia Pauperum in the same terms used by Joly.
1759. FOURNIER (LEJEUNE). De lOrzpz'ne ale lImprz'merz'e, p. 247. Paris, 1759. 8vo.
1760. SCHCEPFLIN (J. D.) Vz'naz'ciae Typoprapltica. Argentorati. 4to.
1765. MEERMAN (G.) Orzpz'nes typograplu'cee. Hagae, comitum. 4to.
1766. PAPILLoN (JEAN). Traite' Hz'etorique et Pra/ique de la Gravure en Bole.
1767. GERBERT (MARTIN). Reisen dIII'C/t Alemanicn. Ulm. 8vo.

Paris.

8vo.

1771. HEINECKEN (BARoN DE). Ide'c Gc'ne'rale June Collection dEelampes. Leipzic. 8vo.
1773. Lasero (G. E.) Beptriipe zur GCSC/tlt'ltle and Literatur. Braunschweig. 8vo.
This book contains a very elaborate paper, to show that the Biblia Pauperum was only a copy of the stained windows of
the Convent of Hirschau,

1775. MURR. Journal zur Kunstaeeclticltte.

Niirnberg.

12:110. Vol. xiii.

22
1783.
1784.
1784.
1789.
1788.
1788.
1791.
1791.
1791.
1795
1796.

1798.
1799.
1803.
1806.

DEBURE (G.) Catalogue des Livres de la Vallire. Paris.

8vo.

BREITKOPF (J. G.J.) Versuch den Ursprung der Spielkarten. Leipzig. 4t0.
N YERUP (R) Librorum qui ante Deformationen: in Scholiis Dania lcaebantur Notitia. Copenh. 8vo.
DENIS (M.) Annalium ngograph.; Maittaire Supplement. Tom.ii. p. 515. Vienn. 4t0.
PANZER (G. W.) Annalen der aeltern deutschen Literatur. Nrnb. 4t0.

STETIEN (Pr. v.) Augsburgische Kunstgeschichte. Augsb. 8vo.

VALLE (GUGL.-DELLA.)

Storia del Duomo d Orvieto. Roma. 4t0.

BRAUN (PLACIDUS). Notitia Historico Literaria de Codicibus MSS. S? Udalrichi. August Vindel. 4t0.
CAMUS (A. G.) Notice dun Livre imprim Bamberg en 1462. Paris. 4t0.
STRUTT (G.) Bioyrap/iical Dictionary of Enyravers. London. 4t0.
PANZER (G. W.) Annales Tgpographici, tom. iv. pl. 97. Norimb. 4t0.
BEYSCHLAG (D. E.) Begtruge zur Kunstgeschichte der Reichstadt Nrdlingen. Nrdlingen. 8vo.
LAMBINET. Recherches sur lOrzgine de lInQnrirnerz'e. Bruxclles. 4t0.
DAUNOU (P. C. F.) Analyse des Opinions diverses sur lOrzgine de lImprimerie. Paris. 8vo.
SANTANDER (DE LA SERNA). Dictionnaire Bibliographique du XV Sicle. Tom. ii. p. 207.

8vo.
1814. DIBDIN ('l. F.) Bibliotlieca Spenceriana. 8vo. London.
1814. HORNE (TH. H.) An Introduction to the Study of Biblioyrap/iy.

Bruxelles.

2vols. London. 8vo.

Pp. iiv,

Facsimile of the last page, Bihlia Pauperurn.

1815. OTTLEY. An Inquiry into the Origin and Early Ilistory of Engraving. London. 4t0.

Appendix.

1815. FIORILLO (F. D.) Geschichte der Zez'chnenden Kz'inste in Deutschland und den Vereinigten Niederlanden.
Hanover. 8vo.
1818-20. KONING (JACOBUS). Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis der Boeh'druhhunst. Harlem. 8vo.
1822. STRIXNER. (Joh.-Nep.) Die Sammlung alt nieder und ober Deutsche Gemlde. Mnchen. Folio.
1826. HAIN (L.) Bepertoriurn Bihliqgraphicum, tom. i. p. 435. Stuttgart. 8vo.
1831. KUGLER (Fr. H.) De Wernihero sceeuli XII rnonacho Tcyernseensi. Berolini. 8vo.
1834. BASTARD (Aug. de.) Librairie de Jean de France, Duc de Berry. Paris. Folio.
1836. Bibliotheca Hultherniana, tom. i. p. 17. Gand. 8vo.

We nd in the Catalogue of the Van llulthems library some rather important information concerning
the time of the publication of our block book : Cet exemplaire a encore ceci de particulier, que toutes les
gures sont enlumines lantique, et quentre les feuillets imprims deux deux se trouve a et l une
interprtation Mste du texte Latin, en langue amande, telle quon la parlait au XVe sicle dans la Gueldre
et autres provinces Belgiques, voisines de la Westphalie. CETTE
XVe SIECLE. Le papier, sur lequel est crite cette version, porte

EoRl'rURE ESI ANTERIEURE AU MILIEU DU

la mme marque que les feuillets imprims
et vient, de la mme papeterie: cette marque reprsente une espce de gril, avec quelques ornements aux
deux extreinits.
1837.
1838.
1838.
1839.
1840.
1840.
1840.
1842.
1845.
1849.
1849.
185L
1853.
1854.
1857.
1858.

EBERT (F. A.)

A General Bibliographical Dictionary, p. 188.

Oxford.

8vo.

DU SOMMERARD (ALEX.) Les Arts au Magen Aye. Albums, Paris. 8vo. Folio.
LASTEYRIE (JULES DE). Histoire de la Peinture sur Verre. Paris. Folio.
JACKSON, J ., and W. CHATTO. A Treatise on Wood Engraving. London. 8vo.
FALKENSTEIN (K.) Geschichte des Buchdrucker Kunst. Leipzig. 4t0.
LABORDE (LEON DE). Dbuts de Limprimerie hlagence et Bamberg. Paris. 4t0.
HEFNER (J. V.) Trachten des Christlichen 111itlelalters. Manheim. Folio.
BRUNET (J. D.) Manuel du Libraire. Paris. 8vo.
MEYER (J .) Conversations Levicon, tom. iv. p. 852. Hildburghausen. 8vo.
LA BORDE (LEON DE). Les Ducs de Bourgogne. Paris. 8vo.

LA BORDE (LEON DE). Essai dun Catalogue des Artistes Oriyinaires des Pays Bas.
NAGLER (G. R.)

Neues Allgemeines Knstler Leaicon. Mnchen.

8vo.

BERNARD (AUG.) De lOrzgine et des Dbuts de lImprimerie en Europe. Paris.

WAAGEN (Dr.)

Treasures of Art in Great Britain. London.

WAAGEN (Dr.)

Galleries and Cabine/s of Art in Great Britain.

SO'IHEBY (S.L.). Princiyia typoyraJ/liica. London.

4t0.

Paris.

8vo.

London.

8vo.

8vo.

8vo.

23

The opinions which we venture to advance in the present Introduction are quite personal to us when they do
not agree with the hypotheses of previous bibliographers, or do not actually rest on a new source of information;
we hope, nevertheless, that with the help of such authorities, until now disregarded, forgotten, or unknown, and

which we exhume from the dust of centuries, iconographers and bibliographers will not be afraid to render more
complete justice to Dutch art and industry, in their connection with the beginning of engraving and printing.
Such men as Guttemberg and Laurence Coster, Marco Polo and Columbus, Roger Bacon and Galileo, cease to
be German, Dutch, Italian, or English, when they become benefactors of the human race.

Nationality, when

applied to great men, brings shame more often than honour on the history of the people among which they
were born; witness Guttemberg, deprived of his types and press by his associates at Mentz ; Laurence Costcr,
known to his own countrymen of Haarlem only two centuries after his death; Marco Polo considered as a liar by
his contemporaries; Columbus despised by Genoa, his country, and brought back in chains from the new world

discovered by his genius; Roger Bacon expiating his science in a prison, and Galileo, by the tortures of the
Inquisition.
Without examining what part Laurence Coster may have had in the invention of printing with movable types
a question which is out of the circle of our present investigationwe cannot help saying, in conclusion, that
Coster was most likely the engraver of the original edition of the Biblz'a Pauperurn, of which the designs were for
the greatest part the work of John Van Eyck, while the text had perhaps been drawn up by Vincent de Beauvais,
the now acknowledged author of the Speculum Hurmna: Sulvattonis, which was likewise engraved and printed by
the xylographer of Haarlem.
Having thus endeavoured to throw some additional light on the origin and early history of printing and wood
engraving as embodied in the block books, and especially in the Bz'blta Pauperum, it remains to us but to offer
our best thanks to Mr. J. Winter Jones, Mr. T. Watts, Mr. G. Bullen, and the other gentlemen connected with the

Library of the British Museum, for their constant readiness to further our researches among the typographical
treasures collected in that national establishment.
J. PH. BERJEAU.
GEORGIANA STREET, CAMDEN TOWN,
June, 1859.

