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The
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SOILS
AND
FOUNDATIONS
Japanese Societyoi
and
DESIGN METHOD
WoN
Pyo HoNG***
ABSTRACT
In the
stability
analysis
the
of
is usually
design rnethod
for piles in
surface
with
slope
determined in
advance
a rew
within
stabilizing
piles, the locationof the sliding
by fieldinvestigations. In this paper, the
surface
as in
a slope
of such
a fixed sliding
on
slope-stability
pilesand
stabilizing
The
are
results
show
carried
for an
out
that such
the
of
effect
a
of
many
faeters
landslideslope
of
pile
containing
design rnethod
new
on
example
factorsas
of
Key
design, earth
words:
slope
horizontalload,landslide,
pile
pressure,
stability,
stability
analysis,
stabilizing
group,
safety
factor,
pile
E61E 41E5
IGC:
INTRODUCTION
countermeasures
to prevent landslides.The
the typical passive piles, which
is usually used
a
those
and
the
surrounding
as
the piles in
row.
The interaction behaviorbetween
piles
because it is three-dimensional
and infiuenced
by such many
ground is very complicated,
strength
both in the pile and
factors as related to the characteristics
of deformation and
stabilizing
used
as
one
of
landslideis one
pile against
the
of
It
behavior of landslideitself is also very complicated.
out
through
that the design of the stabilizing
may
be natural
pile has been carried
above.
In
the
simplifications,
described
simplifications
of the complicated
phenomena
followed by the
very
important points have been liableto be overlooked,
however, some
design methods
for the stabilizing pile have been established so as
factthat no reliable
failed or conto effectively
utilize
the pile effect.
Accordingly, lotsof landslide slopes
moved
even
after
the
installation
of
the
stabilizing
tinuously
piles (Merriam, 1960;
the
soil.
Broms and
One of
in a row.
*
**
***
Furthermore,
the
the
Suita, Osaka.
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Osaka University,Yamadakami,
AssociateProfessor, ditto.
Graduate Student, ditto.
Written discussions on this paper should be subrnitted before January 1, 1982.
Society
22
ITO
for
approach
an
Iateralforce
of
them
is obtained
described above
as
to the passive
existence
pile such
acting
on
piles,
while
as
roughly
extending
applicable
piles (De
without
any
influence of the
pile is given in advance
stabilizing
piles is influenced by the existence
of
piles.
stabilizing
as
in
a
row
from
the
piles piles
beginningof
aetive
that
on
deal with
to
may
by
be
stabilizing
the
the design,
Another
AL.
' '
design metheds
Such
ET
important Folnt
design of
the
the
on
be
should
slope
stabilizing
analyzed,
systematically
then some
contradictions
are caused.
the
authors
aim
to establish
a
paper,
soils,
In
the
and
and
this
stabilizing
piles
more
reliable
design method
for the
those important peints describedabove.
the slope
containing
stabilizing
piles is
landslide,considering
against
First, a basicmethod
for stability analysis of
described, using the theoretical
equation
of
lateralforceacting on the passive pile, which
has already been derived considering
the pile intervalas accurately
as possible (Itoand
Matsui, 1975, 197Z 1978; lto, Matsui and Hong, 1979), Then, some studles
of the
effect
of
factorson
many
pile
are
carried
the
of
foran
out
example
landslide
slope
of a
designmethod
propose a new
of the pile and
the slope,
of
containing
stabilizing
based on
the
piles,
results
studies,
STABILITY
To
the whele
obtain
OF THE
ANALYSIS
of
stability
analyses
SLOPE CONTAINING
sround surfaceIe
of
on
followingmanner.
the
,,,
IllXStahtTiling
Pl
astic
estimation
accurate
because itseffects
pile-
ff.-;,
{b) siope-stabmty
analysis
of
the slope
piles
analysis,
ancl slope-stabilities
slope-stability
Of
of
.=.,
-t'
stabilizing
an
the
pian
containing
that
the
,il.,
,/
Fig. 1. Stability
noted
!!ll/
zone
(a] Pile-stabiTity
kinds of
piles, two
stabilizing
DeD
STABILIZING PILES
are
unconservative,
itS underestimation
on
contrary,
while
vice
on
both
That
the p'le-
but the
in the case
versa.
