Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Doble - Symmetrical Type Phase Shifting Transformers Basic Relay Protection
Doble - Symmetrical Type Phase Shifting Transformers Basic Relay Protection
RELAY PROTECTION
Rene M. Tuballa
ABB Inc.
Paul Cass
NSTAR
Xiaodong Liu
NSTAR
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the basic relay protection design of a conventional dual core
Symmetrical Phase Shifting Transformers (PST). The paper will start with the basic principles and
applications of the PST in the power system with examples of power flow simulations as the taps are
moved to different positions. The final part of the paper will be discussions of the protection philosophy
using the multifunction microprocessor relay and how the settings are calculated to come up with the
differential protection scheme. An example of setting parameters are shown for the differential
protections and validated by the data recorded during the commissioning of the PSTs.
INTRODUCTION
The bulk power stations today are undergoing relay protection system upgrades from the old electro
mechanical relays to the multifunction microprocessor relays. Setting data needs to be migrated to the
new relay which makes it necessary to revisit the principles and applications of the equipment that is
being protected. Most of the time, the protection engineers are familiar with the theory and principles of
the equipment but when it comes to protecting PSTs, the task is somewhat complicated. PSTs have
always presented challenges to protection engineers due to being more complex than the regular power
transformers with many different currents that make the task tedious to develop a complete protection
scheme [2].
What compounded the challenges are that engineers who were involved in the original design of the
protection of the PST were mostly retired and that manuals that provide technical explanation of the
PSTs principle is hard to find. There are papers available from the IEEE library and from other authors
who have published in part about the principles, applications and protections of PST. Some of these
papers are being used as references here. References [3] and [4] provide clear guidelines of protecting
the type of PST that is being discussed in this paper.
The main purpose of PST is to control the power flow in electrical power systems. It changes the voltage
phase angle relationship of the load side of the PST with respect to the source side. This is
accomplished by advancing or retarding the regulating unit tap changer, resulting in the change of active
power flow in the power system,. There are types of PSTs that produce a load side voltage whose
amplitude is different from the source side voltage. For the symmetrical type PST, only the phase angle
relationship changes and that the voltage amplitude for the source and the load are equal.
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
)(
(2)
The sending end active and reactive power components are given by the following equations:
(3)
=
)(
(4)
If
=
=0
Let us say
but
)(
then,
(6)
(7)
From the equations 1, 3, and 6, the active power transferred which is the same as the power received
( ) is a function of the voltage magnitude, the transmission line impedance, and the load angle . There
are power system equipment on the grid that can control power transfer by changing any of the variables
of the power transfer equation.
Series capacitors, SVC, shunt connected capacitor banks, shunt
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 2 of 25
connected reactor banks, UPFC, and PST are among such equipment. If series capacitors or
compensation are not used and the optimal operation of the power system requires that the voltage
magnitude at any bus cannot deviate significantly from the nominal value, the control of active power
transfer is achieved primarily through variations in load angle . This is where PST is appropriately
applied.
The PST can be modeled with an ideal transformer in series with a phase shifter as shown on Figure 2,
having a complex turns ratio and impedance
in series. Similar to the transmission line
impedance, the ohmic resistance is also assumed to be small and thus has been neglected [4]. The
power flow through the line is increased by adding an angle to the existing load angle [5].
PST
Transmission line model with a PST
Figure 2
The new power flow equation with PST on the line is now given as,
(8)
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 3 of 25
A typical example of how the PST works is shown on Figure 4. The active power flow division between
the two lines shown on Figure 4a is inversely proportional to the total impedance of the each line when
the PST is at neutral tap position (0). In this example line 1 is showing 70 MW and line 2 is showing 30
MW so it can be deduced that the Line 1 impedance is smaller than the impedance of Line 2. On Figure
4b, the PST tap changer was moved to advance position at =5 which allows Line 2 to increase its share
of power flow from 30 MW to 40 MW and Line 1 decreases to 60 MW.