INTERPRETATIO

TYPORUM.

(EXPLANATION OF THE ENGRAVINGS.)

I._
Left Sutject,
from tlze Old Testament.

Centre Subject,
from re New Testament.

Rap/rt Subject,
from re Old lestament.

GIDEON AND THE SIGN OF THE FLEECE.

THE SERPENT TEMPTING EVE.
THE ANNUNOIATION.
Legitur
in
libro
judicum vio cap, quod Gedeon petiit
Legitur in genesi iij cap, quod dixit dominus ser
penti super pcctus tuum gradieris et postea ibidem signum Victorie in vellere per rorem omnem Irrlgandam :
legitur de serpente et Inuliere: ipsa conteret capud tuum quod gurabat virginem marlam gloriosam sine corrup
et tu insidiaberis calcaneo ejus: Nam istud in annun tione impregnandam ex spiritus sanctl Infus10ne.
tiatione beate marie gloriose virginis adimpletum est.
IsAYAs vii.
Ecce VllgO conpriet et pariet lium.

DAVID.
Descendet dominus slcut pluvra In vellus.

V'. Vzpera vim perrlz't: sine viparz'ente puclla.

V. Rore nzaa'et vellue .- permaneit ariaa tellue.

EZEcIEL xliiij.
Porta haec clausa erit et non aperietur.

IIIER" xxxi.
Creavit dominus novum super terram femma circum
dabit virum.

V. Vzrpo salutatur : tnnupla mancne pravz'rlatur.

II.-h
AARONs ROD FLOURISHING.
THE NATIVITY.
THE BURNING Buss.
Legitur in libro Numerorum, xvii cap, quod virga
Legitur in libro Exodi iij cap, quod moyses vidit
aaron
una nocte fronduit et oruit: quae virga gurabat
rubum ardentcm et non ardebat et dominum audivit dc
virginem
mariam sterilem sine virili semine parituram
rubo sic loquentem; Rubus ardens qui non consumitur
lium
scilicet
ihesum cristum semper benedictum.
gurat beatam virginem mariam parientem sine corrup
tIone Integritatls corporis quia virgo peperit et Incor
rupta permansit.
YSAIAS ix.
_
_
_
Parvulus natus est nobIs lms datus est nobIs.

DANIEL
Lapis angularis s1ne manlbus abclssus est a monte.

V. Hic contra morem : producit vtrpulaorem.

V. Lucet et {aneecz't .- sea non rubus tyne calcscz't.

MIcIIE! v.

ABAO. iij.

_ _

_ I

Tu Bethleem terra Iuda non erls mInIma 1I1 principlbus

Donnne audivi auditum tuum et timui.

iuda.

V. Ategue dolore parts vz'rpo maria morts.

Illt
THE QUEEN or SIIEBAs leT
ABNER VISITING DAVID
THE ADORATION on
TO SOLOMON.
A'l HEERON.
THE MAGI.
Legitur in 3 libro regum, x cap, _qu0d regina Saba
Legiturin 2"]1bro Regum, 3 cap, quod Abner prin.
ceps mIlItIae saul vemt ad davrd In iherosolimam ut audita fama Salomonis venit in Iherosohmam cum magms
muneribus cum adorando qua regina gentilis erat Quod
ad eum reduceret totum populum israel qui tunc seque
batur domum saul Quod gurabat adventum Inagorum ad

bene gurabat gentes qua: dominum de longmquo mune

cristum quI cum nnstlcls munerlbus cristum adorabant.

ribus veniebant adorare.

DAVID,

Reges tharsis et Insule (T/tZtlL) munera Oerunt.

V. Pler notat ln'c gentes crz'eto junpz' cuptcntee.

YsAIE ii.
Fluent ad eum omnes gentes et ibunt populi multi.

YsAIE ix.
_
Et adorabunt vestIgIa pedum tuorum.
V. Hec tppate pcnte-rn .- notat ad cristum venientcrn.
BALA-I NUM. cap xxiiii.
.
_
_
Orietur stella ex Jacob et surgitur virga de radice.

V'. Cristue adoratur aurum tlrus nn'rrlla locatur.

. AH-.1. ~wiL-lr3ww

n w

ac

Iv.-IJ
THE PRESENTATION or THE FIRST BORN
To THE TEMPLE.

THE PURIFICATION.

SAMUEL DEDICATED To THE SERVICE

or rius TEMPLE.

Legitur in libro levitici, xii cap, quod omnis mulier

Legitur in primo libro regum 1 cap, quod cum anna

pariens primogenitum ipsum redimere cum ove debetz

pauperes autem qui ovem non habere poterantz turtures
aut duos pullos columbarum pro puero offerre debebant
et hoc pro sua puricatione quod virgo gloriosa implevit
quamvis purificari non indiguit.

mater samuelis ipsum samuelem ablactans obtulit eum

hely sacerdoti in tabernaculo dei qu oblatio prfigura

DAVID,

MALAc. iij.
veniet ad templum sanctum suum dominator quem

Domlnus in templo sancto suo.

bat oblationem dei in templo symoni factam

vos quritis.

V. flic preseuiaiurparlus prior ut redimalur.

V'. oblatum eristum samuel te denotat islum.

ZACHA. ii.
Ecce ego venio et liabitabo in medio vestr1.

SOPIIO. iij.
Rex Israel dominus in medio tui.

V'. Piryo libana cristum symeouis recipit istum

v.-e
REBEOOA SENDING JACOB TO LABAN.

MYCHAL ASSIS'IING DAVID IN ms EscAPE.

Legitur in primo libro regum, capo xix, quod rex
saul misit apparitores ut quaererent david ad interficien
dumz uxor autem davidis nomine mycol submisit ipsum
per unam fenestram cum fune et sic evasit quaerentes
eum : Rex autem saul herodem figurat qui cristum quae~
sivit ad perdendum quum joseph eum cum maria in
egyptum duxit et sic manus qurentium eum evasit.

THE FLIGHT IN EGYPT.

Legitur in genesi xxviio cap, quod cum rebecca,

mater esau et jacob, audisset quod aliquo tempore eve
nire posset quod jacob, interficeretur ipsa filium suum
jacob de terra sua misit ad terram alienam ut necem sub

terfugeret Quod bene figurabat fugam cristi in terra

egypti, quum Herodes ipsum iam natum quaesivit ad
perdendum
YSAYE xix.
Ecce dominus ingreditur egyptum et movebuntur
symullacra.
V'. Liquz't tecta patris Jaco formidine fratris
J nalil xii.
heliqui domum meam et dimisi habitationem meam.

DAVID.
Ecce elongavl fugiens et mans1 1n solitudme.
V'. Per mycol david saul insidias sibi cavit
OsEE. v.
Vadent ad quaerendum dominum et non mvement
eum.

v-. lferadis dirum crislus puer efuyit iram.

vL-f
THE ADORATION or THE
GOLDEN GALE.

THE HOLY FAMILY IN EGYPT.

DESTRUCTION OF THE IDOLs.

Legitur in libro exodi xxxi et xxxiio cap, quod cum

moyses venisset ad radicem montis sinay ipse solus
ascendit in montem ad recipiendum legem quo facto ipso
descendente vidit vitulum conatulem quem aaron
fecerat de auro ipse moyses tabulis projectis vitulum
destruxit et fregit quod bene figurabat corruencia ydola
cristo ingrediente in egyptum.
_
OSEE. x.
Ipse confringet symullachra eorum depopulabitur.
V. Per 1110ysem sacrum trill vituli simulacrum

ZACHAR. xiii.
In die illa dispergam nomina ydolorum de terra

DAGON FALLING BEFORE

THE ARK.

