A Guide to Reading & Writing JAPANESE A Comprehensive Guide to the Japanese Writing System Compiled by Florence Sakade Revised by Kenneth Henshall, Christopher Seeley & Henk de Groot Tuttle Language LibraryA Guide to Reading & Writing JAPANESE Third Edition A Comprehensive Guide to the Japanese Writing System first edition compiled by Florence Sakade third edition revised by Kenneth Henshall, Christopher Seeley & Henk de Groot TUTTLE PUBLISHING Boston * Rutland, Vermont * TokyoPublished by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd., with editorial offices at 153 Milk Street, Boston, MA 02109 and 130 Joo Seng Road, #06-01/03 Singapore 368357 Original edition © 1959 by Charles E, Tuttle Co., Inc. Third edition © 2003 Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. Alll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any informetion storage and retrieval system, without pror written permission from the publisher. LCC Card No. 59-10412 ISBN 0-8048-3365-6 Distributed by: Japan Tuttle Publishing Yaekari Building. 3rd Floor 5-4-12 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0032 Tel: (03) 5437 0171; Fax: (03) 5437 0755 Email: uttle-sales@gol.com North America, Latin America & Europe Tuttle Publishing 364 Innovation Drive North Clarendon, VT 05759-9436 Tal: (802) 773 8930; Fax: (802) 773 6993 Email: info@tuttlepublishing.com wwwituttlepublishing.com Asia Pacific Berkeley Books Pte. Ltd. 130 Joo Seng Road, #06-01/03 Singapore 368357 ‘Tel: (65) 6280 1330; Fax: (65) 6280 6290 Email: inquiries@periplus.com.sg 08 07 06 05 04 8765432 Printed in SingaporeCONTENTS Introduction .. 1 Aim v 2 This Book and the Modern Japanese Writing System v 2.1 About the Characters Selected v 2.2. How Characters are Read in Japanese vi 2.3. Writing Characters vit 2.4 Romanisation ix 2.5 Kana Signs and Combination x Layout Details x Final Notes xi Select Bibliography of Main Works consulted for this Edition xi wee Acknowledgements .....:sccscesesseeee Section 1: The 1,006 Essential Characters ..., Grade One: — Characters 1-80. Grade Two: — Characters 81-240... Grade Three: Characters 241-440. Grade Four: — Characters 441-640 Grade Five: Characters 641-825. Grade Six: Characters 826-1,006 Section 2: The 1,945 General Use Characters ..... Katakana and Hiragana Syllabaries Index of Readings...INTRODUCTION 1 Aim This newly revised edition is designed for students and others who have at least an elementary knowledge of spoken Japanese and are wanting to acquaint themselves with the Japanese writing system. To this end, this book sets out the 1,945 Chinese characters contained in the officially approved character list—the Joyé kanji (General Use Characters) List—which in 1981 replaced the carlier list approved in 1946. 2 This Book and the Modern Japanese Writing System 2.1 About the Characters Selected While the Jay6 kanji List (hereafter abbreviated to JK List) does not represent an exhaustive list of Chinese characters which the student will encounter in modern Japanese texts, in combination with the two syllabaries (hiragana and katakana) it does nevertheless provide a very sound basis for reading and writing modern Japanese. In Japanese schools, 1,006 of the more commonly used JK List characters are taught in the six years of elementary school, the balance of 939 characters being spread out over the intermediate and high school curriculum. The JK List characters also form the basis of character usage in modern newspapers, though sometimes the Japan Newspaper Association chooses to deviate from the List in some ways. At the end of 2001 the following 39 characters in addition to those in the JK List were adopted by the Association for active use in newspapers: fi] #4 F Bt #5 St EF] i OD ig BE AT Poe th Ea te AO GB 48 ik fk i . We simply list these here for readers’ possible future reference, and do not go into readings or meanings. For writing the names of their children, Japanese today can choose from a corpus of characters consisting of the JK List together with a supplementary list of characters for use in given names. The first such name character list, approved in 1951, consisted of 92 characters, but that has been expanded on repeated occasions (and not without some controversy) to 285. We do not list these here. This book is divided into two main sections. Section One presents the 1,006 characters designated by the Japanese Ministry of Education to be taught duringINTRODUCTION the six years of elementary school—termed here ‘Essential Characters’. The choice of these characters is the result of extensive research and deliberation by the Ministry. For these characters, the editors of this volume have endeavored to give illustrative character compounds that are in common use. Section Two of this book sets out the 1,945 characters designated for general everyday use (including the 1,006 characters taught at elementary school). In 1946 the Japanese writing system underwent fairly radical reform in the direction of simplification, but the 1970s onwards saw some movement away from what some saw as an over-simplification, and the trend towards use of a bigger range of Chinese characters has been encouraged by the development and popularity from the mid-1980s of word-processors and computers that can handle conventional Japanese text. Despite this trend, the major impact of the orthographic reforms of the late 1940s has meant that the Japanese writing system of today still remains much simpler than it was before 1946. 