Stabilizing
Piles
The lateral
force hereinsignifies
an
earth
pressure differenceacting on both sides of a pile.
the lateralforce is largely varied
from zero in case of no movement
of
landslidemass to an ultirpate
in case of a large movement
value
with
the passive
failure of sQils around
For
the
design
of
stabilizing
it
may
be
reasonable
piles.
piles,
Generally
speal<ing,
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STABILIZING
AGArNST
PILES
to ttse the
of
surface
followingequations
the
of
p (2)
..
have been
equilibrium
The
other
of
sliding
to estimate
whole
the
it is
slope,
occurs
only
yie!d criterion
the detailedderivation
and
assumptions
(Itoand
{];
)(""L/2`""
(exp(
DiD-,D2
di'Ndi-`)[
cD,(
along
Thus,
cendition
presented
already
resistance
landslide mass.
the Mohr-Coulomb's
assumed
23
LANDSLIDE
Nb tlano
lvhtan(P tan(ll}+{L))
-2Nofi2tan -i]+2titt?i,+ta2nlllrtli2i)ll!lre7f2]-c(D,-?--t-t--O,7,-ta2ntt:t2flitte-if2
-2D,Nh-if2)
fil2o
(D,(
)(Ndii'2
DDi2
ta"e+Ne-i)exp(DiD-2D2
Ne tan tan({l+llL))-D,)
(1)
fll
+DiDM,D-' tan
p(2)
=clD,(31og
(2)are
be
can
also
applied
to
valid
the
ior the
elastic
(Di-D2)
(2)
l}-)-2(Di-D2))+rz
rigid
piles, it
may
be
piles, because,according
the ground deformation
expected
to
the
that
these
assumption
pile is
ground
Furthermore,
effect
of
the
deformation
may
be
negligible.
small
and consequentiy
the
pile
it is shown
elsewhere
that, comparing
between the theoretical values and the observed
landslides,
the magnitude
lateralforces which
are
obtained
in the stabilizing piles against
even
for
the
condition
of
values
agrees
with
that
of
the
observed
ones
of the theoretical
head,
the
lateral
for the condition of restrained pile
freepile head, and that, especially,
by this theory '(Ito
forceacting on piles in a row may be estimated
with
good accuracy
the
of
and
describedabove,
surrounding
justaround
Matsui, 1975),
Pile-StabilityAnalptsis
As
that
subjected
to the lateralforce
piles are
pile-stability, considering
surface
as
shown
in
Fig.1(a),
an analytical
mass
above
the
slidlng
the
applied.
For
the passive
to herizontalIeadscan be
for the active pile subjected
for
through
method
the
soil
in Eq.
are
distributed ones,
such
as a representation
for
analysis
and
the
solutions
for
the
(1) (2).
pile-stability
in
detail
in
Appendix.
of
various
fixityconditions
pile head are presented
force and bending
of
the distributions
of deflection,
shearing
Fig.2 shows
an example
Lp is the
equations
in Appendix for steel pipe piles, where
moment
calculated
by using
of
the
the
top.
As
for
the
fixity
conditions
zp
is the depth from
pile
pile length and
pile, however,
er
the
The
horizontalloads
basic
equations
and
displacement),
four cases are considered
as free head (rotation
such
displacent
without
rotation),
hinged head (rotation
without
head (displaeem
the
rotation
nor
displacement),
The
safety
factor
of
ment)
and fixedhead (neither
pilebending and shearing
stresses
is shown
in Table 1, a$suming
that the allowable
stability
From this table, it can be seen
and
O.98 105kNfm2, respectively,
are L57 105kNlm2
than that for shearing
safety
factor
for
bending
moment
is
considerably
smaller
that the
pile head,
unrotated
24
ITO
ET
AL.
'
ltt.
Deflection{cm)
la
o.5
-Too
Oendiog
Shenrtrtg foTceCkNl
O
-se
o
txedS]idlnsurfnc
Htnged
Unrotettd
<"
' .
Table
Fixity
Safety factor
1.
!
/
condition
pile
Free head
Unrotated head
Hinged
O.5
tb)
1.0
of
force. This
pile-stability
Sa!ytr..fa-,t.o/I.?.lpile-stability
'
1Bending
heaa
so
Distributions ef deflection,
Fig. 2.
of
s
e
)aO.5
1,P.
Free
,,,
n/omentCkN.m)
-loo -so
so
stress
O.58
O.91
LB4
1,52
head
Fixed head
lShearing
stress
such
that
the
case
stiffness
be generally
of
of
the
valld,
slides
ground
except-
of
amai
follows:
as
aallow
(4)piie=
amax
In
case
where
the shear
failureof
le occurs,
be examined,
If the safety
pile
pile-stability is insured.
It is also shown
from Table 1 that the
of
should
largerthe
safety
that
considered
to utilize
more
rocks
is largerthan
8.52
S.52
16.93
12.44
ing
may
(3)
stress
the
smaller
the deflection
at
the pile head is, the
factoron the pile-stability becomes. Consequently, it can be generally
the deflection
andlor
the rotation
at
the pile head should
be restrained
effectively
the pile
'
effect.