Legitur in primo libro regum v cap, quod philistini

archam domini quam rapuerant in belloz posuissent juxta
dagon deum eorum de mane intrantes templumz invene
runt dagon jacentem in terra et utrasque manus prae

cisas qu figura vere completa est quando beata virgo

cum cristo puero suo venit in egyptum tunc ydola
egypti corruerunt et bene gurat virgo quae cum cristo
venit in miserias id est errores infidelium corruerunt.
NAUM primo.
De domo dei tui interficlam omne symulachrum
V' Arc/ia repeuiirze Fit dagon causa ruina
SOPHO. v.
Attenuabit dominus omnes deos de terra.

V. Ydola preseute crista cecidere repente

m
vir-g
SAUL CAUSING HIMELECH AND ALL
THE PRiEsTs To BE BEHEADED.

THE MURDER or THE

INNocENTs.

ATHALIAs MASSACRE or THE SONS

or AHAZIAH.

Legitur in quarto libRegum xi cap, quod athalia regina,

Legitur in primo lib regum xxii cap", quod Rex saul
videns
lium suum mortuum fecit occedi (sic) omnes lios
fecit occidere omnes sacerdotes domini in nobe quia
regis
ne
regnarent pro prole sua: huic autem soror regis
david fugientem receperaut et eo panem sacrum ad
subtraxit
filium suum minorem qui postea factus est rex z
comedendum dederantz Saul gurat herodem David
Pegina
crudelis
herodem gurat qui propter cristum
enim cristum gurat: sacerdotes vero pueros: quos
pueros
fecit
occidi
puer autem subtractus morti figurat
herodes innocenter fecit occidi propter cristum.
cristum ab occisione regis herodis furti subductum.
DAVID, PROV]?I xxviii.
Vindica domine sanguinem sacerdotum tuorum qui
Leo rugiens et ursus esuriens princeps impius super
effusus est.
populum pauperem.
V. Saulpropter david .- cristos domini nece stravit.

V. Uno sublata stirps est data regiafurta

ossa viii.
Cristi regnaverunt et non ex me.

JHE? xxxi.
Vox in rama audita est ploratus et ullulatus.

V. isti pro cristo munda tolluntur a6 ista

viii.-b
THE RETURN FROM
EGYPT.

DAVID CONSULTING GOD UPON HIS

RETURN AFTER. SAULs DEATH.

Legitur in 2 lib regum iio capel quod mortuo rege

THE RETURN or JACOB

TO HIS COUNTRY.

Legitur in genesi xxxi and xxxii cap, quod jacob

saul, David consuluit dominum qui respondit sibi ut

revertens in terram suam de qua fugerat propter furo

reverteret in terram juda, David enim significat cristum

qui post mortem herodis rediit in terram iudaz sic enim
ewangelium testatur dicenSz angelus domini surge et
tolle puerum et matrem ejus et vade &c". defuncti sunt
enim qui querebant animam pueri.

rem esau fratris sui praemisit oves et boves et camelos

et asinos et ipse sequebatur, cum uxoribus et pueris

D _
_
.
Vindlca nos domme in salutarl tuo.

DAVID.

Jacob qui fugerat fratrem suum cristum significat qui

herodem regem fugit quem esau signicat, vero herede

mortuo cristus in terram iuda revertitur.
OSEE.

Egipte noli ere quoniam dominus doluit super te.

V. Adpatrz'am david defluit-to saul remeavz't.

v-. Formia'atfratrem Jacob ardet visere patrem.

OSEE x.
De egipto vocam filium meum.

SACHA. primo.
Revertar ad J'herusalem in misencordus.

V'. Ad loca sancta regit (radi!) J/zesus mil/to qui reeedit.

lX.I
THE PASS AGE OF THE RED SEA.

JOHN BAPTIZING CHRIST.

Legitur in exodo xiiii cap, quod pharao cum perse

queret filios israel cum corribus et equitibus, intravit
mare rubrum post filios israel et dominus reduxit aquas
maris super eos : et ita liberavit populum suum de manu
inimici persequentis ita et nunc per aquas baptismi a
cristo consecratas populum cristianum a vinculis ori
ginalis peccati liberavit.
YSA. xii.
Haurietis aquas 1n gaudio de fontibus salvatoris
Vs. llostes meryzmtur per maris iter gradiurztur.
EZECH. xxxvi.
E'undam super vos aquam mundam.

'
THE Two SPIES BEARING THE
BUNCH or GRAPES.

Legitur in libro numerorum xiii capi quod nuncii qui

missi erant ad explorandum terram promissionis cum
redirentA botrum et portaverunt in vecte et transito ior
dane adduxerunt in testimonium bonitatis terr illius

quod significat si volumus intrare regnum celorum op

portet nos primo transire per aquas baptismi.
Ainciderun'c.
DAVID.
In ecclesias benedrcrtegieo domino de fontibus isracl.

V'. Flumen transi/ur et patria mellis aditum

ZAUHAR. xiii.
.
_
In die ills. erit fons patens domus david

V'. Dam baptz'satur cristae baptisma sacratur.

28

ii.-k
EsAU SELLING HIS
BIRTH RIGHT.

CHRIST TEMPTED IN THE

WILDERNESS.

ADAM AND EvE SEDUCED BY

THE SERPENT.

Legitur in genesi xxv capi quod esau post decoctionem

Legitur in genesi iii capi quod adam et eva decepti
quam fecerat frater ejus Jacob vendidit sibi primogenita fuerunt per serpentem qui eos de gula temptabant quia
Id est honorem qui debetur priniogenito et benedictionem nos dyabolus tanquam instrumentum seducit decipiendo
paternam perdiditz sic dyabolus primos parentes propter quod bene figurabat temptacionem quam dyabolus cristo
gnlam et superbiam decepit dicens quocunque die come adhibuit quum cristum temptavit dicens si filius dei
deritis eritis sicut dii scientes bonum et malum
es dic ut lapides isti panes fiant qu temptacio gulam
inferebat.
DAVID 30.
lemptaverunt me et subsannaverunt me subsannaclone.

YSAIE xxix.
Perversa gogitatio (sic) quasi lutum contra gulum.

V. Lentia ob ardorem proprium male perdit lwnorem.

V. Serpens vicit adam vetitum sibi szzyeret escam.

I 1

'

eo EEOUM vii.
JOB xvi.
Hostis meus terribilibus ocuhs mtmtus est me.

Interfeci universes inimicos tuos.

va Cristum temptavit Sat/iaizaa ut eum supera-ret

XI._I
THE RESURREOTION
THE Winows SON RESTORED T0
or LAZARUS.
LIEE BY ELISHA.
SON BEFORE limum
Legitur in iiio libo regum xvii capi quod helyas pro
Legitur in iiii libro regum iiii capi quod helizeus pro
pheta tulit puerum mortaum super montem orans et pheta vidit puerum vidue qui eum hospitare solebat de
dicens obsecro revertatur animam pueri et factum est ita functum et prostravit se super puerum et calefacta est
et reddidit puerum matri su vivumz quod bene figurabat caro pueri et revixit puer helizeus cristum figurat puer
lazari resuscitationem quem dominus a mortuis resus vero qui a mortuis resuscitavit lazarum representat quem
eitavit et eum suis sororibus scilicet mari magdalen videntibus iudeis ad vitam reddidit.
et marth restituit

THE DEAD BODY OF THE WIDOWs

DEUT. xxxi
Ego occidam et vivefaciam percutiam et ego sanabo.
v-. Est vidue natus per lielyam vivz'catas.

DAVID.
nomine liberasti animam meam ab inferis.
vi Per tua aona deus vitam dedit [mic lzeh'seus.

JOB xiiii.
Putas ne mortuus homo rursum vivat.

1 REGUM ii.
Dominus morticat et vivificat.

V. Per te t criste redivivus lazarus ista

le-nl
THE 'lRANSI'IGURATION.
THE CHlLDREN IN THE mar FURNACE.
ABRAHAM AND THE THREE ANGELs.
In
daniele
legitur
iiio capi quod nabugodonosor Rex
Legitur in genesi xviii capi quod abraham vidit tres
pueros scilicet angelos qui ad hospicium suum veneraut babylonis misit tres pueros in caminum ignis et cum ad
tres vidit et unum adoravit tres angeli significabant tri caminum accederet ut eos in igne prospiceret vidit cum
uitatem personarum scilicet in homine qui unum adoravit eis quartum similem filio deiz tres pueri personarum tri
quando dedit intelligi unitatem essencie ita cristus in sua nitatem dabant intelligi quartus unitatem essencie cristi
transfiguratione se confundit verum deum in essencia in transliguratione sua se confundit verum in esseucia
unum in personis trinunL
unum et in personis trinum.

