UNIT -1

IT TRENDS AND TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM : Distributed
System ,sls dEI;wVj dk lewg gksrk gS tks vkil esa tqM+s
ugha gksus rFkk ,d gh eheksjh dks 'ks;j ugha djrs gSa A
bu flLVe ij Execute gksus okys Process vkils esa lapkjr
Communication Channel ij ,d nwljs dks lans'k Hkstdj djrs gSa A
lans'k Transmission Delay ds ckn Hksts tkrs gSaA Distributed
System User dks ,d e'khu ds fy, dsUnzh;d`r Operating System ds
leku Display gksrk gS ysfdu ;g Multiple Lora= dEI;wVj ij
pyrk gSA gj dEI;wVj ij Operating System dh ,d gh dkih py ldrh
gS A ikjnf'kZrk ,d egRoiw.kZ Concept gS A ikjnf'kZrk ls
rkRi;Z lalk/kuksa vFkok lsokvksa dks Access djuk gksrk gS
fcuk bl tkudkjh ds f dos System esa dgkW ij LFkkfir gSA
Distributed Operating System Shared Memory Computers ftlesa
Communication Network }kjk vusd dEI;wVlZ connected gksrs
gSa] ds fy, Source Management rFkk User Friendly Interface
vo/kkj.kk dk foLrkj djrk gSA Distributed File System Files rFkk
Directory dks Access djus dk u;k rjhdk iznku djrk gSA bls
Implement djus ds fy, gesa File Store djus ds u;s rjhds Apply
djus dh vko';drk ugha gSA blds ctk; ge File Store djus ds
fy, Present File izca/kdksa dk gh iz;ksx djrs gSaA
Distributed System forj.k flLVe ,d Software Network ij lalk/kkuksa dh
lwpuk ,oa Sharing dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gS A bu System dks
vkd"kZd cukus okyk ,d egRoiw.kZ Design fo"k; gS A ;g fd forj.k ls
tqM+s lHkh igyw User ds fy, ikjn'khZ gksrs gS A ;g
nqHkkZX;iw.kZ igyw gS fd ,slk dksbZ Hkh lk/kkj.k :Ik esa Use
gksus okyk Wide Area forj.k System ugha gS tks User dks vPNh rjg
ls lalk/kkuksa dks ikjn'khZ :Ik ls Share vkSj O;ofLFkr djus nsA nks
ekSfyd /kkjk,W u;s Computing rFkk Information System ds fy, gekjh
fopkj/kkjk vkSj jpuk ij izHkko Mkyrh gSA igyh ;g fd gj izdkj dh
Information rduhd esa dbZ mRikn 'kkfey gks x;s gS tSls & Hardware
vkSj Software vf/kd rst o LkLrs o csgrj gksrs tk jgs gSa nwljh ;g
fd ,d Network dsfUnzr izfreku ds izfr c<+rh Lohd`fr ftlesa
Communication lsokvksa ds fofHkUu :Ikksa }kjk la;ksftr Hkkxksa

dks ,d lkFk j[kdj lsok dh xq.koRrk vko';drkvksa dh Js.kh okys

forfjr vuqiz;ksxksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF DISTRUBUTED SYSTEM:

aaaADVANTAGE :

123Hkh
4-

Mainframe dh rqyuk esa de ykxr vkSj csgrj dk;Z

lEiw.kZ dEI;wVj 'kfDr vf/kd gksuk

,d forfjr flLVe esa Processor dh dqy dEI;wVj 'kfDr fdlh
,d Processor ls vf/kd gks
dbZ Application dh izd`fr gh forfjr gksuk gSA
@2@

5- fo'oluh;rk vf/kd gS D;ksafd fdlh ,d Processor dks [kjkc

gksus ij System pyrk jgrk gSA
6
,d ckj esa ,d vfrfjDr Processor tksM+us ls dk;Z{kerk esa
yxkrkj o`f) gksrh jgrh gSA

vdsys ih-lh- dh rqyuk esa

12-

flLVe dk 'ks;MZ izca/ku

j[kj[kko ----u;k Software download
3.
MkVk dks 'ks;j djuk vusd O;fDr forfjr MkVk csl dk iz;ksx
dj ldrs gSaA
4- yphykiu & dk;Z Hkj dks e'khuksa esa ckWVuk ;g
vko';d ugha gS fd lHkh dk;Z Lokeh dh e'khu ij pyk;s
tk;saA
DISADVANTAGE :

1- lHkh lkQ~Vos;j dk miyC/k gksuk vko';d ugha gSA

2- usVodZ ifjiw.kZ gks ldrh gS
3- MkVk ds cpko esa lqj{kk dh leL;k,W
4- okLro foLrkj dh o`f) dfBu gS D;ksafd gkMZos;j o
lkVos;j dks cnyuk vklku dk;Z ugha gSA

d`f=e cqf)eRrk (Artificial Intelligent ) %

f;kRed dk;skZa tSls tho foKku] vkS"kf/k foKku ] jlk;u
foKku] HkkSfrd foKku rFkk xf.kr tSls oSKkfud fo"k;ksa esa
d`f=e oqf)eRrk us fiNys dqN o"kksZa esa dkQh lQyrk izkIr
dh gSA dbZ oSKkfud fo"k;ksa esa ge dEI;wVj fo"k;ksa dh
iwWth dks O;fDr dh cqf)eRrk ds dk;ksaZa esa yxk ldrs gSa
rFkk MkVk ds lRo dk iz;ksx [kkstksa ds fy, fof'k"V lqfo/kk

dks izkIr djus esa yxk ldrs gSaA mPp oSKkfud dk;Z;kRedrk
ikus ds fy, dEI;wVj rduhd vius fo"k; fo'ks"k dh gksrh gSA
gesa vius Hkfo"; ds fy, gj cqf)eku flLVe dk izn'kZu
mRrstukiw.kZ gksrk gS ysfdu gesa ,d dne vkxs pyuk pkfg,A
tc Hkh lEHko gks gesa vius u"V ls tqM+h leL;kvksa dks
c<+uk o mu ij dk;Z djuk pkfg, tks turk dh lksp dks idM+
ldsA
nwljs oSKkfudksa dh rjg d`f=e cqf)eRrk esa dkQh dqN
vPNk rFkk FkksM+k cqjk djus dh {kerk gksrh gS A bl
vPNkbZ o cqjkbZ ds chp ds [kkyh LFkku dks [kRe djus ds fy,
tkudkjh dks 'ks;j djuk lcls vPNh jkg gSA orZeku rduhdh
kfUr ,d ubZ vk'kk o lksp iznku djrh gSA rst rFkk lLrh
tkudkjh dks QSykus ds fy, dEI;wVj o lapkj dh rduhdh ds
mRRke lk/ku gSaA d`f=e cqf)eRrk dh lQyrk dEI;wVj foKku
dh izxfr ij fuHkZj djrh gS blds fy, foKku o ykftd esa izxfr Hkh
vko';d gSA
INTELLIGENCE :

fdlh okrkoj.k esa cnyus dh ;ksX;r ;k rks O;fDr ds LOk;a

esa cnyko ls ;k okrkoj.k esa gh <w<+us ls cqf)eRrk
gkMZos;j ls Lora= gS rFkk bldk o.kZu ,d foLr`r :Ik esa fd;k
tkrk gSA jks'kuh dh xfr dh rjg ;kstuk ijek.kq Ldsy ds
inkFkksZa dks ekiuk vius vkidks 'kjhj dh lhekvksa ls ijs j[kuk
bUlkfu;r ,d fnu bl lalkj ij ,d fnu fot; ik ysxhA ;g vius vki ds fy,
ubZ jkgksa dh [kkst djsxh ;k [kks;s gq, lalkj dks nqckjk
cuk;sxh o e`r dks iqu% thfor djsxhA
@3@

EXPERT SYSTEM :
INTRODUCTION :
Expert System fu"d"kZ ij igqWpus ds fy, dkj.kksa dh {kerk
dk iz;ksx djrs gSa A ,d expert system cgqr vf/kd ek=k esa

tkudkjh dks izkslsl djrk gS rFkk mlh ds vk/kkj ij fu"d"kZ

iznku djrk gSA Expert Systems dk lcls vPNk ewY; ,sls laxBuksa
esa gS ftudk tkudkjh dk vuqHko mPp Js.kh gS rFkk ftuesa
;ksX;rk dks nwljs O;fDr;ksa eas gLrkUrfjr ugha fd; tk ldrk
budk fMtkbu] cqf)eRrk vkSj tkudkjh dk iz;ksx leL;k lqy>kus
ds fy, dj ldsA
HISTORY :

lcls igys Expert System igyh ckj 1960 rFkk 1970 ds e/; n'kd
esa dqN eq[; US University ds }kjk mRiUu fd;s x;s Fks budk
fodkl fof'k"V leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, gqvk ftlesa lkekU;
lpZ eSFkM ds ;wl dh vis{kk ukWyst ds iz;ksx dks T;knk
egRo fn;k Fkk A lcls igys ,DiVZ flLVe Dendral dk fodkl Stand Ford
University esa 1960 esa gqvk Fkk A ;g dSehdy dEikm.M lajpuk
Fkk ldkjkRed mnkgj.kksa }kjk fu;eksa dks fu/kkZfjr djus dh
{kerk j[krk gSA Dendral Project ds [kRe gksus ds ckn Stand Ford
University
esa MYCIM
dh 'kq:vkr gqbZ MYCIM laafer
chekfj;ksa dk irk yxkrk gS rFkk jksxh ds fy, mipkjksa dh
lwph rS;kj djrk gSA MYCIM ds fuekZ.k yxHkx 20 o"kZ yxs Fks
A 'kks/kdrkZvksa us eglwl fd;k fd ;fn Expert System dks ,d vPNh
rduhd cukuk gS rks og fuekZ.k le; de gksuk tkuk pkfg,
blfy, ,d Expert System ds fuekZ.k esa yxus okys le; dks de djus
ds fy, 'kks/k drkZvksa us E- MYCIM dk fuekZ.k fd;k A
mUgksa us E- MYCIM ds fodkl ds fy, flLVe ls lkjs fu;eksa dks
gVk fn;k FkkA ,d [kkyh lsy NksM+ fn;k ftlesa nwljs {ks= ds
fuekZ.k drkZvksa dks dsoy viuk u;k MkVk Plug-in djuk gksrk
gSA
CONCEPT OF AI EXPERT SYSTEM :

igqWp %

foKku ls v/;;u dbZ izdkj ls gks ldrk gS A bl v/;;u dks

izeq[krk ls lkadsfrd ;k Symbolic Connectionist o vLFkkbZ Dynomic
System esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA

lkadsfrd%

bldk o.kZu ladsrksa ds iz;ksx ls x.kuk dh F;ksjh o

ekufld ekWMy dk;Ziz.kkyh }kjk laHko gS tSlk fd fMftVy
dEI;wVj djrk gSA
Connectionist or Sub Symbolic :
;g Cog native flQZ ekWMy gksrk gS A bldk o.kZ vizkd`frd
Nutral usVodZ ij HkkSfrd ekufld fo'ks"krkvksa ds iz;ksx }kjk
laHko gSA

vLFkkbZ ;k Dynamic System:

bldk o.kZu yxkrkj Dynamic Systems }kjk gksrk gSA blds
lHkh rRo lacaf/kr gksrs gSaA

