This excel calculate consolidation settlement due to embankment load and

additional external load e.g. railway construction on fill. Addional stresses in

each depth increment due to both loads are calculated based on stress on
elastic foundation theory. Consolidation settlement then estiamated based on
coefficeint compressibility. The program calculates additional stress due to
embankent and external load. It also estimates the settlement at the middle of
the embankment. Finally the program gives preliminarly design of vertical drain.
Output graphs can be seen on graph sheets.Change only yellow cells!'@MYUSA
2016

and
es in
on
sed on
to
middle of
cal drain.
@MYUSA

C
qext

1V:n H

Embankmentfill

SOIL LAYER 1

1,eo1, Cc1,Cr1,Cv1

SOIL LAYER 2

SOIL LAYER 3

2,eo2, Cc2,Cr2,Cv2

3, eo3,Cc3,Cr3,Cv3

H
GWL

Hw

H1

H2

H3

qext
Hw

=
=

25 kN/m2
1m

fill
H
n
b

eo1
H1
Cc1
Cr1
Cv1

eo2
H2
Cc2
Cr2
Cv2

eo3
H3
Cc3
Cr3
Cv3

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

18 (kN/m3)
4m
1.2
50 m
11 (kN/m3)
11
4m
3
0.2
3.3 m2/year
13 (kN/m3)
0.9
6m
1.3
0.1
2.8 m2/year
18 (kN/m3)
0.8
10 m
1.1
0.02
3 m2/year

Note

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

unit weight of fill

fill height
slope
half width
unit weight layer 1
void ratio layer 1
thickness layer 1
Coeficient of comprresibility layer 1
Coeficient of swelling layer 1
Coeficient of consolidation layer 1
unit weight layer 2
void ratio layer 2
thickness layer 2
Coeficient of comprresibility layer 2
Coeficient of swelling layer 2
Coeficient of consolidation layer 2
unit weight layer 3
void ratio layer 3
thickness layer 3
Coeficient of comprresibility layer 3
Coeficient of swelling layer 3
Coeficient of consolidation layer 3

comprresibility layer 1

swelling layer 1

consolidation layer 1

comprresibility layer 2

swelling layer 2

consolidation layer 2

comprresibility layer 3

swelling layer 3

consolidation layer 3

qext

Half geometry data

1V:n H

qfill

a(m)
n
b(m)
H (m)
fill(kN/m3)
qfill(kN/m2)
qext(kN/m2)
q total

f geometry data
7.8
1.2
50
6.5
18
117
25
142

z
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
14.5
15
15.5
16
16.5
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
23.5
24
24.5
25
25.5

1.56
1.55
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.42
1.41
1.40
1.39
1.38
1.37
1.36
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.32
1.31
1.30
1.29
1.28
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.23
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.11
1.10

1+2
1.56
1.55
1.54
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.42
1.42
1.41
1.40
1.39
1.38
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.35
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.31
1.30
1.29
1.28
1.28
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.22
1.21
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.16

due to fill
a/z
b/z
15.60
50.00
7.80
50.00
5.20
50.00
3.90
50.00
3.12
50.00
2.60
50.00
2.23
50.00
1.95
50.00
1.73
50.00
1.56
50.00
1.42
50.00
1.30
50.00
1.20
50.00
1.11
50.00
1.04
50.00
0.98
50.00
0.92
50.00
0.87
50.00
0.82
50.00
0.78
50.00
0.74
50.00
0.71
50.00
0.68
50.00
0.65
50.00
0.62
50.00
0.60
50.00
0.58
50.00
0.56
50.00
0.54
50.00
0.52
50.00
0.50
50.00
0.49
50.00
0.47
50.00
0.46
50.00
0.45
50.00
0.43
50.00
0.42
50.00
0.41
50.00
0.40
50.00
0.39
50.00
0.38
50.00
0.37
50.00
0.36
50.00
0.35
50.00
0.35
50.00
0.34
50.00
0.33
50.00
0.33
50.00
0.32
50.00
0.31
50.00
0.31
50.00

