For Review Only

Canadian Journal of Physics
Unsteady heat and mass transfer MHD nanofluid flow over a

stretching sheet with heat source/sink using QuasiLinearization technique.
r
Fo
Journal:
Manuscript ID
Manuscript Type:
Complete List of Authors:
Article
23-Apr-2015
Ahmad, R.; University of Queensland, School of Maths and Physics

Khan, Waqar; University of Waterloo, Canada, Department of Mechanical
Engineering,
vi
Keyword:
cjp-2014-0080.R4
Re
Date Submitted by the Author:
ew
Unsteady MHD nanofluid flow, heat source or sink, zero nanoparticle flux,
thermopherosis parameter, convective boundary condition, Lewis Number,
Brownian motion and Prandtl number
ly
On
https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjp-pubs
Page 2 of 23
Unsteady heat and mass transfer MHD nanofluid flow over a stretching
sheet with heat source/sink using Quasi-Linearization technique
R. Ahmad
School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072,
Queensland, Australia.
r
Fo
Waqar A. Khan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Re
Abstract
ew
vi
The current study deals with the two dimensional unsteady incompressible MHD water-based nanofluid
flow over a convectively heated stretching sheet by considering the Buongiornos model. A uniform
magnetic field is applied in the direction normal to the stretching sheet. It is assumed that the lower
surface of the sheet is heated by convection by a nanofluid at temperature Tf which generates the
heat transfer coefficient hf . Uniform temperature and nanofluid volume fraction are assumed at the
sheets surface and the flux of the nanoparticle is taken to be zero. The assumption of zero nanoparticle flux at the sheets surface makes the model physically more realistic. The effects of the uniform
heat source/sink are included in the energy equation. With the help of similarity transformations, the
partial differential equations of momentum, energy and nanoparticle concentration are reduced to a
system of non-linear ordinary differential equations along with the transformed boundary conditions.
The derived equations are solved with the help of the Quasi-Linearization technique. The model is
solved by considering the realistic values for the Lewis number, thermophoresis and Brownian motion
parameters. The objective of the current study is (I) to provide an efficient numerical technique for
solving the boundary layer flow model (II) introduction of zero nanoparticle flux on the convectively
heated stretching surface. The current study also focuses on the physical relevance and accurate
trends of the boundary layer profiles, which are adequate in the laminar boundary layer theory. The
dependence of the nanoparticle volume fraction and other pertinent parameters on the dimensionless
velocity, temperature, shear stress and heat transfer rates over the stretching surface are presented
in the form of profiles.
ly
On
Page 3 of 23
Key Words
Unsteady MHD nanofluid flow, heat source or sink, zero nanoparticle flux, thermopherosis parameter,
Lewis Number, Brownian motion, convective boundary condition, and Prandtl number.
Nomenclature
actual value of each parameter
unsteadiness parameter
magnetic field strength parallel to y-axis
nanoparticle volume fraction
ambient nanoparticle volume fraction
specific heat at constant pressure, J/(kg.K)
default value of each parameter
Brownian diffusion coefficient
thermophoretic diffusion coefficient
dimensionless stream function
heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluid, W/(m2 .K)
thermal conductivity of the fluid, W/(m.K)
thermal conductivity of the nanofluid, W/(m.K)
dimensionless Lewis number
magnetic parameter
dimensionless Brownian motion parameter
convetice paramter
dimensionless thermophoresis parameter
local Nusselt number
pressure
Prandtl number
surface mass flux, kg/s.m2
surface heat flux, W/m2
Reynolds number
time, s
temperature, K
temperature at the sheets surface
r
Fo
ew
vi
Re
ly
On
A
B
B0
C
C
cp
D
DB
DT
f
hf
kf
knf
Le
M
Nb
Nc
Nt
N ux
p
Pr
qm
qw
Rex
t
T
Tw
Page 4 of 23
Tf
T
u, v
Uw (x)
Vw
x, y
hot nanofluid temperature

ambient temperature or free stream temperature
velocity components along the x and y directions, m/s
velocity of the stretching sheet, m/s
constant mass suction or injection parameter
Cartesian coordinates along the sheet and normal to it, respectively
r
Fo
Greek Symbols
thermal diffusivity of nanofluid, m2 /s
similarity variable
dimensionless temperature
dimensionless stretching or shrinking parameter
dimensionless mass suction and injection parameter
dynamic viscosity, N. s/m2
kinematic viscosity of the nanofluid, m2 /s
nanofluid density, kg/m3