Cog native Science

@4@
Cog native Science Cog native dk;ksZa dk vuq'kkflr v/;;u gS tks

Kku dks izkIr djus o mlds iz;ksx djus ls gksrk gS] esa
fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa dk;Ziz.kkyh ysrk gS tSls & euksfoKku]
dEI;wVj foKku vkfnA Cog native Science 'kCn dk lu 1973 esa
fLVksQj ykxqosV us iz;ksx fd;k FkkA dkxusfVo dk vFkZ fdlh
Hkh ekufld lajpuk ls gksrk gS ftldk ;FkkZr :Ik esa v/;;u laHko
gSA ;g fopkj vR;ar foLr`r gS rFkk bldk vFkZ lPpkbZ o Format
fu;e ls gksrk gSA

EXPERT SYSTEM:
,d Expert System ftls knowledge Brand System Hkh dgrs gSa
A ,d ,slk dEI;wVj izksxzke gS ftlls fo"k; fo"ks'k dh tkudkjh
rFkk ,d ;k vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dh fo'ys"k.k ;ksX;rk gksrh gS ,sls
izksxzke lcls igys d`f=e cqf)eRrk esa 1980 ds n'ke esa izfl)
gq, A lcls vf/kd iz;ksx eas vkus okyk ,DiVZ flLVe ,d ,slk
izksxzke gS tks tkudkjh dk fo'ys"k.k ,d [kkl rjhds dh leL;k ds
fy, djrk gSA ;g muds fMtkbu ds vk/kkj ij xf.krK fo'ys"k.k
iznku djrk gS A ;g lq/kkj ds fy, lq>ko o ;wtj ds dk;Z dks Hkh
crkrk gSA blls lacaf/kr 'kCn fotkMZ gSa ,adk fotkMZ ,d ,slk
dEI;wVj izksxzke gS tks ;wtj dh leL; lqy>kus esa lgk;d gSA
igys bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx ,sls izksxzkEl ds fy, iwWNrs Fks ijUrq
dqN fu;eksa ij vk/kkfjr flLVe Hkh fotkMZ dgykrs gSA vU;
fotkMZ vkuykbu QkeZ ds e gSa tks ;wtj dks dbZ fodYi
iznku djrs gS tSls dks dksbZ u;k lkVos;j bUlVky djuk
ijUrq ;g ,DiVZ flLVe ugha gksrs gSA ,d ,DiVZ flLVe ,slk
dEI;wVj vk/kkfjr fLkLVe gSa ftlesa tkudkjh MkVk ds :Ik esa
gksrh gS rFkk tkudkjh dh izkslsflax dEI;wVj izksxzke ls dh
tkrh gS A,sls flLVe dk fodkl tks ekuo ,DiVZ dh tkudkjh dks
izkslsl djrs gSa vR;ar dfBu o eWgxk lkfor gqvk gSA ;g
'kCn ,DiVZ flLVe blfy, fodflr fd;k x;k D;ksafd ,sls flLVe dk
mn~ns'; ekuo ,DiVZ dh ;ksX;rk,W izkIr djuk FkkA bldk
izeq[k mn~ns'; ekuo ,DiVZ ls Hkh csgrj rjhds ls chekfj;ksa
dk irk yxkuk FkkA O;kiku esa iz;qDr gksus okys vf/kdrj ,DiVZ
flLVe dh ;ksX;rk,W ekuo ,DiVZ tSlh ugha gksrhA

@5@
Verchtual Reality
#

Verchtual reality 'kCn dk bLrseky I Ron ysfe;u us 1987 esa

fd;k

Fkk
vkSj ;s vesfjdh ljdkj ls lacaf/kr Fks A

VR ds {ks= esa Computer Craphics, Simmulation rFkk Network ls

cus
okrkoj.k] 'kSf{k.k Educational lsuk rFkk fofHkUu Commercial
dk;ksZ
ds chp lEidZ LFkkfir djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k Fkk A
#

bldk eq[; dke KkusfUnz;ksa dks /kks[kk nsus okyh

rduhdh

ds

fuekZ.k

esa gksrk gSa A

#

VR dk eq[; mnkgj.k flusek wide screen film format gSa tks

eq[;r%
Vitanama dgyk;h ,oa bldk vkfo"dkj 1939 esa Newyark fo'o

esys
esa Fred walles rFkk Ralph walker us fd;k Fkk A
#
galery

nwljs fo'o;q) esa Army year carps Qksj us waller filauble

Trannes

ds uke ls Anti air Craft izf'k{k.k esa bl System dk mi;ksx

fd;k FkkA
#

VR system ds Application dk egRoiw.kZ {ks= lnSo okLrfod

thou

esa
gksus okyh ?kVukvksa] xfrfof/k;ksa dk izf'k{k.k jgk gS

vkSj

bu
izf'k{k.k esa simulation ,oa Immession dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk

gSa A
ds ckjs esa lcls igys 1965

History of Vartual reality :- VR

esa
Xokax lnjyS.M us vius fopkj j[ks Fks vkSj bUgksaus lcls
igys

3
diamentional display dk ijh{k.k fd;k Fkk A

70 ,oa 80 ds n'kd esa VR dk mi;ksx United State us Milatry

esa Pylates dh Vsfuax

ds fy, bldk mi;ksx fd;k A

Angale wart us Redar System cuk;k tks lapkj.k rduhd dEI;wVj

rFkk Graphics rduhd ds lkFk Intrect dj jgh Fkh A

lu~ 1962 esa Xokax lnj yS.M esa ,d light pen dk vkfo"dkj

fd;k
ftlds }kjk dEI;wVj ij rLohj scacn dh tk ldrh gSa A

1980 esa Scitific Visulazation ds }kjk hallywood dh dbZ Special

effect

okyh Methods dk fuekZ.k gqvk A

@6@
Vartual Reality : VR okLrfod nqfu;k ds okrkoj.k ds Computer
Simmulation dks dgrs gSa tks 3D Graphics rFkk ckgjh Device

tSls

Data

Glob dk bLrseky djrk gSa tks user dks Simmulation ds lkFk

Intrect

djkrk gSa A

"Vertual Reality ekuo ds fy, dEI;wVj vkSj vR;ar tfVy Data ds

lkFk eu esa Li"V :i ls ns[kus] Manufellet djus rFkk Intrect

djus
dk rjhdk gSa A

VR

,d Technology

gS tks User

dks ,d Computer Simmulated

okrkoj.k
ds lkFk Intrect djrh gS A

VR Invirment eq[; :i ls Visual vuqHko gS tks Computer Screen ij

fn[krs gSa ijUrq dqN Simmulation esa vR;kf/kd gksrh gSa

A tSls Speaker o Headphone }kjk /ofu A

dqN mUur Hipatic System vc lwpuk lfEefyr djrh gSa A

tks lkekU;r% Force feed back ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSa A

fo'ks"kdj
Medical vkSj Gaming Application

VR dks User Keyboard, Mouse, Multimodal Device, Wined, glow, pail

hemous boot arm rFkk Army Directional Treedi mil ds }kjk Intract dj

ldrk gS A
Vertual Reality ds ykHk &

1& Games : lu~ 1991 esa VR gaming system relas izLrko fd;k ftls
1000 Cs uke fn;k x;k buesa dqN fo'ks"k VR [ksy cuk,
tSls

Decty,
Night more yhlsaM DosLV] Hero, grit, baster, vartual Realits - I

2& f'k{kk izf'k{k.k rFkk thou i;ZUrtkudkjh & Intrective

Computering

vkjaHk

rFkk lapkj Technology f'k{kk esa u, ;qx dk

dj

jgs gSa ftlesa Nk= rFkk f'k{kk tks nwjh ij i`Fkd&i`Fkd

gSAHigh
Speed Connection }kjk ,d&nwljs ds ikl vk ldrs gSa A

@7@
3& mRiknu rFkk vkS|ksfxd Design :
Companies

cM+h vkSj eq[;

