INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Int. J. Commun. Syst. 2011; 24:776788

Published online 5 November 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/dac.1186

Companding schemes based on transforming signal statistics into

trigonal distributions for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems
Xinchun Wu, , Jinxiang Wang, Bin Zhou, Zhigang Mao and Zhiqiang Gao
Microelectronics Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Peoples Republic of China

SUMMARY
This paper proposes four companding transforms to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio in orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing systems. The four companding transforms are obtained by transforming
signal statistics into four trigonal distributions. Computer simulations show that the proposed schemes can
effectively improve the PAPR performance and bit error rate performance of OFDM systems. Copyright
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Received 24 November 2009; Revised 26 May 2010; Accepted 22 August 2010
KEY WORDS:

orthogonal frequency division multiplexing; peak-to-average power ratio; companding

transform; trigonal distribution

1. INTRODUCTION
With high spectrum efficiency and multi-path delay spread tolerance, orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) is used in many wireless standards, such as digital audio broadcasting
(DAB), terrestrial digital video broadcasting (DVB-T), IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless local
area networks (WLAN), IEEE 802.16 standard for wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN)
and ETSI HIPERLAN/2. However, the main drawback of OFDM systems is high peak-to-average
power ratio (PAPR) that may lead to in-band distortion and out-of-band radiation when the OFDM
signals are passed through a nonlinear high-power amplifier. Therefore, it is imperative to reduce
the PAPR of OFDM signals [1].
In some literatures, many schemes have been proposed to mitigate the problem of high PAPR in
OFDM systems. Direct clipping [2] is the simplest method to reduce PAPR, but it will cause in-band
noise and out-of-band radiation. Filtering can reduce the out-of-band energy, but it may cause peak
regrowth. In order to suppress peak regrowth, repeated clipping-and-filtering [3] can be employed
to obtain a good PAPR performance with high complexity. Selective mapping (SLM) [4] and partial
transmit sequence (PTS) [5] are important probabilistic methods to reduce PAPR by generating
multiple candidates and selecting the candidate with minimal PAPR to transmit. Nevertheless SLM
and PTS suffer from high computational complexity due to the operation of multiple inverse fast
Fourier transforms (IFFTs) and transmission of side information. Coding technique provides good
PAPR performance at the cost of high complexity and reduction of transmission rate. In tone
reservation (TR) and tone injection (TI), both transmitter and receiver reserve a subset of the tone
for generating PAPR reduction signals. In order to calculate the optimal translation vector, the
Correspondence

to: Xinchun Wu, Microelectronics Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Peoples Republic
of China.
E-mail: wuxinchun@hit.edu.cn
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

COMPANDING SCHEMES FOR PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM SYSTEMS