'
Stope-Stabilitv
Analysis
analysis
can
be carried
out
by making
a comparison
between the
'
driving forces,F, and Fd, acting
on the soil mass
CADBC
above
the sliding
surface
in Fig.1(b). The resisting
forceE, may be obtained
as the sum
of both the
resisting
forces,F., and E,p,due to the shearing
resistance
along
the sliding
surface
CAD and the reaction force of piles in a row
at
the plane AB,
respectively,
It may
'
.involve no largeerror
that the shearing
resistance
along
the sliding surface
AD is censidered
as
a part of
the resisting
force F., since the soil masses at the both sides of the
i.e, ABCA and ABDA in Fig.1(b), will deform as one bocly in
position of pile's row,
the region
between piles, while
only
the soil justaround
the piles in a row
will reaeh
a plastic state,
as assumed
in the previous sect)on,
Thus, one can get the safety
factor(Ey)si.,e
on the slope-stability
in the case where
the resistanee
of the piles is,included, as follows:
'
-"' (Frs+4p)
-'
(Fk)siope---FE,"'
(4)
.
q--
The
resisting
4,
and
stability
slope-stability
and
an
ordinary
hand,
L,
as
method
can
be
obtained
The JapaneseGeotechnical
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STABILIZING
?ILES AGAINST
LANDSLIDE
25
forceof
EFFECT
Generat Remarks
To study the effect
OF STABILIZING
shown
slope
The
LANDSLIDE
'
of
piles against
stabilizing
in Fig.3 is adopted
as
an example.
the N-value in the
standard
penetration test and the uncon-
finedcompressiye
ON PREVENTING
PILES
The
landslide,
an
cross
section
landslide
slope
existing
ef
this
slope,
shown
boring log,
the
g. are
strength
in Fig,3. Thislandslide
is 65rn long and 95m wide.
unit
weight
the sliding
above
of
the soil
is 16.2
surface
kNrm3.
The cohesioncandthe
internal friction angle
the
m2
surface
sliding
and
50,
ipalong
9.8kN/
are
respectively,
which
Scale
Fig. 3. Cross
section
ef
Iandslide
slope
is obtained
by c-e method.
The safety factorof slope for the designed section
I shown
in Fig. 3 is O. 78 by the slice
method.
If the required
safety
factor of thes lope-stability
is 1.2, this slope is unstable.
On the other
hand, the safety
factor of slope for the designed section
II is calculated
as
O,92, but the stability is not yet established.
Even in such
an
unstable
case
ef
slope,
the safety factorof the slope-stability
will
be able
to exceed
the required
one
by considering
the pile effect against
landslide,The stability
of
slope
can
be studied
by
using
the methods
of
both
the pile-stability
and
the
slope-stability
analyses
described
The JapaneseGeotechnical
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!TO ET
26
AL.
E.t7'ect
of1'ntervalbetz2)eenPiies
between the safety factorsof both stabilities for the pile
the relations
is represented
by the interval ratio
to the interval between piles, which
the variation
of
the safety
factor(F,),,,.
of
In this figure, the solid Iine shows
Fig.4
shows
the
and
slope
D,iD,.
the
the
the
pile-stabilitywith
line wlth
considering
one
and
dot
show
neglecting
by the difference
between
where
the pilelines, estimated
in terms of the safety factor, in the case
'
stability
is insured,
Frern this figure,it isseen that the interval between piles have largeinfluenceon the
because the safety
factorof the pile-stability
effect
ef
stabilizing
landslide,
piles against
gradually increaseswith increasing the interva! ratio D2,tDi,while the safety factorof
from the fact that the lateral
the slope-stability
gradually decreases,This originates
is
decreasedwith
increasing the
fQrce acting on a pile (or the lateralferce reaction)
interval between piles.
these
two
,,
1,E
H!5 m
d=111.2
1.4
<'
kpel
head
H'=3 m
mmt=!2
mm
1.2
PHIe
X lx
s
ar.'
1
i
[
1.e5
t"
/1
o.4
LX
s[
i'
e.s
is
Xsjs.
lt
e,a
os
o,s
o,1
e,s
a.g
O,4
D2tDL
and
slope
safety
factors
of pi!e
(l7k)si.p.
to interval
O,S
O.fi
O.7
O,B
DIfOt
(Es)pne
.s
2.
ts
l,lUnretdted
ratio
E.fflect
of Fixity Condition
and
D2!Dr
of Pile Head
for the
the safety
factorsof both the pile-stability and the slope-stability
12mrn
in
the
same
manner
a
diameter
of
457
.2mm
with
a
thickness
ef
having
pipe pile
head
as
a
variable
As
for the
as
in Fig,4, with the fixitycondition
of pile
parameter.
fixitycondition of pile head, four cases describedpreviously are considered.
