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Vadana Ecgc
Vadana Ecgc
The Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Limited (ECGC) is a company wholly
owned by the Government of India based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It provides export
credit insurance support to Indian exporters and is controlled by the Ministry of
Commerce. Government of India had initially set up Export Risks Insurance
Corporation (ERIC) in July 1957. It was transformed into Export Credit and Guarantee
Corporation Limited (ECGC) in 1964 and to Export Credit Guarantee of India in 1983
ECGC is essentially an export promotion organization, seeking to improve the competitive
capacity of Indian exporters by giving them credit insurance covers comparable to those
available to their competitors from most other countries. It keeps its premium rates at the
Payments for exports are open to risks even at the best of times. The risks have assumed large
proportions today due to the far-reaching political and economic changes that are sweeping the
world. An outbreak of war or civil war may block or delay payment for goods exported. A coup
or an insurrection may also bring about the same result. Economic difficulties or balance of
payment problems may lead a country to impose restrictions on either import of certain goods
or on transfer of payments for goods imported. In addition, the exporters have to face
commercial risks of insolvency or protracted default of buyers. The commercial risks of a
foreign buyer going bankrupt or losing his capacity to pay are aggravated due to the political
and economic uncertainties. Export credit insurance is designed to protect exporters from the
consequences of the payment risks, both political and commercial, and to enable them to
expand their overseas business without fear of loss.
HISTORY OF ECGC
The need for export promotion had started immediately after Independence in 1947.
In 1953, a proposal for initiation of an export credit guarantee scheme was put forward at a
meeting of the Export Advisory Council. Ministry of Commerce & Industry
analyzed in depth the pros and cons of the Export Credit
Insurance Scheme and a revised draft proposal on the
scheme were presented to the Export Advisory
Council in 1955.
(ERIC) was registered on 30th July 1957 in Mumbai as a Private Ltd. Company, entirely state
owned, under the Companies Act with an authorized capital of Rs.5 crores and paid up capital of
Rs.25 lakhs. Shri Ratilal M Gandhi was the First Chairman and Shri T C Kapur was the First
Managing Director of the Corporation. Shri Morarji Desai, Union Commerce Minister
inaugurated ERIC and the first Policy was issued on 14th October 1957.
After introduction of insurance covers to banks during the period 1962-64, ERICs name was
changed to Export Credit & Guarantee Corporation Ltd in 1964.
To bring Indian identify in the name, ECGC was renamed as Export Credit Guarantee
Corporation of India Ltd in the year 1983.
joint ventures
Makes available information on different countries with irs own credit ratings
Makes it easy to obtain export finance from banks/financial institutions
Assists exporters in recovering bad debts
Provides information on credit worthiness of overseas buyers.
SOURCE: http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/Ready%20Reckoner/ECGC.aspx
OBJECTIVES
HEAD OFFICE
Express Towers, 10th Floor,
Nariman Point
Mumbai 400 021
MANAGEMENT
SOURCE: http://voguesecurity.net/content/managing-ourcontract
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Joint Secretary
Joint Secretary
Department of Commerce
Ministry of Finance,
Govt. of India,
Govt. of India,
New Delhi
New Delhi
Shri V. S. Das
Shri T. C. A. Ranganathan
Executive Director
Mumbai
Mumbai
Shri K. R. Kamath
Shri A K Roy,
New Delhi
(GIC)
Mumbai.
President,
FIEO,
New Delhi
SENIOR EXECUTIVES
Shri N Shankar
Chairman cum Managing Director
Smt.Geetha Muralidhar
Executive Director
TYPES OF INVESTMENT
The overseas investment may be made either by way of equity or by way of loans.
Equity:
Any contribution made to the enterprise in return for shares either by cash remittances or by way
of export of capital goods or services can be covered. Any fees payable towards technical
knowhow, consultancy or management services etc., and agreed to be converted into capital will
be considered for cover at the discretion of the Corporation.
Loans:
Loans advanced by way of a formal agreement but not tied to export of goods and supplies are
eligible for cover. Any 'suppliers/buyers' credits and lines of credit extended to support sale of
goods or services from India may be covered under the appropriate insurance schemes of the
Corporation and not under investment insurance.