VR

ls rst vkSj csgrj Design dj jgh gSa A ftlesa Intezer Design

lqj{kk rFkk Argonomic

Engenering

ewY;kadu

ds

fo'ks"krkvksa ds
fy,

okLrfod Car dk bLrseky u dj Vartual Proto type dk mi;ksx djrs

gS A
4& Medician :

jDr ds izokg dk v/;;u dj n; dh nhokjksa ds

mipkj esa Fiber dk ,d Set nzo esa Mqcks;k tkrk gS ftls

nzo

rFkk
Tesion Force ds dke vkrk gS A

5-

Material science : Engenecar vf/kd dk;Z dq'ky Design djus ds fy,

Engine esa t:jr ls vf/kd fofHkUu H2J N2 Chemical Reation dh
Modating dj jgs gS A lkFk gh dqN oSKkfud Conducting Material

dks
Design dj jgs gSa A
6-

Arketacher

ifj;kstukvksa

dbZ lkyksa ls VR dk mi;ksx okLrq

vkSj

bekjrksa ds Modal LFkkfir djus ds fy, gksrk gS A VR dk

bLrseky

Hkouksa ;k oLrqvksa ds iquZfuekZ.k ds fy, Hkh fd;k tk

ldrk gS A
7-

Metrology ekSle foKku & ekSle dh Hkfo";ok.kh djus

okys
mixzgksa vkSj Radar ls izkIr tkudkjh dks VR dk mi;ksx
djds

ekSle
ds izHkko dh Hkfo";ok.kh dj ldrs gSa A ;g Technic leku

fLFkfr;ksa
ds lkFk fiNys ekSle ds fetkt dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds mi;ksx
esa
yk;h tkrh gSa A bldk mi;ksx djds ok;qeaMyh; ?
kVukvksa

ds

Hkfo"; ds ifj.kkeksa dks csgrjh rjhds ls fuj/kkZfjr dj ldrs

gSa A
8-

vkf.od v/;;u & vkf.od vkSj Sallutar lajpuk dk vf/kd

dq'ky vkSj mRiknd rjhds ls v/;;u djus ds fy, VR dh

Madaling

dh ,d fof/k dk mi;ksx djrk gS A oSKkfud fn, x, v.kq ds

NksVs
oxksZ vkSj mlls lacaf/kr ckjhfd;ksa dk v/;;u dj ldrs gSa
A

@8@
Multimedia : Computing rduhd lgk;rk ls nks ;k nks ls vf/kd
Media Element ds ladyu dk izn'kZu Multimedia dgykrk gS A

Sound, Animation, Still Image, hypertent ;k Vedio dks Media Element ds

:i esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS A

Multimedia ds fl)kar dk egRoiw.kZ igyw Intrection gksrk gSa

tks

mi;ksx
dks Programme ds f;kUou dks fu;af=r djus dh lqfo/kk

nsrk gSa A

Flow of Information dks User gh fu/kkZfjr vkSj fu;af=r djrk gS

Multimedia Television ds leku ,d foeh; ugha gksrk ;g Intrective

gksrk gS vkSj Non-leanion gksrk gSa A

vFkkZr~ User lwpukvksa dks izkIr djrs gq, blls laokn dj

ldrk

gSa
vkSj lwpuk izkfIr ds vykok ;g System }kjk iwNh xbZ

iz'ukofy;ksa
ds mRrj Hkh blesa Input dj ldrk gS A
Multimedia ds ykHk &

1& Audio Vedio ds izLrqrhdj.k % igys fofHkUu Slide o

Presentation ds

tkrh

ds }kjk n'kZdksa dks lwpuk izLrqr dh

Fkh

Multimedia dh

ysfdu

vc

lgk;rk ls lwpuk izLrqrhdj.k ljy lLrk o

vkd"kZ.k
gks x;k gSa A
2& Teut Information esa vkd"kZ.k % Multimedia ds gksus ls vc
dsoy

Teut

okyh lwpuk dks vkd"kZ.k] :fpdj o vf/kd izHkko'kkyh :i

esa
izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSa A
izHkko

Teut esa fofHkUu Animation

Sound

o jaxksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gSa A

3& n'kZdksa dk /;kukd"kZ.k esa vf/kd lgk;d & Teut,
Grophics,

Animation Audio vkSj Vedio dk lfEefyr :i n'kZdksa dks vf/kd

izHkkfor djrk gS A
4& Kku o euksjatu ,d lkFk Multimedia dh lgk;rk ls 'kSf{kd
xfrfof/k;ksa dks euksjatd :i fn;k tk ldrk gS A

@9@
5& Simulation esa lgk;d % Multimedia dh lgk;rk ls fofHkUu
Simulation rduhdksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa ftlls /ku o le;

dh cpr gksrh gS A

Simulation rduhd ls lh[kus esa [krjk

ux.;
gksrk gSa vkSj fodYiksa dh O;oLFkk vf/kd gksrh gS A
6& dEI;wVj o vU; midj.kksa dks User frendly cukus esa
lgk;d %

Multimedia dh lgk;rk ls] dEI;wVj o vU; midj.kksa

dks Interphase

dksGraphical cuk;k tk ldrk gS ftlls User dsoy Touch

o

Screen

Mouse Click ls lwpuk Input dj ldrk gS A Multimedia ds gksus ls

Keyboard }kjk Type djus dh vko';drk ugha ds cjkcj gks tkrh

gSaA
Multimedia dh gkfu;kW &

1& lEiw.kZ Multimedia System rS;kj djus ds fy, egxs

midj.kksa
dh vko';drk gksrh gS A
2& ;g rduhd u;h gS blfy, blds tkudkjksa dh la[;k cgqr
de gS A

3& Multimedia ds lHkh igyqvksa dks iz;qDr djus ds fy,

vR;kf/kd xgu v/;;u o n{krk dh vko';rk gksrh gS A
MIDI : (Musical Instrument Digital Interphase)

;g dEI;wVj vkSj Electronic musical Instrument dks Connect djus ds

fy, o Hardware dh Cabling dk ,d varjjk"Vh; ekud gksrk gS A

blesa ,d Communication protocal gksrk gSa A ftlds vuqlkj ,d

Device ls nwljs esa Sound dk lapkj gksrk gS A

MIDI filc esa midi synthesizer }kjk Play fd, tkus okys Notes ds

ckjs
esa lwpuk Store gksrh gSa A os Form dh rqyuk esa Midi Filc
dk

vkdkj
NksVk gksrk gS A
@10@
Multimedia dk mi;ksx &

1& Business esa Multimedia : Multimedia ds business esa fuEufyf[kr

dk
lekos'k gksrk gS &

Presentation, Tranning, Marketing, Advertisement.

Product demo, Data base, Cutalogy, Network Communication

Voice mail, Vedio conference.

2& fo|ky;ksa esa Multimedia : Multimedia vk/kkfjr dEI;wVj ij

fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks lHkh fo"k;ksa dh tkudkjh mijksDr format esa miyC/k
gks

tkrh
gSa A

Multimedia tool brus ljy Hkh gksrs gSa fd mUgsa vk/kkj

Hkwr

izf'k{k.k

ds

ckn dksbZ Hkh v/;kid iz;qDr dj ldrk gSa vkSj viuk Mail
Presentation rS;kj dj ldrk gSa A

vktdy Ldwy esa Nk=ksa dks fofHkUu fo"k; ij izkstsDV

rS;kj

djuk
lkSaik tkrk gS A blds fy, os losZ{k.k ls izkIr tkudkjh dks

dEI;wVj
esa Save dj nsrs gSa vkSj ,d Presentation Software dh lgk;rk
ls ,d

Presentation

rS;kj djrs gSa ftlls ,d dEI;wVj dh Screen

vkSj
Overhead Projecter ds ek/;e ls tkapdrkZvksa ds lkeus izLrqr

djrs
gSa A
3& ?kj esa Multimedia : Multimedia Product vc Television ds ek/;e ls
?kjksa esa txg cuk pqdsgS A Television dh Screen ij izLrqr
gksus

okys

fofHkUu Menu Hkh Multimedia rduhd ij vk/kkfjr gS A

Dist TV vkSj DTH izlkj.k esa miHkksDrk fofHkUu Intrective
Programmes

dks [kkstdj Movie gomes dks [kksy ldrk gSa vkSj mUgsa
vius

ij

TV

vko';drkuqlkj ns[k ldrk gSa A

@11@

4& lkoZtfud

LFkkuksa

ij

eYVhehfM;k

LFkkuksa

&

lkoZtfud

ij

dEI;wVj vFkok Keyos ds :i esa Terminal yxk, tkrs gSa A

blesa
fofHkUu tkudkjh eYVhehfM;k Presentation ls izLrqr dh tkrh
gSa

A
bu Keyos ls Screen Intrective Multimedia Application dh lgk;rk ls
User Same

ds igpku dh Code dh izfof"V djds fofHkUu

lqfo/kkvksa
dk ykHk izkIr djrs gSa A
Multimedia ds fy, Software toal : Multimedia Hardware dks lapkfyr

vkSj pykus ds fy, Multimedia Software iz;qDr fd, A Multimedia

esa
iz;qDr Elements ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr basic software tools dk
gksuk vko';d gS &
(i)

Teut : Teut Edditing or ward processing saftware.

(ii)

Image : Painting, Drawing and Graphics Tools

(iii)

Sount : Soune Edditing tools

(iv)

Animation : Maya 3 D

(v)

Vedio : Vedio Additing Tools

***

@12@

CONCEPT OF E-COMMERCE
lk/kkj.k O;kikj fd vis{kk e-commerce
xfrfof/k gSa A

,d vf/kd O;kid

E-commerce ds dk;ksZ dks lQyrkiwoZd lEiUu

djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrsa Impartant gksrh gS &

1& xzkgd dks Product vkSj lsokvksa dh tkudkjh nsus okyh ,d
vkd"kZd
website gksuh pkfg, ftlesa Li"V Teut, Picture, Animation, Vedio

vkfn laHko ek/;eksa dk mfpr mi;ksx fd;k gSa A

2& bl Website esa xzkgd dks vPNs lykgdkj dh rjg fofHkUu
oLrqvksa
ds xq.kksa vkSj lhekvksa ls voxr djk;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd
xzkgdksa
dks viuh vko';drk fd oLrq dks pquus esa lgk;rk feys A
3& Website esa xzkgd ds fy, oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk Order
ysus

ds

fy,

,d ljy rjhdk miyC/k djkuk pkfg,] vkSj Credit Card ds ek/;e

ls ljyrk ls Hkqxrku dh lqfo/kk nsuk pkfg, bl dk;Z esa
mi;ksx
fd;k tkus okyk isesUV fo'oluh; gksuk pkfg, A
4& vius Organization dks bruk tkx:d cukuk pkfg, tks lekt fd
vko';drkvksa vkSj muesa gksus okyh f;kvksa o
ifjorZuksa

ij

yxkrkj

utj j[krk gSa vkSj muds vuq:i gh Product vkSj lsok,W

miyC/k
djkrk gSa A
5& E-Commerce ds fy, ,d vPNh Managment Team gksuk pkfg, ftls
Information Technic dk i;kZIr Kku gks A