777

computational complexity of TR and TI is higher [6, 7]. Companding transforms [812] are the
most attractive methods due to low complexity and good system performance.
The -law companding [9] is the first nonlinear companding transform and has better performance than the clipping scheme. However, the -law companding scheme will increase the average
power of transmitted signals because it mainly enlarges small signals. In [10], authors researched
the performances of four typical companding transforms, namely, linear symmetrical transform
(LST), linear nonsymmetrical transform (LNST), nonlinear symmetrical transform (NLST), and
nonlinear nonsymmetrical transform (NLNST). Among the four transforms, LNST has the best
performances of PAPR and BER. However, the transformed signals have an abrupt jump due to the
introduction of an inflexion point, which degrades the power spectral density (PSD) of transformed
signals. In [11], by introducing two inflexion points, the proposed linear companding transform
can provide an enhanced PSD and more design flexibility than LNST. Moreover, it has a better
PAPR reduction capability and BER performance. However, in order to recover original signals,
the receiver must have knowledge of index sets. Therefore, side information should be transmitted
along with the signals, which will occupy the data bandwidth and decrease the speed of data transmission. If the side information is falsely received, it will deteriorate the BER performance. In [12],
authors proposed two nonlinear companding transforms in which original Gaussian-distributed
signals were transformed into uniform-distributed signals.
Besides uniform distribution, trigonal distributions can also be employed to the companding
transform. In this paper, we propose four nonlinear companding transforms to reduce the PAPR by
transforming the statistic of original OFDM signals or the statistic of signal powers into trigonal
distributions.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we briefly review a
typical OFDM system with the companding transform. Section 3 proposes four novel nonlinear
companding transforms to reduce the PAPR of OFDM signals. The performances of the proposed
schemes are discussed in Section 4. Section 5 is the conclusion of this paper.
2. THE COMPANDED OFDM SYSTEM
The block diagram of a typical companded OFDM system [12] is shown in Figure 1. First, the input
bit stream is modulated by quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or phase shift keying (PSK)
to form frequency domain signal Sk , where k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1, N is the number of subcarriers in
the OFDM system. Then, an N -point IFFT is performed on Sk to generate time domain signal sn ,
namely
1
1 N
sn =
Sk e j2nk/N
(1)
N k=0
where n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. For a real output signal sn , the complex input signal Sk has Hermitian
symmetry, namely, S N k = Sk , where k = 1, . . . , N /2, and * denotes the complex conjugate operation. According to the central limit theory, sn approximates Gaussian distribution when N is very
large. The probability density function (PDF) of sn can be expressed as


x2
1
(2)
exp 2
f sn (x) =
2
2
where 2 is the variance of the original OFDM signal. Then the cumulative distribution function
(CDF) of the signal sn is
 x
 0
 x
f sn (y)dy =
f sn (y)dy +
f sn (y)dy
Fsn (x) = Prob{sn x} =


x
1
1
+
1+erf
f sn (y)dy =
2
2
2
0
x
2
where erf(x) = 0 2/  exp(t ) dt.
=

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.



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Figure 1. Block diagram of companded OFDM system.

The PAPR of the discrete OFDM signal sn is defined as

max

PAPR[sn ] = 10 log10

0n  N 1

|sn |2
(4)

E[|sn |2 ]

where E[] denotes the mean value. Generally, complementary cumulative distribution function
(CCDF) is used for evaluating the PAPR performance, i.e.
CCDF(PAPR[sn ]) = Pr (PAPR[sn ]>PAPR0 )

(5)

This is the probability that the PAPR of the signal sn exceeds the threshold level PAPR0 . Subsequently, the companding transform is performed on the signal sn to generate companded signal tn
tn = T (sn )

(6)

where T () is the companding transform function.

After a cyclic prefix (CP) is inserted to the companded signal tn , the resultant signal is converted
into analog signal and amplified by the high-power amplifier.
Finally, the OFDM signal is transmitted into the radio channel.
In the receiver, the de-companding transform is adopted to recover the original signal.

3. PROPOSED COMPANDING TRANSFORMS

With simple shape and low complexity for computing PDF and CDF, trigonal distribution can
be employed to the companding transform. In this section, we propose four novel companding
transform schemes that can effectively reduce the PAPR of OFDM signals. Therefore, two schemes
transform the statistic of original OFDM signals into trigonal distributions, whereas others transform
the statistic of signal powers into trigonal distributions.
3.1. Transforming the statistic of OFDM signals to trigonal distributions
3.1.1. Companding transform T1 (). We perform companding transform T1 () on the original
OFDM signal sn to generate companded signal tn and make tn satisfy the desired distribution
shown in Figure 2, where h 1 is the peak amplitude of tn . Presently, we deduce the function of T1 ().
If h 1 tn 0, the PDF of the companded signal can be given by
f tn (y) =
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

h1 + y
,
h 21

h 1 y0

(7)

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COMPANDING SCHEMES FOR PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM SYSTEMS

h1 + y
2
h1

h1

1
h1

(h1 + y ) 2
2
2h1
y

779

h1 y+
2
h1

(h1 y+ ) 2
2
2h1
y+

tn
h1

Figure 2. Desired distribution of companded signal in transform T1 ().