From this figure,it is seen that the safety factoro f the pile-stability varies considerably,
head, fixedhead and hinged head, In
increasing in the order of free head unrotated
of
hinged head
only
for the fixityconditions
this case,
the pile-stability can be obtained
at
that
to perfectly restrain
the deflection
and
fixedhead. Therefor:-, it is confirmed
in
the
chapter.
Such
fixity
head
is
more
effective,
as
described
the pile
previous
'
a
may
be obtained
by connecting
the pile heads with
buried beam fixedby
conditiens
In th is case, this fixing method
may
be inadequate because
tie-rods or tension anchors,
fixity
condition
may
be
of
the existence
of the tullnel,
Therefore, the most
preferable
by
connecting
the
heads
with
buried
head, which
may
be obtained
the unrotated
pile
Fig.5
show$
steel
reinforced
cencrete
beam.
The JapaneseGeotechnicalSociety
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STABILIZING
Effect
of PiZe Length
Fig.6
the effect
shows
and
the
It is seen
pile length
sliding
of
by
surface
sliding
surface
H'
choosing
from 1m
as
to 5m
are
Fig.4.
increasing
pile-stability decreaseswith
ef
the
slope-stability
surface,
while
the safety
factor
sliding
from the fact that the lateralforce acting on a pile (or the
surface,
in
increases with increasingthe pile Iength above sliding
other
in Fig. 6
the
of
SlidingSurLface
the pile length above
Five values
parameter.
variable
considered
above
27
PILESAGAINSTLANDSLIDE
parameters
the safety
that
above
those in
factorof the
Z.2
1.s
1,a
1.5
1.4E==
1.4
1.0
g
s
-ut
is:=qe"O.5
t1.2
1,O
1.0
e,s
O,2
e.3
o.eD.S
o.4
o.s
o.6
o1
o.7
n'
surface
sliding
H'{m]
D:tDl
1.G
1.S
Unrotetedhead
O,7
H=5mH,ilm
ps]e
t=22mmNXSIopex.Nlx1'Yx'
IS
l,6
'
ts.x"s6""""sta60",tt
1,2e'Kfi.
1,4
sut1.2
'NxsNss -.
T.Dto,e
i2x.:
O,6qb""
t1.0
(Fs)slowitho"etpi]eeffect
11'1:/'
o.s
o.6
O,4
o.s
o.e
o.7
D,e
'e.se,6
o.g
e,7
D tDl
Fig. 8.
Effeet
of
pile
e.s
es
1,o
dCm)between
diameter d
Fig. 9. Relatien
terval ratio
diameter d
allowable
and
(D2fDt).llo..
int
pile
The JapaneseGeotechnical
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28
ITO
H' is lessthan
three
about
ET
AL.
meter.
ELfflect
ojCPile Diameter
Fig.8 shows
the effect of the pile diameter by choosing
d(=:D;:-D2) as a variable
Six values
of
diameter
from
558.
8mm
to
1
O16,
Omm
are considered
and
parameter.
pile
the other conditions
are the same
as those in Fig,4.
It is seen in Fig.8 that the safety
factorof the pile-stability increases with increasing
the pile diarneter. However, the relation
between the safety
factor of the slope-stability
D21Di is uniquely
decidedregardless of the pile diameter, This
comes
from the fact that the lateral forcereaction
of
slope
is a
p(x)IDi per unit width
function of the interval ratio D,ID. as seen in Eqs, (1) and (2).
Fig, 9 shows
the relation
between the allowable interval ratio (D2fDt).ii...
and the pile
diameter d. Both selid and broken linesrepresent
the minimum
and
rnaximum
interval
ratio,
respectively,
in the same
manner
as
in Fig.Z
Thus, the hatched pertion shown
in Fig.9 represents
in which
the region
both the pile-stabilityand the slope-stability
can
be insured. In case ef the piles having diametersof 558.8mm and 609.6mm with
a thickness
their stiffness should
of 22mm,
be reinforced,
interval ratio
the
and
increasesalmost linearly
with
inereaspile-stability
ing the thickness
of
steel
i.e.
with
inpipe piles,
-vel.O
their stiffness.
Although the pile-stability
creasing
t
T.2
ea
Nitl"eiSN.'
'
ut
o.s
e.6
tr..tpUeeffect
H=5md;711.2mm
VnretatedheedH'=3m'
O.4
o,4
o.6
o.6
e.7
o.s
o.g
or
type
of
the
22
mm.
out
tQ
the
of
ELt7lect
of Reinforcementfor Pile Staffness
it is often
pipe pile t
pile) into
for
is held
O.5
DtiD;
steel
only
thickness
the
reinforce
steel
stiffness
of
pile(steel
pipe pile
of
Fig,ll(a)and (b)show the effect of the reinforcement
of the bending stiffness
pile
by inserting steel pipe piles and H type piles, respectively.