6& lQy E-Commerce ds fy, dEiuh viuh fo'oluh;rk cktkj esa

cukuh pkfg, A xzkgdksa dh lwpuk,W tSls & mudk uke]
irk]

sfMV
dkMZ uacj] bZ&esy irk vkfn dks iwjh rjg xksiuh; j[kuk

pkfg,

bu

Information dk mi;ksx xzkgd dh vuqefr ds fcuk ugha djuk

pkfg,A
7& E-Commerce ds fy, Market ds Resource vkSj Analylises ij fo'ks"k
/;ku nsuk pkfg, D;ksafd blds vHkko esa lQyrk fd
laHkkouk

de

gks tkrh gSa A

@13@
8& ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd E-Commerce lQyrk dh xkjaVh ugha
ysrk gS] blesa Hkh lk/kkj.k O;kikj fd rjg lQyrk vkSj
vlhfer
;k vlQyrk feyrh gS A
9& E-Commerce fd

lQyrk

ds

fy,

xzkgdksa

fd

u;h&u;h

;kstukvksa
vkSj izLrkoksa dh tkudkjh nsuk pkfg, A tSls & fo'ks"k
NwV]

R;kSgkj

ds migkj vkfn blesa xzkgd dks Net fd [kjhnnkjh dk

vuqHko
vkuannk;d gksrk gS A
Advantage of E-Commerce :

1& blds }kjk O;kikj dqN gh lsdaM ;k fefuV esa fd;k tk ldrk
gS
pkgs og ns'k&fons'k esa dgha Hkh gks jgk gSa A

2& ;g NksVs rFkk e/;e O;kikfj;ksa dks lalkj Hkj esa vius
izksMDV

cspus

vkSj lsok,W miyC/k djkus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gS A

3& E-Commerce ds ek/;e ls dksbZ xzkgd viuh vko';drk fd lHkh
oLrqvksa ds fy, ?kj cSBs vkMZj ns ldrk gS] vkSj ge
cSBd

leLr

lkeku vkSj lsok,W izkIr dj ldrk gS A bl dk;Z ds fy, fdlh

nqdku ;k 'kks:e esa tkus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh blls
mlds
cgqewY; le; dh cpr gksrh gS A
4& E-Commerce ds ek/;e ls nqfu;k Hkj esa fc[kjs gq, mRikn
dks

vkSj
fosrkvksa dks Network ds ek/;e ls ,d LFkku ij vkus dh

lqfo/kk
feyrh gSa] tks lk/kkj.k ijEijkxr O;kikj esa yk[kksa :i,
[kpZ

djus
ds ckn Hkh izkIr gksuk laHko ugha gksrk gS A

5& xzkgdksa dks vius lkFk Case ys tkus fd vko';drk ugha

gksrh

gS

D;ksafd Payment credit card ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk gS A

6& xzkgd viuh vko';drk vkSj ilan fd oLrqvksa dks Internet ij
fdlh fosrk dh lgk;rk ds fcuk [kpZ dj ldrs gSa] vkSj
[kjhn
ldrs gSa A
@14@

7& Product ds [kjhnus esa dksbZ HkkSxksfyd ckW/kk ugha

gS

xzkgd

nqfu;k

dh dksbZ Hkh oLrq [kjhn ldrk gSa vkSj mldks ogkW

tkus

dh
vko';drk ugha gksrh A

8& E-Commerce ds ek/;e ls dEI;wVj ds }kjk vfr'kh?kz ,oa LoPN

O;kikj gksrk gS A
9& fcy dk cgqr rhozrk ls vknku&iznku gksrk gSa A

Disadvantage of E-Commerce :
ge tkurs gS fd lk/kkj.k ijEijkxr O;kikj dh rqyuk esa
E-Commerce vf/kd ykHknk;d gSa vkSj ;gha dkj.k gSa fd Ecommerce yxkrkj c<+rk tk jgk gSa fQj Hkh ykHk ds lkFk blesa

dqN dfe;k Hkh gS ftudh mis{kk ugha dh tk ldrh gS blesa

eq[; :i ls fuEu gkfu;k gksrh
gS &
1& blesa [kjhnnkj vkSj fosrk dHkh ,d&nwljs dks ugha
ns[krs

ftlls

fosrk [kjhnnkj dh dksbZ izR;{k igpku lgk;d ds :i esa

ugha

j[k

ikrk gS vkSj u gh mudh f'kdk;rksa ij rRdky dk;Zokgh dj

ikrk
gSa A blfy, ekuoh; laokn vko';d gksus okys O;kikj esa ECommerce vlQy gSa A

2& lekt dk cgqr cM+k Hkkx vHkh&rHkh dEI;wVj vkSj

bUVjusV

dh

lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr gSa blh dkj.k pkgrs gq, Hkh Eesa

Commerce

dksbZ

Hkkx ugha ys ikrk gS A E-Commerce dh reke lqfo/kkvksa

ds

ckn
mldh ek=k ijEijkxr O;kikj dh rqyuk esa cgqr gh de gSa

A
3& E-Commerce esa Sallsmen rFkk Salls girl dk Work Website gh dj
ysrh gSa ftlls csjkstxkjh c<+rh gS rFkk lkekftd leL;k
mRiUu
gksrh gS A
@15@
4& E-Commerce esa leLr dk;Z vkWuykbu gksus ds dkj.k
/kks[kk/kM+h

dh

laHkkouk vf/kd jgrh gSa A xzkgd dh igpku o sfMV

dkMZ

dk

Missuse

djds ,d cM+h jde dh [kjhnnkjh dj ysuk laHko

gksrk

gS

ftldk Hkkjh&Hkjde fcy ckn esa xzkgd dks Hkjuk iM+rk

gS A
blesa lansg ugha gS fd izR;sd oLrq dh rjg ECommerce

esa

Hkh

dqN dfe;kW gks ldrh gS ijUrq blds ykHk&gkfu ls dkQh

vf/kd
;gh dkj.k gS fd E-Commerce fnuksa&fnu foLrkj djrk tk jgk
gSa A

Technology in E-Commerce :

E-Commerce dks le>uk gekjs fy, dfBu gks ldrk gS

D;ksafd bl okrkoj.k ds vusd igyq gSa A okLro esa E-Commerce

ds vusd igyw gesa ns[kus dks feyrs gSa vkSj ;s izeq[k rhu
Element ls feydj curk gSa tks fuEufyf[kr gS &
1- Technology

2- Business

3- Society

;s rhuksa Element vius vki esa Impartant gSa] ysfdu

E-Commerce us buesa ls Technology dks lcls vf/kd Impartant ekuk

tkrk gSa A D;ksafd Technology ds fodkl dk lekt ij lh/kk vkSj

rRdky izHkko iM+rk gS A izk;% gksrk ;g gS fd dksbZ Technic
igys fodflr dh tkrhgSa vkSj fQj mldk O;kikfjd dk;ksZ esa
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa A tc fdlh Technic dk O;kikfjd mi;ksx cM+s
iSekus ij fd;k tkrk gS rks vusd Social leL;k,W mRiUu gks tkrh
gS A
Disigibal Computer and Commerce Technology

dk fodkl vkSj

mi;ksx orZeku World wide visiting dk ewy vk/kkj gSa] ftls Ecommerce dgrs gSa A blds orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; dks le>us ds fy,

gesa Information Technolgy dks le>uk gksxk A ftldh uhao ij Ecommerce dk Hkou [kM+k gS A

E-commerce dh ij lrg ij Internet

rFkk www gSa vkSj fupyh lrg ij blls tqM+h reke Technic gS A
tSls & PC, LAN, Relation data base (RDB), Client Server, Arketachure, Fibre
Optic, Swith vkfn A

@16@
Internet and E-business :-

Internet ,d ,slk fo'oO;kih dEI;wVj usVodZ gS A ftlds }

kjk nqfu;k Hkj ds O;fDrxr de [kpZ esa ,d&nwljs ls fo'oluh; :i

ls tqM+ tkrs gS A bUVjusV ls tqM+s gq, fofHkUu dEI;wVj
vkSj muds NksVs usVodZ ,d tSls Protocal dk ikyu djrs gq, A
vkil esa Information dk vknku&iznku djrs gSa A O;fDr;ksa vkSj
Information dk fo'kky HkaMkj vkSj usVodZ gksus ds dkj.k Internet
E-Commerce dk eq[; Componant gSa A bldh lgk;rk ls O;kikj esa

viuh izksMDV vkSj lsokvksa dk izn'kZu vkSj mldk izpkj dj

ldrs gSa A bUVjusV bu lkekuksa vkSj lsokvksa ds ckjs esa
xzkgd ;k miHkksDrk dks Information iznku djrk gS vkSj Online
[kjhnnkjh djus dh lqfo/kk nsrk gS A
igys tc Internet ugha Fkk ;k O;kikfjd mn~ns'; ds fy,
bldk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk Fkk rks cM+h O;kikfjd dEiuh Hkh
viuk Private Network Electronic data Inter change (EDI) cukrh Fkh vkSj
mldk mi;ksx djds ,d&nwljs ds lkFk O;kikj fd;k djrh Fkh A ,slk
usVodZ dsoy cM+h dEiuh gh cuk ldrh Fkh A D;ksafd budks
cukuk vkSj j[k&j[kko eWgxk iM+rk Fkk A ysfdu bUVjusV ds
mi;ksx ls vc e/;e vkdkj ugha cfYd NksVh dEiuh ds fy, ECommerce djuk ljy gks x;k gSa A D;ksafd blesa cgqr de ykxr

vkrh gS A bl izdkj Internet vkSj E-Commerce ,d&nwljs ls xgjkbZ ls

tqM+s gq, gSa vkSj E-Commerce Internet dsfcuk djuk vlaHko gSA
E-Commerce dks ge pkj Hkkxksa esa ckWV ldrs gS A
1-

Business of consumer ( B to C )

2-

Business to business ( B to B )

3-

Consumer to consumer ( C to C )

