Kh nng to gel ca mt s cht trong thc

phm
04/10/2013
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2594

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Bi vit ny gii thiu v h thng li mt s cht c kh nng to gel tt trong thc phm
S to gel ca tinh bt
Khi ngui h tinh bt th cc phn t s tng tc vi nhau v sp xp li mt cch c trt t
to thnh gel tinh bt c cu trc mng ba chiu. to c gel th dung dch tinh bt phi
c nng m c va phi, phi c h ho chuyn tinh bt thnh trng thi ho tan v
sau c ngui trng thi yn tnh. Khc vi gel protein, trong gel tinh bt ch c duy
nht cc lin kt hydro tham gia. Lin kt hydro c th ni trc tip cc mch polyglucoside li
vi nhau hoc gin tip qua cu phn t nc.
V tinh bt cha c amilopectin v amilose nn trong gel tinh bt c vng kt tinh v vng v
nh hnh. Tham gia vo vng kt tinh c cc phn t amiloza v cc on mch amilopectin kt
dnh vi nhau. Cu trc nhiu nhnh m ch yu l cc nhnh bn ca phn t amilopectin s cn
tr s dn phng v s kt tinh. Vng kt tinh va nm trong cc ht trng va nm trong
dung dch nc gia cc ht s to ra bn v n tnh ca gel. Phn ca i phn t Am v
AP ni vo mixen kt tinh nhng nm trong phn v nh hnh gia cc mixen s to cho gel
mt p sut nht nh khng b ph hu v trong mt chng mc ng k p sut ny do s
lng tng i ca cc phn t trong phn v nh hnh quyt nh.
Cc tinh bt va cha Am v AP nn c khuynh hng to gel nh nhau khi nng tng i
thp. Ch c tinh bt khoai ty l kh nng ny km hn, c th l do hm lng Am ca n cao
hn nhng trc ht l do di bt thng v mc phn nhnh yu ca Am s cn tr s
un thng to ra cu trc mixen. Cc tinh bt giu amilopectin nh tinh bt ng np, c
phn nhnh cao thng cn tr s to gel khi nng thp nhng khi nng cao (khong
30%) th cng to c gel.
Tinh bt cng c th ng to gel vi protein. Nh tng tc ny m kh nng gi nc, cng
v n hi ca gel protein c tt hn. Gel t tinh bt giu Am thng cng v n hi km.
S to gel ca agar

Qu trnh to gel xy ra khi lm lnh dung dch agar. Dung dch agar s to gel nhit
khong 40 50C v tan chy nhit khong 80 85C. Gel agar c tnh thun nghch v
nhit. Khi un nng polymer to thnh mt khi, khi dung dch ngui i cc chui s bao ly
nhau v lin kt vi nhau tng i mt bng lin kt hydro to thnh chui xon kp, to ra
mt mng li khng gian ba chiu nht cc cht kh bn trong do s lng lin kt hydro rt
ln.

Gel tinh bt
Qu trnh hnh thnh gel v n nh ca gel b nh hng bi hm lng agar v khi lng
phn t ca n. Kch thc l gel khc nhau ph thuc vo nng agar, nng agar cng cao
kch thc l gel cng nh. Khi lm kh gel c th to thnh mt mng trong sut, bn c hc v
c th bo qun lu di m khng b hng.
Kh nng to gel ph thuc vo hm lng ng agarose. S c mt ca ion sunfat lm cho gel
b m, c. Do trnh dng nc cng sn xut. Chng c kh nng gi mi v, mu, acid
thc phm cao trong khi gel nh nhit nng chy cao (85 90C). Gel agar chu c nhit
ch bin 100C, pH 58, c kh nng trng phng v gi nc.
S to gel ca Carrageenan
dng gel cc mch polysaccharide xon vng nh l xo v cng c th xon vi nhau to
thnh khung xng khng gian ba chiu vng chc, bn trong c th cha nhiu phn t nc
(hay dung mi). T dng dung dch chuyn sang dng gel l do tng tc gia cc phn t
polyme ha tan vi cc phn t dung mi bn trong, nh tng tc ny m gel to thnh c
bn c hc cao. Phn xon vng l xo chnh l nhng mm to gel, chng li ko cc phn t
dung mi vo vng lin kt.

