Blood Glucose

Learning
Outcome
Distribution

Content
o To storage
Liver(as glycogen)
Fat
Muscles(as glycogen)
o To synthesize ATP
Brain
Kidneys
Muscles

Glycogenesis
&
Glycogenolysis

Homeostasis

o Liver
o Hormones

Phases of
Glucose
Homeostasis

Nutritional
State
Source of
Glucose
Tissues
using
glucose

Major Fuel
of Brain

Clinical
Relevance

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Well-fed

Post-Absorptive

Fasting

Exogenous
(Dietary
glucose)
All

Hepatic
glycogen,
gluconeogenesis
All except liver.
Muscle &
adipose tissue
at a diminished
rate.
Glucose

Hepatic and
renal
gluconeogenesis
Brain and RBCs.
Small amount by
muscles.

Phase 4
Prolonged
Fasting/
Starvation
Hepatic and
renal
gluconeogenesis
Brain at a
diminished rate.
RBCs normal.

Glucose

Ketone Bodies

Glucose

o Diabetes Mellitus
Group of chronic metabolic disorder caused
by:
The lack of insulin
Diminished effectiveness of insulin
Characterized by:
A chronically raised blood glucose level
Abnormalities in fat & protein
metabolism

Past Year Qs
Essay:
-

2000; Role of gluconeogenesis in the maintenance of normal blood glucose

level.
2001; How insulin and glucagon help to regulate the level of blood glucose
in the body.
2010; the maintenance of blood glucose level.
2012; the maintenance of blood glucose level.

Short Notes:
-

2008; Blood glucose homeostasis.

PBQ
-

2001; Role of gluconeogenesis in increasing the blood glucose level.

2009; Blood glucose maintenance.
2013; How blood glucose level is maintained in a fasting person.

MCQ
27. Endocrine factor increase blood glucose (EOB 2004)
A
B
C
D
E

Glucagon
Insulin
Cortisol
Somatotropin
ADH

17. Regarding metabolic changes during fasting (EOB 2008)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Gluconeogenesis is the main source of blood glucose within 4 hours

Muscle glycogen contributes directly to plasma glucose
Hormone sensitive lipase is activated
Glucagon secretion activates glycogen phosphorylase
Alanine provide substrate for gluconeogenesis

49. The metabolic process for maintaining blood glucose level after prolonged
fasting include: (EOB 2009)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Glycolysis.
Glycogenesis.
Pentose phosphate pathway.
Gluconeogenesis.
Ketogenesis.

27. What is the precursor of blood glucose after 24 hours of fasting? (Minitest
2008, 2009, 2010)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Muscle protein
Liver glycogen
Muscle glycogen
Blood lactate
Cycling glycerol

26. Insulin regulates blood sugar levels by (Minitest 1 2003)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Uptake of glucose by extrahepatic tissues

Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenesis
Glycolysis
Lipolysis