1)Callister 10.

16
The microstructures of pearlite, bainite, and spheroidite all consist of -ferrite and cementite phases. For
pearlite, the two phases exist as layers which alternate with one another. Bainite consists of very fine and
parallel needle-shaped particles of cementite that are surrounded an -ferrite matrix. For spheroidite, the
matrix is ferrite, and the cementite phase is in the shape of sphere-shaped particles. Bainite is harder and
stronger than pearlite, which, in turn, is harder and stronger than spheroidite.
2) Callister 10.30
The hardness and strength of iron-carbon alloys that have microstructures consisting of -ferrite and
cementite phases depend on the boundary area between the two phases. The greater this area, the harder
and stronger the alloy inasmuch as (1) these boundaries impede the motion of dislocations, and (2) the
cementite phase restricts the deformation of the ferrite phase in regions adjacent to the phase boundaries.
Fine pearlite is harder and stronger than coarse pearlite because the alternating ferrite-cementite layers are
thinner for fine, and therefore, there is more phase boundary area. The phase boundary area between the
sphere-like cementite particles and the ferrite matrix is less in spheroidite than for the alternating layered
microstructure found in coarse pearlite.
3)Callister 11.24
Hardness is a measure of a material's resistance to localized surface deformation, whereas hardenability
is a measure of the depth to which a ferrous alloy may be hardened by the formation of martensite.
Hardenability is determined from hardness tests.
4)Callister 11.10
Rivets of a 2017 aluminum alloy must be refrigerated before they are used because, after being solution
heat treated, they precipitation harden at room temperature. Once precipitation hardened, they are too
strong and brittle to be driven.
5)From the Spring 2005 Final Exam
a)Teutectoid=727oC
Ceutectoid=0.77%
b) From the graph the solubility of C in ferrite is 0wt%.
c) From the graph the solubility of C in austenite is 2.11wt%.
d)
Austenite has an FCC structure whereas ferrite has BCC structure.

4r
=22.627 r3
In FCC = a 3 4r , so the volume of the FCC unit is a =
3
3

In BCC = a 2 4r , so the volume of the BCC unit is a3=( 2 2r )3=12.316 r3

Atomic packing factors for FCC and BCC lattice structures are 0.74 and 0.68, respectively.
Since carbon atoms go into the interstitial positions when they dissolve, the empty space in both
structures should be calculated.
So the empty space for FCC lattice is 22.627*(1-0.74) = 5.88 r3
And the empty space for BCC lattice is 12.316*(1-0.68) =3.94r3
Since the empty space for FCC austenite is higher than BCC ferrite, more carbon can dissolve in austenite
than ferrite.
e) From the graph the solubility of C in ferrite is 0wt%.
f)

Phases present
Composition of each
phase
Amount of each phase

Fe-0.5wt%C at 900oC
Austenite
0.5 %wtC

Fe-0.5wt%C at 700oC
Ferrite and cementite
Ferrite phase has a composition of 0%C
Cementite phase has a composition of 6.70%C

100% austenite

The amount of ferrite phase is

6.70 0.50
*100 92.5 %
6.70

The amount of cementite phase is

0.50
* 100 7.5 %
6.70
Qualitative Sketch of
Microstructure

where

is austenite

g)
(i)

(ii) Martensite Structure

6) From the Fall 2005 Final Exam

7) From the Fall 2008 Final Exam

8)From Test 2 Spring 2009