2.2. How Characters are Read in Japanese Typically, each Chinese character has two types of readings—on-yomi and kun-yomi. The on-yomi (on reading, i.c. Sino-Japanese reading) is a reading originally based on the Chinese pronunciation associated with each character, and reflects the fact that the Chinese script was adopted from China the best part of 2,000 years ago, when the Japanese themselves did not have a writing system. Contrasting with the on-yomi is the kun-yomi (kun reading, i.c. native Japanese reading). In some cases, a given Chinese character has several on readings, reflecting different forms of underlying Chinese pronunciation. A given character may also have more than one associated kun reading. Context and the use or absence of accompanying kana (okurigana) are the pointers as to which reading is appropriate in a given case. In this book, the majority of the readings set out in the JK List as it appeared in the Kanpé (Official Gazette) of 1 October 1981 have been included, but some readings have been excluded, bearing in mind the aim of this book, because they are archaic, obsolescent, or not common (e.g. nagomu [to soften] for #11). Also excluded from among the formal readings listed in this book are the sort of common minor—or relatively minor—variations in character readings which are found only in certain environments in compounds. For instance, the character “# has the on reading GAKU, which is truncated to GAK- in the compound “Bf gakk6 [school, college], the kun reading ame [rain] of if) changes to ama- as the first element in compounds such as ff amado [rain-shutters], and the character GO is read GAT- in the compound 47 gatten (understanding, consent]. It was considered best for readers of this book to leam such changes gradually as they progress.INTRODUCTION In modern Japanese usage there are quite a number of characters which lack either an on reading or a kun reading. For instance, nowadays the character i [sugar] is employed only for its on reading TO, while the character #1 [box] is used only for its kun reading hako. 2.3 Writing Characters Firstly, the student should make every effort to practice so as to keep the characters of uniform size in relation to one another. Thus, the 2-stroke character J) katana should be written within the equal-sized imaginary square or circle as the 15-stroke iti RON [argument, opinion], and by the same token the element = should be written larger when used as an independent character (read GEN, GON, [speech, word] than when used as a radical / component in a more complex character such as #7 RON above. Secondly, bear in mind that Chinese characters sometimes consist of just a few strokes, sometimes many, but the characters are always written according to a set stroke order. Listed below are some principles that will be of assistance with regard to priority in the order of strokes. 1, Top to bottom: — — ae WN are | a: 3INTRODUCTION Other rules are: 3. When two or more strokes cross, horizontal strokes usually precede perpendicular ones: +—[=[+ yt [=| K—[=LFR 4. Sometimes perpendicular strokes precede horizontal ones: w+ |) a L—|T | Fie |] | |e 5. Center first, then left and right: p—[T Tl [ab TKR —> ¥ 7 FR sae) AA | she aS AR viiiINTRODUCTION 6. Perpendicular line running through center written last: He | tk) ft th) fo} = 7. Right-to-left diagonal stroke precedes left-to-right: Aes | Ay K+ | F|K KF While the above may all seem rather complicated, the student might find solace in the fact that, as noted above, the writing system has been simplified to a considerable extent compared with the past, and has been mastered by many thousands of students having neither native speaker competence in Japanese nor prior background knowledge of the Chinese script. 2.4 Romanisation There are several different systems of representing Japanese using the Roman alphabet. This book employs a slightly modified form of the Hepburn system, this being a system which is widely used and which is based on conventions associated with the spelling of English. The minor modification involves using the letter n rather than m to represent the syllabic nasal A. when the latter occurs immediately before the consonants m, 6 or p (thus, for instance, shinbun [newspaper], not shimbun, and kenpé [constitution], not kKempo). Other points to note are: 1. use of a macron to indicate vowel lengthening for o and u, e.g. gakk6 [school], renshi [practice];INTRODUCTION, 2. use of a hyphen in cases where it is considered that this might facilitate understanding of boundaries between constituent elements in a Japanese word, e.g. sara-arai [dishwashing], rather than saraaraf; and 3. use of the apostrophe ’ instead of a hyphen after a syllabic nasal Au, such as tan’i [unit] (a word of three short syllables, which in kana would be written 7 /u\9) as opposed to tani [valley] (a word of two short syllables, written {= in kana). 2.5 Kana Signs and Combinations The two main sections of this book are followed by a section setting out individual symbols in the hiragana and katakana syllabaries, and illustrations of stroke order for cach of those symbols. Each of the two syllabaries evolved and became established over a period of many centuries, thereby becoming cemented as integral components in the modern writing system. Katakana, which are more angular in appearance than hiragana, are today used first and foremost to represent loanwords of European origin, e.g. /\ 2” pan [bread] and E—)l biiru [beer]. Hiragana are used widely and variously elsewhere to represent such elements as grammatical particles, inflectional endings of verbs, and frequently to represent in writing words which would otherwise need to be written with intricate or uncommon characters such as those for 6mu [parrot] (2388) or for the ken of sekken [soap] (fila®). For the convenience of users of this book, the final part consists of an alphabetical index of readings for the 1,945 JK List characters. 