The companded signal has the following CDF:

 y
(h 1 + y)2
f tn (t)dt =
Ftn (y) =
2h 21
h 1

(8)


Because h 1 + y0, according to Equation (8), we can obtain y = h 1 2Ftn (y)h 1 .
Let p = Ftn (y), the inverse function of Ftn (y) can be expressed as

(
p)
=
h
2 p h 1 , 0 p 12
y = Ft1
1
n

(9)

Given that T1 (x) is a strictly monotonic increasing function, then

Fsn (x) = Prob{sn x} = Prob{T1 (sn )T1 (x)} = Ftn (T1 (x))
According to Equations (3), (9), and (10), we can obtain the function of T1 (x) as



x
1
T1 (x) = Ftn (Fsn (x)) = h 1 1+erf
h 1
2
Similarly, if 0tn h 1 , the function of T1 (x) is

T1 (x) = h 1 h 1

x
1erf
2

(10)

(11)


(12)

Considering the phase of input signal, the function of T1 (x) can be expressed as





|x|
T1 (x) = sign(x) h 1 h 1 1erf
2

(13)

where sign() denotes the sign function.

According to the distribution in Figure 2, we can calculate the average power of companded
signal as
 h1
 0
 h1
h 21
2
2
2 h1 + y
2 h1 y
E(tn ) =
(14)
y f tn (y)dy =
y
dy
+
y

dy
=
6
h 21
h 21
h 1
h 1
0
The peak power of the companded signal is h 21 , so the PAPR of the companded signal is

h 21
PAPR1 = 10log10
= 10log10 6 = 7.7815
E(tn2 )
In order to keep the original signal
and the companded signal at the same average power level,
namely E(tn2 ) = E(sn2 ), hence h 1 = 6.
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y
2
h2

1
h2

y+
2
h2

h2

1
h2

y
2
2h2

y+
2
2h2

t
y+

h2

Figure 3. Desired distribution of companded signal in transform T2 ().

At the receiver side, in order to recover the original signals, the inverse function of T1 (x) is
used for the de-companding operation. The inverse function of T1 (x) is



|x| 2
1
(15)
T1 (x) = sign(x) 2erfinv 1 1
h1
where erfinv() denotes the inverse function of erf().
3.1.2. Companding transform T2 (). We perform companding transform T2 () on the original
OFDM signal sn to obtain companded signal tn and make tn satisfy the desired distribution shown
in Figure 3, where h 2 is the peak amplitude of tn . The function of T2 () is deduced as follows.
If h 2 tn 0, the PDF of the companded signal is
f tn (y) =

y
,
h 22

h 2 y0

(16)

The CDF of the companded signal can be given by

 y
y2
f tn (t)dt = 12 2
Ftn (y) =
2h 2
h 2

(17)

Let p = Ftn (y), the inverse function of Ftn (y) can be expressed as
 

1
1
1
y = Ftn ( p) = h 2 2
p , 0 p
2
2
Hence, we can obtain the function of T2 (x), i.e.

(Fsn (x)) = h 2
T2 (x) = Ft1
n
Similarly, if 0tn h 2 , the function of T2 (x) is

T2 (x) = h 2

(18)



x
erf
2

x
erf
2

(19)


(20)

Considering the phase of input signal, T2 (x) can be expressed as

 

|x|
T2 (x) = sign(x)h 2 erf
2

(21)

According to the distribution in Figure 3, we can calculate the average power of the companded
signal as
 h2
 0
 h2
h2
y
2
2
2 y
E(tn ) =
(22)
y f tn (y)dy =
y 2 dy +
y 2 2 dy = 2
2
h2
h2
h 2
h 2
0
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COMPANDING SCHEMES FOR PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM SYSTEMS

781

ft
2
h3

2(h3 z )
2
h3

(h3 z ) 2
2
h3
z

tn

h3

Figure 4. Desired distribution of powers of companded signal in T3 ().