I
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48

q fill di A
117.00
117.00
117.00
117.00
117.00
116.99
116.99
116.98
116.97
116.96
116.95
116.93
116.91
116.89
116.87
116.84
116.81
116.77
116.74
116.69
116.65
116.59
116.54
116.48
116.41
116.34
116.27
116.19
116.10
116.01
115.92
115.82
115.71
115.60
115.48
115.36
115.23
115.09
114.96
114.81
114.66
114.50
114.34
114.17
114.00
113.82
113.64
113.45
113.25
113.05
112.85

26
26.5
27
27.5
28
28.5
29
29.5
30
30.5
31
31.5
32
32.5
33
33.5
34
34.5
35
35.5
36
36.5
37
37.5
38
38.5
39
39.5
40

1.09
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.91
0.90
0.90

1.15
1.14
1.13
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.10
1.09
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97

0.30
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20

50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00

0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.48
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45

112.64
112.42
112.20
111.98
111.75
111.51
111.27
111.03
110.78
110.53
110.27
110.01
109.75
109.48
109.20
108.93
108.65
108.36
108.07
107.78
107.49
107.19
106.89
106.59
106.28
105.98
105.66
105.35
105.03

7.00
82.0
7.50
81.5
8.00
80.9
8.50
80.4
9.00
79.8
9.50
79.2
10.00
78.7
10.50
78.1
11.00
77.6
11.50
77.0
12.00
76.5
12.50
76.0
13.00
75.4
13.50
74.9
14.00
74.4
14.50
73.8
15.00
73.3
15.50
72.8
16.00
72.3
16.50
71.7
17.00
71.2
17.50
70.7
18.00
70.2
18.50
69.7
19.00
69.2
19.50
68.7
20.00
68.2
20.50
67.7
21.00
67.2
21.50
66.7
22.00
66.3
22.50
65.8
23.00
65.3
23.50
64.8
24.00
64.4
24.50
63.9
25.00
63.4
25.50
63.0
26.00
62.5
26.50
62.1
27.00
61.6
27.50
61.2
28.00
60.8
28.50
60.3
29.00
59.9
29.50
59.5
30.00
59.0
30.50
58.6
31.00
58.2
31.50
57.8
32.00
57.4

due to external line load

rad

1.4
0.00
1.4
0.00
1.4
0.00
1.4
0.00
1.4
0.00
1.4
0.00
1.4
0.00
1.4
0.00
1.4
0.00
1.3
0.00
1.3
0.00
1.3
0.00
1.3
0.00
1.3
0.00
1.3
0.00
1.3
0.00
1.3
0.00
1.3
0.00
1.3
0.00
1.3
0.00
1.2
0.00
1.2
0.00
1.2
0.00
1.2
0.00
1.2
0.00
1.2
0.00
1.2
0.00
1.2
0.00
1.2
0.00
1.2
0.00
1.2
0.00
1.1
0.00
1.1
0.00
1.1
0.00
1.1
0.00
1.1
0.00
1.1
0.00
1.1
0.00
1.1
0.00
1.1
0.00
1.1
0.00
1.1
0.00
1.1
0.00
1.1
0.00
1.0
0.00
1.0
0.00
1.0
0.00
1.0
0.00
1.0
0.00
1.0
0.00
1.0
0.00

rad
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

q ext di A q total at A
24.97
141.97
24.97
141.96
24.96
141.96
24.95
141.95
24.94
141.94
24.93
141.92
24.92
141.91
24.91
141.89
24.89
141.86
24.88
141.84
24.86
141.81
24.85
141.78
24.83
141.74
24.81
141.70
24.79
141.66
24.77
141.61
24.74
141.55
24.72
141.49
24.69
141.43
24.66
141.36
24.63
141.28
24.60
141.20
24.57
141.11
24.54
141.02
24.51
140.92
24.47
140.81
24.43
140.70
24.39
140.58
24.35
140.46
24.31
140.33
24.27
140.19
24.23
140.04
24.18
139.89
24.13
139.73
24.09
139.57
24.04
139.39
23.99
139.22
23.94
139.03
23.88
138.84
23.83
138.64
23.77
138.43
23.72
138.22
23.66
138.00
23.60
137.78
23.54
137.54
23.48
137.30
23.42
137.06
23.36
136.81
23.29
136.55
23.23
136.28
23.17
136.01