Portfolio investment:
Any investment in shares of overseas concerns not related to setting up, development and
expansion of overseas projects would not be eligible for cover under the investment insurance.
Additional investment:
Additional investment can be covered subject to a ceiling of 50 per cent of the original
investment. Any additional investment out of retained earnings should have been made by formal
capitalisation and for the purpose of expansion for development of the enterprise. If the
additional investment is made out of retained profits, which are not eligible for repatriation, such
an investment will not be eligible for cover. Initially, cover is issued for three years. On expiry of
the three years it is at the option of the exporter to renew the cover/review of the JV/WOS by
ECGC. The duration of insurance cover shall not normally exceed 15 years but extension can be
given up to 20 years for longer projects. The amount of investment eligible for cover shall be to
the full extent during the first 10 years of cover. Percentage of cover is 90-can be reduced. The
amount of investment eligible for cover will be reduced to 90 per cent, 80 per cent, 70 per cent,
60 per cent and 50 per cent, respectively, of the original investment during the 11th, 12th, 13th,
14th and 15th years of insurance. OII provides cover for original investment retained earnings,
dividend receivables and additional investment up to 50 per cent of the original investment.
Cover for dividend receivables may not be given in case of risky countries; cover only for
original investment. OII covers only political risks of war, expropriation and restrictions on
remittances.
Premium rate: Base rate: 1 per cent of the investment value. Actual premium rate will depend
on the size of investment, country of investment, previous experience of the Importer etc.
The exporter has to furnish the proposal form along with a fee of 1 per cent of the investment
amount subject to a ceiling of Rs 25,000. If cover is agreed application fee paid shall be adjusted
towards premium payable. In case the application for insurance is rejected, half the fee paid shall
be refunded. Premium is taken upfront. Income from the premium is allocated over the tenor of
the cover extended. Installment facility is provided by ECGC for collecting premium after
analysing
and
approving
the
proposal.
ECGC enters into agreement with the exporters for providing cover mentioning the terms and
conditions along with the maximum liability. The exporters have to submit annual reports about
the progress and working of the projects.
SHORT TERM
A Turnover Based
Shipment Comprehensive Risk Policy - (SCR)
Shipments (Comprehensive Risks) Policy, commonly known as the Standard Policy, is the one
ideally suited to cover risks in respect of goods exported on short-term credit, i.e. credit not
exceeding 180 days. This policy covers both commercial and political risks from the date of
shipment. It is issued to exporters whose anticipated export turnover for the next 12 months is
more than Rs.50 lacs. (The appropriate policy for exporters with an anticipated
turnover of Rs.50 lacs or less is the Small Exporter's Policy, described
separately).
B EXPOSURE BASED
Exposure (Single Buyer) Policy for covering the risks on a specified buyer and
Exposure (Multi Buyer) Policy for covering the risks on all buyers.
Bank risks :
Failure of L/c opening bank to make the payment due within a specified period,
normally within four months from the due date (Non-payment due to discrepancies in
the document will not be covered).
Political risks:
This Policy is meant for exporters engaged in manufacturing activities having invested in plant
and machinery or engaged in export of services having invested in equipment as per MSMED
Act, 2006. This Policy can be issued to an exporter qualifying as per the MSMED Act, 2006.
This Policy can be issued to an exporter qualifying as per the MSMED Act, 2006. The exporter
desirous of obtaining the Policy should furnish the certificate issued by the designated authority.
(District Industries Centers)
SHORT TERM
Pre Shipment (PC) -
more of its exporter clients has been classified as a standard asset and
whose Credit is acceptable to ECGC.
Period Of Cover: 12 Months
Against LC)
Any bank or financial institution who is an authorized
dealer in foreign exchange can obtain the Individual
Post-shipment Export Credit Cover in respect of each of
its exporter-clients who is holding the appropriate
Comprehensive Risks Policy of ECGC excluding cover
for shipments made against L/Cs.
Period Of Cover:
12 months
During execution of projects exporters are required to furnish bonds duly supported by bank
guarantees at various stages starting from bidding, Advance Payment, Due Performance to
releasing retention money which is furnished for completion of defects/warranty period. The
exporter furnishes Advance payment bond for receiving advance payment and due performance
bond for assuring due performance of the contract.