Four kinds of inserted steel
for each type of piles, as shown
in Fig. 11(a) and (b),and the other
piles are considered
conditions
are
the
same
as
those
in Fig.4,
held even
Fig. 12
for the
shQws
and
piles having the diameterof 609.6mm
the relation
between the minimum
allowable
the
thickness
of
22mm.
intervalratio (D2/Di)anow.
The JapaneseGeotechnicalSociety
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Japanese Geotechnical
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STABILIZINGPILES
PSIe
1.4
AGAINST
lS]epexxxx
1.6
1,4
1,6
ijtiLtssgxtktRSicst1kL-xttNN
1.4
1.2
1,4
1.0
1.1
1,2
1,O
L2
!'a-utt
'
e'
o.e
29
LANDSLIDE
s-e
:s 'a
: A
-h
1,o
(Fs)slovtthoutpileeffect
CASE1;d=318.imt=10.3ffrn
O.5
"
-ut
L-
in
O,S
di-"=
o.e
1.0
O.5
O,8
tASE2;ti'355.En"t-11.1mu
'CASE3;d-406.immt-12,]rrm
CASE4:d!457.2rrEnV12,7mm
O.4
O.3
O,5
o.4
O.6
O.6
O.1
O,6o,s
OA
O.S
O,3
O.4
e,s
b!/Dr
o.fi
o.T
D,tDi
(a)
(b)
O.7
r.o
(d=609.6
rmt=a2
nm71iMaxHmum
7"wrwn7tt77Tt7U
fr-a
O,6iiRe"
1.S
Unratatedi
H=5m
heed
1.4
H'!3m
F1.]-
Mnim-mLt11'
.-
o,sv
1.2
'[1
'
oo
Retinforcement
steel
O,4
pipe
l.1
by
pile
le,l:T{[[::::'p:\et'
1.0
o,3s
OAO
O.45
O.SOxlort
Eplp{ltHm')
bending
the slope-stability
Fig. 13.
Eloh
stiffness
can
Procedure
lizingpiles
ef
and
and
allowable
and
(D21Di)a"ow.
ratio
on
the
a region
of
against
basisof
in which
the
landslide
results
of
both the
Fig.11.
pile-stability
DESIGN METHOD
A$ the previous chapter
piles, the fixitycondition
diameterand
the
stiffness
of
piles,
In
this
chapter,
piles, based
on
those
systernatic
design method
is proposed
for
one
row
of
stabilizing
results.
Design Method
A procedure
of
stabilizing
piles is shown
in Fig.13
as
block
chart.
30
ITO
ET
AL
Next,
the
selections
be carried
for both existing
surface
out.
may
stabillty
the
of
length above
the pile
and
position of pile's row
These should
be selected,
so
to
as
It is
sliding
the
e$tablish
slope
decidethe
to
potential
If it would be necessary
to select a more
effective
pile's row,
pile position, however, the feed back linedescribedlateron can be used,
Finally,such three factorsabout piles as the pile diameter, the stiffness
of
steel
pipe
and
the
interval
between
have
to
selected,
so
as
to
be
hQld both the pilepile
piles
stability
ancl
the slope-stability,
Qf these
factorsobtained
Judgingfrom the characteristics
most
position
suitable
previQusly, it
using
such
between
ratio
sliding
surfaces.
best
diagram
the
schematic
that
method
the
in Fig.14,
as
is
which
safety
easy
the
of
pile-stability ancl
intervalratio
allowable
represented
is
the
as
selected,
relatiens
interval
design line, in which
the
slope-stability
are
1.0 and 1,2,
the safety
required
not
of
be
will
and
the
the
and
to
slope
the
respectively,
the stabMzing
1.0
xxxxSTopeN
va
1,6
1.4
be!k
beok,
Pfle
.x
'
T.2
-v
'a
-- 1.o
""v
1.4
io:
Oesinlinex'xxN.
i.2
A.