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 4 of 25
70MW
100MW
30MW
(a)
60MW
100MW
40MW
(b)
(a) Power flow at neutral tap. (b) Power flow at
Figure 4
advance tap
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 5 of 25
L1
L2
L3
S1
S2
S3
Primary
Primary
Serie
S1
Secondary
Secondary
On
Series Unit
Exciting Unit
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 6 of 25
(a)
(b)
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 7 of 25
which is the
(9)
Where
| |
(10)
|
|
(11)
|
|
(12)
as shown on Figure 9.
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 9 of 25
1.2
3.5
P (pu)
(rad)
P
P
2.5
0.8
2
0.6
1.5
0.4
1
0.2
0.5
0
0
0.5
Relationships of P,
1.5
[5]
Figure 9
The power curve was added to indicate the effect of impedance variations of PSTs. The
impedance of PSTs at taps 16A and 16R in Table 1 have a scaling factor of 2.03 compared to
the impedance at neutral tap (N) position. Typical power flows through each PST at different
taps as shown in Table 1 are simulated under normal network conditions, which mean no
significant outages on the transmission and the generation systems or there are no overloading
conditions in the system. The results indicate that the active power flow nearly linearly
increases with the tap position over the range of PST rating. This characteristic is very
desirable for operators to balance area active power flow.
Protection of the Symmetrical Phase Shifting Transformers
Basic Design of PST Protection
In general, the protection of the PST is dependent of its design and the locations of the current
transformers. It is imperative to understand how the currents are flowing through the windings
of the PST in order to effectively design the protection scheme. This paper will focus on the
basic philosophy of the protection as applied to differential protections only. Figure 10 shows
only one phase of the currents flowing on the windings of the indirect symmetrical type PST, the
conventional type which consists of delta secondary series windings and WYE WYE grounded
exciting windings.
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 10 of 25
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 11 of 25
Since the tap connection for the primary exciting winding is at the center, it is assumed that the number of
turns on the of the primary source side winding is equal to the number of turns of the primary load side
winding which is represented as
, therefore
=
(19)
Using 16, 17, 18, and 19, the series unit turns ratio or often called the k factor can be represented by the
equation,
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 12 of 25
(20)
Where
( )
Using equations 18, 19, and 20 the secondary current flowing inside the delta is,
(
(21)
So for each phase, the following equations are obtained for the secondary delta side:
(
(22)
(23)
(24)
The secondary line current coming out of the secondary delta of the series unit which is used as the
exciting or regulating currents as shown on Figure 10, can be obtained through Kirchhoffs current law
through the following equations:
(25)
(26)
(27)
By using equations 22 to 27, the secondary exciting currents are the following:
(
(28)
(29)
(30)
Figure 12 shows the connections of the current transformers (CT) to the relays. The relays are
multifunction microprocessor type, therefore capable of having several sets of CT inputs and can perform
different protection functions. All CTs are WYE or star connected with polarities away from the windings
just like the standard differential protection connection. There are two relays used and often times the
primary and secondary relays are supplied by different manufacturers.
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 13 of 25
The basic protection connection on Figure 12a does not provide complete redundancy for each other. So
two additional ground overcurrent relays are connected on the neutral of the WYE connected primary and
secondary of the exciting transformer. Figure 12b uses auxiliary CTs for inputs to the primary and
secondary relays in order to provide complete redundancy of the protection such that if one relay is out of
service, the remaining relay provides complete protection.
The primary differential protection is based on the Kirchhoffs Current Law while the secondary differential
protection is based on the ampere-turn balance between three windings installed around the magnetic
core of the series transformer [7]. Both differential protections used the standard differential protection of
a three winding, three phase transformers.
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 14 of 25
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 15 of 25
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 16 of 25
The secondary differential protection CT contributions come from the source (CT2), load (CT3), and
secondary exciting (CT6) windings. The series unit of the PST is represented by a standard, three
winding, Yyd three-phase power transformer, meaning the source and the load windings are
characterized as WYE connections while the secondary winding is DELTA connected. To complete the
setting data, the rated secondary current, the secondary phase to phase voltage, and the vector group
numbers or phase shift relationships must be determined which in essence relate also to the locations of
the CT contributions to the relays. Using the nameplate data and the equations shown on the previous
sections the following data can be derived:
Rated voltage across the source winding (line to neutral) =
Yy0d3
setting document used was 0.6981. Using this value the voltage across the secondary delta winding,
was determined.