DAVID,

YsAI. lx.

lherusalem venit lumen tuum et gloria domini super

Speciosus forma pre filiis hominum.
va Tres conlemplatur aera/tam solum veucralm'.

MALA. ultimo.
Orietur vobis timentibus nomen meum sol justiti

te orta est.

V. Pana'z'lur en isti gentili yloria cristi

ABA iii.
Splendor ejus ut lux erit et cornua in manibus ejus.

va E000 dei natum cernunt tres ylurg'ficalam.

29

an-tt
MARY MAGDALEN

MIRIAM, THE SIsTER or MOSEs AND AARON,

NATHAN REPROVING DAVID.

AT THE FEET or JEsUs.
PUNIsHED WITH LEPROSY.
Legitur in ij lib. regum xii cap. quod nathan pro
Legitur in libro numer. xii cap, quod maria soror moysi
pheta missus fuerat ad david ut eum corriperet ipse et aaron propter suum peccatum leprosa facta fuit et a
vero rex david penitentia ductus misericordiam est a deo sua immundicia pcr moysem curata est: moyses enim
consecutus david enim penitens mariam magdalenam pe
cristum gurabat qui mariam magdalenam ab omnibus
nitentem designabat qu meruit omnium peccatorum immunditiis suorum peccatorum mundavit sicut ipse in
suorum ven1am.
luca testatur dicens remittuntur tibi peccata tua, &c.
EZE. xviii.
Quacunque hora homo mgemuerrt omnlum iniqui
tatem non recordabor.

DAVID.
Cor contritum et humiliatum deus non dispicies.

V. Voce nat/tan factas re pravas corripit actus.

v-. .Hec lemam facta .- penat manda reacta.

ZAOH. primo.

DAVID.
Non est sumlis tuis in diis domine.

Convertlnnni ad me et convertar ad vos.

V. Hana a peccatis .- absolvitfons bonizafz's.

xlv-n
DAVID WITH THE HEAD OF
GOLIATH.

THE CHILDREN OF THE PROPHETs

GOMING To MEET ELISHA.
Legitur in iiij lib regum iio cap, quod cum heliseus
reverteretur ad civitatem occurrerunt ei pueri propheta
rum ipsum cum magna gloria et honore recipientes et
laudantes l-leliseus cristum significat quem venientem in
jherusalem pueri hebreorum cum magna gloria et honore

CHRISTs ENTRY INTO

JERUSALEM.

Legitur in 1 lib regum xvii cap, quod cum David

percussisset golyam prcidit caput ejus et tulit illud in

manu sua cui venienti de philisteo occurrerunt mulieres
cum tympanis et choris ipsum gaudentes receperent in
jherusalem cum magna gloria David enim cristum sig
nat quem pueri hebreorum receperunt in jherusalem voce
magna clamantes et dicentes benedictum qui venit in
nomine domini.
_.
_
FIlIe syon exultent In rege suo.

DAVID.

receperunt

CANTIOORUM iii.
Egrediemini lie syon et videte regem salomone1n.

V'. Hostem qui stravit .- laudatur carmine david

V'. Gloria nate dei tibi convenit iiec leelz'scz'.

SACHAR. ix.
Dlmte he syon ecce rex tuus venit tibi mansuetus

SACHAR. ix.
Ipse tanquam pauper ascendens super pullmum asine.

Va. Carmen ltebreoram te laudat criste onorzmz.

xv-p
EsDRAs REQUESTED BY DARIUs
T0 PURIFY THE TEMPLE.

CHRIST DRIVING THE MONEY

CHANGERs OUT OF THE TEMPLE.

JUDAs MAccAEEUs GIVING ORDERS POR

THE PURIFICATION OF THE TEMPLE.

Degitur in primo libro esdre scribe cap iii, quod rex

Legitur in vio libo Machabeorum x" cap, quod judas
damus precepit esdre scribe ut iret in jherusalem et quod machabeus precepit judeis ut templum de illicitis mun
ipse templum mundaret rex darius cristum significat qui darent et sanctificarent quia contra legem pollutum erat
ementes et vendentes de templo expulsit sic templum iste macbabeus cristum significat qui facto flagello de
domini mundavit ab illicitis dans per hec intelligere quod funiculis ementes et vendentes in templo de ipso expulsit
templum domini domus orationis et non emptionis neque et excussit dicens nolite facere domum patris mei domum
venditionis.
negationis.
- _
EIcIam omnes de domo mea.

OZE. xi.

V. Templum mundari jubet ln'c etfesta vocarz'.

Amos ii.
odio habuerunt in porta corripientem.

DAVID.
Zelus domus tue comedit me.
V'. Et tua sancta deus mandare studet iilac/catcus
ZAOHARIE ultimo.
Non crat ultra mercator in domo domlm.

V'. cristae vendentes templo repellit emenlcs.

30

va-q
THE PRETENDED DEATH or JOSEPH

JUDAS ISCARIOT
BETRAYS JEsvs.

ANNOUNCED T0 JAOOB.

Legitur in genesi xxxviio capi quod fratres joseph

miserunt ad patrem suum jacob nuncium quemdam
dicentem quod fera pessima devoravit filium suum hoc
enim facerent dolose conspirantes in mortem fratris suiz
Joseph dolose venditus a fratribus suis cristum significat
qui a juda dolose venditus fuit in mortem sine culpa.

GENESIS, JACOB lxix.

In cons111um corum non veniet anima mea.

V. hrba maliynatur fratrum puer nominatum

ABSALOM ENCOURAGING THE PEOPLE

T0 REBEL AGAINST HIS FATHER.

Legitur in ii1ib regum xv capi quod absolon filius

david stetit ad introitum portc civitatis jherusalem et
populo ingrediente loquebatur quis me constituet judicem
et inclinavit corda virorum qui secum conspirantes erant
contra patrem suum david ipsum in regem constituerent
et postea illius patrem perscquentes quem occidere inten
debatz iste absolon judam proditorem significat qui in
mortem cristi cum judeis couspiravit.
DAVID.

lniquitatem dum convenircnt consiliati sunt accipere

ammam.
V'. Mtitur in facta patris proles scelerata.

PROVERBIORUM xxi.
Non est sapientia neque prudent1a.

JHEREMIE xi.
Super me cogitaverunt concilia.

V'. In mortem cristi conspirant insimul isti.

XVII.1
JUDAS RECEIVING THE THIRTY
PIEOEs OE SILVER.

JOSEPH sou) T0 THE

ISHMAELIIES.

Legitur in genesi xxxvii capi quod fratres joseph

eum hysmahelitis vendiderunt per triginta argenteis
joseph iste justus a fratribus suis venditus innocentur
(sic) cristum innocentem a juda venditum designat qui

judas ipsum cristum judeis pro xxx argenteis vendidit et

hii xxx donarii fuerunt pro quibus joseph venditus fuit
quorum unus valebat decem venalium denariorum.
DAVID.
Fiant dies ejus pauci et episcopatum ejus, etc.
v. Te siyizat cristum .- juvenis veumdatus isle.

JOSEPH SOLD 'IO POTIPHAR.

Legitur in genesi xxxix capi quod cum hysmaeliti qui

emerant joseph in suam terram venissent et ipsum joseph

secum duxissent vendidcrunt eum in egypto principi

militie regis egyptiorum nomine putifari puer iste joseph
cristum venditum significat qui ab impio juda vende
batur.
SALOM. PR. xvi.
Qui attonitis ocuhs cogitat prava.
V'. convenit liic crista quid quz'dpuerot in ista

Acmws i.
qm mercedes congregavit misit eas in sacchum

SACHA. xi.
Et appenderunt mercede treginta argentea

pertusum.

V'. Qui cristum vendis judas ad tartara tandis.

XVIII.5
MELOHIZEDEK MEETING ABRAHAM.

THE LAST SUPPER.