3 Layout Details The 1,006 most essential characters are set out in Section One in accordance with the Education Ministry's division into six grades. These are in running sequence, but note that the grade divisions are: 1-80 = Grade One 81-240 = Grade Two 241-440 = Grade Three 441-640 = Grade Four 641-825 = Grade Five 826-1,006 = Grade Six Characters within each grade are set out in the traditional ‘50 sounds’ (gojuion) order which is commonly used for reference-type works in Japanese, except that the characters in Grade One alone are ordered on the basis of semantic groupings. Each character is typically accompanied by the on reading, then the kun reading and English meaning(s). The context is the best guide as to which reading is appropriate in a given case.INTRODUCTION Also included for each of the 1,006 characters is information regarding the total number of strokes (the stroke count) and the set order to be followed in writing individual strokes. In most cases, three examples of character compounds are provided for each of these Essential characters. Section Two, which presents the total 1,945 General Use characters, gives them with their on and/or kun readings, and English meanings, but without illustrative compounds. In many cases, however, compounds containing characters which are among the 939 ‘non-essential’ characters may be found among the compounds given for each of the 1,006 characters in Section One. The order adopted for listing the corpus of 1,945 characters is that of stroke count (and, within a given stroke count, by radical). So as to avoid undue repetition, each of the 1,006 Essential characters appearing in Section Two is given with the corresponding reference to Section One, to which the reader can refer for details. With regard to the typographical conventions employed in giving readings and meanings for characters, these are explained by means of the example below. SL KEN'; mi(ruy, to see, look* | On reading in upper case. ° Kun reading in lower case italics. Parentheses used to indicate end-syllable(s) to be written in kana (thus, mi(ru), since this word is conventionally written 5, %).1 * English meaning(s) given in regular lower case. Also note the use of a comma after a single on-reading to indicate that it can be used as a stand-alone word, e.g. “ZA, seat...” (i.e. ‘za’ exists as a word meaning ‘seat’), as opposed to “U canopy...” (ie. ‘w’ does not exist as an independent word). 4 Final Notes Good luck with your study. For aspects of the modern Japanese language such as grammar, vocabulary, or style, you should refer to other appropriate textbooks and reference works, a variety of which are now available from Tuttle Publishing. 5 Select Bibliography of Main Works Consulted for this Edition Note: All the books in Japanese listed below have been published in Tokyo. Haig, J.H. et al. (ed.), The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary. Charles E. Tuttle, Tokyo, 1997. Henshall, K. G., A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters. Charles E. Tuttle, Tokyo, 1988. xiINTRODUCTION Masuda, K., et al. (ed.), Kenkyusha’s New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha, 4th ed., 1974. Morohashi T., Dai kanwa jiten. 13 vols. Taishukan, 1955-60. Sanseido henshiisho (ed.), Atarashii kokugo hyoki handobukku. Sanseido, 1991. Satd K. (ed.), Kanji hyakka daijiten. Meiji shoin, 1996. Seeley, C. A History of Writing in Japan. Paperback edition: University of Hawai'i Press, 2000. Shirakawa S., Jit6. Heibonsha, 2nd ed., 1992. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The editors of the Newly Revised Edition respectfully acknowledge the work of the earlier editions carried out by Florence Sakade and her editorial team, work which has been of assistance to generations of students (including the present editors). Grateful acknowledgement is also due to Flavia Hodges, Tan Mike Tze, Nancy Goh, Nathan Burrows, Neil Chandler, Bruce Penno, Paul Eagle, Shozo Tsuji, Yasuko Tsuji, and Kazuko Seeley.The 1,006 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS ICHI, ITSU, hito-, hito(tsu), one Fl ichigatsu, January a ichiban, first, best —fff issatsu, one (book, magazine) NI, futa(tsu), wo =A nigatsu, February —7\FA_ nikagetsu, two months Sle] nikai, twice SAN, mi-, mit(tsu), three =A sangatsu, March =A sannin, three people =H mikka, three days, the third day 3 strokes, SHI, yon, yo-, yot(tsu), yo(tsu), four VOFL shigatsu, April PYEL yokka, four days, the fourth day DU+ shija, yonjir, forty 4 S strokes5-9 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS 5 4 strokes a 7N 4 strokes 4c 7 2 strokes JN. 8 2 strokes 9 2 strokes GO, itsu(tsu), five LAL gogatsu, May HA _ gonin, five people E+ gojii, fifty ROKU, mut(tsu), mu(tsu), six 7A rokugatsu, June A® AL rokkagetsu, six months A+ rokujii, sixty SHICHI, nana(tsu), nana, seven GAL shichigatsu, July +42. nanakagetsu, seven months E+ shichijé, nanajii, seventy HACHI, yai(tsu) ya(tsu), eight J\AL hachigatsu, August J\2.AL_ hachikagetsu, eight months A+ hachijii, eighty KYU, KU, kokono(tsu), nine JLAL kugatsu, September At kujii, kyaja, ninety JU — kuji, nine o'clock++ 10 2 strokes a ul 6 strokes a 12 3 strokes A 13 4 strokes A 14 4 strokes TIAL CHARACTERS * 10-14 JU, 6, ten +A jagatsu, October +H toka, ten days, the tenth day -HIEljikkai, ten times HYAKU, hundred nihyaku, two hundred sanbyaku, three hundred i hyakkaten, department store SEN, chi, thousand +-F4_sen‘en, a thousand yen =F _ sanzen, three thousand TILT — gosen, five thousand NICHI, JITSU; hi, day, sun; ~ka, suffix for counting days Hill nichiyobi, Sunday PEA — sakujitsu, yesterday SF asahi, morning sun GETSU, GATSU; tsuki, month, moon HAIMLEL getsuyabi, Monday FL raigetsu, next month “A mikazuki, new moon15-19 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS 4 strokes: 16 4 strokes 7K 17 4 strokes eS 18 8 strokes oa 19 3 strokes KA; hi, fire ACMEEL kayobi, Tuesday (LE hibachi, charcoal brazier AH kaji, fire, conflagration SUI; mizu, water XK 6-mizu, flood, inundation ACH suiryoku, water power AKS% — suihei, sailor BOKU, MOKU: ki, tree, wood ARIE] mokuyobi, Thursday #HAS—zaimoku, lumber AML mokusei, made of wood KIN, gold; KON gold; kane, money PEA kin'yobi, Friday 23 — o-kane, money fi —_kingyo, goldfish DO, TO; tsuchi, carth, soil 1: E1 doyobi, Saturday -Eth —tochi, ground, plot of land +A dojin, nativeESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 20-24 20 6 strokes Le 21 5 strokes, 4a a2 5 strokes E 23 3 strokes e 24 3 strokes NEN; toshi, year /\4EE_ rokunensei, sixth-grade pupil 480 toshiyori, old person #46 seinen, youth SA; hidari, left Fei — saha, leftist (political), left wing efi] sasoku, hidarigawa, left side 42F hidarite, left hand U, YU: migi, ight Jedi sayéi, left and right Ai uba, right wing (political) 4ifll usoku, migigawa, right side JO; ue, top, above, on; kami, upper; nobo(ru), to go up, to go toward Tokyo; a(geru). to raise; a(garu), to rise Lift jorya, upstream, upper class iff. kaij6, on the sea, maritime JILL: kawakami, upstream KA, GE; shita, bottom, under, beneath: moto, base: shimo, lower; kuda(ru), to go down, to go away from Tokyo: sa(geru), to hang (v.t.), to lower; sa(garu), to hang down; kuda(saru), to bestow JF kawashimo, downstream ‘Fidh — gehin, vulgar, coarse Jit F 8k chikatetsu, subway25-29 « ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS, 25 3 strokes 26 4 strokes 7|\ 27 3 strokes 28 2 strokes, 29 5 strokes DAI, TAL; 6¢kii), big, large, great KY — daigaku, university, college KE taihen, tremendous, serious AJKI#) O-hiroma, grand hall CHU; naka, middle, within, inside 1H2eKE chdgakk6, middle school 1.0) chushin, center, heart (of a city, etc.) 4&4 shaichd, concentration SHO; ko, o-, chii(sai), small, minor ANEBE shOgakk6, primary school Nat Koya, but ‘dt shdsetsu, novel (fiction) NYU; iri, entering, attendance; i(reru), to put in; hai(ry), to enter A°F — nyagaku, entering school ‘iA yunya, importation AM iriguchi, entrance SHUTSU, SUK; de(ru), to come out, to go. out; da(su), to put out, to take out, to bring ‘out, to draw out tL3é — shuppatsu, setting out, departure, starting {Hi — shuppan, publishing HAM deguchi, exitESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 30-34 30 5 strokes - 31 7 strokes, f 32 6 strokes Ss = 33, 9 strokes. 34 3 strokes MOKU, BOKU; me, eye; also used as an ordinal suffix HHH yokome, side glance FAY mokuteki, purpose FRR mokuhyo, mark, target KEN; mi(ru), to see, to look; mi(eru), to be visible, to be able to see: mi(seru), to show, to display AG — migoto, splendid AY — kenbutsu, sightseeing RA mihon, sample J; mimi, ear ay hayamimi, keen of hearing 30 —— miminari, ringing in the ears EEAGRUY mimi ga tdi. deaf ON, IN; ne, ofo, sound HE ongaku, music 3€# _ hatsuon, pronunciation BEE boin, vowel KO, KU; kuchi, mouth HOF kuchihige, mostache AQ iriguchi, entrance 1% — koron, dispute35-39 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS 5 " \v 35 4 strokes \ JE Viele 36 I 37 S strokes A 38 5 strokes A 39 2 strokes SHU; te, hand 427 akushu, handshake 48 tebukuro, gloves FM tegami, lewer SOKU; ashi, foot, leg; ta(riru), to be sufficient; ta(su), to add, to supplement JLB — ashi-ato, footprint iii manzoku, satisfaction ANE fusoku, insufficiency RITSU, RYU; ta(tsu), (v.i.), to stand; fa(teru) (v.t.), to erect, to set up $H\7 — dokuritsu, independence {LD yakudatsu, useful Vise tachiba, standpoint RYOKU, RIKI; chikara, strength, power AE (4 BA chikaramochi, strong person kyoryoku, co-operation doryoku, endeavor JIN, NIN; hito, person Ai jinrui, human race ningen, human being jinko, population Aft AnESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 40-44 + 40 3 strokes x 41 3 strokes 42 7 strokes 7 43 6 strokes. ea 44 5 strokes SHI, SU; ko, child FL kodome, child, children IR genshi, atom ERT —_ysu, the state of things, appearance JO, NYO; me, female; onna, woman, girl EH) jochd, maid yk shojo, maiden KE joo, queen DAN, NAN; otoko, man, male FAVE dansci, male sex, male 7 danshi, male, boy $e chénan, eldest son SEN; saki, previous, ahead S42 sensei, teacher 4€A senjitsu, the other day fF X5E yukisaki, destination SEI, SHO birth, life; u(mareru), to be born; u(mu), to give birth; i(kiru), to live: ki, pure, genuine; nama, raw; ha(eru), to grow, to spring up —" — isshd, one’s (whole) life “E18 seikatsu, livelihood AEE daigakusei, college student45-49 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS. . a yv_ | GAKU, learning, science; mana(bu), to D> learn 45 8 strokes “£86 gakko, school FEY igaku, medicine BF kagaku, science KO school; to correct, to investigate, to compare, to think BEE _ kosei, proofreading #&#; _ késha, school building #_ koyil, alumnus 10 strokes 0. king dsama, king ji, prince Okoku, kingdom, monarchy 41 4 suokes GYOKU,; tama, jewel, round object KE mizutama, drop of water HE medama, eyeball 48 5 strokes kai, sea shell Fi — kaigara, shell EL48U. kaihiroi, shell gathering FERAL shinjugai, pearl oyster 49 7 strokesFA ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 50-54 EN, circle, yen Japanese monetary unit); maru(i), round Fi enman, perfection, satisfaction FUEL sen’ensatsu, thousand-yen bill Put = enban, disc 50 4 strokes zi SEKI. SHAKU: aka, aka(i). red: aka(rameru) (v.t.), to colour up, to add blush; aka(ramu), to tum red, to blush AR Ay akachan, baby, infant SI 7 strokes a AEF sckijtlji, Red Cross ARSE shakud6, alloy of copper and gold SEI, SHO; ao, ao(i), blue, green, inexperienced V4 seinen, youth HEL aojiroi, pale 52 8 strokes aozora, blue sky HAKU, BYAKU; shiro, shiro(i), white FLA hakujin, Caucasian FAK hakujé, confession [LE hakucho, swan a 5 strokes gy SEKI; ya, evening Fj yiigata, evening 4% yahan, supper STB yiikaze, evening breeze 54 3 strokes55-59 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS 7 e MEI, MYO name, fame; na, name GA namae, name Az At Bh yiimei, famous, well-known meijin, an expert 55 6 strokes SO; haya, haya(i) early, fast 40} 1 SLT haya-guchi, quick speaking 128 soshun, early spring FLU tebayai, quick, nimble 56 6 strokes $0; kusa, grass, vegetation eR kusahara (kusawara), grassy plain san, draft (of a manuscript) GRD 57 9 strokes kusatori, weeding SAN; yama, mountain WG sand6, yamamichi, mountain path Wi sanmyaku, mountain range 1) tozan, mountain climbing 58 3 strokes 3 strokes ) ) | ) ] | SEN, kawa, river 4$)!