(k),
(F"slope=1'!
q:tS
t
o.s
'
'1
eehke
rft.
tJ
{Fs}slope"thautpUt
1.0
ticti{tsdt(d:gdm''
effect
O.6
o.e1.0
Dltn;
To
those
select,simultaneously
use
show,s
such
the
variations
by
represented
of
the
In this figure,d.
the variation
of
signifies
the minimum
always
As the
curve
ti.
the
solid
In such case,
Iocatedover
of
three
diagram
schematic
dm
dl
d
to
dz
{g:), {gi),
- '
minimum
as
anow.t
pile thickness t
diameter d
and
pile
maximum
allowable
interva! ratioswhich
are
and
the
The Japanese
The
Japanese Geotechnical
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STABILIZING
PILES
AGAINST
LANDSLIDE
31
lt is possible to use the piles within the hatched pertion in Fig,15, in order to hold
both the pile-stability
and
the slope-stability,
In the ease of the curve
III, in which
the piles having a larger thickness
of
t3 than t, are used,
it is also possible to use the
diameter of d2 than d,. Judging from the economic
piles having a smaller
point of
view,
it may be favorableto select a Iarger interval ratio,
i,e. (D2fDi)2
in this case,
It is possibie to return
back again
to the selections
of both the position of pile's row
and
the pile length above
sliding
surface
according
to the feed back line in Fig.131 if an
adequate
result
can not be obtained
by the method
described above,
It is also possible
to return
back to the selection of fixity condition
of pile head or to the decision of
condition
of ground changing
the cress section
of lanclslide,
according
to the feed back
'
linein Fig. 13.
ti,
Design Example
A design for the designed section
II of the landslideslope in Fig,3 ls carrled
out
in
section.
The unrotated
head is selected
as
the fixity
condition
of
plle head.
Fig. I6 shows
a design diagram for this example,
corresponding
to Fig. 14, in which
the
sliding
surface
is 3m at the position of pile's row
in Fig.3.
pile length above
shown
In Fig.16, four kinds of piles are studied,
From this figure,it is seen
that there is
no suitable
interval between pilesforthe pileshav'
ing diameters of 558.8mm
and
609.6mm
with
i-s
i,E
the thickness of 22mm.
For either
piles of the
this
fA%M8,t.r,O,2,7gl'g,M,.ie..r,t?s,
''E
i'`
interval ratio
the
able
one,
as
D,!D, of O. 64
in Fig.16.
sponding
length
are
609.6mm,
and
the
Fig. 15, in
above
sliding
ef
Fig, 17
correspond
ing to
the
to
diameter
shown
usable
of
enEut-mt
E
=
V:-i,e
1,2
o.s
1.e
o6
e.s9
of
values
lm, 3m
by open
steel
of
and
circles
pile
4m
in
JapaneseIndustrialStandard.
o.s
.4
i.z
diagrams corre-
three
which
surface
The plots
studied.
suit-
most
respectively.
the
Therefore, the
be decided by 1.98m
shown
as
O.5
g.4
O.7
O.B
O.
OliD:
1.e
O.4
O.6
et
II
1,O
O.9
j.
son
o.s
'nny
...e
O.6
O.4
O,6
o.s
1.0
ti(m)
dtm)
.dCm)
interval
ratio (D2!Di)a]iow,,
pile
-,
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ITO
32
ET
AL.
It is seen
having
kinds of
all
CONCLUSIONS
In the
stability
analysis
the slope
of
isusually
deterrnined
in advance
method
for piles {n a row wlthin
a
has been investigated.
surface
The
authors
stability,
the
examined
with
of
effect
many
a new
design rnethod
Iandslideare given, such
proposed
and
If the conditions
the fixitycondition
of
of
stabilizing
pile length
sliding
above
surface,
effect on the
pipe pile have considerable
such
fivefactors can be decided systematically.
Furthermore,
an example
of
design is shown,
with
figuresto show important factorson the
eonvenient
design of the stabilizing piles.
.
In the case of large scale landslidewith
long slope,
several
rows
of
piles in a row
must
be used to hold the whole
stability
of
slope.
A design method
for such a case as
and
the stiffness
of
steel
describedabove
will
be presented in subsequent
paper.
NOTATION
ao, at, a2, a3,
A, B==integralconstants
c==cohesion
soil
of
Ep=rnodulus o'E
Es ==soil modulus
elasticity
of
row
pile
Fd ::driving
force acting
on the soir
mass
above
the sliding
Fr=resisting force acting on the soil mass above
the sliding
Frp=resisting force due te the reactien
force of piles in a row
Frs:=resisting force due to the shcaring
resistance
along
the
factorof
(Fs)pii.=safety
f(i)==rernainder
the
surface
the
above
slkling
slicling
surface
surface
the pile-stability
factorof the
(Fs)siepe=safety
of
surface
slope-stability
solution
excluding
the
integral
constants
ao,
ai,
a2
and
as
in
infinite
integralof P(z-)fEplp
quadruple
A,n:::censtants
H
=depth
H'=length f.romthe
Ip=moment
of
surface
to the sliding
surface
''
surface
inertia of pile
Society
PILES
STABILIZING
AGAINS
Lp=pile length
of pile
M= bending mornent
above
bending moments
Mi,max,M2,mar==maxirnum
Ndi==flew value
(=tan2(T14+O!2))
p(2),P(i)=lateralforce acting on piles in a
qti=
strangth
cempressive
unconfined
S==shearingferce
t, ti, t2, t3=thicknesses
of
33
tLLANDSLIDE
.