S hnh thnh gel c th gy ra bi nhit thp hoc thm cc cation vi mt nng nht
nh. Qu trnh hnh thnh gel din ra phc tp, c thc hin theo hai bc:
Bc 1: khi h nhit n mt gii hn no trong phn t carrageenan c s chuyn cu
hnh t dng cun ngu nhin khng c trt t sang dng xon c trt t. Nhit ca qu trnh
chuyn i ny ph thuc vo dng v cu trc cc carrageenan, cng nh ph thuc vo dng
v nng ca mui thm vo dung dch carrageenan. Do , mi mt dng carrageenan c mt
im nhit to gel ring.
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-Bc 2: gel ca cc polyme xon c th thc hin cc cp xon. Trong trng hp u, s
phn nhnh v kt hp li s xut hin cp xon thng qua s hnh thnh khng y ca
xon kp, theo hng mi chui tham gia vo xon kp vi hn mt chui khc. Trong
trng hp th hai, cc phn pht trin y ca a xon t hp li to thnh gel. Cn di
cc iu kin khng to gel, cc nng polyme thp s hnh thnh v hp li ca cc xon s
dn n tng nht.
Qua , c th m t c ch to gel nh sau: trc ht l xut hin s chuyn i cu hnh t
dng cun sang xon l xo, tip sau l s kt hp cc xon v t hp li c trt t to thnh xon
kp gel. Nh vy, gel l tp hp cc xon c trt t hay cn gi l xon kp. Hnh 2: Tc dng
ca nhit i vi c ch chuyn i t dung dch sang gel.
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Gel thc phm v cc yu t nh

hng n h Gel
04/10/2013
0
3566

Gel l mt hnh thc trung gian gia rn v lng. y l lin kt ngang

trong cc phn t polymer v to mt mng li gia cc phn t trong
mt mi trng lng.
Trong thc phm, cht lng ny l nc, mt dung mi c nh hng n tnh
cht v kh nng ht ln nhau gia cc phn t gi s ton vn ca mng li
polyme. Mng li ny gi c nc . Thc phm ch bin v pht trin sn
phm mi i hi cc thnh phn nh cc cht to gel xy dng mt h
thng cu trc mong mun trong thc phm. Gel c th c m t bi kh
nng ca n c nh cc cht lng, bi cu trc phn t ca gel, kt cu ca
gel v tnh cht lu bin.
Gel thc phm l cht viscoelastic v gel ha mt s sn phm c sn xut
trn ton th gii. Gel hnh thnh trong thc phm thng l polysaccharides v
protein.

nh minh ha
Trong gel thc phm, cc phn t polymer c gi bi cc lin kt cng ha
tr vi tr lin kt disulfua trong mt s gel protein. Thay vo , cc phn t
c tn ti bi s kt hp ca cc lc lin phn t yu nh lin kt hydro, lc
tnh in, lc Van der Waals v tng tc k nc.

Polysaccharides bao gm hydrocolloids mnh m ngm nc trong mi

trng nc nhng n c xu hng c cu trc kh xc nh.

C ch ca gel ph thuc vo bn cht ca cc gel v cc iu kin hnh thnh
gel nh nhit , s hin din ca cc ion, pH, v nng ca cc cht to gel,
.

C 2 qu trnh to gel ch yu din ra trong qu trnh sn xut bnh l s to

gel protein v s to gel polysaccharide. C ch to gel ca 2 qu trnh ny gn
ging nhau v gel polysaccharide to ra c cu trc chc v bn hn gel
protein.

Cc yu t nh hng
Bn cht v tnh cht ca gel b nh hng bi nhiu yu t nh nng
protein, pH, tnh cht, v nng ca cht in phn. Gel c th xy ra trong
qu trnh gia nhit, lm lnh v ph thuc vo tnh cht ca protein v qu
trnh t n. S hnh thnh do nhit gy ra ca mng gel lin quan n cc h
thng kt hp ca chui gp polypeptide thng qua cc khng kt cng ha tr
(v d nh lin kt hidro, tng tc ion v k nc) v trong mt s trng hp,
thng qua lin kt ha tr (lin kt disulfua) .
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Protein-protein. Cc mi lin kt gia cc phn t cho gia cc chui hnh
thnh ca cc polypeptide khc nhau v rt cn thit hnh thnh gel. Cc loi
lin kt cng ha tr khng tng tc, chng hn nh k nc v tng tc Van
der Waals, hydro v cc tng tc ion c lin quan n bn cht ca protein,
nng ca n, pH, vi cng bin tnh gy ra bng cch nung nng v
can thip vo nhng lc ht c bn ca mng li ba chiu. V vy, lm phn
tn mng li ny bng to ra mt lc ht ln hn.
Ni v cht ca gel ph thuc vo s cn bng gia sc mnh ht v y ca
cc phn t protein tham gia vo h thng. Nu lc hp dn chim u th,
coagulum mt c hnh thnh v nc c gi bi h thng mng. Nu y
mnh, mng li ba chiu khng th c hnh thnh.
Mt h gel l trng thi m cht lng v rn phn tn vo nhau, trong mng
li cht rn cha cc thnh phn cht lng kt dnh li to thnh gel. S
ngng t ca cc ht s to thnh mng li. Tng nng dung dch, thay i

pH hoc tng nhit nhm gim ro cn tnh in cho cc ht tng tc

cc ht kt t vi nhau to thnh gel. Nu nung nhit bnh thng th sn
phm l gel kh, nu nung iu kin siu ti hn sn phm l gel kh.
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