32.50
33.00
33.50
34.00
34.50
35.00
35.50
36.00
36.50
37.00
37.50
38.00
38.50
39.00
39.50
40.00
40.50
41.00
41.50
42.00
42.50
43.00
43.50
44.00
44.50
45.00
45.50
46.00
46.50

57.0
56.6
56.2
55.8
55.4
55.0
54.6
54.2
53.9
53.5
53.1
52.8
52.4
52.0
51.7
51.3
51.0
50.6
50.3
50.0
49.6
49.3
49.0
48.7
48.3
48.0
47.7
47.4
47.1

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

23.10
23.03
22.96
22.90
22.83
22.76
22.69
22.62
22.54
22.47
22.40
22.32
22.25
22.18
22.10
22.02
21.95
21.87
21.80
21.72
21.64
21.56
21.49
21.41
21.33
21.25
21.17
21.09
21.01

135.74
135.46
135.17
134.87
134.58
134.27
133.96
133.65
133.33
133.00
132.67
132.34
132.00
131.65
131.30
130.95
130.59
130.23
129.87
129.50
129.13
128.76
128.38
128.00
127.61
127.23
126.84
126.44
126.05

Hw
H1
H2
H3
H total
Cv1
Cv2
Cv3
Cv average
fill
Hfill
qfill

m
m
m
m
m
m2/year
m2/year
m2/year
m2/year
kN/m3
m
kPa

Cc

Cr

eo

Pc

3
1.3
1.1

0.2
0.1
0.02

11
0.9
0.8

32.20
44.20
94.80

Settlement calculation
Thickness mid depth
0
4
2
6
7
10
15

1
4
6
2
12
3.3
2.8
3
2.99
18
4
72

Time rate calculation

t90
40.9
Sf
2.4
Cv ave
3.0
Htotal
12.0
t(year)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
15
20
25

Tv
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.31
0.41
0.52

Po
0
22.00
83.00
212.00

year

m
U
0.07
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.23
0.28
0.33
0.36
0.40
0.43
0.46
0.49
0.51
0.62
0.71
0.77

S(m)
0.17
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.39
0.55
0.67
0.78
0.87
0.95
1.03
1.10
1.17
1.23
1.50
1.70
1.86

for double drainage half Htot

30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
150
200
250
C
PVD depth

0.62
0.73
0.83
0.93
1.04
1.14
1.24
1.35
1.45
1.56
1.66
1.76
1.87
1.97
2.07
3.11
4.15
5.19

0.83
0.87
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

1.98
2.07
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.28
2.31
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.40
2.40
2.40

Spacing
(m)
1

D(m)

a(mm)

1.05

10

1.2

1.26

10

1.5

1.575

10

Vertical drain calculation

Sf(m)
12 1.793

b(mm) dw(mm)

n=de/dw

Fn

9.55

109.96

3.95

9.55

131.95

4.13

9.55

164.93

4.36

Settlement of soil below PVD depth

t
10
years
H1'
m
0
H2'
m
0
H3
m
0
Cv'
2.988 m2/years

Tv
U
Sf'
St
Settlement rate

#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
0.60
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!

C
Sc1
(1

C
Sc2
(1
u
0
9.8
58.8
137.2

Po'

Po'+q

OCR

12.20
24.2
74.8

141.9
141.7
140.3

154
166
215

NC
NC
NC
Sc
Si=0.1Sc
Stot

Sp(m)
0.708
0.814
0.875
2.396
0.240
2.636

m
m
m

0.1Sc

(Burland,1985)

Cv
Ch
(m2/years)
2.99
5.97

t(years)

de2/8Ch

2Fn

Ln(1/(1-Uh))

Ur

Tv

Uv

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2

0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023
0.023

7.900
7.900
7.900
7.900
7.900
7.900
7.900
7.900
7.900
7.900

1.097
2.194
3.290
4.387
5.484
6.581
7.678
8.775
9.871
10.968

0.666
0.889
0.963
0.988
0.996
0.999
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004