below the
and
surface,
sliding
respectively
rew
of
soil
pile
pipe pile
of
y==pile defiection
surface,
respectively
and
below the sliding
yt,y2=pile defiections above
surface,
the sliding
surface and the pile top, respectively
from the ground
2, 2-,xp=depths
Mi,.,. is developed in
surface
to the position at which
ii==depth from the sliding
case
of hinged
head
M2,.,. is developed in
to the position at which
E2 =depth
from the sliding surface
both cases of free and unrDtated heads
B==:tt'Es14EpJp
r=unit
of
weight
soil
e=deflectionangle
a...
::maximum
of
=angle
of
pile
a.ll.w.=allowable
pile
REFERENCES
strength
of seft
clay," Discussion, Prec. GeoBroms, B, B. and Bennennark,I{.(1967):
technical Conference, Oslo, VoL2, pp.118-120,
"Stabilityef natural
and
embankment
foundations," Discussion,
slopes
Broms,B.B,(1969):
Mexico, Vol.3, pp.385-394,
Proc. 7th ICSMFE,
Report, Proc.
subjected
to static lateral loads,"State-of-the-Art
De Beer,E.E.(1977):
9th ICSMFE,
SpecialtySession 10, Tokyo, pp.1-14.
behavieur of piles fer preventing landslide," Jour,of JSSMFE,
Fukumoto,Y.(1976):
"Shear
1)
2)
3)
"Piles
4)
"The
"Design
"Portuguese
Analysis
Basic Equationsfor Pile-Stabigitrv
Assuming
that
the
sliding
as
surface
is propor-
follows:
==P
E,J,
where
a'
is
equa!
to
diY.,2
(x-H), H
=-Esy2
is
the
(A-1)
(2-.kO)
depth from the ground
surface
to the
sliding
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34
ITO
ET
AL.
H' the length from the pile top to the sliding surface,
yi and
y2 the pile
deflections
above
and
below the sliding surface, respectively,
the
distributed
horizontal
p(a-)
load, Epl. the bending stiffness of pile and E, the soil modulus.
surface,
By
Eq.
solving
can
pile defiections
(A-1)under
be
the
obtained
yE=O
of
condition
follows:
as
at
solutions
Yi=ao+ai2-+a222+a,i3+f(2)
y,
where
ao,
ai,
pile-head
ef
a3,
A
fixity and
a2,
and
integral constants,
are
continuity
(A-2)
(AcosBa-+BsinBz-)
:e-Pi
of
which
the
at
are
sliding
surfaee,
P(i) f,+Ai
(A-3)
-:
where
equation
.A
and
of
Jgbare
Eq.
constants
which
can
(A-2)is transfermed
as
fi
DifferentiatingEq. (A-4)by
by Eq.
be obtained
follows:
Yi`ao+aifi+a222+a,2-S+ 24EpJp
(1)
or
Z-4+
6i,il,
di2-Y2'=2a2+6a3i+-2JSI,ilp
2L3+pttEE2plp
z-`
23
first
equation
Eq.
of
(A-2)by
1
(A-s)
fk
':i/-Ynv3i=6as+Ef},2"+rr2/Efl,!J-,2r2
second
the
(A-4)
25
120Eplp
xL2+6Ef,2Ip
'
(2). Thus,
z-,
ddY2L=ai+2a2x-+3a3xL2+
DifferentSating
the
of
2,
ddY,m2-=-BerSi{(A-B)cosBa'+(A+B)sinBz'}
di2Y-,2
=:2
fl
2e"Pi
(A
sin
B2-- BcosBz")
(A-6)
dd3,.Y,!=2BaemPi{(A+B)cos3gT-(A-B)sinBi}
The
continuity
conditions
of
pile
at
the sliding
surface
are
[Y]l-O--[Yi]i-O=[Y2]i-O
1=,=[
]i
ddYi'
[o]f--o=[
ddYz72
-",
[M]i-"o==[-dd2g-Yr2i]i-L,=[dd2g-Y221=,
[s],--,-[
(A-7)
], 1-",
ddSg;
=[
ddS,Y,2
.,
deflection,
0 the deflection
angle
y is the pilesh
earing
forceof pile. Substitution
pile and S the
where
of
(A-7)gives
of
of
M the
pile,Eqs.