Risks Covered
Insolvency of Borrower
Protracted Default of Borrower
SPECIAL SCHEMES
Transfer Guarantee
In order to cater to the specific need for export credit insurance cover, of reputed large
value exporters which otherwise could not be fully addressed under any one of
standard products , the customer specific policies have been introduced and are issued
to large exporters on a selective basis on the merits respective requests for such
cover. Normally such policies are issued without changing the basic risk cover
profile of the export transaction. Some of the features of customer specific policies are as under.
Policies can be issued combining feature of more than one standard type(Off the shelf) policies;
Policies are issued with the base cover of an appropriate standard policy with added feature from
other standard policies if required;
Customer specific policies are considered only in respect of cases where anticipated annual
premium is more than Rs.10 lacs;
The customers policies are issued in line the credit insurance covers approved by IRDA.
This business has been higher last year with the premium touching Rs 630 crore
from Rs 533 crore.
RECENT DEVELOPMENT
SOURCE:http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=growing+business
Largest Policy short term Rs.450 crores
Largest database on buyers 8 lakhs
Largest credit limit Rs.80 Crore
Largest claim paid Rs.120 crores
CODE OF ETHICS
Ethical codes are adopted by organizations to assist members in understanding the difference
between 'right' and 'wrong' and in applying that understanding to their decisions. An ethical code
generally implies documents at three levels:
1.codes of business ethics,
2.codes of conduct for employees, and
3.codes of professional practice.
A code of business ethics often focuses on social issues. It may set out general principles about
an organization's beliefs on matters such as mission, quality, privacy, or the environment. It may
delineate proper procedures to determine whether a violation of the code of ethics has occurred
and,
if so, what remedies should be imposed.
SOURCE:http://www.google.com/imgres?q=CODE+OF+ETHICS
This code shall be called the Code of Ethics and Business Conduct for ECGC employees
It shall be applicable to all employees of ECGC.
This Code supplements the various laws and regulations applicable to ECGC, as also its
internal policies, guidelines and CDA (Conduct, Discipline and Appeal) Rules,
compliance with which is mandatory and violations punishable as prescribed.
SOURCE:http://www.google.com/imgres?q=corporate+social+responsibility
As per the MOU signed with Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India for the year 2011-12,ECGC
has undertaken following three projects at M Ward, Mankhurd, Mumbai with the help of
National Corporate Social Responsibility Hub ( NCSRH) under administrative control of Tata
Institute of Social Science,
( TISS ) ,Chembur, Mumbai.
1
Empowerment of Women
SOURCE:http://
ww
w.google.com/imgres?q=india+national+export+insurance+images
The National Export Insurance Account has been set up by the Government of India (GOI) and
operated by ECGC to provide adequate credit insurance cover to protect long and medium term
exporters against both, political and commercial risks of the overseas country and the buyer/bank
concerned. The NEIA trust also provides covers to banks for Buyers Credit transactions which
facilitates foreign buyer to pay for project exports from India.
Indian companies secure overseas projects against stiff international competition and needs
adequate credit insurance to enhance their competitiveness. Projects are required to be
undertaken, specifically due to the long term economic interest and political relationship of India
with importing country. Given Indias long term economic and political interests with the
concerned country, it is crucial that ability of Indian exporters undertaking such contracts is not
hampered by the inability to obtain credit insurance cover. With this view GOI has set up the
NEIA.
ECGC, a Govt. of India enterprise under the aegis of the Ministry of Commerce, apart from
insuring credit risks under short term exports also provides credit insurance cover to Medium and
Long term exporters. However, at times, its own limitations make it difficult for ECGC to cover
such risks on purely commercial considerations, taking into account the long repayment period,
the large value of the contracts and the difficult economic and political conditions of the country,
coupled with the fact that reinsurance cover is generally not available in such cases.
ECGC has been conferred the First Prize for the year 2010-11 for
excellent implementation of Rajbhasha by Ministry of Commerce.
Shri N.Shankar, CMD of ECGC has received the award from Shri
Jyotiraditya Scindia, Hon'ble State Minister of Commerce &
Industry in the Hindi Advisory Committee meeting held on 7
February 2012.