The peak power of the companded signal is h 22 , hence the PAPR of the companded signal is

h 22
PAPR2 = 10log10
= 10log10 2 = 3.0103
E(tn2 )

As E(tn2 ) = E(sn2 ), we have h 2 = 2.

At the receive side, the inverse function of T2 (x) can be given by

x2
T21 (x) = sign(x) 2erfinv 2
h2

(23)

3.2. Transforming the statistic of signal powers to trigonal distributions

3.2.1. Companding transform T3 (). We perform companding transform T3 () on the original
OFDM signal sn to generate companded signal tn and make the power of tn satisfy the desired
distribution shown in Figure 4, where h 3 is the peak power of tn . The derivation of the function
of T3 () is shown as follows.
The power of companded signal has the following PDF:
f tn2 (z) =

2(h 3 z)
,
h 23

0zh 3

(24)

The CDF of the power of companded signal can be expressed as

 h3
(h 3 z)2
Ftn2 (z) =
f tn2 (z)dz = 1
, 0zh 3
h 23
0

(25)

If y<0, we can obtain

1
1
Ftn (y) = Prob{tn y} = Prob{tn2 >y 2 } = (1Prob{tn2 <y 2 })
2
2


1
(h 3 y 2 )2
(h 3 y 2 )2
=
1 1
=
,

h 3 y<0
2
h 23
2h 23
Let p = Ftn (y), the inverse function of Ftn (y) is


(
p)
=

h 3 (1 2 p),
y = Ft1
n

0 p< 12

Therefore, the companding function T3 (x) can be calculated as

 




x

1
T3 (x) = Ftn (Fsn (x)) = h 3 1 1+erf
2
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

(26)

(27)

(28)

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X. WU ET AL.

If y0, we can obtain

Ftn (y) = Prob{tn y} =

= 1

(h 3 y 2 )2
1
h 23

2
2
1
1
1
1
2 + 2 Prob{tn <y } = 2 + 2

(h 3 y 2 )2
,
2h 23


0y h 3

(29)

The inverse function of Ftn (y) is given by



1
y = Ftn ( p) = h 3 (1 2(1 p)),

1
2  p1

Hence, we can obtain the function of T3 (x) as

 





x

T3 (x) = Ft1
(Fsn (x)) = h 3 1 1erf
n
2
Considering the phase of input signal, the function of T3 (x) can be expressed as
 





|x|

T3 (x) = sign(x) h 3 1 1erf
2

(30)

(31)

(32)

According to the distribution in Figure 4, we can calculate the average power of the companded
signal, i.e.
 h3
 h3
2(h 3 z)
h3
2
(33)
z f tn2 (z)dz =
z
dz =
E(tn ) =
2
3
h3
0
0
The peak power of companded signal is h 3 , so the PAPR of the companded signal is


h3
= 10log10 3 = 4.7712
PAPR3 = 10log10
E(tn2 )
As E(tn2 ) = E(sn2 ), we can obtain h 3 = 32 .
At the receive side, the inverse function of T3 (x) is

2

x2
1
T3 (x) = sign(x) 2erfinv 1 1
h3

(34)

3.2.2. Companding transform T4 (). We perform companding transform T4 () on the original

OFDM signal sn to obtain the companded signal tn and make the power of tn satisfy the desired
distribution shown in Figure 5, where h 4 is the peak power of tn . The derivation of the function
of T4 () is shown as follows.

ft

2z
2
h4

2
h4

z
2
h4
z

h4

tn

Figure 5. Desired distribution of powers of companded signal in T4 ().