( cp )f
heat capacity of the fluid
( cp )p
effective heat capacity of the nanoparticle material
parameter defined by ( cp )/( cp )p

w
surface shear stress
nanoparticle volume fraction
stream function
Electric conductivity (Boltzmann constant), J/K
ew
vi
Re
ly
On
Introduction
A nanofluid consists of a conventional liquid, known as base fluid (water and ethylene glycol etc)
and the solid nanoparticles with a typical length scale of 1 to 100 nm suspended within them. Recent studies ([1]-[2]) show that nanofluid has become a major topic of interest in convective heat
transfer process. Nanofluids enhances thermal conductivity and are used in various applications such
as lubricants, heat exchangers, micro-electromechanical systems, micro-channel heat sinks, coolant,
advanced nuclear systems, polymer technology, and metallurgy as described by Das et al.[3]. Buongiorno [4] reported that the nanoparticle absolute velocity can be estimated as the sum of the base
fluid and relative velocities, respectively. He proposed the convective nanofluid model involving
3
Page 5 of 23
r
Fo
Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis parameters. A review based on the statistical analysis for
the anomalous heat transfer modes of the nanofluids is briefly described by Sergis and Hardalupas
[5]. Wherein, the authors observed many studies regarding the anomalous heat transfer modes for
the nanofluids and found that their physical foundations were not valid. The purpose of [5] was to
resolve the complications faced by previous researchers by employing an impartial statistical analysis
in order to present and reveal the actual trends regarding the anomalous heat transfer modes for the
nanofluids. The fundamental concepts of the unsteady viscous fluid flow in the boundary layer is
best described by Telionis [6].
ew
vi
Re
An electrically conducting fluid has significant influence on the laminar boundary layer flow. Mukhopadhyay [7] examined the MHD boundary layer flow and heat transfer towards an exponentially stretching sheet embedded in a thermally stratified medium. He observed that the heat transfer rate at the
stretching sheet increases in the presence of thermal stratification and the fluid velocity decreases
with increasing the magnetic parameter. Lin et al.[8] investigated the MHD heat transfer flow of a
pseudo-plastic nanofluid in a finite film over the unsteady stretching surface with internal heating
effects. They considered four different types of nanoparticles i.e., Cu, Ag, Al2 O3 and TiO2 with
pseudo-plastic carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-water used as base fluids and the effects of pertinent
parameters on the velocity and temperature fields are also presented. Freidoonimehr et al.[9] explored the transient MHD laminar free convective flow of the nanofluid past a vertical surface. The
vertical surface is considered porous and stretched under acceleration. Sheikholeslami et al.[10] investigated the nanofluid flow and heat transfer characteristics between two horizontal parallel plates in
a rotating system. They calculated the effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of the nanofluid
by using KKL (KooKleinstreuerLi) correlation. They further showed that the magnitude of the
skin friction coefficient is an increasing function of the magnetic parameter, rotation parameter and
Reynolds number and it is a decreasing function of the nanoparticle volume fraction. Boundary layer
flow of the nanofluid past a stretching sheet with convective boundary condition was reported by
Makinde and Aziz [11], wherein, they examined the effects of various embedding parameters on the
dimensionless velocity, temperature and heat transfer rates on stretching surface. Bechok et al. [12]
found dual solution for the unsteady heat transfer flow of the nanofluid over a permeable sheet with
the help of Runge-Kutta (RK45) technique. In dual solution, the upper branch solution was found
to be stable and physically relevant, while the lower branch solution was unstable (see Bechok et al.
[12]). Recently, Kuznetsov and Neild [13] applied the zero flux of the nanoparticles at the surface by
considering the Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters. They further indicated that the
reduced Nusselt number was a decreasing function of N t and buoyancy ratio N r, and was nearly
ly
On
Page 6 of 23
independent of the Brownian motion parameter N b when the nanoparticle flux on the boundary
was assumed to be zero. The study was distinct from the previously investigated cases of actively
controlled nanoparticle fraction at the surface, where the effect of Brownian motion was insignificant.
r
Fo
The objectives of the current study are (I) to investigate the heat and mass transfer characteristics of an unsteady, two-dimensional MHD boundary layer flow of a water-based nanofluid over a
convectively heated stretching sheet using Quasi-Linearization technique and (II) to employ zero
nanoparticle flux at the sheets surface, which was elucidated by Kuznetsov and Nield [13]. With the
help of the similarity transformations, the system of partial differential equations have been reduced
to a system of higher order non linear ordinary differential equations. These equations have been
solved with the help of Quasi-Linearization technique and the results are compared with the numerical technique i.e., RK45. It has been shown that the Quasi-Linearization is the most efficient and
accurate technique than the RK45. The influences of the pertinent parameters on the dimensionless velocity, temperature, solid volume fraction, shear stress, and heat transfer rates are presented
graphically.
ew
vi
Re
Problem Formulation
ly
On
Consider an unsteady two dimensional incompressible viscous water-based MHD nanofluid flow over
a stretching sheet in a quiescent fluid as shown in Figure 1. In a Cartesian coordinate system, x
is measured along a stretching sheet in the direction of motion and y is the coordinate normal to it.
A uniform magnetic field of strength B0 is applied in the direction normal to the stretching sheet.
The free stream fluid temperature is assumed as T whereas, the temperature of the sheets wall
is taken as Tw . The temperature of the sheet is assumed uniform and greater than the free stream
temperature i.e., T > T . The lower surface of the sheet is heated by convection from a nanofluid
at temperature Tf with a heat transfer coefficient hf . At y = 0, the flux of the nanoparticle is taken
to be zero, which is discussed by Kuznetsov and Nield [13]. The nanoparticle volume fraction far
away from the sheet is assumed to be C . The cold fluid in contact with the upper surface of the
sheet generates/absorbs heat internally at the volumetric rate Q0 . For t > 0, the velocity of a sheet
B x
, where B is the unsteady parameter, which is always positive. The constant mass
is Uw (x) =
t
suction/injection Vw is also introduced in the analysis, where Vw > 0 and Vw < 0 are for the mass
suction and injection, respectively. The continuity, momentum, energy and nanoparticle volume
fraction partial differential equations for the current problem can be written as (see Kuznetsov and
Nield [14]):
5
Page 7 of 23
r
Fo
ew
vi
Re
ly
On
Page 8 of 23
electric conductivity of the nanofluid, and DB and DT are the Brownian diffusion and thermophoretic
diffusion coefficients, respectively. The boundary conditions for the current problem can be written
as:
At y = 0 : v = Vw ,
u = Uw (x) =
B x
,
t
At y :
knf
u = 0,
T
= hf (Tf T ),
y
T T ,
DB
C DB T
+
= 0, (6)
y
T y
C C ,
(7)
r
Fo
Under the laminar boundary layer flow approximation, it is assumed that the temperature gradient
along the sheets surface is much lower as compared to the temperature gradient normal to the sheets
surface. Hence, the temperature gradient in x-direction is neglected. Using the order of magnitude
analysis, Eqs.(1-5) are reduced to the following form:
Re
u v
+
= 0,
x y