|_ tanigawa, mountain stream JIE7E Kawabata, riverside JIL kawaguchi, mouth of a river 59[sa ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 60-64 DEN; fa, rice field FABER] den’en, fields and gardens, rural districts FEA inada, rice field FAH taue, rice planting 60, 5 strokes CHO; machi, town NT9441 machihazure, outskirts of a town HY chénai, the neighborhood HT chéché, mayor of a town 61 7 strokes, SON; mura, village EG sonmin, villager #YE& sonchd, village mayor BEAY ndson, a farm village 62 7 strokes: SHA, kuruma, wheel, vehicle H18)# jiddsha, automobile Fiz jitensha, bicycle 3€4i —_hassha, departure of a vehicle 63 7 strokes RIN: hayashi, woods 4H shokurin, reforestation 84K — mitsurin, thick forest ASK ndrin, agriculture and forestry 64 8 strokes65-69 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS SHIN; mori, forest, grove FH shinrin, forest BR AR Pest shinkan, silent shingen, solemn, awe-inspiring 65 12 strokes KU, sora, sky; a(ku), to become empty: a(keru), to vacate; kara, emptiness Pe = WE BA eh aozora, blue sky kaki, air kako, airport 66 8 strokes. TEN, ame, sky, heaven KS tenki, weather KH RF tenjo, ceiling tensai, genius 67 4 strokes KI, spirit, energy, mind; KE KEL tenki, weather JER genki, good spirits, health JR byoki, sickness U; ame, rain x 6-ame, heavy rain 7% amado, rain door, shutter HER baiu, rainy season of early summer 8 strokes70 7 strokes ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 70-74 KA; hana, flower {EH hanaya, flower shop, florist {EU/u_ kabin, vase 42 hanabi, fireworks CHIKU: take, bamboo {1-3 takeyabu, bamboo grove FAL takezaiku, bamboo ware 4225 takekago, bamboo basket 7 6 strokes, SEKI, KOKU, SHAKU; ishi, stone “ti ko-ishi, pebble Git sekitan, coal Fi jishaku, magnet 72 5 strokes KEN; inu, dog sb ko-inu, puppy XK _ banken, watchdog JERI kydkenbyé, rabies a 4 strokes. U; mushi, insect, bug, worm gaicha, harmful insect mushiba, decayed tooth konchi, insect, bug 14 6 strokes75-79 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS. SHI; ito, thread 2 |2)4 £% keito, woolen yam \ (1 itoguchi, clue 2? 4 4 # itomaki, spool for thread é TN 75 6 strokes HON, book, suffix for counting long, slender objects; moto, basis, essence, (tree) root. -AS ippon, one (bottle, rod, etc.) Afi honbako, bookcase 76 HA Nihon, Nippon, Japan 5 strokes BUN, writings, a sentence; MON, old unit of money; fumi, letter, book ete bunka, culture we bungaku, literature Monbudaijin, Minister of Education 77 4 strokes JI, letter, mark; aza, section (of a village) ; "F5| _jibiki, dictionary MF — moji, monji, letter, character, ideograph SCF sdji, number, numeral 78 6 strokes SEI, SHO; tada(shii), correct, right; tada(su), to correct, to rectify; masa(ni), surely, truly TERE shdjiki, honesty iE iH scihokci, square (geometrical 19 figure) TEAL shogatsu, New Year'sESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 80-84 KYU; yasu(mi), rest, vacation; yasu(mu), to rest {KE kyakei, rest, intermission {KA kydjitsu, holiday (K€ kyaly6, relaxation, recreation 6 strokes 5 | IN; hiki, pulling; hi(ku), to pull, to draw #451 fukubiki, lotery Sil in’y6, quotation, citation SIZ97T _ hikitate, favor, patronage 81 4 strokes, NIN viv U; hane, ha, feather, plumage; -wa, counter for birds VE ums, feathers, plumage ichiwa, one (bird) 28% haori, haori coat 82 6 strokes UN; kumo, cloud unj6, cloudlike, nebulous AGB nyidéguma, gigantic clouds seiun, nebula 12 strokes EN; sono, garden 43f|_—_-k6en, public park 4E1——hanazono, flower garden SYR] dObutsu-en, zoo 84 13 strokes85-89 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS EN, ON; t6(i), far, distant 3 ensoku, excursion, long walk ix 4 enpo, long distance AK cien, eternity 13 strokes KA; nani, what, how many (interrogative prefix) (81, nannin, how many people? {a[.FR nanjikan, how much time? {of nanji, what time? 86 7 strokes KA, course, branch “261 gakka,a school subject HELE kyokasho, textbook FL~ — kagaku, science 87 9 strokes KA; natsu, summer HERA natsuyasumi, summer vacation #3 shoka, early summer SL manatsu, midsummer KA, KE; ie, ya, house ~— FAE_yanushi, owner of a house, landlord RK Kazoku, family #3¢ —_ndka, farmhouse 89 10 strokesNe ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 90-94 KA; uta, song; uta(u), to sing FEN kokka, national anthem SUE] kageki, opera HA kashu, singer 90 14 strokes ey GA a picture; KAKU, stroke of a Japanese character PAIR zuga, a drawing BRI] eiga, moving picture StH keikaku, plan 1 8 strokes 2] KAI, a turn; mawa(su), to turn (v.t.); mawa(ru), to turn (v.i.) fil] nankai, how many times? (olf, Kaiten, revolution, rotation [13 _kaisii, number of times, 92 6 strokes & frequency KAL meeting: a(u), to meet; E 2:44 kaijo, place of meeting, site 44% kaiché, president (of a society), chairman (of a committee) Zi kaiwa, conversation 93 6 strokes aa ve KAI; umi, sea, ocean iii —_kaigan, seacoast, seaside WK 8 kaisuiyoku, sea bathing W854 ~—_kaigai, overseas, abroad 94 9 strokes95-99 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS. f KAI; E, picture PERE ukiyoe, Japanese print 429828 chagaki, picture postcard +1 LAS sashie, illustration 12 strokes Fh ia e g xq GAI, GE outside, foreign; hoka, other; soto, outside 