Legitur in genesi xiiii capi quod cum Abraham de

sede inimicorum rediit et ferret secum magnam praedam

quam excussit de inimicis suis tunc melchicedec sacerdos

dei summus optulit et panem et vinum: melchiccdech
cristum significat qui panem et vinum id est corpus et
sanguinem suum in sena suis discipulis ad edendum et
bibendum porrigebat.
DAVID.
Panem angelorum manducavit homo.
V. Sacra notant cristi .- que melc/tz'cedec dedit isti
YSA. vi.

Audite audientes me et comedite bonum.

TEE MANNA FALLING FROM HEAVEN.

Legitur in exodo xvio capi quod dominus precepit

moysi ut diceret populo quod quilibet tolleret de manna
celeste quantum suiceret sibi pro die illa manna autem
celeste quod dominus israelitibus dedit significabat panem
sanctum scilicet sui sanctissimi corporis quod ipse in
cena dedit suis discipulis cum dicebat accipite ex hoc
omnes, &c.
PROVERBIORUM ix.
Vemte comedite panem meum.

V. Se tenet in manibus se aibat ipse cibus.

SAPIEN'IIE xiii.
Panem de celo prcstitisti illis.

V. Rem sedet in cena turba eunctas duodena.

31

xix-t
ELISHA PROPHESIETH INCREDIBLE
MICAIAH PROPHESYING THE
CHRIST LEAVING HIS DISCIPLES
PLENTY IN SAMARIA.
DEATH or AHAB.
IN GETHSEMANE.
Legitur
in
iiiio
lib
regum
vi cap, quod in samaria
Legitur in iii lib regum xxii cap, quod rex samarie
et rex josaphat parati ad bellum eonsuluerunt prophetas erat tanta fames quam mulier coxit lium suum et comedit
idolatres quadringentos et spiritus mendax est locutus in voluit rex occidere heliseum prophetam domini dixit ei
ore omnium prophetarum illorum scilicet placida et

heliseus cras erit modius siliginis pro statcre uno et noluit

mycheas verus propheta domini prophetisavit regem in

bello mansurum sicut sibi contigit precepit rex sibi dari
panem tribulationis etc., Iste mycheas cristum significat
cui propter veritatem est datus panis tribulationis scilicet
passio usque ad mortem.

credere sicut propheta dixerat et dixit heliseus videbitis

et non gustabitis ex eo v altera die conculcatus est in
porta samarie a portantibus siliginem iste heliseus cristum
significat qui dixit judeis veritatem quam non crediderunt
et interfecerunt pium jhesum iimocentem.
vet

MICHE. II.
Surgite et ite quia non habetis hic requiem.
V'. jllyc/zeam cedunt prop/zete qui male credunt

BARUCH iiii.
Filii pacienter sustinete qu supervenient vobis.
V. Premitus a populo : non credcns lzic lie/yam.

JONE iiii.
Melius est mihi mori quam vivere.

TOBIE xii.
Tempus est ut revertar ad eum qui mis1t me, &c.

V. Get/zsemam tmnsitj/sus inde suis valedicit

xx-h
TIIE FIVE FOOLISH VIRGINS WITH
THEIR LAMPS EXTINGUISHED.

CHRIST IN THE GARDEN

or OLIVES.

Legitur mathei xxvo cap, quod fatuis virginibus oleum

non habentibus cum lampadibus clnusa est janua scilicet
porta eterne salutis lste virgines judeos signicant qui
de retro ceciderunt a domino interrogati super montem
olivarum quem queritis; id est in dissipationem et duri
ciam cordis ceciderunt et idcirco jam sunt in inflerno non
credentes

MACHABEOR. ii.
En Ista est dies quam exspectabamus invenimus.

THE FALL or THE ANGELS.

Legitur in apocalypsi xii cap et in iii ysaya xiiiicap,
quod lucifer cecidit per superbiam de celo cum omnibus
suis adherentibus isti superbi dyaboli judeos signicant
qui timuerunt perdere locum et terram eorum et ideo
humilem pium jhesum interfecerunt et crucifixerunt et
ipsi ceciderunt in foveam quam ipsi fecerant scilicet in
infernum viventes sicut scriptum est in psalmo.
YSAIE liii.
Desideravimus eum despectum et novissnnum vrio

rum (virorum).
V. Wryz'm'busfatuis aer/erinr spes dala maria.

J E. xiiii.
Reportaverunt vasa sua vacua.

V. Serpens antiquus cecidit de sede repulsus.

BARUCH vi.
Si ceciderint in terram a semetipsis non resurgunt
V. Sumf sic praeb-ali Crisfum capture parafz'.

XXI., a ,
ABNER TREACHEROUSLY KILLED
JUDAS BETRAYING CHRIST
TRYPIIONS TREACHEROUS MANNER or
BY JOAB.
TAKING JONATHAN CAPTIVE.
WITH A KIss.
Legitur
in
j"
lib
machabeorum
capo xii, quod tryphon
.Legitur in 2 lib regum iii cap, quod joab princeps
milicie regis David venit ad abner ut loqueretur sibi in venit ad viros de juda et israel ut eis loqueretur in dolo
dolo quem cum dolose et blande alloqueretur transfixit et eos caperet ; Tryphon iste judam traditorem signat qui
eum gladioz Joab qui dolosc alloquebatur abner signabat dolosc ad cristum veniens ipsum calumniose osculans et
judam qui cristum dolose osculatus est et dedit impiis cum sic impiis judeis tradidit ad interficieudunr
judeis ad crucigendum.
DAVID.
Homo pacis mee in quo speravL

v-. A/loqui/ur Manda: joa Imnc perimit que 726

SALO. PROV. xvii.

Qui vertit linguam incidit In malum.

V. Vera gerens blanda parat arma hyp/zwz quc

p/Lamle.

nep/umda.

YSAY. xi.

J EREMIE xi.
In ore suo pacem cum amico suo loquitur.

Ve impie m malum retribucio manuum fiet ei.

V. Per pacem cristc tra/tit Mis te proditor ista

32

XXII.,h .
JEZEEEL ENDEAVOURING To COMPASS
DANIEL ACCUSED BY THE
PILATE WASHING
THE DEATH OF ELIJAH.
BABYLONIANS.
HIS HANDS.
Legitur in iii1ib regum xixcap, quod yesabel regina
Legitur in Daniele xiiii cap, quod populus babilonicus
cum occidisset prophetas domini: tandem helyam pro impius venit ad regem nabugodonosor et dixerit trade
phetam occidere desiderabat: hec impia regina impios nobis danielem innocentem populus iste judeos signat qui
judeos signabat qui verum helyam id est cristum cru ad pylatum impetuose ac importunis vocibus clamabant
deliter et invidio occidere intendebant quia ipsis eorum crueige crucige eum et iterum Si dimittis hunc non es
maliciam predicando manifestabat.
amicus cesaris; Rex autem iste pylatum signat qui judeos
timens cristum innocentem eis tradidit.
_ _
YSAY. v.
Ve qui dIcunt malum bonum et bonum malum.
V'. Femina trua- z'stmn .- dampnat sic impia cristum.
JOB xxxvi.
Causa tua quasi inipii judicata est.

PSA. xviii.
Accipere personam impu In JudIcIo non est bonum.
V'. Gena ec crudelis .- facit in mortem danielz's.
AMOS v.

Qui convertit in absinthim judicem et justitiam.

V'. Estfera pleba ausa dampnare j/Iesmn sine causa.

XXIII.. C ,
SHEM COVERING THE NAKEDNESS
OF HIS FATHER.

THE CHILDREN MOCKING THE

PROPHET ELISHA.
Legitur in iiii lib regum ii cap, quod cum helyseus

CHRIST CROWNED
WITH THORNS.

Legitur in genesi ix cap, quod noe cum dormisset in

tabernaculo suo jacuit in terra nudatus quod cum vidisset
lius ejus cham derisit eum sed alii lii ejus videre no
luerunt et eorum oculos obtexerunt; Noe cristum gurat

quem judei deridentes ipsum coronaverunt et denuda

verunt et sic indeles lii ipsum tanquam stultum sub

propheta ascendisset in montem bethel occurerunt ei

pueri in clamando et subsannando eum deriserunt et

dixerunt ascende calve ascende calve: heliseus signicat

cristum quem sui pueri id est judei in coronatione et
passione deriserunt.

sanaverunt.
DAVID.
Omnes VIdentes me deriserunt me.