ECGC has been conferred Indira Gandhi Award for Rajbhasha (2nd
prize) for excellent implementation of Rajbhasha by Ministry of
Home affairs. Shri Arvind Mehta, CMD of ECGC has received the
award from Hon'ble Smt. Pratibha Patil, President of India on
14.09.2011 at a function held at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.
SOURCE:http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=RBI+POLICIES
RBI
authories
banks
to
write
off
GRs
on
settlemant
of
claim
by
ECGC
1. It has now been decided that Authorised Dealers shall, on an application received from the
exporter supported by a documentary evidence from the ECGC confirming that the claim in
respect of the outstanding bills has been settled by them, write off the relative export bills and
delete them from the XOS statement. Such write-off will not be restricted to the limit of 10 per
cent indicated in paragraph C.18(b) of the circular ibid.
2. It is clarified that the claims settled in rupees by ECGC should not be construed as export
realisation in foreign exchange and claim amount should not be allowed to be credited to
Exchange Earners Foreign Currency Account maintained in terms of Regulation 4 of FEMA
Notification No.FEMA 10/2000-RB dated May 3, 2000.
3. Authorised Dealers may bring the contents of this circular to the notice of their constituents
concerned.
4. The directions contained in this circular have been issued under Section 10(4) and Section
11(1) of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (42 of 1999).
SOURCE : http://www.google.co.in/imgres?q=customer+grievance+redressal+of+ECGC
The Grievance redressal mechanism of an organization is the gauge to measure its efficiency and
effectiveness as it provides important feedback on the working of the Organization.
The main purpose of a Grievance Policy is to place an appropriate mechanism whereby the
Customer who believe(s) that he/ she has been wronged by any act of the
Company is afforded a fair opportunity to redress his/ her Grievance.
We have already forwarded the relevant IRDA Guidelines to all the BMs and H. O. Ds on 9th
instant.
Objectives
The objectives of the Grievance Redressal Policy are:
(a) To develop an organizational framework to promptly address and resolve customer
Grievances fairly and equitability;
(b) To provide enhanced level of customer satisfaction;
(c) To provide easy accessibility to the customer for an immediate Grievance redressal.
(d) To educate the customers about their responsibilities to access benefits due under the policies;
(e) To ensure that the customers are treated fairly at all times;
(f) To identify systemic flaws in the operational functions of the organization and products
suggesting corrective measures;
(g) To put in place a monitoring mechanism to oversee the functioning of the Grievance
Redressal Policy.
There are application forms with carious Regional Offices of the ECGC which are to be
submitted to the nearest Regional Office with a policy fee which may be subject to
changes.
In case of shipment policies, the exporter undertakes to submit monthly returns in respect
of shipments made and the progress of the contractual terms.
In case of contract policy, the exporter undertakes to send a declaration monthly on the
contract entered into during the preceding month, in addition to shipment made over that
period
The ECGC should also get a monthly statement of all overdue payment so that it can take
steps to avoid possible losses.
The ECGC may charge additionally in case they require the bank reports on the foreign
buyer.
Public sector banks used to take more credit loans as compare to private
sector banks.
Individual exporters also takes credit loans.
In olden days the exporters was not knowing more about the ecgc at that
time the number of institutions taking credit loans was not more.
STRATEGIC PLANNING
or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. In order
to determine the direction of the organization, it is necessary to understand its current position
and the possible avenues through which it can pursue a particular course of action
MISSIONS
It Defines the fundamental purpose of an organization or an enterprise,
succinctly describing why it exists and what it does to achieve its vision.
For example, the charity above might have a mission statement as
"providing jobs for the homeless and unemployed".
The mission of ECGC is to support the Indian Export Industry by providing
cost effective insurance and trade related services to meet the growing needs of Indian export
market by optimal utilization of available resources.
VISION
It outlines what the organization wants to be, or how it wants
the world in which it operates to be (an "idealised" view of the
world). It is a long-term view and concentrates on the future. It can
be emotive and is a source of inspiration. For example, a charity
working with the poor might have a vision statement which reads
"A World without Poverty."
The vision of Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India
providing export credit insurance and trade related services.