2u
y 2
B02 u
,
ew
vi
u
u
u
dU (x)
+u
+v
= U (x)
+
t
x
y
dx
(8)
0=
1 P
,
y
(10)
2
C T
T
Q0
+ DB
+ DT
(T T ),
+
y y
T y
cp

2

C
DT 2 T
C
C
+
.
+v
= DB
t
y
y 2
T y 2

2T
y 2
ly
On
T
k
T
+v
=
t
y
cp
Similarity transformations
(9)
Following Bechok et al. [12], we define the following similarity transformations

r
1
C C
T T
f (), = y, () =
and () =
,
=Bx
t
Tf T
C
t
(11)
(12)
(13)
where, is the stream function, which gives the components of velocity
= x f (),
y
t
r
= B
f ().
v=
x
t
u=
(14)
(15)
Page 9 of 23
Using similarity transformations, Eqs(13-15), the governing equations can be written as

h
i

2
f + f + f + B f f f M f = 0,
2

+ P r N b + P r N t + P r B Q = 0,
+ Pr B f +
2
h
N t
i
= 0.
+ Le B f +
Nb
2
The transformed boundary conditions are:
r
Fo
(16)
(17)
(18)
Re
at = 0, f (0) = , f (0) = , (0) = N c(1 (0)), N b (0) + N t (0) = 0,
at , f () = 0, () = 0, () = 0.
(19)
(20)
ew
vi
In Eq.(17), P r = / is the Prandtl number of the water-based nanofluid. Equation(19) shows that
the normal flux of the nanoparticles is zero at the boundary by considering the Brownian motion and
thermophoresis parameters [13]. In Eq.(18), Le = /DB is the Lewis number, which describes the
fluid flows when there is simultaneous heat and mass transfer by convection. It was discovered by
Kuznetsov and Nield [13, 14] that nanofluids have higher values for Le i.e., Le > 1. Keeping in view
the same notion, we restrict Le as 1 < Le 15. In Eq.(19) the constant mass suction or injection
parameter is given by:
0.5
Vw t
.
(21)
=
B
On
Nb =
DB C
and
ly
The dimensionless Brownian motion (N b) and thermophoresis (N t) parameters are defined as (see[13]):
Nt =
DT Tf
,
T
(22)
Kuznetsov and Nield [13, 14] recommended that N b and N t values must not exceed 0.5. Khan et
al. [?] used N t = N b = 0.01 in order to show the weak effects of the thermophoresis and Brownian
motion parameters. Kuznetsov and Nield [13] took N t = N b = 105 in order to compare their results
for conventional fluid with the results presented in Bejan [15] (see Table 1 of [13]). More recently,
the sensitivity analysis was performed by Khan et al.[19], in which they found the range for N t and
N b values from 0.1 to 0.5. In order to validate the range of the parameters, the sensitivity analysis
is performed:
Page 10 of 23
Sensitivity Analysis
r
Fo
Several numerical computations are performed for various values of the embedded parameters to examine the sensitivity of the parameters. Based on literature review, and following ([12, 13, 14, 16, 19]),
the default values of different parameters are selected as N b = N t = 0.5, Le = 10, N c = 1, = 0.5,
M = 1, = 0.5, P r = 6.2, A = 0.1 and Q = 1. The sensitivity analysis is performed using
root mean square deviation (RMSD) which gives a good measure of accuracy to compare predicting
errors of various models for a particular parameter (see Table 1). The actual values of the parameters
and the corresponding function are listed in Table 1. The results demonstrate that the actual values (A) of the parameters are in good agreement with the default values (D) in the existing literature.
Re
Both the constant heat generation/absorption and magnetic parameters are expressed as:
Q=
t B02
Q0 t
and M =
.
cp
(23)
vi
The convective parameter is defined as:
hf
( t)0.5 .
knf /kf
ew
Nc =
(24)
ly
On
In Eq.(24) hf and kf are the heat transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity of the fluid. N c is the
convective parameter, which is expressed as the ratio between convective heat flux below the sheet