4-

Mobile commerce ( M C )

@17@
1-

Business to Consumer :

bls la{ksi esa B to C Hkh dgk tkrk gSa A dsoy ECommerce dgus ls okLro esa fdlh izdkj ds E-Commerce dk cks/k

gksrk gS A tc dksbZ ,d O;kikfjd laxBu fdlh miHkksDrk ls

bUVjusV ds ek/;e ls O;kikj djrk gSa rks bls Business to consumer
dgrs gSa A bl izdkj ds E-Commerce esa dksbZ dEiuh viuh
izksMDV vkSj lsok,W miHkksDrk dks csprh gS A blesa dEiuh
dh ,d website gksrh gS ftlesa ls xzkgd Information ys ldrk gSa
vkSj fdlh izksMDV ;k lsokvksa dk vkMZj ns ldrk gSa A vktdy
dk;Zjr bl izdkj fd lsok,W nsus okyh Website ds varxZr Amajon :
com, Sky Shop.com izHkko gS A

2-

Business to Business :

bls B to B Hkh E-commerce ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSa A

blesa tc dksbZ ,d O;kikfjd laxBu fdlh nwljs O;kikfjd laxBu ls
Internet ds ek/;e ls O;kikj djrk gS rks mls B to B E-Commerce dgrs

gSa A ,d O;kikjh fdlh nwljs O;kikjh dks Row material Movies dj jgk
gSa rFkk nwljk Business Organization ml Row Material dk mi;ksx dj
mldh oLrq cukdj igys O;kikjh dks nksckjk iznku djrk gS rks
bls B to B E-Commerce dgrs gSa A

3-

Consumer to consumer :
C to C E-Commerce ds xe ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS A blesa tc

dksbZ User fdlh nwljs User ls lh/ks Internet ds ek/;e ls lEidZ

LFkkfir djrk gSa rks mls C to C E-commerce dgrs gSa A tks tc ,d

Computer User

viuh oLrq fdlh nwljs Consumer dks cspus ds fy,

lh/ks lEidZ djrk gSa bls C to C E-commerce dgrs gSa A

@18@
4-

Mobile Commerce :

bls la{ksi esa M-Commerce Hkh dgrs gS A M-Commerce

ls rkRi;Z fdlh Wireless lk/ku tSls Mobile phone ds ek/;e ls lkekuksa
vkSj lsokvksa ds ;&fo; ls gSa A ,d ckj ,sls lk/ku ls lEidZ
tqM+ tkus ij Consumer viuh vko';drkuqlkj dh oLrq,W dk vkMZj
ns ldrk gS vkSj dbZ izdkj dh lsokvksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gS A
bl izdkj ds E-Commerce dks mi;ksx eq[; :i ls ;wjksi ds ns'kksa
esa rFkk tkiku esa vf/kd ek=k es fd;k tkrk gS A tgkW ij Sale
phone dk mi;ksx vf/kd gksrk gS A

Application of E-Commerce :
E-Commerce dk mi;ksx vktdy Ofline business ds fy, vf/kd

ek=k esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A blds }kjk miHkksDrk dk

dksbZ Hkh oLrq ;k lsok izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij 'kh?kzrk ls
miyC/k

djk;h

gSa A O;fDr rkSj ij E-commerce

tkrh
miHkksDrk dks Uk;k O;kikj

izkjaHk djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gS A Online marketing dk ykHk

izkIr djus ds fy, vktdy vf/kd ls vf/kd Companies E-Commerce ds
{ks= esa vk jgh gS A Internet vkilh lEidZ dk lcls ljy vkSj lLrk
ek/;e gSa vkSj bl dkj.k nwj&nwj ds O;kikjh vkil esa O;kikfjd
laca/k LFkkfir dj jgs gSa A bu ykHkksa dks izkIr djus ds fy,

vktdy Companies E-Commerce ds {ks= esa direct marketing and salling,

online, banking, Billing vkSj vU; Information ds lqjf{kr Distribution ds fy,
E-commerce }kjk fo'ks"k :i ls dEiuh viuk O;kikj lQyrk iwoZd dj

jgh

gksrh

gSA

E-Commerce

ds

eq[;

Application fuEufyf[kr gS &

1& Online banking and billing : vktdy E-commerce dk mi;ksx fokh;

lsokvksa ds fy, vf/kd ek=k esa fd;k tk jgk gS A Online banking
ds ek/;e ls miHkksDrk ij cSBs gq, gh fdlh cSad fd lsokvksa
dk ykHk mBk ldrk gSaA

@19@
tSls & Bills dk Payment case Transfer Share dh [kjhnnkjh fch vkfn A
2& Direct Marketing and selling :
vktdy vf/kdka'k Website o Companies direct marketing and salling
vkSj tqM+h gqbZ lqfo/kkvksa ij tksj ns jgh gSa vkSj dqN ,slh
dEiuh fuEu gSa &
(i) Amazon.com

(ii) Deli computer

bl izkslsl esa fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kk

tkrk gS &
v
miHkksdrk dh vko';drk ls lacaf/kr Data Collect djuk A
c
Business ds fu;eksa ls Consumers dks ifjfpr djuk A
l Consumers dh Information dks lqjf{kr djuk A
n
Data dks Stare djus vkSj mldks mi;ksx djus dh
lqfo/kk nsukA

b
vius izksMDV dk mfpr foKkiu vkSj j[k&j[kko
djuk A
3& Value Chain and Treding corporate Purchase :
bl izkslsl esa fdlh oLrq ds mRiknd] fosrk vkSj
miHkksDrk ,d Chain ds :i esa tqM+s gksrs gSa A mnkgj.k ds
fy, ;fn dksbZ miHkksDrk ,d dEI;wVj [kjhnuk pkgrk gS rks bl
izkslsl esa fuEufyf[kr Part gksaxs &
1& Consumers ,d u, dEI;wVj ds fy, viuk vkMZj fdlh Mhyj
ds ek/;e ls Hkstrk gS A
2& Mhyj vkMZj dks izkIr djds mls rRdky mRiknd ds ikl
Hkst
nsrk gS A
3& mRiknu Suplayer dks dEI;wVj lIykbZ djus dk vkns'k
nsrk
gSaA
lIyk;j d fuf'pr le; vof/k esa eky lIykbZ djus dk
fo'okl fnykrk gS A
4& lIyk;j dEiuh dh vkokxeu {kerk dk vkadyu djds eky
fu/kkZfjr le; ij fHktokuk lqjf{kr djrk gS A
5& dEiuh miHkksDrk rd dEI;wVj igqWpk nsrh gS bl
izdkj
oLrqvksa
vkSj lsokvksa dh [kjhn fch dh ;g Chain pyrh gSa A
@20@
Fesibility of E-Commerce or Fesibility and Vearias constraints

;|

fi E-Commerce ijEijkxr O;kikj dh rqyuk esa ,d ykHknk;d O;kikj

iz.kkyh gSa fQj Hkh ;g ,d izdkj ls O;kikj esa ykxw ugha fd;k
tk ldrk gSa] bls Start djus ds fy, dbZ ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk
iM+rk gSa A buesa ls eq[; ckrsa fuEu gS &

1& Price :

blesa bl ckr dk /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg, fd miHkksDrk

dks mudh vko';drk fd oLrq,W lgh ewY; ij izkIr gks jgh gSa
A ;fn mldk ewY; vf/kd gSa rks xzkgd Internet dh ctk; lk/kkj.k
Market ls [kjhnnkjh djuk ilan djsaxs nwljh vksj ;fn ewY; cgqr

de j[kk tkrk gSa rks O;kikjh dks vius ykxr dk mfpr Return izkIr
ugha gksxk A

2& Cost :
fdlh E-Commerce System dks izkjaHk djus ds fy, Hardware
Software or Stap dks mfpr Tranning dh vko';drk gksrh gSa blesa

dkQh [kpZ gksrk gS A blhfy, E-Commerce izkjaHk djus ls igys

vko';d

Fund

miyC/k gksuk pkfg, A

3& Security :
E-Commerce dh lQyrk ds fy, ;g vko';d gSa mlesa

miHkksDrk dh O;fDrxr Information dks iwjh rjg lqjf{kr j[kk tk

lds rkfd dksbZ mldk nq:i;ksx u dj lds rkfd xzkgd ds xksiuh;
Information esa mldh vuqefr ds fcuk fdlh O;kikfjd Organization ;k

laxBu dks nsuk mfpr ugha gS A

4& E-Commerce dh ck/kk,W &

E-Commerce ds fy, dksbZ web pantal ;k website cuk ysrk

gh i;kZIr ugha gksrk gS A blesa dkSu&dkSu ls Element vko';d

gSa vkSj fdu&fdu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS A ;g lHkh
vko';d gS A E-Commerce

dh lQyrk ds fy, bu Resourceles vkSj

mik;ksa ds vfrfjDr dbZ vU; Featurs Hkh vko';d gksrs gS A

dbZ ,slh ck/kk,W gksrh gSa tks E-commerce

dh lQyrk esa

:dkoV Mkyrh gS A muesa ls dqN ck/kk,W fuEufyf[kr gS &

@21@
v [kjkc lqlapkj lqfo/kk,W &
Capable Communication Facility gksuk E-Commerce dk base gS

A ;fn ;s lqfo/kk,W LFkyh; ugha gS rks E-Commerce dh lQyrk esa

cgqr cM+h ckW/kk fl) gksrh gSa A rRdky lEidZ u tksM+us ij
xzkgd ijs'kku gks tkrk gS vkSj website can dj nsrk gSa A

Castaly Hardware and Software :

dh lQyrk ds fy, de ewY; ds Hardware

E-Commerce

vkSj

Software miyC/k gksuk pkfg, ;g vfuok;Z gSa A ;fn ;g egWxs

gksrs gSa rks E-commerce fd ykxr vf/kd gksxh vkSj O;kikjh dks
mfpr izfrQy ugha feysxk ftlls E-commerce vlQy jgsxkA
l

Less number or Credit Card :