4K] gaikoku, foreign country 1A gaikokujin, foreigner JRL geka, surgery 96 5 strokes KAKU, angle; tsuno, horn of an animal: kado, comer = 8 sankaku, uiangle p44 shikaku, square 44) — kakudo, angle 97 7 strokes eR AN GAKU, music; RAKU, comfort, ease; tano(shii), pleasant aR LA tanoshimi, pleasure 2 ongakukai, concert, musicale K _ kiraku, ease, comfort 98 13 strokes ‘ ‘ d KATSU energy “E18 — seikatsu, life TEQ) — katsud6, activity YGF katsuji, printer’s type 99 9 strokes 20ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 100-104 KAN, KEN; aida, interval, space; ma, interval, room, time 490 jikan, time F(A] nijikan, two hours ‘Ef hiruma, daytime 100 12 strokes GAN; maru(i), round (adj.); -maru, suffix in ship names; maru(meru), to make (something) round FLX gan'yaku, pill HO3L hinomaru, Rising Sun flag 101 3 strokes LL Ja UA maruta, log (of timber) GAN: iwa, rock, crag 162544 kakogan, granite An ganseki, rock BB iwaya, cavern 102 8 strokes. a GAN; kao, face BRIA ganmen, face #4 kao-iro, complexion Bi} kaotsuki, face, look, countenance 103 18 strokes, P= 5 KI steam, vapor YUE kisha, steam-driven train Yh kiteki, steam whistle YUil — kisen, steamship, steamboat 21105-109 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS kinen, remembrance, souvenir kisha, journalist 10 strokes KI; kae(ru), to return, to leave it 038 kaerimichi, (on) one’s way back WAM. kikajin, naturalized person ‘#0 kikoku, return to one’s native country 10 strokes KYO; yumi, bow, archery *ji8 kyudo, archery 73%, yumizuru, bowstring FAR kyajo, arch, bow shape 107 3 strokes GYU; ushi, cow, bull “v4 ko-ushi, calf 4F9L gydnyd, milk “E/8) gydiniku, beef 108 4 strokes GYO; uo, fish; sakana, fish #8 kingyo, goldfish TH H4 uo-ichiba, fish market dvv\N f2) uotsuri, fishing 109 11 strokesESSENTIAL CHARACTERS ° 110-114 aN KYO, capital, KEI FRAC § Kyéto, ancient capital of Japan ERE jdky6, going to Tokyo 110 8 strokes KYO, GO; isuyo(i), strong; tsuyo(meru) (v.t.), to reinforce, to emphasize; shi(ite), by force 25% — benkyd, study $839 kyOjaku, strength and weakness an 11 strokes, S81 — gojo, obstinacy KYO; oshi(eru), to teach $2 kyoshitsu, classroom SCH kydiku, education #2 kyokai, church 112 11 strokes Ht KIN; chika(i), near VE chikamichi, shortcut EPI kinjo, neighborhood Hull saikin, recently 113 7 strokes KEI, KYO; ani, older brother Jia; kyodai, brothers (and sisters) SChl_fikei, guardians (of pupils) M4 5 strokes 23115-119 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS, \\ KEI, GYO; katachi, ~gata, shape, form Ae _ ningyé, doll He E2Ai¥) chohokei, rectangle AAI han’enkei, semicircle 115 7 strokes KEI, haka(ru), to measure; haka(rau), to arrange, to discuss at gokei, sum, total kandankei, weather thermometer 116 9 strokes taionkei, clinical thermometer GEN, GAN; moto, beginning, foundation #250 kongen, root, origin, source WU FEH —ganrai, originally, primarily ZEA ganjitsu, New Year’s 17 4 strokes GEN, GON, speech, statement; koto, word, speech, expression; i(u), to say Hi hogen, dialect mugon, silence, muteness kotoba, word, language 118 7 strokes GEN original; hara, field, meadow ‘N D. JIA) gen‘in, cause HA kogen, plateau HERA kusawara, grassy plain 119 10 strokes 24ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 120-124 G 121 5 strokes, 122 4 strokes 1 123 9 strokes A. vu 124 14 strokes KO; to, door FYk kogai, outdoors ARF kido, gate, door iLF Edo, old name for Tokyo KO; furu(i), old, ancient G18 kodai, ancient times 44 — kokon, past and present Sti kokogaku, archeology GO noon Fill gozen, morning, AM. "F4#% gogo, afiernoon, PM iE“F shégo, noon GO, KO; ushi(ro), behind; nochi, after; ato, the rear, after, the remainder Sei —shokugo, after a meal $RI% — saigo, last fi —zengo, before and after, context GO, word, speech; katari, narration; kata(ru), to tell, to speak SKE gaikokugo, foreign language HSE ego, English language ‘i — monogatari, tale125-129 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS KO, KU worker, construction LX _ kofa, workman, laborer “LEH kéjichi, under construction I — kégaku, engineering 125 3 strokes JAN KO; Gyake, public SEA4S shujink6, hero, heroine Ly Zi —_-koen, public park 48% __koten, revolution, turning 126 4 strokes iro(i), wide; hiro(geru) to spread .); hiro(garu), to spread (v.i.); Id hiro(maru), to be spread J&4 _ hiroba, open space, plaza JK kokoku, advertisement 127 5 strokes JK kédai, vast KO; macjiru), to be mixed; maji(waru), to associate with; ka(wasu), to exchange RN A 288% — késai, intercourse, association 384% — koban, police box kétsii, waffic 128 6 strokes KO; hikari, light, ray; hika(ru), to shine ESE kénen, light-year 3 HR kha, light wave LE kank6, sightseeing 129 6 strokes 26ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 130-134 KO; kanga(e), thought, idea, opinion; kanga(eru), to think + {+ BS sanké, reference a # #%# — kéan, idea, plan, scheme #8 _kosa, examination 130 6 strokes 2 2 KO, GYO, AN; i(ku), yutku), to go; A. 7 4 oko(nau), to hold, to conduct Ze | Za] ZH_| iM svoretsu, procession, queue 4 4 4— 4 att kyak6, express §R{T —ginkd, bank 131 6 strokes = | = | KO: taka(i), high, costly; taka(maru), to v =a rise, to be elevated; taka(meru), to lift, to boost => | >| Ye) na mW nea WEEK kotdgakk6, high school BS saiko, highest 132 ee takadai, elevated land 10 strokes KO, 0: ki, yellow Bef —_—ki-iro, yellow ak #{% gon, gold aE HEME onetsubyé, yellow fever ZN 133 11 strokes GO; a(u), to be together, to fit; a(waseru), to join, to combine #82 — tsugo, circumstances, convenience Me Ds | Bid sta sieml sien w kumiai, union 6 strokes135-139 « ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS 135 7 strokes 136 8 strokes 7\NN 137 11 strokes ZX GS 138 4 strokes KOKU; tani, valley fi] tanima, valley IK tanizoko, bottom of a ravine KOKU; kuni, country [1 —kokugo, national language (Japanese) E12 kokkai, the National Diet 4:[61 —zenkoku, national KOKU; kuro, kuro(i), black BLA kokujin, negro 324K kokuban, blackboard FER ankoku, darkness, blackness KON, KIN; ima, now, the present 4. kongetsu, this month 41% kondo, next time 4-%& kon'ya, tonight + 139 3 strokes SAI, talent, suffix for counting age LAF jirok xteen years old KF —‘tensai, genius FYHE — saind, talent 28so ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 140-144 SAI, hoso(i), slender, narrow; koma(kai), minute, fine, detailed M18 hosomichi, narrow road #1 saiku, work, craftsmanship M04 saikin, bacillus, germ 11 strokes SAKU, SA; tsuku(ru), to make {€X< sakubun, (literary) composition 44{F — meisaku, masterpiece {Ft sakkyoku, musical composition 141 7 strokes & TT SAN reckoning 4K sansa, arithmetic, calculation at keisan, computation, figuring i yosan, budget 142 14 strokes SHI; fo(maru), to stop (v.i.); to(meru), to bring to a stop; tome, stop "Bik chiishi, discontinuation x Kinshi, prohibition JHI{TIE tsukddome, suspension of traffic 143 4 strokes 4 rh SHI, city: ichi, market H(i shiyakusho, city office it} ichiba, shijd, market &Biti—_toshi, cities 144 5S strokes145-149 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS SHE, ya, arrow RED ‘yajirashi, arrow(-sign) DR ie “yumiya, bow and arrow isshi, retort, shot in return 145 5S strokes SHI; ane, elder sister ‘iso shimai, ane-imdto, sisters sip ida b anemusume, elder daughter anemuko, elder sister’s husband 146 8 strokes SHI; omo(u). to think, to recall FEAR shisd, thought, idea iss) NS gst) Bote fashigi, strange omoide, remembrance, recollection 147 9 stokes SHI; kami, paper TK—JLBE borugami, cardboard 7\\ 2 hy@shi, cover, binding MESS kamikuzu, wastepaper 148 10 strokes JI; tera, temple “bi ji-in, Buddhist temple = LI — yamadera, mountain temple 149 6 strokesB ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 150-154 JI, SHI; mizuka(ra), self, in person Ei? jibun, self i jishin, confidence ji, freedom 150 6 strokes BF JI; toki, time 4 — tokidoki, sometimes Kyat tokei, watch, clock Kitt jidai, period, epoch 151 10 strokes € SHITSU, room; muro, storeroom, cave #(GE__kyoshitsu, classroom 387) shitsunai, indoors i432 onshitsu, hothouse, greenhouse 152 9 strokes. a SHA, a company; yashiro, Shinto shrine 4t& _ shakai, society, the world, the community 3¢L kasha, (business) company 153 7 strokes: #¢L jinja, shrine JAKU: yowali), weak: yowa(ru), to grow weak, to be perplexed; yowa(meru) (v.L), to weaken 9922 yowamushi, weakling 5323 —yowane, complaints 154 10 strokes #38 hinjaku, scantiness, meagerness 31155-159 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS SHU; kubi, neck ati kubiwa, collar (dog) 155 9 strokes 2a Mt tekubi, wrist shufuy, capital SHU; aki, fall, autumn 4) — shoshii, early autumn 7 $k) akikaze, autumn breeze X45) shiibun, autumnal equinox 156 9 strokes SHU, week HHF08K shakanshi, weekly magazine IX raishi, next week 4738 konshuy, this week 11 strokes SHUN; haru, spring 45H harukaze, spring breeze 4¥ _ seishun, springtime of life 4 — banshun, late spring 158 9 strokes SHO; ka(ku), to write HEH —_ jisho, dictionary 4% —— shomotsu, book, volume #8 kyokasho, textbook 10 strokes I) WM] VS)yp ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 160-164 SHO; suko(shi), suku(nai), few, little, scarce “4B shonen, boy, lad 4 tashé, more or less, somewhat ‘Dt shdsa, major (army), lieutenant 160 4 strokes ij commander (navy) JO; ba, place LH} k6j6, koba, factory 589 — basho, place {338 shigotoba, place of work 161 12 strokes SHOKU, SHIKI; iro, color 4% —_kao-iro, complexion KP tennenshoku, natural color, technicolor shikisai, color, hue 162 6 strokes SHOKU, food; ta(beru), to eat; ku(u), to cat #2%) — shokumotsu, food, edibles fet shokud6, dining hall Ay R 9 strokes. £¢%% — shokuji, a meal SHIN; kokoro, spirit, heart, mind AM#5 kokoromochi, mood, feeling, sensation magokoro, sincerity, devotion isshin, whole-heartedness 4 strokes:165-169 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS SHIN; atara(shii), new; ara(tani), newly, afresh; nii-, first, new iE shinbun, newspaper Sit shinnen, the New Year #°F HA shingakki, new school term 165 13 strokes SHIN; oya, parent; shita(shimu), to make friends with, to take kindly to; shita(shii), intimate, familiar iP. rydshin, parents #45) shinsetsu, kindness 166 16 strokes BUH shinrui, relative, relation ZU, drawing, plan; TO; haka(ru), to devise zuga, drawing, a picture chizu, map P4s988 toshokan, library ial sth 167 7 strokes SU; kazu, number; kazo(eru), to count 4 saji, figure, numeral BC# — sugaku, mathematics 8 ninzii, the number of people 168 13 strokes SEI, SAT; nishi, west the West, the Occident 6, Atlantic Ocean t6zai, east and west, Orient and Occident 169 6 strokes 34as FP ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS « 170-174 SEI, SHO; koe, voice i nakigoe, crying voice ‘E onseigaku, phonetics 47 seitai, the vocal cords of = aye 170 7 strokes Ee SEI, JO; hoshi, star SRE seiza, constellation SE kasei, Mars BASE —mydjo, Venus 171 9 strokes Pe SEI; ha(re), fine weather; ha(reru), to clear (weather), to be dispelled; ha(rasu), to clear away, to dispel (doubts) *KWHTL akibare, clear autumn weather 172 12 strokes t7] 121% haregi, one’s best clothes HFK —_ seiten, fine weather SETSU, SAL; ki(ru), to cut; ki(reru), to be sharp, to snap, to break, to run out, to expire —)41_hitokire, one slice #24) shinsctsu, kindness 173 4 strokes -¥)_issai, all, everything SETSU; yuki, snow ESE yukidaruma, snowman yukidoke, thaw sekisetsu, snowdrift 11 strokes |175-179 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS fies 175 11 strokes AY, 176 15 strokes A 177 9 swokes AL 178 11 strokes. 