and conductive heat flux to the fluid above the sheet. It is interesting to note that when N c ,
the uniform wall temperature (UWT) boundary condition is achieved and when N c = 0, an insulated
boundary condition is achieved. When N c and Q = 0, we get equations originated by Bachok
et al.[12].
Skin friction
By definition, shear stress at the surface can be written as

u
,
w =
y y=0
Using similarity transformation Eq.(13), the skin friction coefficient can be defined as:
p
1
Cf Rex = f (0).
B
In Eq.(26), Rex =
Uw (x) x
is the dimensionless local Reynolds number.
(25)
(26)
Page 11 of 23
Nusselt number
The local Nusselt number for the convective boundary condition is defined as
N ux =
qw x
,
k Tw
(27)
r
Fo
where qw is the wall heat flux and can be defined as:

T
qw = knf
,
y y=0
(28)
Using transformations i.e., Eq.(13) and Eq.(28), we get

(29)
vi
Re
Sherwood number
1
Nu
x = (0).
Rex
B
ew
The role of the new boundary condition is quite vital, as the Sherwood number, which represents
the non-dimensional mass flux is identically zero i.e.
1
Sh
x = (0) = 0.
Rex
B
(30)
On
Quasi-Linearization and Runge-Kutta techniques
ly
A successive Quasi-Linearization technique along with the Runge-Kutta (RK45) has been implemented for solving the boundary value problem. The basis of the Quasi-Linearization technique
works on the principle of transforming the governing nonlinear boundary value problem into an iterative scheme made up of linear differential equations (see Bellman et al.[17]). Since, the system of
differential equations is highly non-linear in this case, so it is impossible to find an analytic solution
in closed form. Thus, it is necessary to choose an accurate numerical technique.
Numerical results of the current BVP are obtained with the help of Quasi-Linearization technique,
which produces highly accurate results with negligible error. Since the similarity variable ,
so the current BVP is solved for a finite domain. In the current boundary layer analysis, the far
field boundary conditions are restricted to max = 10. The dimensionless velocity in the momentum
boundary-layer asymptotically approaches to a free stream mean velocity in order to achieve the free
stream condition. In most cases, the computational work is carried out by taking a small step size
10
Page 12 of 23
r
Fo
of = 0.0001. All the other physical parameters, which are involved in the system of differential
equations are restricted to some fixed values, for which the self-similar solution exists. Multiple
solutions may or may not occur for the current problem as discussed by Turkyilmazoglu [18]. The
procedure of Quasi-Linearization technique for finding the solution of the current boundary value
problem is as follows:
The system of equations(16-18) along with the transformed boundary conditions in Eqs.(19-20) can
be written as:

f = f f B f f + B (f )2 + M B f ,
(31)
2

(32)
= B P r f P r P r N b P r N t ( )2 B P r Q ,
2
N t

Le B f Le ,
(33)
=
Nb
2
Now, defining the new variables
Re
x1 = f, x2 = f , x3 = f , x4 = , x5 = , x6 = , x7 =
(34)
vi
ew
The system of differential equations and the boundary conditions is transformed to seven equivalent
first order differential equation along with the boundary conditions in the following form
(35)
(36)
x1 = x2 = f 1 ,
On
x2 = x3 = f 2 ,
x3 = x3 x2 B x1 x3 + B (x2 )2 + M B x2 = f3 ,
2
x4 = x5 = f 4 ,
x5 = B P r x1 x5 P r x5 P r N b x5 x7 P r N t x25 B P r Q x4 = f5 ,
2
x6 = x7 = f 6 ,
i