V'. Nada verenda vidit: patris dam c/zam male ridet.

MACHABEORUM iii.
Factus sum In derisum omni populo meo.

PROVEREIOR. xix.
Parata sunt derISIonIbus ]lldlCl& et mallei percu
tiencium.
V'. Percutit ira a'ei .- desores elysei.
YSAIE primo.
Blasphemarunt sanctum Israel.

V'. Pro 7206219 criste : probrum patcrz's pie triale.

XXIV.-. I] .
ISAAC CARRYING THE WOOD
FOR. HIS OWN SACRIFICE.

THE WIDOW 0F SAREPTA HOLDING Two

PIECES OF WOOD IN THE FORM OF A CROSS.
Legitur in iii" lib regum xvii cap, quod helyas cla
mabat ad mulierem que ibat ad campum ut lignum colli
geret et sibi pulmentum faceret que respondens ait en
duo ligna colligo ut iIIde mihi faciam et lio meo pulmen
tum. Duo ligna que hec mulier colligebat lignum crucis
signicabant quod lignum cristus in suo corpore portare
colligebat.

CHRIST BEARlNG
HIS CROSS.

Legitur in genesi xii cap, quod cum abraham et ysaac

pergerint Simul abraham portavit gladium et ignem ysaao
vero lignum portabat per quem ipse immolari debuit:
Iste ysaac qui lignum portavit cristum signat qui lignum
cruois in quo pro nobis immolari voluit in suo proprio
corpore portavit.
ISAIE liii.
Sicut ovis ad occisionem ductus est.
V'. Liynumferens crisle -' te premlynatpuer iste.
DAVID.
Medice properare currite ad victimam.

J HEREM. xi.
Venite mittamus lignum In panem ejus.
V. Mislz'ca aunt szlyna: crucis lzec via'ue duo lzlgna.
JHEREM. xi.
Ego autem agnus mansuetlssnnus qIII portatus ad
victimam.

V'. Fer! crucis lmc liyrium .

crislua reputans sibi a'zlynum.

33

XXV-. B .
THE SACRIFICE or ABRAHAM.
CHRIST ON
Legitur in Genesi xxiio cap, cum Abraham gladium
extendisset ut filium immolaret angclus domini ipsum de
celo prohibuit, dicens ne extendas manum tuam super
puerum Abraham patrem celestem significat qui filium
suum scilicet cristum pro nobis omnibus in cruce immo
lavit ut per hoc innueret signum amoris paterni.
DAVID.
Foderunt manus meas et pedes meos.

THE Onoss.

THE BRAZEN SERPENT.

Legitur in libo num. xxio cap, quod cum dominus vellet

populum quem serpentes momordaverant de serpentibus
liberate: prcepit moysi ut faceret serpentem eneum et
cum in ligno suspenderet ut quicumque illum inspiceretz
de serpentibus liberaretur serpens suspensus intuitus que
a populo cristum in cruce gurat quem intuitus debent
omnes fideles qui a serpente id est dyabolo volunt liberari

YsA. liii.
oblatus est quia ipse voluit et peccata nostra ipse
portavit.

V'. Szlz/nanlem cristum .- puerum pater immolat iszum.

Jon xi.
Nunquam capies leviathan hamo.

v-. Lexi curantur: sementem dam speculanfur.

ABAc. iii.
_ Cornua in manibus ejus ibi abscondita est fortitudo
ejus.

V. Emit a tristi .- baratro 7208 passio cristi

xva-.f.
THE CRUCIFIXION, AND THE SOLDIER
WITH THE SPEAK.

THE CREATION or EVE.

Legitur in genesi ii cap, cum Adam obdormivisset

dominus costam de latere ejus tulit et formavit de ea
mulieremz Adam dormiens cristum jam in cruce mortuum
signat de cujus latere pro nobis uxere sacramenta cum
miles lancea sua latus cristi aperuit.

DAVID.
Super dolorem volucrum meorum addiderunt.

Mosas STRIKING THE ROCK.

Legitur in exodo xvii cap, quod cum moyses populum

per desertum transduxisset deficiente illis aquam pro
aquae peuuria moyses cum virga quam in manu tenebat
silicem percuciebat et exiverunt aqua: largissim velut
de abisso inulta silex sive lapis cristum signat qui nobis
aquas salutares scilicet sacramenta de suo latere effudit
cum illud lancia militis in cruce aperiri permisit.
SACHAR. xiii.
Quit sunt plage 1ste in medio manum tuarum.
V'. Est sacramentum cristi dans petraeuenlem.

V'. femina prima viri .- dc coste cepit orirzl

.MACHABEORUM primo.
o vos omnes qui transitls per viam attendite et videte.

AMos viii.
In die illa occidet sol et radios suos abscondet.

V. De crista manda .- cum aaiguineprquz'i imda

xxv11.-. g ,
JOSEPH LET DOWN INTO THE WELL.

THE ENTOMBMENT or CHRIST.

Legitur in genesi xxvio cap, quod cum fratres josepb

vellent eum hysmahelitis vendere ipsum tunica sua spo
liaverunt et eum in cysternam veterem miserunt joseph

iste cristum signat qui missus fuit in cysternam hoc est

in sepulturam cum eum amici de cruce posuerunt.

DAVID.

Excitatus est tanquam dormiens domus tanquam po

domui CAST INTO THE SEA.

Legitur in libro jone ii cap, quod cum ipse jonas as

cenderet navim ut iret tharym in civitatem quamdam facta
est tempestas magna in mari et cum misissent sortem
inter se qui erant in navi sors cecidit super jonam quem
illi apprehendentes miserunt in mare et piscis magnus
statim eum deglutivit in cujus ventre fuit tribus die
bus et tribus noctibus jonas cristum signat qui fuit in
ventre terre tribus diebus et tribus noctibus
CANTICORUM v.
Ego dormio et cor meum v1g11at.

tens est putatus av1orum.

V. Hana in cysternam .- clefrudz'tur iste veternam.

YSAIAs xi.
Et erit sepulchrum ejus gloriosum.

V'. Jonas ylutitur tamen illesus reperitur

emm xlix.
Requiens cubabit sicut leo.
V. Mirr/aa conditur .- et ab z'z's aristas sepelz'lur.

34

xxv11i.-.b .
DAVID CUTTING on THE
HEAD or GQLIATH.

THE DEscENT OF CHRIST

INTo LIMBO.

SAMSON KILLING THE LION.

Legitur in primo libro regum xviio cap, quod david

Legitur in libro judicum xiiii capi de Sampsone quod
cum goliam gigantem deiecisset in suo proprio gladio cum leo in eum trivisset ipse leonem apprehendidit et in
ipsum interfecit et caput ejus amputavit sic cristus qui a terfecit Sampson cristum signat qui leonem id est dyabo
mortuis resurrexit homines de inferno liberavit et a lum occidit quum de ejus potestate homines liberavit
dyabolica potestate exemit et ipsum dyabolurn in sua
potencia debilitavit.
DAVID.
ContrIvIt portas ereas et victos ferreos confregit.
V. Sianans te criste .- golyam conterit iste.

OSEE. xiii.
o mors ero mors tua morsus tuus ero inferne.

V. U! vis sampsonis .- destruit ora leonis

ZAGHA. ii.
Cum in sanguine testamenti tui cmisisti v1nctos.

GENESI xlix.

Ad predam li mi ascendisti.

va Fit cristi morte: baratri destructio parte.

XXIX.-. I .
JONAH COMING OUT OF THE

SAMSON CARRYING OUT THE

GATEs or GAZA.

WHALEs BELLY.
Legitur in libro Jone prophete ii cap", quod cum ipse
Jonas fuisset in ventre ceti tribus diebus et tribus noc
tibus postea piscis eum expuit super terram aridam Jonas
qui post tres dies de pisce exivit signat cristum qui
post tres dies de sepulchro exivit vel resurrexit

THE RESURRECTION.

Legitur in libro judicum xvi cap, de Sampsone quod

ipse media nocte surrexit portas que civitatis ereas ambas
sua fortitudine deiecit et exitus civitatem secum detulit
Sampson cristum signat qui media nocte de sepulchro
surgens portas sepulchri deiecit et liber atque potentia
iude cxivit.
DAVID.
Excxtatus est tanquam domus dormiens dominus.