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COMPANDING SCHEMES FOR PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM SYSTEMS

783

The PDF of the power of companded signal is given by

f tn2 (z) =

2z
,
h 24

0zh 4

(35)

The power of the companded signal has the following CDF:

Ftn2 (z) =

z2
,
h 24

0zh 4

(36)

If y<0, we can obtain

Ftn (y) = Prob{tn y} = 12 Prob{tn2 >y 2 } = 12 (1Prob{tn2 <y 2 })


y4
1
1 2 , h 4 y<0
=
2
h4
Let p = Ftn (y), the inverse function of Ftn (y) is

4 2
y = Ft1
(
p)
=

h 4 (12 p),
n
Hence, the function of T4 (x) can be calculated as

0 p< 12

T4 (x) = Ft1
(Fsn (x)) =
n


h 24 erf

2

(37)

(38)


(39)

If y0, we can obtain

Ftn (y) = Prob{tn y} = 12 + 12 Prob{tn2 <y 2 } = 12 +
Let p = Ftn (y), the inverse function of Ftn (y) is

4 2
(
p)
=
h 4 (2 p 1),
y = Ft1
n
Hence, the function of T4 (x) can be calculated as

T4 (x) = Ft1
(Fsn (x)) =
n

1
2  p1


h 24 erf


y4
,
0y
h4
2h 24

2

(40)

(41)

Considering the phase of input signal, the function of T4 (x) can be expressed as



|x|
T4 (x) = sign(x) 4 h 24 erf
2

(42)

(43)

According to the distribution in Figure 5, we can calculate the average power of the companded
signal as
 h4
 h4
2z
2h 4
(44)
E(tn2 ) =
z f tn2 (z)dz =
z 2 dz =
3
h4
0
0
The peak power of companded signal is h 4 , so the PAPR of the companded signal is


h4
3
= 10log10 = 1.7609
PAPR4 = 10log10
2
E(tn2 )
As E(tn2 ) = E(sn2 ), we can obtain h 4 = 32 2 .
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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X. WU ET AL.

2
1.5
1

T(x)

0.5
0
-0.5

C1 in [12]
T1
T2
C2 in [12]
T3
T4
Linear Companding

-1
-1.5
-2
-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0
x

0.5

1.5

Figure 6. Profiles of different companding transforms.

The inverse function of T4 (x) can be expressed as

x4
T41 (x) = sign(x) 2erfinv 2
h4

(45)

Among the four proposed companding transforms, the companded signals in transform T4 ()
have the lowest PAPR, and the distribution of the companded signals in transform T1 () are close
to Gaussian distribution.
Figure 6 depicts the profiles of the proposed four companding transforms and other three
companding transforms, C1 (), C2 () in [12], and linear companding transform with two inflexion
points in [11]. In order to keep original signals and companded signals at the same average power
level, the proposed companding transforms compress signals with large amplitude and expand
signals with small amplitude. Among the proposed companding transforms, T1 () approximates
the linear transform, T4 () has the severest nonlinearity.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this section, performance results of the proposed companding transforms are compared with
other three companding transforms, C1 (), C2 () in [12] and linear companding transform in [11]
We consider an OFDM system with 256 subcarriers and QPSK modulation.
In order to verify the PAPR performance, 103 independent OFDM symbols are randomly
generated. The CCDFs of PAPRs of original OFDM signals and companded signals are shown
in Figure 7. Given CCDF = 103 , the PAPRs of the companded signals in T1 (), T2 (), T3 (), and
T4 () are about 8.0, 3.15, 4.9, and 1.9 dB, respectively. From Section 3, the calculated PAPRs
of companded signals in T1 (), T2 (), T3 (), and T4 () are 7.7815, 3.0103, 4.7712, and 1.7609 dB,
respectively. The simulation results of PAPRs are close to the calculated PAPRs. The proposed
companding transforms T2 (), T3 (), and T4 () can provide better PAPR performance compared
with the linear companding transform in [11]
In the simulation for evaluating BER performance, solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) is
employed and the radio channel is assumed to AWGN. The random positive-integer parameter of
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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COMPANDING SCHEMES FOR PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM SYSTEMS

785

CCDF (Pr[PAP R>PAPR0])

10

Original
C1
T1
T2
C2
T3
T4
Linear Companding

-1

10

-2

10

-3

10

6
8
PAPR0 [dB]

10

12

14

Figure 7. CCDFs of PAPRs of original OFDM signals and companded signals.