0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073

2.99

5.97

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2

0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.033

8.265
8.265
8.265
8.265
8.265
8.265
8.265
8.265
8.265
8.265

0.728
1.456
2.184
2.912
3.640
4.368
5.097
5.825
6.553
7.281

0.517
0.767
0.888
0.946
0.974
0.987
0.994
0.997
0.999
0.999

0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004

0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073

2.99

5.97

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

0.052
0.052
0.052
0.052
0.052

8.265
8.265
8.265
8.265
8.265

0.466
0.932
1.398
1.864
2.330

0.373
0.606
0.753
0.845
0.903

0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004

0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2

m
m
cm/years

0.052
0.052
0.052
0.052
0.052

8.265
8.265
8.265
8.265
8.265

2.796
3.262
3.728
4.194
4.660

0.939
0.962
0.976
0.985
0.991

0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004

0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073

P0 ' P C r.H .
C c.H .
Pc'
Sc1
log(
)
log( ); P0 ' P Pc'
(1 e0 )
Pc'
(1 e0)
P0 '
P0 ' P
C r.H .
Sc2
log(
); P0' P Pc'
(1 e0 )
P0 '

(Burland,1985)

U(%)
69.055
89.674
96.554
98.850
99.616
99.872
99.957
99.986
99.995
99.998
55.246
78.401
89.576
94.969
97.572
98.828
99.435
99.727
99.868
99.936
41.825
63.505
77.105
85.637
90.989

94.347
96.454
97.775
98.604
99.124

Stress increase at the middle of embankment vs depth

110
0

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

Settle

118

t(y
0

0.00

10

0.50

Depth (m) 15

1.00

20

Sc(m)
1.50

25
30

2.00

35

2.50

(kPa)
3.00

50

100

Settlement vs time

Vertical drain spacing vs degree of consolidation

t(years)
50

100

150

200

250

300

100

80
S=1m
S=1.2
m

U(% )
60

40
0

0.5

1
1.5
time(years)

2.5

consolidation

2.5

A1

Stress increase due to embankment (trapezoidal uniform load)

Iq
I
A2

ab
b
a ( 1 2 ) a 2

Stress increase due to uniform vertical loading

q
( sin cos( 2 )

Consolidation settlement
B1. Normally consolidated soils

Sc

cc
.H . log
1 eo

Po '
Po '

B2. Overconsolidated soils

Case 1. Po'+ < Pc

P P
cs

.H . log o
1 eo
Po

Case 2. Po'< Pc<Po'+

cs
.H . log
1 eo

Pc
Po

cc
.H . log
1 eo

Po P
Pc

cs
.H . log
1 eo

PcPo'+15
C

Pc
Po

cc
.H . log
1 eo

(assumed groundwater fluctuation about 1.5m)

Time rate consolidation

Tv .H 2
t
cv

for 90% consolidation Tv=0.848

U=St/Sf

degee of consolidation

for U<=53%

U%
Tv

for U>53%

100

Tv=1.781-0.933[log(100-U%)]

Vertical drain
U=1-(1-Uv)(1-Ur);

U=combined degree of consolidation

Uv= vertical degree of consolidation
Ur= radial degree of consolidation

n=de/dw=re/rw;

de= diameter of influence

dw=diameter of certical drain

Ch

Coeficient consolidation in radial direction

=kh/kv.Cv
(2-5)Cv

F(n)

obstacle factor due to PVD spacing

n2
3n 2 1
Fn 2 ln(n)
n 1
4n 2

Tr

Cvr .t
2
de

U r 1 exp(

8Cht
)
D 2

D2
1
t(
)(2 F (n)).ln(
)
8Ch
1 Ur

Po P
Pc

D2
1
t(
)(2 F (n)).ln(
)
8Ch
1 Ur

for layered soil

( H 1 H 2 ...Hn ) 2
Cv
H1
H2
Hn 2
(

...
)
Cv1
Cv2
Cvn

TvH tot
t
Cv

t Tv (

H1
Cv1

H2
Cv 2

...

Hn
Cvn

)2

Po P
Pc

Po P
Pc