V. obsessus torois .~ sampson valeas tulit urbz's.

GENESEOS xlix.
Catulus leoms iuda filius meus.

V. De tumulo ariete .- surgens te denotat ista

OSEE vi.

In die tercia suscitabit nos sciemus et sequemur

SOPHO. iii.
In die resurrectionis mee congregabo gentes.

cum.

v". Quem sumam teitfriagens tumulum i/Lesus emit.

XXX-.1: .
THE DAUGHTER 0E SION SEEKING
FOR HER. SPOUSE.
Legitur in libro salomonis canticorum iiio capti de ipsa
Legitur in genesi xxxviio cap, quod ruben venit et
quaesivit fratrem suum Joseph in cysterna quam cum sponsa qu querendo sponsum dilectum ait queswi quem
invenisset turbatus erat nimis ad fratres suos ait puer diligit anima mea et non inveni illum hc sponsa figuram
non comparet et ego quo ibo ruben hic mariam magda gerit mariam (sic) magdalene qu suum dilectum que
lenam signat qu cum dolore et devocione cristum sivit in tumulo et postea in orto invenit
qusivit in sepulchro cum autem responsum ab angelo
recepisset quod a mortuis resurrexisset ipsa postmodum
cum videre meruit
REUBEN SEARCHING FOR HIS
BROTHER IN THE WELL.

THE THREE MARIEs AND THE

ANGEL AT THE SEPULCHRE.

YsA. lv.
Quemte dominum dum inveniri potest invocate eum
dum prope est.
V. Ruben sublatam .- puerum timet esse necatum

MIGIIE. ultimo.
Ego autem aspiciam ad dominum et expectabo eum.

DAVID.
Letetur cor quia est cum dominum

v-. Hec pia vota gerit dam sponsam sedula querz't.

GENESI xlix.
_
Salutare tuum expectabo domine

V. Quad vivas criste .- certum docet angelus iste

35

XXXI.. I .
THE KING or BABYLON GAUSING

CHRIST APPEARING ro
MARY MAGDALEN
IN THE GARDEN.

DANIEL ro BE RELEASED

FROM THE DEN or LIONs.

Legitur in daniele xiiiio capi quod cum daniel pro

pheta missus fuisset in lacum leonum ut leones eum occi 1

derent mane facto rex venit ad lacum leonum et ad i

danielem ut videret si adhuc viveret qui cum videret 1

eum vivere gavisus est valdez Rex enim iste mariam r
magdalenam signat quando maria venit ad monumentum
postea dominum suum vidit et quia a mortuis resur

THE DAUGHTER or
SION DISCOVERING
HEH SPOUSE.

Legitur in cantico canticorum iiio capi quod sponsa

cum suum dilectum invenisset dixit inveni quem diligit
anima mea et iterum tenebo eum et non dimittam eum
sponsa hc mariam magdalenam signat qu suum spon
sum id est cristum videns ipsum tenere voluit qui sibi
taliter respondit noli me tangere nondum enim ascendi
ad patrem meum.

rexit gavisa est valde.

DAVID
Non derelInguIs querentes te domme.
v-. Rem jocundatur tumo ut vivam @eculatur.

1 REGUM ii.
Exultawt cor meum in domino.
Tenui eum nec dimittam.

CANTICOR. iii.

V'. Sponso quesitofruitur iam qwnsa cupita.

YsAI. lx.

OSEE. ii.
Adducam eam in solitudinem et ibi loquar ad cor eIus.

Gaudens gaudebo in domino et exultabo in deo.

V. Te monstraizs piam .- solar/is crista marz'am.

XXXII.. m .
JOSEPH DISCOVERING HIMSELF
ro HIs linn-ruinam

CHRIST APPEARING ro
HIS DISCIPLES.

Legitur in genesi lxvo capi quod Joseph vidisset fra

tres suos terrore concussos et multitudinem timentes

ignorantes que quod Joseph esset dixit eis ego sum frater
vester Joseph nolite timere et sic consolatus est eos:
Joseph cristum signat qui post resurrexionem suam
discipulis suis existentibus apparuit et eos alloquendo

consolatus est dicens nolite timere ego sum.

_
'
v _
DAVID.
AdImplebIs me leticla cum vultu tuo.
V. quos veitpriaieliz blanditur fratribus idem.
YSAI. i.

THE RETURN OF THE

PRODIGAL SON.

Legitur in ewangelium luce xvo capi quod filius cuius

dam divitis ad patrem suum dixit ut sibi partem here
ditatis sue daret et cum sibi tradidisset abiit in regionem
longinquam et totam substantiam male consumpsit quo
facto ad patrem suum rediit et cum benigne recepit et
consolabatur iste enim pius pater signat illum patrem
celestem qui ad suos discipulos veniens eos de sua morte
consolatus est et suam resurrexionem manifestavit.
SAP. primo
Et apparuit liiis qui fidem habuere in illam
V'. Hem: ampleatur .- natum pater ac recrealur.

EZE. xxxiiii.
Ecce ego ipse requiram oves meas et vis1tabo eus.

Attendite ad petram unde excussi estis

V'. Hiz's z'llesus apparet . serpentis ylorz'a claret.

XXXIII.n
TIIE ANGEL APPEARING

ro GIDEON.

THE INCREDULITY OF
THOMAS.

Legitur in libro judicum vio capi quod angelus do

mini venit ad gedeonem dicens ad eum dominus tecum
virorum fortissime quare tu ipse populum liberabis et sic
factum esta Gedeon enim thomam signat ad quem
venit angelus magni consilii scilicet cristus et eum com
fortans in de: dixit mitte manum tuam in latus meum
et cognosce loca clavorum et noli esse incredulus sed
delis.
YSAI . lvii.
videns vide eum et dimisi eum et reduxi eum.

V'. Anyelus tim-tatur ne quizlyedeon vereatu-r.

DAvII).
Letifica domine animam servi tui.

JACOB WRESTLING WITH

THE ANGEL.

Legitur in genesi xxxiio capi quod cum angelus domini

venisset ad Jacob ipse angelum apprehendeus cum eo
luctabatur nec eum dimisit nisi cum benedixisset Jacob
iste thomam apostolum designat qui angelum scilicet
cristum tangens benedictionem hoc est certiticacioneui
de cristi resurrectione meruit obtinere

IHH. xxi.
Converte me et revertar quia tu dominus deus meus.
V. J/Irael est dictus Zuctans iacob benedictus

ZOPHRA. iij.
_
Attamen timebls mc suscipiens disciplinam
V. Te patcris criste palpari ac dat ut iste.

q
l

36

xxruv-n
ENOCII TAKEN UP INTO HEAVEN.

THE ASCENSION.

linum IN THE CHARIOT or FIRE.

Legitur in iiiio libo regum ii cap, quod cum helyas

Legitur in genesi v cap, quod enoch deo placuit et
translatus est in paradysum enoch enim qui cristo pla propheta in curru igneo tolleretur in celum heliseus
cuit cristum figurat qui summo patri placuit ideo in clamabat dicens pater mi pater mi currus israel et auriga
paradysum celestem id est in celum ascendere meruit eius helyas cristum signabat quem videntes apostoli quos
eum enim in die ascencionis super omnes choros ange helyseus signabat in celum ascendentem amirati sunt
cum cristus eis dixit ascendo ad paterem (sic) meum.
lorum exaltavit
DAVID.
Ascendit deus in jubilatione et dominus in voce turbe.

YsAIE. lxiii.
Quis est iste qui venit de edon tinctis vestibus, &c.
V'. Celitus effectus lielia per aera vectus.

v-. Enoch translatus cete-artibus est sociatum

DEUT. xxx.
Sicut aquila provocans pullos suos ad volandum.

MICHE. ii.
Ascendit iter pendens ante eos.

V. Sanetas sanctorum cristuepetit astra polorum.

XXXV.-_, p ,
THE DESCENT O F
UPON TH E

MOSES RECEIVING THE

TABLES or THE LAW.