=
The magnitude of the current flowing inside the delta,
determined by two solutions shown below:
1.
=[
2.
, and
is
= 1001.57 ( ) = 578.27 A
= 578.30 A
The vector group which is the phase shift relationship of the windings needs to be determined. This time
the exciting current contribution is coming from the secondary delta. Normally CTs inside the delta are
not provided so the CTs are mounted to measure the line current of the delta. The setting for the phase
shift of the delta secondary series unit depends on where the polarity of the delta windings.
The typical vector group of the conventional symmetrical PST is either Yy0d9 or Yy0d3 with 9 o clock
representing 90 lead and 3 o clock representing 90 lag. By referring to Figure 18, let us assume that
the primary source and load currents are in phase then applying the equations derived for the line
currents out of the delta results in
,
, and
. In this equation,
the delta line current lags the primary series unit winding current by 90 (3 o clock). If the opposite is
true such as
,
, and
, then the delta line current leads the
primary series unit winding currents by 90 (9 o clock).
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 18 of 25
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 19 of 25
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 20 of 25
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 21 of 25
Table 1
Commissioning data from 87S relay
, this is slightly higher than 0.6981 value that was used on the setting solutions. The
data on table 1 were used into the following equations below in order to verify the measured data.
[(
)]
[(
[(
(
(
)
)]
(
)]
Using given
Using calculated
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 22 of 25
Table 2
Commissioning data from 87P Relay
The 87P vector group was set on the neutral tap which is Yy0y0, where in theory the exciting primary
current is zero. Now with the tap being advance to 3A position an exciting current was measured to 30A
for phase A with angle not recorded but assumed to be the same angle as recorded on the secondary
exciting current. The differential current calculation was based on the principle of Kirchhoffs Current Law
which means that the
. The differential current of Phase A shown below is
negligible.
CONCLUSION
The goal of this paper is to provide the basic understanding of the symmetrical type PST or PAR of its
principles, application, and relay protection design. This paper used several references in particular the
IEEE Guide in protecting the PST, knowing that the guide was written for electro mechanical relays.
There are papers written by others that provided technical analysis on improving the original guidelines
recommended by IEEE which now made possible by multifunction micro processor relays. It is
recommended to read those papers in order to have a full complement of understanding on how different
types of PSTs are protected.
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 23 of 25
REFERENCES
[1] P. Kundur: Power System Stability and Control, EPRI Power System Engineering Series,
McGraw Hill, 1994 (Chapter 6)
[2] R. Hedding: Some Old and New Thoughts on Phase Angle Regulators, ABB Inc., 2010 63
Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, March 2010.
rd
[3] IEEE Special Publication, Protection of Phase Angle regulator Transformers, A report to the
Substation Subcommittee of the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee Working Group K1,
October 1999
[4] M.A Ibrahim, F.P. Stacom, Phase angle Regulating Transformer Protection.
Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol9, No.1 January, 1994
IEEE
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 24 of 25
BIOGRAPHIES
Rene Tuballa graduated with a BSEE from Silliman University, Philippines. He has a MS Electrical and
Computer Engineering degree from Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) and a MS Operation and
Technology Management degree from Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT). He is ABB Regional Technical
Manager for US Northeast Region and a member of the IEEE PES. He served in the US Navy for 12
years and has co-authored technical papers that were presented at the Euro Power Grid Conference,
DOBLE Conference, and at Western Power Relaying Conference (WPRC).
Xiaodong Liu is a Principal Engineer, Operating Support with NSTAR Electric & Gas Corporation. He
received his Ph.D. degree from Shanghai Jiaotong University, P.R. China in 1998. He was with EnerNex
Co., US, Macquarie Gen., Australia, and Shanghai Jiaotong University. His fields of interest include
network modeling, transients and dynamic simulations.
Paul Cass is a Relay Test and Substation Field Engineer at NSTAR Electric Gas & Gas Corporation. He
received his engineering degree from Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) and has been commissioning
and testing substation relays, controls, and power system equipment for over 25 years.
2013 Doble Engineering Company -80th Annual International Doble Client Conference All Rights Reserved
Page 25 of 25