E-Commerce dh lQyrk cgqr gn rd sfMV dkMZ ij fuHkZj

jgrh gSa A ;fn sfMV dkMZ dh mi;ksxdrkZ dh la[;k vf/kd

gksrh rks os usV ij [kjhnnkjh vf/kd djsaxsA
E-Commerce ds fy, ;g lHkh dkjd Impartant gS vkSj bu

lHkh dk dke ;k vf/kd izHkko E-commerce ij iM+rk gS A blfy, Ecommerce start djus ds fy, bu lc ckrksa ij fopkj djuk pkfg, A

E-Translation Challanges for India Carporate :

Hkkjrh; O;kikj txr esa E ysu&nsu dh pqukSfr;kW

mijksDr ckW/kkvksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa E-Commerce vHkh Hkh
cgqr lhfer ek=k esa fd;k trkk gSa A blds izeq[k dkj.k
fuEufyf[kr gS &
1& Hkkjr esa E-Commerce vHkh Hkh cgqr lhfer o mldh
lqfo/kkvksa

dh

fLFkfr cgqr [kjkc gSa A fofHkUu izdkj dh Mobile Company

vkSj Automatic Digit
dh

Telephone Exchange gksus ds ckotwn bl ckr

dksbZ

xkjaVh ugha gS fd gekjs pkgus ij bUVjusV tqM+ gh

tk,xkA

gekjh

Telephone and Brand Pand link dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls [kjkc

gks
ldrh gSa A

@22@
2& Hkkjr esa Hardware and Software dh dher vHkh Hkh cgqr
vf/kd gSa A
Computer

Software
Company

dh dher High gksus ds dkj.k

pkgrs

gq,

Hkh budk ewY; de ugha dj ikrh gS A

3& Hkkjr esa rduhdh :i ls n{k vkSj izf'kf{kr Employee dk cgqr
vHkko gS ;|fi ;gkW f'kf{kr csjkstxkjksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k gS
ijUrq os O;olkf;d :i ls izf'kf{kr ugha gksrs blfy, mudk mfpr
mi;ksx ugha gks ikrk gS A bldk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd Hkkjr
esa osru vkSj ifjJe dk Lrj cgqr de gSa A ftlds dkj.k dksbZ
Employee vius izf'k{k.k ij ;k Vsfuax ij Lo;a [kpZ ugha dj ikrk

vkSj ;g dk;Z mls dke nsus okyh dEiuh dks gh djuk iM+rk gS
A bu lc pqukSfr;ksa ds ckotwn Hkkjr esa E-commerce Internet ds
mi;ksx dh o`f) ds lkFk c<+ jgk gSa vkSj gks ldrk gS fd
vkxkeh o`f) esa vkSj vf/kd rsth ls c<+s A
&&&&

@23@

SALLULAR
Radio Frequency Communication :
Redio ,d ,slk Transmission gSa A ftlesa n`'; izdk'k

rjaxksa

ls

uhps okyh vko`fRr dh Electromegnetic rjaxksa dk Reddiation

ok;q

;k
fuokZr esa pqacdh; {ks=ksa ds dEiu ls mRiUu gksrk

gS A

bu Rediated rjaxksa ij Information dks dqN Properties ds

Modulation

ij Hkstk tkrk gSa A

Modulation ls rkRi;Z gSa rjaxksa dks vk;ke o vko`fRr esa

Convert djuk

tc Redio rjax fdlh Electrical conductor ls xqtjrh gSa rks Conductor

esa pqacdh; {ks= ,d fo|qr /kkjk dks mRiUu djrk gS bls
djus

Detect

Sound ;k Signal esa Transform dj fy;k tkrk gSa A ;g dk;Z Redio

Recever ;k lkekU; Redio midj.k }kjk mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj

gesa
Redio Station esa izlkfjr /ofu laxhr vkSj vU; :i esa lquk;h

nsrh
gSa A

vkjaHk esa Redio graphy dks wireless Telegraphy dgk tkrk Fkk A

vkjaHk esa Telegraphy message dks Mouse Code ds ek/;e ls tgkt

vkSj
tehu ds ek/;e ls Hkstk tkrk Fkk A

lu~ 1905 esa Japane and Rusee yksx ;q) ds nkSjku bldk

mi;ksx
djrs Fks A

vktdy Redio rjaxksa ds ek/;e ls wireless Network vkSj Mobile

Communication laHko gks tkrk gSa A blds }kjk Sound dks

Hkstk

tkrk

Fkk vkSj Redio Recever ls bls ?kjksa esa Hkstk tkrk Fkk
dk

Redio

lokZf/kd mi;ksx lekpkj ukVd izlkj.k vkfn esa gksrk gS A

@24@

AM broadcaft Redio laxhr vkSj Voice dks Media vko`fRr 0-3

ls
3-0 MHz Redio Spectrum esa Hkstrk gSa A

FM Broadcaft redio music as voice dks high vko`fRr ij Hkstrk gSa

A
30 ls 300 MHz
Wireless Services :
Wireless lapkyu yach nwjh ds lapkj tSlh lsokvksa ds

vuqefr
nsrh gS rks rkjksa ds mi;ksx esa laHko ugha gSa A

fcuk

;g 'kCn vkerkSj ij nwj lapkj System tks rkjksa ds mi;ksx ds

lwpuk ds Transmeter vkSj Recever Remate Control, Computer Network,

Network Terminal ls lwpuk dk LFkkukUrj.k djus ds fy, Redio
Frequency dk mi;ksx djrs gSa A

bl rjhds ls lwpuk NksVh vkSj yach nksuksa gh nwjh ij

LFkkukarfjr
fd;k tkrk gS A

Wireless midj.kksa ds lkekU; mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gS &

1& Tally esa Tre fu;a=.k vkSj ;krk;kr fu;a=.k System

2& Infrared Ulta Sonic remote control system
3& Point to Point lapkj ds fy, Modulated layer light System
4& O;olkf;d LMR vkSj SMR lkekU;r% O;kikj vkS|ksfxd vkSj
lkoZtfud lqj{kk laLFkkvksa esa mi;ksx djrs gS A
5& Consumer to baredio ftlesa FRS Redio Service GMRS rFkk CB Redio
lfEefyr gSa A
6& E-Machuar Redio Service (Home redio)
7& O;olkf;d leqnzh & VHF Radio
8& foeku pkydksa vkSj gokbZ ;krk;kr fu;a=.k }kjk mi;ksx
fd,

tkus
okys Air band rFkk Redio Navigation midj.k] Solution Telephone.
@25@

9& GP & (Global Position System), Cardless computer pharephatral, Satelight

Television.

10& Wireless Communication yksxksa dks ckrphr djrs le; T;knk

yphykiu nsrk gSa blesa yksxksa dks ,dgh txg ij jgus ds
fy,
ck/; ugha fd;k tkrk gSa rFkk blesa rkjksa dks yxkus dh

t:jr

ugha
gksrh gS A

11& ;s iz.kkyh ,sls LFkkuksa ds fy, gS tgkW FkksM+s le; ds

fy,

Communi
-cation dh lqfo/kk dh t:jr gksrh gSa A

12& dbZ

Communication

i)fr;kW

ladsrksa

ds

Transmission

lans'ksa

ds

fy,

Redio rjaxksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa A

13& Redio rjaxksa dks mRiUu djus ds fy, Transmeter dk mi;ksx

fd;k
tkrk gSa ,oa Microphone ds }kjk data lans'kksa dks Digital
lans'kksa

esa

cnyk tkrk gSa A

14& Transmeter Redio

rjaxksa dk Communication

ladsrksa

djrk gSa tks

dks

vius lkFk ys tkrh gSa A

15& Redio Recever bu ladsrksa dks bdV~Bk djds mUgsa iqu%
muds

ewy

:i

esa ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSa A

16& Wireless Communication i)fr dks pkyw djuk vklku gSa D;ksafd
blesa rkjksa dks Nrksa vkSj nhokjksa dks [khpus dks
>a>V ugha gksrk gS A
17& gkykafd Wireless Communication iz.kkyh dks LFkkfir djuk rkj
okyh i)fr ls cgqr egxk gS ij lHkh [kpksZ dks tksM+dj
Wireless

i)fr rkj okyh i)fr ls lLrh i<+rh gS A

18& dgha ls Hkh mi;ksx djus dh NwV Redio Frequency dh cM+h

miyC/krk
vkSj rduhd esa fodkl ds dkj.k Wireless communication yxkrkj
yksdfiz; curk tk jgk gSa A

@26@
Wireless Communication dk fl)kar %

,d HkkSfrd lans'k dks Transmeter ds }kjk fo|qr ladsr

esa
cnyus ds lkFk gh Wireless Communication vkjaHk gks tkrk gSa
1& Transmeter Redio rjaxs mRiUu djus ds fy,Osilaterdk mi;ksx
djrk gSaA
2& Transmeter Redio rjaxksa dks Modulate djrk gSa rkfd oks vius
lkFk
fo|qr ladsrksa dks ys tkrk gSa A
3& var esa Transmeter bu ladsrksa dks Demodulate djrk gSa ftlls
ladsr
vius ewy Lo:i esa okil vk tkrs gSa A
4& Wireless Communication i)fr rkj okyh i)fr ls dkQh yphyh
gksrh gSa A
5& Wireless Communcation Transmeter dh {kerk vuqlkj gh dk;Z dj
ldrs gSa A
6& pwWfd Redio rjaxs okrkoj.k ls gksdj tkrh gSa blfy, oks
fctyh
pedus vkfn ls ckf/kr gks ldrh gSa A

7& Wireless Communication i)fr esa ,d rjQk Transmission gksrk gSa

A
ftlesa yksx dsoy lans'kksa dks izkIr dj ldrs gSa A
8& ,d midj.k dks Transmeter ,oa Rcever nksuksa dk dk;Z dj ldrs
gSa]
mls Transfirecever dgrs gSa A
Base Station System :
Base Station System (BSS) Mobile station and NSS

ls Connect

gksrk gSa A
1& BSS nks Hkkxksa BTS (Base Trans recever Station and Base Station
ls

Control

feykdj cuk gksrk gSa A

2& BTS esa Mobile Station ls lEidZ djus ds fy, Redio Interphase ds
;ksX; Transmeter, Recever and Signalling midj.k gksrs gSa A