Legitur in exodo xxxiio cap, quod dominus dixit ad

moysen ascende ad me in montem et dabo tibi duas
tabulas testimonii sicut enim moysi lex fuit data et in
tabulis lapideis inscripta sic in die pentecohostes fuit lex
nova in cordibus fidelium inscripta quando ignis super
credentes in unum congregatos apparuit

THE HOLY Gnos'r

ELIJAIIs SACRIFICE CONSUMED
APOSTLES.
BY FIRE FROM HEAVEN.
Legitur in iii lib regum xviiio cap, quod helyas pro
pheta cum imposuisset holocaust-um scilicet bovem unum
super lignum et constante populo invocavit dominum et
ignis veniens de celo consumpsit omnia et sic credidit
populus in dominos lste ignis celitus signat istum ignem
divinum, qui in die pentechostes venit super discipulos et
purgavit eos et omnia vicia peccatorum consumpsit.

DAVID.
Emitte spiritum tuum et creabuntur.

SAPIE. i.
Spiritus domini replevit orbem terrarum

v-. fet lem divina .- nloysi data virtice syna.

V'. Celicaamma venit etplebis pectora lenit

EZE. xxxiii
Spiritum meum ponam medio vestri.

JOHEL ii.
Super servos meos ancillas meas effundam

va Pee/0m verorum replet ali/iam pnezzma virorum

xxxv I.,
SOLOMON carisma nis MOTHER
TO SIT BY nis SIDE.

q.

THE commi-iov or
TIIE VIRGIN.

Legitur in iii libo regum iio cap, quod cum bersabee,

mater salomonis fuisset ingressa ad eum in palacium
suum ipse rex salomo iussit poni matri sue thronum
iuxta thronum suum bersabee virginem gloriosam signat
cuius thronus positus est iuxta thronum veri salomonis
scilicet ibesu cristi.
DAVID.
Voltum tuum deprecabuntur omnes divites plebis.
V. lnyressam matrem .- salomo sibi collocat istam
YSAI. xxxv.
Gloria libani data est ei decor carmeli et saron.

ESTHER AND AHASUERUS.

Legitur in libro hester iio cap, quod cum regina hester

venisset ad regem assuerum in suum pallacium ipse rex
assuerus honorando eam iuxta se posuit hester regina
virginem mariam signat quam assuerus id est cristus in
die assumptionis sue in gloria celesti iuxta se collocavit.
CANTIC. ultimo.
Que est ista que assendit per desertum
v-. Hester ut ingreditur .- et assuerum veneratar.

SAP. iiii.
o quam pulchra est casta generatio cum caritate

v-. Aseumendo piam . venerare criste mariam

57
XXXVII.~1'
TEE AMALEKITE wno SL-aw SAUL,
TEE JUDGMENT or
THE LAST
KILLED BY ORDER or DAVID.
SOLOMON.
lune M EN '1.
Legitur in quarto lib regum iii cap, quod venerunt
Legitur in ii lib regum 1 cap, quod rex david post
due matres meretrices coram salomonem et contendebant mortem saul mansit in sizilech et veniens unus alterra
de filiis suis coram judice de filio oppresso et vivo qui cum amalachitarum iactabat se quod interfecisset cristum
non posset aliter iudicare dixit afferte mihi gladium et domini scilicet saul regem et data est super eo sentencla
dividite infantem vivum et translata sunt viscera matris mortis a david quia os ejus locutum fuisset adversus
infantis vivi et dixit date ei infantem vivum et cessavit eum et dixit ad armigerum suum irrue in eum et mter
iudicare. Per salomonem sapientissimum cristus intel fice eum David cristum signat qui ut amalachitam davul
ligitur qui judicabat iustos et iniustos secundum verum judicaturus est omnes gentes in equitate unicuique remu
iudicium
nerabit iuxta delicta sua.

ECCLES. iii.
Justum et impium iudicabit dominus
v-. Dicat nunc jusle dandus matri puer iste

l REGUM ii.
Dominus iudicabit nes terre.
V. 06 dominum cr-istum .- sic david iudicat isluuL

YSAIE ii.
Judicabit gentes et arguet populos multos

EZE. vii.

Judicabit tc juxta vias tuas

v-. iudico dampnandos reprobos simul ulque nep/laudas

xxxan-s
SODOM AND GOMORRAH DESTROYED
I-I EL L.
DA'I'EAN, AND ABIRAM.
BY FIRE FROM HEAvEN.
Legitur in libro deuteronomii xio cap, quod dathan et
Legitur in genesi xixcap, quod propter peccata sodom
abiron habitantes in medio israel propter quod mandatum orum et gomorreorum immisit ignem dominus de celo
dei non servaverint absorti sunt a terra cum domibus et super civitates has atque subverse sunt ambe per sodomam
tabernaculis suis. Per dathan et abiron signantur pec et gomorrham intelliguntur peccatores terre viventes
catores non curantes de lege catholica nec decalogi et in secundum desideria corporum eorum extelancia oculos
grediuntur in infernum qui est locus peccatorum plenus eorum et cum mane exortum fuerit tunc apparebant
dolo et igne qui devorabit eos atque cum dyabolo omnes peccatores terre atque ad infernum destinabuntur
vivi et dampnabuntur.
punientur.
TEE DESTRUCTION or KORAH,

SAPIE. xviii.

DAVID.

Fex eius non est exinanita bibent omnes peccatores

SImIli pena servus cum domino pun1etur.

terre.

V'. Hi terre dayifurr quia crista nonfamulanlur.

damnum xxv.
Perdam ex eis vocem gaudn eorum.

v-. 06 crimen vi/e.- lrudzmtur sic sodomite

J OB xvi.
Saturati sunt penis meis.

V. Sic ajliauutur penis qui prava sequuniur.

xxx1x.-. t .
TIIE FEAST or THE
CHILDREN OE JOB.

CHRIST BEARING THE SOULs OE

JAOOEs VISION or

THE BLESSED IN HIS MANTLE.

Legitur in libro Job primo cap, quod lii sui habe

bant convivia per domos suas unusquisque in domo sua et
mittentes pro sororibus suis ut secum comederint et bibe
rint. Filii Job sunt sancti qui cotidiana faciunt convivia
mittentes pro salvandis ut veniant ad gaudium eternum
et eternaliter deo fruantur amen.

DAVID.

Gaudete iusti m domino et gloriamlnl omnes recti corde.

V. Job nati gaudent quia sicfeliciter audeat
IN LIBRO, JosUE i.

Omnem locum quem calcaverit vestigium tuam (sic).

THE LADDER.

Legitur in genesi xxiiiio cap, quod cum Jacob vidisset

occasum solis invenit lapidem quem subposuit capiti suo
in sompnio vidit scalam erectam a terra usque in celum
et angelos deseendentes et dominum innixum scale dicen
tem sibi; terra in qua dormis tibi dabo et semini tuo in
seculum per iacob subaudi animam fidelem qu cum
obdormierit in lapide id est cristo obtinebit terram lacte
et melle manantem id est regnum celorum.
THOEI. ii.
I
Et ere ceperunt per gaud1o.
v-. Anyelus est visus Jacob in lioc valde yavisua
ISAIE ultimo.
Letamini cum iherusalem et exultate m eam omnes

qui diligitis eam.

V. o pater in velis .- me tecum pascere velis
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ST. JOHN AND THE ANGEL. -

- Legitur in cantico canticorum iiiio capt quod sponsus

Legitur in apocalypsi xxi cap; quod angelus dei ap
alloquitur sponsam cum eam sumendo dixit tota pulchra prehendit Jhoannem ewangelistam cum esset in_ spiritu et
est amica mea et macula non est in te veni amica mea et volens sibi ostendere-archana dei dixit ad eum veni osten- _
scoronaberis Sponsus verus iste est cristus qui assumendo dam tibi sponsam uxorem agni angelus loquitur ad omnes
eam sponsam qu est anima sine maculaomnis peccati in generali ut veniant ad auscultandum in spiritu agnum
et introducit eam in requiem eternam et coronat eam innocentem cristum animam innocentem cpronantem
cum corona immortalitatis - -_
'

DAVID.

_Tanquam sponsus procedens de thalamo suo.

'

YSAIE iii.

V'. Laus anime vere sponsam bene sensi lzabere.

EZECIEL xxiiij.
Corona tua circumligata sit tibi et calciamenta in
pedibus
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'lanquam sponsus decoravit me corona.

v-. Sponm amat sponsam crz'sfus nimis et speciosam.
OZEE ij.
Sponsabo tc m sempiternuuu &c.

V. Tuna gaudent am'me sibi

I.

quando bannum datur mime.

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