h

Nt
x7 =
P r B x1 x5 x5 N b x5 x7 N t x25 B P r Q x4 Le x7 B x1 x7
= f7 .
Nb
2
2
Now, the new boundary conditions are:
ly
at = 0 :
(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
x1 (0) = f (0) = , x2 (0) = f (0) = , x5 (0) = N c (1 x4 (0)) , N b x7 (0)+N t x5 (0) = 0,

(42)
at :
x2 () = f () = 0, x4 () = () = 0, x6 () = () = 0.
(43)
The transformed system of equations Eqs.(35-41) have the following equivalent form:
x = f (
x, ) .
11
(44)
Page 13 of 23
r
Fo
The matrix form of the Taylors series expansion about x = x0 for the system of differential equations
Eqs.(35-41) can be written as:

x1
c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 c17
x1
1

x2 c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 c27 x2 2

x c31 c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 c37 x3 3
3

x4 = c41 c42 c43 c44 c45 c46 c47 x4 + 4

x5 c51 c52 c53 c54 c55 c56 c57 x5 5

x c

6 61 c62 c63 c64 c65 c66 c67 x6 6
x7
c71 c72 c73 c74 c75 c76 c77
x7
7

Re
fi
where cij =
xj
for all i, j = 1..7,
(45)
x0

7
X
fi
vi
i = fi (x0 , )
j=1
x0
(46)
the matrices c77 and 71 are:
0
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0 c45 0 0
c54 c55 0 0
0
0 0 c67
c74 c75 0 c77
ew
The derived form of the corresponding elements of
0 c12 0
0
0 c23
c31 c32 c33
c=0
0
0
c51 0
0
0
0
0
c71 0
0
xj
x0j ,
ly
On
where c12 = 1, c23 = 1, c31 = B x03 , c32 = 1 + 2 B x02 + M B, c33 = B x01 , c45 = 1,
2
c51 = B P r x05 , c54 = B P r Q, c55 = B P r x01 P r P r N b x07 2 P r N t x05 , c67 = 1

2
Nt
Nt
c71 =
B P r x05 Le B x07 , c74 =
B P r Q,
Nb
Nb
Nt
N t2 0
Nt
B P r x01 +
P r + P r N t x07 + 2 P r
x5 , c77 = N t P r x05 Le B x01 Le ,
c75 =
Nb
Nb
2
Nb
2
12
(47)
(48)
(49)
(50)
Page 14 of 23

0
1

0 2
0 0
3
B
(x
)
+
B
x
x
2
1
3

0
i = 4 =
P r N t (x05 )2 + B P r x01 x05
6
2
N t x05 )
(
N
t
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
B P r x1 x5 P r
Le B x1 x7 N t P r x5 x7
Nb
Nb
r
Fo
Re
The coefficients of ci j and i depend on the nominal trajectories x0 (). Thus, depending on the
initial guess of nominal trajectories x0 (), the solution of the matrix yields the nearest trajectories
of x1 (). These nearest trajectories are treated as nominal trajectories unless the next neighboring
trajectories are achieved. This procedure will continue until the convergence is gained. The obtained
solution is said to be convergent, when the following principle norm is satisfied.
m
X
max||x1j () x0j ||
vi
e=
j=0
(51)
ew
In Eq.(51), it is observed that e is the sum of maximum absolute difference between the nominal
and neighbouring trajectories of all the dependent variables. If the value of e falls below an imposed
number , the process of iteration is terminated and the sequence of solutions of the estimated linear
differential equations are assumed to be converged. The code of algorithm is executed in MATLAB.
Excellent convergence is achieved for all the results. The unsteady form of the skin friction coefficient
and the dimensionless heat transfer rates are:
p
1
(52)
Cf Rex = x4 (0).
B
ly
On
1
Nu
x = x5 (0).
Rex
B
(53)
Results and Discussion