(A-5)and
z:::tl,,.-.,
1
3ZItLB-a7iBl+B)
bending
moment
(A-6)into Eq.
(A-8)
The JapaneseGeotechnical
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STABILIZING
'Oe"t:lfe
PILES
AGAINST
35
LANDSLIDE
'Onnd
lgleenedi(:EcrliioCmOenndt
SOgl:Zc
the
forceat
shearing
are
[M]i--'-ff'=-Eplp[dizY-2il=-u,=O
[Sk--E'
Using
six
conditions
<A-2)are
obtained
pile in Eqs.
of
follows:
as
-u,
(A-8)and (A-9),the
six
integralconstants
in Eq.
12Efi,ri,a,
-w
ai=
12EplpB2
{6(1+BH't)f,-H'r(3+43H,).L,}
a2
(3fi
iHE',)I2.
a3
=:
Htfle)
12:lil,(2f,
"2 H'.fb)
(A-10)
Ht
A=
12EpfpBS
-(H,)2
12E,r.B2
B=
The maximum
bending
head as follows:
rn a.]i
bending
{3(2+BH,)f,-Ht(3+2BHr)f,}
(3fr-2H'f2)
Mi,...
mement
[Mi,
which
(A-9)
=o
{3(2+BH,)f,-H,
(3+2BHr)f,}
ao--
The maximum
depth i2, at
'
l..
- Ep lp[dd3aY,i
zero,
above
]E
-2
==:
L-o
force becomes
generates
surface
sliding
Ep Jpa2(-H $i
moment
shearing
the
slid'mg
at
(A-n)
snt
e)
sttrface
may
thepile
generate
at
the
That is,
zero.
[s]i-me- Ep lp[mZli-ViYl.,,
=O
:::
Then,
i2=
tan-i
/i}-
tS-
-AA
(A-12)
Therefore,
[ca,
max]2=i:
Solution
==
]i
- EpJp[ di2Y22
of Unrotated
Head
Since the defleetion
angle
--i,
-2 EplpBae mPE2(AsinGi,-BcosBg72)
(zr-20)(A-13)
Condition
pile and
of
'
the
shearing
forceat
lzrrll,=:O
[e]e=-Hr==[AdUt[S]i---"
(A-14)
:-E,i,[dd3kugy;l---..=o
Using
six
<A-2)
are
aO
obtained
as
rr
4s E,I,Bia+BH,)
-(Ht)2
24EplpB(1+3HV)
--
at-m
of
conditions
Eqs.(A-8)and
pile in
follows:
(A-14),the
six
integral constants
in Eq.
{4(2B
2(Ht)2+6BH't+3)f,-H,(5BE(H,)2+12BH't+6)A}
{4(3+2BHt)f,-Ht(6+5BHt)A}
TheJapanese
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36 1TO
48
Ht 2
AL
2
H
H 2
fi
ET
2E
2 rH
A
4
2
1 H
48Eplp
6H
4 22 Ht 2
48Ep 1 H
Ht 5 2 H 2 12 H
f2
3f Ht
5
H 2 6 f2
15
A
The maximum
bending moments
M
max
M2
and
are
max
foHows
as
given
A
16
E A 2
ame
at
Usingsix conditiQns
A 2 are
A 17
the six integral
constants
A 8 and
pileinEqs
of
inEq
as follows
obtained
zero
15 H
120Ep
1
21t H 3
p
3
3
U 5 2 H 2 6 H
15 2
Ht
fa
z H 2 30
3 H 3 27
4
s
5
H 3 H H
H 3
rr
H
H
2 H
BH 1 f l
HW
12
it
H 27 f
A
5 Ht U f
2
H
2
H 15 H fi Ht U Ht A 18f
The maximum
bendingmoments
f V f
mar
M2
m
are
givenas fo1ows
91
C1gg
and
af
ii2E
gli
1
i
g b d
Solutien
at
zero
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STABILIzlNG
P LES
AGAINST
LANDSLIDE
37
Usingsix
A 2 are
a
obtained
inEqs A 8 and
A 20
of pile
conditions
as
n Eq
follows
tt H
H H H
12f
12
H
al
120Eplp
1 Ht
2 1
G
3
3
2
2
H 6f H
4 3
H 3 9 2 Ht 2 15f2
H 3
10
l
a2
20E s 1 2 1 Hs 3H
5
H 9 U
12
f1 2
Ptu
2
2
s
12 H
5 2
H f Hr
H W
H 3
2
1 H
2 H ts
5 s H 3 9 H 12f Ht
2 3 H s 12 Ht 15
f2
21
A
bending
moments
M
and M2
are
The maximum
ma
mmx
given as follows
H
Hi
A
22
10 980
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