Ltd. is to excel in
Many organizations are affiliated to ECGC and support its services. Export credit
guarantee corporation has signed the corporate agency agreements with many
banks out of which I have selected following banks:
BANK OF INDIA
Bank of India (BoI) is a state-owned commercial
bank with headquarters in Mumbai. Governmentowned since nationalization in 1969, It is India's 4th
largest PSU bank, after State Bank of India, Punjab
National Bank and Bank of Baroda. It has 4157
branches as on 21/04/2012, including 29 branches outside
India, and about 1679 ATMs. BoI is a founder member of
SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Inter Bank Financial
Telecommunications), which facilitates provision of costeffective financial processing and communication
services. The Bank completed its first one hundred years
of operations on 7 September 2006.
BOI ranked 1st among the nationalised banks as Indias most trusted service brand 2011 ET
Nielsen survey.
HISTORY
Bank of India was founded on 7th September, 1906 by a group of eminent businessmen from
Mumbai. The Bank was under private ownership and control till July 1969 when it was
nationalised along with 13 other banks.
Beginning with one office in Mumbai, with a paid-up capital of Rs.50 lakh and 50 employees,
the Bank has made a rapid growth over the years and blossomed into a mighty institution with a
strong national presence and sizable international operations. In business volume, the Bank
occupies a premier position among the nationalised banks.
Pre-shipment Credit
(a) Upto 180 days
Post-shipment Credit
(a) On demand bills for
Not exceeding 200
transit period (as specified basis points over
by FEDAI)
LIBOR/ EURO
LIBOR/ EURIBOR
(b) Usance bills (for total Not exceeding 200
period comprising usance basis points over
period of export bills,
LIBOR/ EURO
transit period as specified LIBOR/ EURIBOR
by FEDAI and grace
period as wherever
applicable)
Upto 6 months from the
date of shipment
(c)Export bills (demand
Rate for 2(b) above plus
or usance) realised after
200 basis points
due date but upto date of
crystallization
Following is the chart on rupee export credit other than specified sectors
Rates
(1)
1. Pre-shipment Credit
a) i) Period upto 180 days
ii) Beyond 180 days and upto
270 days
b)Against incentives receivables
from Govt. covered by ECGC
Gtee upto 90 days
2. Post-shipment Credit
a) On Demand Bills for transit
period (as specified by FEDAI)
Usance Bills *
1
w.e.f.
01.07.10
Large
Corporat
e
w.e.f.
01.07.10
Mid
Corporate
9.25
9.25
9.50
9.50
9.25
9.50
9.25
9.50
9.25
9.50
9.25
9.50
9.25
9.50
9.25
9.50
9.25
9.50
9.25
9.50
Base
Rate+
Credit
Risk
Spread
Base
Rate
+5.00%
Base
Base
Rate +
Credit
Risk
Spread
Base
Rate
+5.00%
Base
Upto 90 days
Rate
+5.00%
Rate
+5.00%
BANK OF BARODA
HISTORY
The Maharaja of Baroda, Sir Sayajirao Gaekwad III, Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, founded
the bank on 20 July 1908 in the princely state of Baroda, in Gujarat. Two years later, BoB
established its first branch in Ahmedabad. The bank grew domestically, until after World War II.
Then in 1953 it crossed the Indian Ocean to serve the communities of Indians in Kenya and
Indians in Uganda by establishing a branch each in Mombasa and Kampala. The next year it
opened a second branch in Kenya, in Nairobi, and in 1956 it opened a branch in Dar-es-Salaam.
Then in 1957 BoB took a giant step abroad by establishing a branch in London. London was the
center of the British Commonwealth and the most important international banking centre. 1959
saw BoB complete its first domestic acquisition when it took over Hind Bank.
The bank, along with 13 other major commercial banks of India, was nationalised on 19 July
1969, by the government of India.
Export Finance
Bank of Baroda, being Indias International bank is very active in Export promotion. With the
operating network of our own branches/offices in 25 countries and worldwide correspondent
relationships, our clients enjoy comforts in transacting international business. Besides the worldclass services, we also provide Export Finance to Exporters at concessive terms to facilitate their
competing in the global market.
Our Export Finance is made available at pre shipment and post shipment stage to exporters in
various types of credit:
Pre-Shipment Finance:
Post-Shipment Finance:
Purchase of Export Documents under confirmed order.
Discounting of Export documents under L/C or confirmed order.