The governing non-linear differential equations together with the boundary conditions are solved with
the help of Quasi-Linearization (QL) and RK45 techniques. In Table 2, the QL and RK45 results
are compared, which shows that the QL technique is an accurate and efficient technique than RK45.
Moreover, the percentage error of these two techniques is negligible. The variation of dimensionless
velocity, temperature and concentration with the transverse distance inside the boundary layers is
reported in Figs.(2-4) correspondingly. In each case, the effects of the controlling parameters on
13
Page 15 of 23
r
Fo
the respective dimensionless quantities are illustrated. Figure 2(a) elaborates the effects of magnetic field for two distinct values of the unsteady parameter. It can be seen that, in the absence of
magnetic field, the dimensionless velocity is found to be higher inside the hydrodynamic boundary
layer and it decreases with increasing the magnetic field. As a result, the hydrodynamic boundary
layer thickness and hence, the local skin friction decreases. The unsteadiness parameter also tends
to decrease the dimensionless velocity as well as the skin friction coefficient on the surface. Figure
2(b) represents the effects of the magnetic field, mass suction and blowing on the dimensionless velocity for two distinct values of stretching parameter on the heated stretching surface. The other
parameters are kept constant. As expected, the dimensionless velocity in case of mass blowing is
found higher as compared to mass suction, and it decreases as the velocity profiles moves from mass
blowing to mass suction inside the hydrodynamic boundary layer. Due to this reason, the boundary
layer thickness and hence the skin friction coefficient is found smaller in case of mass suction. The
dimensionless velocity at the surface also relies on the stretching parameter . The velocity over the
heated stretching surface increases with an increase in the stretching parameter, and therefore, the
boundary layer thickness also increases. The effects of the controlling parameters on the dimensionless temperature are illustrated in Fig.3(a-b). It is anticipated that in the presence of magnetic field,
the dimensionless surface temperature decreases in case of heat absorption and increases in case of
heat generation. This is explored in Figure 3(a). The unsteadiness parameter also helps in increasing
the dimensionless surface temperature in case of heat generation. It is significant to mention that
both parameters have no influence on the thermal boundary layer thickness. Figure 3(b) shows the
effects of mass suction/blowing and stretching parameters on the dimensionless surface temperature.
In case of mass suction, the dimensionless surface temperature is found bigger than that of the mass
blowing. As a consequence, the thermal boundary layer thickness decreases from mass suction to
blowing. Due to stretching, the dimensionless surface temperature decreases, which further reduce
the thermal boundary layer thickness. However, in case of mass suction, no substantial influence of
stretching on the dimensionless surface temperature could be found.
ew
vi
Re
ly
On
Figure 4 exhibits the variation of the dimensionless mass concentration with transverse distance
for various Lewis numbers. In this case, two distinct values of the Brownian motion (Nb) are selected for the water-based nanofluids. It is perceived that the dimensionless concentration decreases
with increasing Lewis numbers. Consequently, the concentration boundary layer thickness decreases
with increasing Lewis numbers. A low value of Brownian motion parameter helps in increasing the
dimensionless concentration inside the boundary layer whereas for the high value of Brownian motion
parameter, the concentration profiles tend to decrease. The numerical results of the mass concen14
Page 16 of 23
tration for the case of (Le = 2, Nb = 0.1) can also be explored in Table 2 , which shows that the
approximate mass concentration results well-matched to the graphical trends.
r
Fo
The effects of mass suction/blowing, unsteadiness and magnetic parameters on the skin friction
coefficients are delineated in Figure 5(a-b) for = 1 and = 1.5. Figure 5(a) demonstrates that the
skin friction increases from mass blowing to mass suction when = 1. The unsteadiness parameter
shows different behavior in mass suction and blowing. The magnetic field helps to reduce the skin
friction. This is due to the fact that the dimensionless velocity and the hydrodynamic boundary layer
thickness decreases with magnetic field. Comparing the results of skin friction for = 1 in Figure
5(a) and for = 1.5 in Figure 5(b), it can be concluded that increase in the stretching parameter
tends to increase the skin friction coefficient of the surface. Hence, the stretching parameter plays a
significant role in increasing both the velocity and skin friction coefficient of the surface.
Re
ew
vi
The effects of various Nt and Le values on the dimensionless Nusselt numbers are explored in Figure
6(a), which further exhibits that when Nc become too large (say Nc =1000), it gains the uniform
surface temperature case. For Le = 2, the Nusselt number tends to increase for a low value of
thermophoresis parameter (say Nt = 0.1). As expected, the tendency of the nanofluid parameters is
to reduce the Nusselt numbers. This is due to the fact that the surface temperature increases with
an increase in Nt values. With an increase in Nt values, the thermal boundary layer thickens and
hence, the curves become less steep indicating an alleviation of the reduced Nusselt number. The
discrepancies of the Nusselt numbers with unsteadiness and convective parameters are illustrated in
Figure 6(b) for two distinct values of heat generation/absorption parameter. It is observed that the
Nusselt numbers decrease with increasing the unsteadiness parameter and increase with the convective parameter. In the absence of any heat source/sink, the effects are found low for the low values
of the convective and large values of the unsteadiness parameters. However, it is noted that for
large values of the convective parameter, the effects are found to be more prominent and thus, the
dimensionless Nusselt number is found high. Therefore, the convective parameter helps in increasing
both the temperature and heat transfer profiles over the heated stretching surface.
ly
On
Conclusions
In the current boundary layer analysis, an unsteady incompressible two-dimensional MHD boundary
layer flow over a stretching sheet embedded in a nanofluid with time dependent velocities have been
solved with the help of Quasi-Linearization technique. The main improvement in the reformulation
15
Page 17 of 23
r
Fo
ew
vi
Re
ly
On
Page 18 of 23
r
Fo
ew
vi
Re
ly
On
Page 19 of 23
r
Fo
ew
vi
Re
ly
On
Page 20 of 23
Table 1: Sensitivity analysis

