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Hydraulic Engineering
CEWB222
CHAPTER 2
(OPEN CHANNEL PROPERTIES)
Dr. Gasim Hayder Ahmed Salih
BN-3-49, gasim@uniten.edu.my

Sources: Dr. Faizah Che Ros, Dr. Mohd Hafiz Zawawi, Prof Ir. Dr. Lariyah Mohd Sidek

Types of open channel

Natural channel

All watercourses that occurs naturally, for example streams

and rivers

The Hydraulic properties are generally irregular

Not regular nor prismatic and their materials of construction

can vary widely.

The surface roughness will often change with time distance

and even elevation.

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Types of open channel

Man-made channel
Constructed in a regular cross-section shape throughout and thus
are PRISMATIC CHANNELS.
Made from concrete, steel or earth with well defined surface
roughness.
All watercourses that are constructed by human effort, for
example :

Types of open channel

Canal : a long and mild-sloped channel built in the ground that
may be unlined or lined with stone masonry, concrete ,etc.
Flume : a channel of concrete, masonry, etc that is usually
supported on or above the surface of the ground to convey
water across a depression.
Chute : a channel with steep slopes.
Culvert : a covered channel of comparatively short length
installed to drain water through highway and railroad
embankments.

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Canal

Rigid Boundary Canal

Trunk Drain - Wet Period

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FLUME

Existing Culvert

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Existing Pipe Culvert

Existing Box Culvert

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Channel Geometry

Prismatic channel : a channel with

unvarying cross section and constant
bottom slope.
Non-prismatic channel : a channel
with varying cross section and
constant bottom slope.

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

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Properties and geometric elements of typical

channel cross section
Rectangular
Area,
A

Wetted
perimeter,
P

by

b + 2y

Hydraulic
Radius,
R
Top Width, B
by / (b+2y)

Hydraulic
depth,
D
y

Properties and geometric elements of typical

channel cross section
Trapezoidal
Area,
A

Wetted
perimeter,
P

b + 2yw
(b + ty)y w= (1+ t2)0.5

Hydraulic
Hydraulic
Radius, Top Width,
depth,
R
B
D
A/P

b + 2ty

A/B

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Properties and geometric elements of typical

channel cross section
Triangular
Wetted
Area, A perimeter, P
ty2

2yw

Hydraulic Top Width, Hydraulic

Radius, R
B
depth, D
ty / (2w)

2ty

A/B

Properties and geometric elements of typical

channel cross section
Circular
Area, A

Wetted
perimeter, P

Hydraulic
Radius, R

Top Width,
B

Hydraulic
depth, D

( - sin ) d2/8

(1 - sin/)
d/4

2r sin(/2)

A/B

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Properties and geometric elements of typical

channel cross section
Semi circular

Area, A

Wetted
perimeter, P

Hydraulic
Radius, R

Top Width,
B

Hydraulic
depth, D

r2/2

r/2

2r

r/4

Properties and geometric elements of typical

channel cross section

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RECTANGULAR CHANNEL
Area (A) = by
T

Wetted perimeter (P) = b+2y

y
Hydraulic Radius (R) = A/P=

by
b 2y

Top width (T) = b

Hydraulic Depth (D) = y

TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL
Area = (b+zy)y
2
P = b 2y 1 z

T
1

y
z

R=

(b zy) y
b 2 y 1 z2

T = b 2 zy
D=

(b zy) y
b 2 zy

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Example 1

A concrete rectangular channel has a bottom

width of 4 meters. If the channel is on a 1%
slope and is flowing 1 meter deep throughout its
length, what is the cross sectional area, wetted
perimeter and hydraulic radius?

Solution:
If the shape of the channel is rectangular, the
discharge computed as follows:
A = by = (4) (1) = 4m2
P = b+2y = 4 + 2 (1) = 6m
R = 4m2 / 6m = 0.67m
T
1

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Example 2
A concrete trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 4
meters and 45 side slopes. If the channel is on a 1%
slope and is flowing 1 meter deep throughout its
length, what is the cross sectional area, wetted
perimeter and hydraulic radius?

Example 2
1

T
1
1

Solution:
If the shape of the channel is trapezoidal, the discharge
computed as follows:
A = (b+zy)y = (4+(1)(1))1 = 5.00m2
P = (b+ 2y (1+ z2)0.5 )= 4 + 2 (1) (2)0.5 = 6.83m
R = A/P = 5.00m2/6.83m = 0.73m

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Example 3
Water flows at a depth of 1.83 m in a trapezoidal, concretelined section with a bottom width of 3 m and side slopes of
2:1 (H:V). The slope of the channel is 0.0005 and the
temperature is 20o C. Assuming uniform flow conditions,
estimate the cross sectional area (A), wetted perimeter (P)
and hydraulic radius (R)?

Solution:
Flow area, A = (b+zy)y = (3 + 2 (1.83)) x 1.83
= 12.2 m2
Wetted perimeter, P = 14.89m
Hydraulic Radius, R = A/P = 12.2/ 14.89 = 0.819 m

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Example 4

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TEXTBOOKS REFERENCES
Lariyah, M.S. & Norazli, O., Hydraulic Notes,
UNITEN, 2006
Roberson, J. A., Cassidy, J. J. & Chaudry, H.,
Hydraulic Engineering, 1st S.I. Ed., John
Wiley, 1998
Chin, D., Water Resources Engineering,
Prentice Hall, 2006

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