Negotiation of documents under L/C.
Post shipment demand Loans against Export Bills sent for collection.
Export Bills purchase / discounting in Foreign Currency.
Advance against export incentive receivables.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Over the years, it has come a long way in all its operational matrics too as a commercial
institution, understanding the market, changing requirements of Indian exporters and making its
services available to exporters across the country.
More importantly, as a non-life insurer, it also could successfully transform itself into a modern
insurance firm with niche base, meeting all regulatory compliances and requirements.
We strive to stay ourselves strong, aim to grow faster and improve our overall efficiency level,
says Mr Shankar, who has long years of experience in export credit business, earlier being
Executive Director of Exim Bank, one of Indias largest export promotion institutions.
Incidentally, the government has also been supportive and meeting its demands on time, he
points out.
ECGC always tries to understand the changing needs of various classes of exporters. It has, time
to time, developed various export credit risk insurance products to meet the requirements of
Indian exporters and commercial lenders, he points out.
ECGC has strong and well-defined systems and processes in place. Major strength of ECGC, he
says, lies in its committed and loyal workforce.
Officers are constantly trained on various aspects of business through brain-storming sessions.
Seminars, organized by it for its workforce, are mostly participative in nature for giving better
results, says Mr Shankar.
Sometimes they are also sent for programmes organized by out-side agencies, besides its own
programmes with an aim to help them gain better feedback and increase their knowledge of the
area they handle. Staff attrition is very low, which is major HR advantage for it.
At ECGC business review is a continuous process. ECGC, through its long experience and firsthand knowledge of the country risk, has developed an operational model with clear guidelines.
Recently, ECGC also has started working on its own credit rating models for overseas buyers of
Indian goods, which will also enable Indian exporters to understand the strength of the overseas
buyers.
It has prepared models of open cover and restricted cover lists. Under the open cover its
branches can decide on the exposure limit of buyers as per delegated powers. The exposure limit
is restricted in the case of restricted cover countries. This operational model, while protecting the
interest of the institution, sends a kind of message to exporters about the strength of their
overseas markets.
Many times, it is difficult to get information about overseas buyers. Sometimes, ECGC has only
their addresses. In many counties, it depends on outside agency for information.
For recovery it totally depends on overseas agents. Though ECGC is an institution dealing with
exporters interest and foreign clients of Indian exporters, it does not have a foreign office.
Now we are planning to open offices abroad, he says. Establishment of foreign offices will
enable it to go for more effective recovery process and understand the market better.
At the same time, it will also enlarge the panel of agencies who supply rating reports on clients.
In every sense, ECGC is a dynamic organization with a lean structure and high level of
manpower productivity.
With roughly Rs 1.75 crore per employee premium income and clean balance sheet, ECGC also
stands out to be a dynamic commercial organization that reaches its clients through own network
and also through alternate channels.
Now we have branches/offices in all big cities and SME clusters across the country says Mr
Shankar, who has many plans for the institutions long term growth.
Against IRDA prescribed solvency margin of 1.5 per cent, it maintains 10.5 per cent, another
sign of its strength as an insurer.
1
2
CONCLUSION
SUGGESTIONS
CONCLUSION
a Structured customer meets will give the message to the customers that ECGC cares
for them and values their feedback/ suggestions for improvement in customer
service.
a ECGC is the fifth largest credit insurer of the world in terms of coverage of
national exports. The present paid-up capital of the company is Rs.800 crores and
authorized capital Rs.1000 crores.
SUGGESTIONS
ECGC shall take all efforts to abide by and enforce its citizen charter in all its
operations and shall respect and enforce policyholders rights as enshrined in the
relevant IRDA document.
QUESTIONNAIRE
ARTICLE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PRIMARY DATA
Bank of India: - Ambernath Branch
Bank of Baroda: - Badlapur Branch
SECONDARY DATA
3
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
Author : V.A. Avadhani
WEBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.ecgcindia.in/en/Pages/ECGCAPHome.aspx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_Credit_Guarantee_Corporation_of_India
http://www.scribd.com/doc/34200662/65/ROLE-OF-EXPORT-CREDITGUARANTEE-CORPORATION-ECGC
http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/Ready%20Reckoner/ECGC.aspx
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/article3487002.ece