@27@
3& BTS dk ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkkx Transcode Oblic red Adoptor unit (Tr Au)
gksrk gSa tks GSM okyh Speech Ancoding, Decoding and Rad
Adoption

dk data Transmission djrk gS A

4& BSC, NSS
esa

ds Swiching function dks lEiUu djrk gSa vkSj NSS

MSC

ls Connected jgrk gSa A

5& BSC channel Alocation, Release and heanding of Manegment dk dk;Z
djrk gS ,d BSC vusd BTS ls Connect gks ldrk gS vkSj bu BTS

ds
Cell Confugation data dks Maintain djrk gSa A

6& BSC ISDN Pratocal dh lgk;rk ls BTS Communicate djrk gSa bl

Communication esa Always Interphase dh lgk;rk ls yh tkrh gS A

7& BSC dh Capacity planning vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSa A

8& O;Lr le; esa BSC dk Processer Load dj fn;k tkrk gSa A
;g fooj.k fuEu izdkj gS %&
(i)

Call activites

(ii)

Pager or SmS 10% - 50%

(iii)

Mobility Management Hand Off or location update 20%, 25%

Frequency :
Frequency ,d lapkj iz.kkyh ds Hkhrj vko`fRr;ksa vkSj
Chennals

dk iqu% mi;ksx djus ds fy, {kerk esa lq/kkj dh ,d rduhd

gSa A
1& vko`fRr ,d ewyHkwr vo/kkj.kk gSa A ftl ij Wireless system
vk/kkfjr gSa A
2& blesa Rf Radiating {ks= dk foHkktu ,d Cell ds [kaM esa
gksrk gSa A
3& Cell dk ,d [kaM lheko`fRr [kaM gS fd vko`fRr ls nwj
vko`fRr

dk

mi;ksx djrk gSa A ftlesa dksbZ leL;k mRiUu ugha gksrh

gSa A
4& Mobile Calculation iz.kkfy;ksa esa vko`fRr iqu% mi;ksx dk
eryc

gSa
fd izR;sd Cell dh vko`fRr lhek Cell dks vko`fRr ls vyx

gksxh A
@28@

5& ,d gh vko`fRr dks de ls de nks Cell esa mi;ksx fd;k tk

ldrk
gSa A ysfdu nksuksa Cell ,d nwljs ls nwj gksuk pkfg, A
6& Frequency esa nks Element gksrs gSa &
(i)

Re Use nwjh

(ii)

Re Use Factar

Re Use nwjh dks fuEu :i ls x.kuk dh tkrh gS &

Farmula : D = R 3

tgkW R = Cell dh f=T;k gSa A

Cystar :
Cystar

Cell

,d

Calculator

iz.kkyh

dh

cqfu;knh

HkkSxksfyd
bdkbZ gS A tks vkerkSj ij ,d Hoxagonal :i ls tkuh tkrh gS A
1& 'kCn CalCallular Coverage {ks= ds Hoxagonal vkdkj ls vkrk gSa
A
2& ,d Cystar esa Cell dk ,d lewg gksrk gSa A ,d Cystor ds Hkhrj
vko`fRr dk iqu% mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS A
3& ;g Cell Cystar esa bLrseky vko`fRr;ksa dks nwljs Cell Cystar
esa

Re

Use

fd;k tk ldrk gS A
4& ,d Cystar esa cM+h la[;kvksa esa Cell dh la[;k A

Hand Off :
,d Sallutal System esa tSls gh distrebuted mobile Trans recever
pyk jgs gSa A ,d fujarj lapkj esa ,d Cell ls nwljs Cell dks
tkrs

gSa
rks ,d Cell Frequency ls ,d vyx Cell Frequency esa Swiching

electronic

:i ls fcuk fdlh :dkoV esa BSC dks Mannual

Swiching

ds fcuk fd;k trkk gS A ;g Handover ;k Hand Off

dgykrk gS A
1& vkerkSj ij ,d u;k Channel Lopkfyr :i ls u, BSC ij Mobile
Unit ij p;fur gksrk gS tks bls Serve djrk gS A

@29@
2& nwjlapkj esa ,d hand off D;ksa vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSa A
blds

fuEu
dkj.k gS &

1& tc ,d Phone Cell }kjk Cover {ks= vkSj vU; Cell }kjk cover {ks=
esa
izos'k dj jgk gSa A rc ;g Termionation ls cpus ds fy, Call
nwljs
Cell dks Transfer dj fn;k tkrk gSa A

2& tc fn, gq, Cell ds u, Call dks Connect djus ds fy, {kerk dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa A
3& xSj CDMA Network esa gLr{ksi ls cpus ds fy, Call ml Cell
mlh
Cell esa ,d vyx Channel dks LFkkukarfjr dj nsrk gSa A

4& tc xSj CDMA Network esa Ofer ds O;ogkj ifjofrZr gks tkrs
gSa

rc

Micro cell dks Hkh Call esa Transfer dj fn;k tkrk gSa A

5& CDMA Network esa Hand off cell ds Nearfar izHkko ds dkj.k ls
gLr{ksi
dks de djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS A

6& ,d fo'ks"k fLFkfr Hkh laHko gSa ftlesa L=ksr vkSj y{; ,d
gh

Cell

gSa A vkSj ek= mi;ksx fd;k x;k A Channel hand over ds le;
cny
jgk gSa A bl izdkj dk Hand over ftlesa Cell ugha cnyrk gSa
A

India
cell hand over dgykrk gS A
Hand Off ds izdkj &

1& Hard hand off - og ftlesa Source Cell esa Channel Relage gksrk
gSa

vkSj
ek= Target cell esa Channel yxh gq;h gksrh gSa A

2& Soft Hand Off : og ftlesa Source esa Channel dks cjdjkj j[kk
gSa

vkSj
Target Cell esa Channel ds lkFk lekukarj esa FkksM+h nsj

esa

twV

fd;k

tkrk gSa A
/30/

E - GOVERNENCY
1& ;g ljdkj }kjk Internet, local are Network vkfn tSls vk/kqfud
lwpuk ,oa lapkj izks|ksfxdh dh ,d J`a[kyky gSa rkfd
iztkrkaf=d
O;oLFkk dks T;knk izHkkoh n{k] lsok iznk;h cuk;k tk lds
lkFk

gh
yksdra= dks T;knk T;knk Promate fd;k tk ldsa A

2& tc ljdkj viuh effectiveness, effeciancy, Service Delivery

dh

Improver djus dk Democracy dks Promate djus ds fy, dbZ rjg

dh
Modern Information vkSj Communication Technology dks dke esa

ysrh
gS rks bls E-governency dgrs gSa A
3& "E-governency OR Digital governency

dks Internet ds Employee esa

rFkk
Government Information rFkk Service Internet dks Information Delivery

gsrq www dh rjg le>rk gSa A

4& mijksDr ifjHkk"kk ls ;g fcYdqy Li"V gksrk gS fd E,d

governency

Brant Concept ds :i esa E - Admistration government Process dks Im

prove djus gsrq Cityzen ds chp E-soicty ds e/; Service Delivery

esa
Effectiveness ykus ds fy, ,tsalht esa vU; Institer bR;kfn leLr

dks Cover fn;k tk ldrk gS A

5& E-governence Applications ds standerds vkSj Arketacher dks discribe
djrk gSa A
6& E - governence ds fy, Frame work jk"Vh; E-governence Frame work
ij vk/kkfjr Information gksrk gSa A
7& National E-governence

Hkkjr ljdkj dh ,d Planning

gS ftlls

leLr Government dks Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa ds fy, Electronic media

ds
tfj, miyC/k fd;k x;k gS A
@31@

E- Governence ds fuEufyf[kr y{; gS &

1& ukxfjdksa dks csgrj Service Delivery

2& Transperency vkSj Accountabilty Show djuk A
3& ukxfjdksa dks lwpuk miyC/k djkds 'kfDr nsuk ;k leFkZ
cukuk A
4& ljdkj ds vkarfjd foHkkxksa dks dk;Z{kerk dks Improve
djuk A
5& O;olk; vkSj m|ksx ds lkFk Interphase Improve djuk A
E - Democracy :
E - Democracy bl ckr ij ;dhu djrk gSa fd fdlh rjg dk

fu.kZ; ysus dk lcls vPNk rjhdk gSa fd ml fu.kZ; esa

'kklu

ds
lkjs ukxfjdksa dh foLr`r Participation

ftuds

gksuk pkfg, vkSj

ikl

Relavition Information dh igqWp Hkh gks A

1& Government Lo;a LoHkkool Intermation Inticizen Organization gSa A

2& Information ,d rjg ls Power gS vkSj Information Management
jktuhfrd vfHkf;k gS A
3& E-Democracy ,d mHkjrk gqvk Trend gS ftls government ds
dk;ksZa

ds

rjhdksa dks Re-Intvent fd;k tk ldsa A

4& E-Deomcracy us okLro esa tulk/kkj.k dks izLrqr djus gsrq
dbZ
phtsa ik;h gSa A tSls &
Information :

bl izf;k ds }kjk orZeku esa ekuo :ikarfjr Information

dks support fd;k tkrk gS A mnkgj.k & orZeku esa Decizen
making
process dks support djuk] communication c<+kuk rFkk Decizen

dks
Incliment djuk A

@32@
Automation :

bl izf;k ls orZeku :i esa ekuo }kjk laikfnr

izf;kvksa
dks izfrLFkkfir fd;k gS vkSj blesa Accepting, staring processing
outputing ,oa Transmiting dks lfEefyr fd;k gS A

Transformation :

u;s ICI f;kfUor Information process dks Create djuk rFkk

human Euecuting Information process djuk A mnkgj.k Public Service
Delivery ds u;s rjhds Create djuk A

1& E-Democracy og O;oLFkk gS ftlesa ukxfjdksa dks Democrating

Decizen
making process dks vkSj Re-present Democracy dks etcwr cukus

esa
lwpuk o izkS|ksfxdh esa lgk;rk feyrh gS A
2& E-Democracy vktdy dh Representate Democracy esa Internet, Mobile
Communication

o vU; rduhdksa ls ukxfjdksa dh lf;