Figure name (function)
Figure 3(a) ()
r
Fo
pP
Actual values of the parameters RMSD
(A D)2 /n
B = 0.1, Q = 1
0.0094
B = 0.1, Q = 0
0.0155
B = 0.1, Q = 1
0.0293
B = 0.2, Q = 1
0.0048
B = 0.2, Q = 0
0.0133
B = 0.2, Q = 1
0.0771
= 1, = 1
0.0301
= 1, = 0
0.0018
= 1, = 1
0.0001
= 2, = 1
0.0091
= 2, = 0
0.0006
= 2, = 1
0.0001
N b = 0.1, Le = 2
0.0221
N b = 0.1, Le = 5
0.0013
N b = 0.1, Le = 10
0.0001
N b = 0.3, Le = 2
0.0074
N b = 0.3, Le = 5
0.0004
N b = 0.3, Le = 10
0.0002
Figure 3(b) ()
ew
vi
Re
Figure 4 ()
ly
On
19
Page 21 of 23
r
Fo
(%) error
ew
0.002053
0.0006358
0.0002681
0.004381
0.004488
0.004201
0.003816
0.0033
0.02284
0.001506
0.005432
On
()
RK45
-0.0184128
0.0370639
0.0535020
0.0523017
0.0445678
0.0354538
0.0270895
0.0201624
0.0147279
0.0106021
0.0075383
20
()
QL
-0.0184888
0.0370500
0.0535000
0.0523001
0.0445554
0.0354499
0.0270720
0.0201510
0.0147150
0.0106001
0.0075300
ly
f ()
QL
0.1997101
0.1730010
0.1492019
0.1278199
0.1091700
0.0928400
0.0786100
0.0662700
0.0556100
0.0464769
0.0386610
vi
0.001
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
f ()
RK45
0.1997142
0.1730021
0.1492023
0.1278255
0.1091749
0.0928439
0.0786130
0.0662722
0.0556227
0.0464776
0.0386631
Re
Table 2: Comparison of Quasi-Linearization(QL) with RK45 methods for dimensionless velocity,

temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction with = 0.001, = 0.2, N c = 1, N b = N t = 0.1,
B = 1, = 1, Le = 2, M = 1, Q = 1 and P r = 6.2
(%) error
-0.4111
0.03752
0.003738
0.003059
0.02783
0.011
0.06464
0.05657
0.08767
0.01887
0.1102
Page 22 of 23
References
[1] W. A. Khan, I. Pop, Boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid past a stretching sheet, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 53 (2010) 2477 - 2483.
[2] X-Q. Wang, A.S. Mujumdar, Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids: a review, Int. J. Thermal
Sci. 46 (2007) 1-9.
r
Fo
[3] Das, S. K., Choi, S. U. S., Yu, W., and Pradeep, T., Nanofluids: Science and Technology, Wiley,
New Jersey (2007).
[4] J. Buongiorno, Convective Transport in Nanofluids: Journal of Heat Transfer. 128(3)(2006) 240
- 250.
Re
[5] A. Sergis and Y. Hardalupas, Anomalous heat transfer modes of nanofluids: a review based on
statistical analysis. Nanoscale Research Letters. 6(391) (2011).
vi
[6] D.P. Telionis, Unsteady Viscous Flows, Springer, New York, (1981).
ew
[7] S. Mukhopadhyay., MHD boundary layer flow and heat transfer over an exponentially stretching
sheet embedded in a thermally stratified medium. Alexandria Engineering Journal. 53(3) (2013)
259 - 265.
On
ly
[8] Y. Lin, L. Zheng, X. Zhang, L. Ma, G. Chen., MHD pseudo-plastic nanofluid unsteady flow
and heat transfer in a finite thin film over stretching surface with internal heat generation. Int.
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 84 (2015) 903 - 911.
[9] N. Freidoonimehr, M. M. Rashidi, S. Mahmud., Unsteady MHD free convective flow past a
permeable stretching vertical surface in a nano-fluid. Int. Journal of Thermal Sciences. 87 (2015)
136 - 145.
[10] M. Sheikholeslami, S. Abelman, D. D. Ganji., Numerical simulation of MHD nanofluid flow and
heat transfer considering viscous dissipation. Int. Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 79 (2014)
212 - 222.
[11] O.D. Makinde, A. Aziz, Boundary layer flow of a nanofluid past a stretching sheet with a
convective boundary condition, International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 50(7) (2011) 1326 1332.
21
Page 23 of 23
[12] N. Bachok, A. Ishak, I. Pop, Unsteady boundary-layer flow and heat transfer of a nanofluid over
a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 55
(2012) 2102 - 2109.
[13] A.V. Kuznetsov, D.A. Nield, Natural convective boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid past a vertical
plate: A revised model, Int. J. Thermal Sci. 77 (2014) 126 - 129.
r
Fo
[14] A.V. Kuznetsov, D.A. Nield, Natural convective boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid past a vertical
plate, Int. J. Thermal Sci. 49 (2010) 243 - 247.
[15] A. Bejan, Convective heat transfer, Wiley, New York, NY (1984).
Re
[16] R. Ahmad and W. A. Khan, Numerical study of heat and mass transfer MHD viscous flow over
a moving wedge in the Presence of viscous dissipation and heat source/sink with convective
boundary condition, Heat Transfer - Asian Research, 43 (2014).
ew
vi
[17] Bellman, Richard. E and Robert E. K, Quasilinearization and nonlinear boundary-value problems. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. (1965) http: www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R438.
[18] Turkyilmazoglu. M, Multiple solutions of heat and mass transfer of MHD slip flow for the
viscoelastic fluid over a stretching sheet, International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 50(11)
(2011) 2264 - 2276.
On
ly
[19] Z.H. Khan, W.A. Khan, I. Pop, Triple diffusive free convection along a horizontal plate in porous
media saturated by a nanofluid with convective boundary condition, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 66 (2013) 603 - 612.
22

For Review Only

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

For Review Only

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

For Review Only

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Canadian Journal of Physics

Unsteady heat and mass transfer MHD nanofluid flow over a

Complete List of Authors:

Ahmad, R.; University of Queensland, School of Maths and Physics

Date Submitted by the Author:

Canadian Journal of Physics

Canadian Journal of Physics

Canadian Journal of Physics

Canadian Journal of Physics

hot nanofluid temperature

thermal diffusivity of nanofluid, m2 /s

dimensionless stretching or shrinking parameter

dimensionless mass suction and injection parameter

dynamic viscosity, N. s/m2

kinematic viscosity of the nanofluid, m2 /s

nanofluid density, kg/m3

parameter defined by ( cp )/( cp )p

nanoparticle volume fraction

Electric conductivity (Boltzmann constant), J/K

Canadian Journal of Physics

Canadian Journal of Physics

Canadian Journal of Physics

Canadian Journal of Physics

Following Bechok et al. [12], we define the following similarity transformations

where, is the stream function, which gives the components of velocity

Canadian Journal of Physics

Using similarity transformations, Eqs(13-15), the governing equations can be written as

at = 0, f (0) = , f (0) = , (0) = N c(1 (0)), N b (0) + N t (0) = 0,

Canadian Journal of Physics

The convective parameter is defined as:

Canadian Journal of Physics

where qw is the wall heat flux and can be defined as:

Using transformations i.e., Eq.(13) and Eq.(28), we get

Quasi-Linearization and Runge-Kutta techniques

Canadian Journal of Physics

x1 (0) = f (0) = , x2 (0) = f (0) = , x5 (0) = N c (1 x4 (0)) , N b x7 (0)+N t x5 (0) = 0,

Canadian Journal of Physics

for all i, j = 1..7,

the matrices c77 and 71 are:

c74 c75 0 c77

The derived form of the corresponding elements of

c31 c32 c33

c51 = B P r x05 , c54 = B P r Q, c55 = B P r x01 P r P r N b x07 2 P r N t x05 , c67 = 1

Canadian Journal of Physics

P r N t (x05 )2 + B P r x01 x05

Results and Discussion

Canadian Journal of Physics

Canadian Journal of Physics

Canadian Journal of Physics

Canadian Journal of Physics

Canadian Journal of Physics

Canadian Journal of Physics

Table 1: Sensitivity analysis

Canadian Journal of Physics

Table 2: Comparison of Quasi-Linearization(QL) with RK45 methods for dimensionless velocity,

Canadian Journal of Physics

Canadian Journal of Physics