0

10

10

-1

-2

BER

10

C1
T1
T2
C2
T3
T4
Linear Companding

10

10

10

-3

-4

-5

10

15

20

25

SNR [dB]

Figure 8. BER performance in different companding transforms.

SSPA is set to be the typical value 2. The model of SSPA can be expressed as
x(t)
y(t) =
(46)
1
[1+ x 4 (t)] 4
where x(t) and y(t) are, respectively, the input and output signals of SSPA.
Figure 8 shows the BER performances versus signal-to noise ratio (SNR) of actual signals. For the
linear companding transform in [11], the transmission error of side information is considered. The
transform T1 () can provide better BER performance than other transforms, because the distribution
of companded signals in T1 () is closer to the Gaussian distribution than those in other transforms.
It requires about a SNR of 9 dB to obtain the BER of 104 in companding transform T1 ().
PAPR reduction schemes may increase the side-lobes and slow the roll-off of power spectrum of
original OFDM signals, which will destroy the rectangular-like spectrum and enhance the adjacent
channel interference. Figure 9 shows the spectrum of original OFDM signals and companded
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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X. WU ET AL.

15

Power Spectral Density

10

Orignal
C1
T1
T2
C2
T3
T4
Linear Companding

-5

-10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
0.6
Normalized Frequency

0.7

0.8

0.9

Figure 9. Spectrum in different companding schemes.

signals, and the companding transform T1 () cause less spectrum side-lobes than other companding
transforms. It is the major reason that the distribution of companded signals in T1 () is closer to
the Gaussian distribution than those in other transforms. The linear companding scheme changes
the average power level, therefore this scheme cause more spectrum side-lobes. The companding
transform T4 () causes the most spectrum side-lobes, so that it can bring out-of-band distortion
and results in more severe inter-carrier interference.

5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we propose four nonlinear companding transforms to reduce the PAPR of OFDM
signals by transforming the statistic of OFDM signals or the statistic of signal powers into trigonal
distributions. The PAPR reduction capacity, BER performance, and spectrum of the proposed
companding transforms have been researched by computer simulations. From the simulations, the
companding transform T4 () can reduce greater PAPR than other companding transforms. The
companding transform T1 () can obtain better BER performance and spectrum compared with other
companding transforms.
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AUTHORS BIOGRAPHIES

Xinchun Wu received his BS degree and MS degree from Harbin Institute of Technology,
Harbin, Peoples Republic of China, in 2003 and 2006. He is currently working toward
PhD degree at Microelectronics center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Peoples Republic
of China. His research interests include OFDM, MIMO, and VLSI design.

Jinxiang Wang received his PhD degree from Harbin Institute of Technology, Peoples
Republic of China, in 1999. He is now Professor at Microelectronics Center, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Peoples Republic of China. His major interests are VLSI design,
wireless communication, and signal processing.

Bin Zhou received his BS degree and MS degree from Harbin Institute of Technology,
Harbin, Peoples Republic of China, in 2003 and 2005, respectively. He is currently
working toward PhD degree at Microelectronics center, Harbin Institute of Technology,
Peoples Republic of China. His research interests include wireless communication,
BIST, test data compression, and IC design.

Zhigang Mao received his PhD degree from Rennes University, France, in 1992. He
is now Professor at Microelectronics Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Peoples
Republic of China. His major interests are VLSI design, parallel structure, and signal
processing.

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Int. J. Commun. Syst. 2011; 24:776788

DOI: 10.1002/dac

788

X. WU ET AL.

Zhiqiang Gao received his PhD degree from Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,
Peoples Republic of China, in 2007. He is currently Associate Professor at Department
of Microelectronics, Harbin Institute of Technology. His research interests are in the
field of very high-frequency integrated circuits and systems for communications, radar,
and biomedical applications.

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Int. J. Commun. Syst. 2011; 24:776788

DOI: 10.1002/dac