Hkkxhnkjh
gksrh gS A
Cityzen Participation dks c<+kok nsus esa ljdkj ds

iz;kl %
1& fiNys 4 o"kksZa esa E-Democracy esa ,d Signfiant growth ns[kh
x;h gS A
2& Public vkSj Private Sector Plate Form esa Cityzen ls laca/k LFkkfir
djus esa ,d csgrjhu Invirment miyC/k djok;k gS A
3& bu Public Sector Portal ;k Plateform dks Devlop djus ds fy;s dbZ
fodYi gSa A
4& Social Networing E-Democracy ds fy;s mHkjrs {ks= gSa A lkFk
gh

;g
Related Technological Devlopment Map vkSj Remaint Web Hkh gh A

@33@
Cityzens roll :
Internet Opporchnity dk ,d ,slk Dinstrintive Struchture iznku

djrk gS A ftlesa Cityzen Agngezment o Participation esa u;h A

1& ;g Cityzen Agngenz o Participation esa u;h :ih iSnk djus dh rkdr
gS A
2& bUgsa rhu vyx&vyx Diamentional esa le>k tk ldrk gS A
(i)

Polital Knowledge : bldk vFkZ gS fd yksx Public Affares ds

ckjs
esa D;k lh[krs gSa A

(ii)

Political Participation : ,slh Convensional Activities tks Government

vkSj Desizen Making Service dks izHkkfor djs A

3& Internet ij miyC/k Information Capacity ls Government vkSj Political
is use ds ckjs esa T;knk knowledge j[kus okys Cityzen cu tkrs

gSa A
4& Medium dh Interectivity ls Cityzen dk Government ls Communication
djus dk u;k lk/ku vk tkrk gS A
Example - Intracilivity ls pqus x;s ;k Electrate Officiant o Public
Servent lEidZ esa j[krs gSa A

5& Contact Information Logisnate, Agenda vkSj Policy dks Website ls Post
j[kus ls Government T;knk Transpranee gks tkrh gS vkSj Online
o
Offline nksuksa gh voLFkkvksa esa Government o Information
Participation

fn[kk;h nsrk gS A
Privacy and Security is use :
E-Democracy dks vusd Practical is use Surround djrs gSa A

1& Media esa Internet ij vkSj yksdfiz; psruk esa ;g ,d etcwr

vkSj
lkekU; :i ls fufoZokn fopkj gS fd yksdra= dk u;k Electronic
Poddle Internet gS A

@34@
2& Internet ds vktdy dbZ ,slh fo'ks"krk;sa gSa tks bls ,d
yksdrkaf=d
ek/;e ds :i esa lkspus ds fy;s mRlkfgr djrk gS A

3& Speech ds fy;s cM+h etcwrh ls bPNk Lora= okjh leFkZu

Sharing
Culture vkfn fo'ks"krkvksa us Internet Use ds yxHkx lHkh

igyqvksa

dks

QSyk;k mnkgj.k ds fy;s National Science Foundation ds }kjk

O;kolkf;d iz;ksx dk rRdky fojks/k fd;k A
4& Internet

dk

lcls

egRoiw.kZ

;ksxnku

cM+s

Lrj

ij

T;knk&ls&T;knk
vfoospu Communication ds Idea dks vFkok lewg Chat From vkSj
vU; Bass ds fy;s O;kfir j[kk gS A
5& Sites dh yxkrkj c<+rh la[;k Privacy vkSj Security Statement Offer
djrs gSa A
6& Privacy Policy ds fy;s ge vusd Features dh rjg ns[krs gSa tSls
Wiziter Information ds O;kolkf;d Marketing dks Privacy Statement

dgha jksd rks ugha jgk gS A

Information Security :
Information Security III dks 44 dks Risk of Lats Mis Use ;k
Damage ls cpkrk gS A

1& Information Security Management bl rjg fu;af=r djrk gS fd

blds laxBu dks Security f;kUo; djus dh t:jr blhfy;s
iM+rh gS fd bls ;g lqfuf'pr~ djuk iM+rk gS fd ;g
le>nkjh

ls

bu tksf[keksa dks Management dj jgk gS A

2& Information Security Risk of Loss, Maisuse, Displace ;k Damage ds
fo:) Race, f;k&dykiksa dk o.kZu djrk gS A
lwpukvksa

ds

laj{k.k vkSj Information Instrastradure ls lacaf/kr gS A

tks

3& bu Asets ds leL;kvksa dks fuEufyf[kr eqn~nksa dk

fo'ys"k.k

djus

ij vkadfyr fd;k tkrk gS A

@35@
(i)

vkids Asets ij laHkkfor [krjs&;s vokafNr ?kVuk;sa gSa tks

tkucw>dj
;k vkdfLed Loss, Damage ;k Asets ds nq:i;ksx ls lacaf/kr gS A

(ii)

vfr laosnu'khyrk & Security Provider djus dk dkj.k Asets ij

Attack fd;s tkus ij ;s fdrus laosnu'khy ;k Accptable gksaxs A

(iii)

izHkko & laHkkfor ?kVuk dh xaHkhjrk dk foLrkj Information

Security

Hkh ,d t:jr le>h x;h gS A

4& laxBuksa ds }kjk f;kfUor fd;s x;s Programme vkSj fu;a=.k
ds
fy;s miyC/k Standerd ftuds ek/;e ls ;s leL;kvksa dks ?kVk;k
tk
ldrk gS A os fuEu gSa %&
(i)

xksiuh;rk & lwpukvksa ij dsoy os gh igqp ldsaxs tks

vf/kd`r gksaxs A
(ii)

v[k.Mrk & lwpukvksa dh Completness vkSj Auuracy dh

cpko

;k
j{kk djuk A

(iii)

miyC/krk & vf/kd`r User t:jr iM+us ij igqp laHko gks

ldsxk

;kfu t:jr iM+us ij gh vf/kd`r User ls gS A lwpukvksa dks

Access dj ldrs gSa A

Information Security dks izca/ku dh vko';drk %

Information Security dk izca/ku ,d dkjxj System gS blds

fy;s lacaf/kr laxBu gekjs Information System ij iM+us okys

laHkkfor
[krjs dks Reduse dj ikrs gSa A ;s [krjs fuEufyf[kr gSa %&
(a)

HkkSfrd ITS dh pksjh

(b)

lwpukvksa dh pksjh rFkk 'kks"k.k

(c)

Orgnization

ds yksxksa }kjk vlko/kkuhiw.kZ dk;Z ls

laosnu'khy

lwpukvksa

dk tkucw>dj Discloser fd;k tkuk A

1& Computers ij laxzfgr fd;s x;s lwpukvksa dk Court gks tkuk A
@36@
Digitel Devide :
Digitel Devide dh vo/kkj.kk dks 1990 ds n'kd esa &

1& Digitel Devide dk Use fLFkfr;ksa ds o.kZu ds fy;s fd;k tkrk

gS A
2& tgk ICI dk midj.kksa dk Use fd;k tkrk gS A
3& mnkgj.k vke turk ds izfr Fixed Line Found dh la[;k Mobile
Users ;k Internet Connection dh la[;k ICI midj.kksa ds }kjk ekik

tkrk gS A
4& OICD ds vuqlkj Digitel Devide O;fDr;ksa] ifjokjksa vkSj
HkkSxksfyd
{ks= dh [kkbZ dks lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ds lkFk

fofHkUu
lkekftd vkfFkZd Lrj ij lanfHkZr djrk gS A
5& Digitel Devide nwljs Lrj dh fofo/krk esa Hkh ekStwn gSa
tSls

{ks=
leqnk; vkSj O;fDrxr Lrj vkfn A

6& Digitel Devide vleku Uses vkSj tkudkjh dk Use djus ds fy;s
Hkh tkuk tkrk gS A
7& Digitel Devide ds fy;s vuqla/kku O;k[;kvksa ds ,d lewg dh
lykg
nsrk gS A bl lewg esa Gender, Age, Education, Income, Race vkSj
Location, Political vkSj Culture dks vkSj Internet Access esa 'kkfey

rks
djrk gS fdUrq buesa lhfer ugha djrk gS A
8& jk"Vksa esa Digitel Devide dks Reduge djus ds fy;s cqfu;knh
vko';drk
gS

fd

muds

Communication

Infrastructure

ds

fodkl

dks

izkFkfedrk
nsuk vkSj mUgsa Universal vkSj jk"V ds lHkh {ks=ksa
esa

Indivisual

ds

{ks=

esa lLrs Access miyC/k djkrk gS A

9& Digitel Devide dks tksM+us ds fy;s vusd :dkoVsa gSa A
tSls

egxk
Internet Access Internet esa leqfpr :i ls Band Birth dk u feyuk]

egxsa Hardware o Software, Higher Lavel Machine vkfn A

10& vkfFkZd nqcZyrk ds pyrs Computer vkSj Communication
Technology

ds izfr vYi igqp Hkh Digitel-Devide dj ,d izeq[k dkj.k gS A

@37@
Introduction of Cyber Crime :

tc Internet fodflr fd;k x;k Fkk tc Internet ds laLFkkiu

'kk;n gh tkurs gksxs fd Internet dk vkijkf/kd xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy,
nq:i;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSa A vkt Cyber Space esa dbZ lkjs vijk/k
gks jgs gSa tks fuEu izdkj ls gS &
1& Computer y{; ds :i esa & blesa ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj
ij
Attack

fd;k tkrk gS A tSls & Hacking, Virud, Attack, Das Attack

vkfn
2& Computer ,d vL= ds :i esa & tSls Cyber, Terilism IPR Balance,
Credit card, food, Eft Food iksjuksxzkQh vkfn A

3& Image spatfing : bldk vFkZ gS tks fdlh L=ksr ls izLrqr gksrk
gSa
tcfd okLro esa bls fdlh vU; L=ksr ls Hkstk x;k gSa A
4& E-mail Spaning : bldk vFkZ gS gtkjks User dks Changes lagers dh
rjg Use djuk A
&&&