179 7 strokes SEN; fine, funa, boat, ship YELM} watashi-bune, ferry AMEX sen’in, sailor Hii —_kisen, steamboat, steamship SEN, line, track, wire, string MEG chiheisen, horizon (on land) #8 —_kOsen, light, beam, ray (.@ — chokusen, straight line ZEN: mae, before. in front of, previous “FR wee LAR gozen, morning, A.M zengo, before and after, context izen, ago, since, before SO; kumi, class, group, set; ku(mu), to join, to unite #124\1-C — kumitate, construction, structure hitokumi, one set, one class bangumi, program ei SO; hashi(ru), to run ie kyOs6, race, running match #02 _ hashingaki, hasty writing #044 _ hashirisaru, to run away 36B ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 180-184 TA; O(i), many, much, abundant 4% tasti, large number 25} tabun, perhaps 4% _ tary6, great quantity 180 6 strokes A TAL, TA; futo(i), big, deep (voice), bold (lines), shameless; futo(ru), to grow fat x taiyo, sun A maruta, log ACHE Taiheiyo, Pacific Ocean 181 4 strokes TAI, TEI body; karada, the body, health {KF tai-iku, physical education 182 7 strokes ZA OD GI dantai, a group HEP shatai, body of a vehicle DAI, TAL, a stand F/R taifa, typhoon SET) burai, stage JE t6dai, lighthouse 183 5 strokes $ CHI. JL earth, ground 3: chijo, on the ground 184 6 strokes Ht F chika, underground Jthiii jimen, surface of the earth 37185-189 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS CHI; ike, pond, lake ith —denchi, electric cell, battery iH WHEE —chihan, side of a pond, around a pond JH 7k#th yosuichi, reservoir 185, 6 strokes CHI; shi(ru), to know; shi(raseru), to inform a RIA FEAL chishiki, knowledge chijin, an acquaintance shdchi, assent, agreement 186 8 strokes CHA, tea, tea plant, SA 4544 cha-iro, light brown ab aS 2EO'B cha-no-yu, tea ceremony 28D A. chawan, teacup, rice bowl 187 9 strokes CHU; hiru, noon, daytime ABI hiruma, daytime R7% — chuya, day and night 4242 chiishoku, noon meal, lunch CHO; head of an institution or organization; naga(i), long 189 8 strokes MIE V2 hosonagai, long and narrow CD nagagutsu, boots BER —_kochd, principal of a schoolinn ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 190-194 CHO; tori, bird KGS chorui, birds (as a species) /\& —_ kotori, small bird ¥20 5% wataridori, migratory bird 190 11 strokes CHO; asa, morning #71 chokan, morning paper {££ choshoku, breakfast #64] mai-asa, every morning 191 12 strokes, iEL CHOKU, upright, honest, cheap; JIKI, direct: tada(chini), immediately; nao(su), to repair, to put right, to convert; nao(ru), to be repaired, to change for the better 192 8 strokes af #94 chokkaku, right angle JE( — shOjiki, honesty 31% sunao, gentle, obedient TSU; t0(ru), to go along, to pass; t6(su), to let pass, to continue; kayo(u), to go back and forth, to commute AGH 6-dori, main street 3H{8 —_tsushin, correspondence, 193 10 strokes Ho communication 388R taku, interpreter TEL, DAI: ot6to, younger brother 525 kyédai, brothers 564K — teimai, younger brothers and sisters 194 7 strokes 39195-199 » ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS TEN; mise, store J5%% — miseban, tending a store R4I% — shéten, store (shop) ehh — baiten, stand, stall TEN, point, marks, dot si tensd, merit marks SAT tenji, braille points DORAL kesshoten, goal DEN lightning, electricity ES denki, electricity iG —denwa, telephone WEM — denpo, telegram + 197 13 strokes TO; katana, sword AJ] kogatana, pocketknife KT) daito, long sword EJ) gunt6, sabre 198 2 strokes TO; fuyu, winter AfKA fuyuyasumi, winter vacation ~ ™~ AIR 16min, hibernation 4g} toki, winter season 199 5 strokes 40ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS » 200-204 Vy 201 8 strokes, ot 202 12 strokes vp _ 3S a YAR Ie ls le 203 vo’ lo Do 16 strokes. Z 38 Z ‘TO, ZU; atama, head, top, brain; kashira, TO; a(taru), to hit, to be equal to, to win (v.i.); a(feru), to hit, to apply, to guess (vA) kemtd, guess teate, treatment, allowance t6zen, justly, naturally TO; higashi, east HU] higashigawa, east side SUF toyo, the East, the Orient ALL hokut6, northeast TO; kota(e), answer; kota(eru), to answer 3 toan, examination paper 12 mondé, questions and answers RS kaito, answer, solution head, top, leader YESH sentd, leader, head #GA youd, head teacher SSUAF zutsti, headache 34) 204 6 strokes 41 DO; ona(ji), same [AIA — doji, the same time [alt# dojo, sympathy —IF]__ichid6, all (of us, them), all the persons concerned.205-209 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS DO; michi, road, path 7Ki#i suid6, waterworks JH dégu, tool Sk tetsud6, railroad 205 12 strokes DOKU, TOKU; yo(mu), to read me dokusha, reader (person) ee dokusho, reading miRT —yomikaesu, to reread 14 strokes NAI, DAI; uchi, inside, home, within, during, among, between SRN annai, guidance, invitation NY = uchiumi, naikai, inland sea FA _ naiyé, contents 207 4 strokes, NAN; minami, south i#8 — nanbu, southem part (Hi Nankyoku, South Pole va seinan, southwest 208 9 strokes NIKU, meat, flesh 420 gyiiniku, beef A {5/9 kinniku, muscles FE nikuya, butcher, butcher shop 209 42dvs ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 210-214 BA; uma, horse ‘GH basha, carriage ENGI keibajo, race track 210 10 strokes IG BAI; u(ri), sale; u(ru), to sell FOUL uridashi, opening sale, shGbai, business hatsubai, sale 211 7 strokes. BoD “ BAL; ka(u), to buy, to purchase 7¢ _ baibai, purchase and sale, buying and selling QU.) kaimono, shopping HUF kaite, buyer 212 12 strokes RK BAKU; mugi, barley, wheat #DS mugiwara, (barley) straw #230 mugikari, mowing barley Wy komugi, wheat 213 7 strokes x HAN; naka(ba), half “£4 hanbun, half #94 ichiji-han, one-thirty, half-past one 44H) hanto, peninsula 214 5 strokes 43215-219 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS BAN, number, guard, order, (one’s) tum AL bengumi, program Pp le | css ee | se | se 384% — kban, police-box NE junban, order, one’s turn 215 12 strokes te >> HK FU; chichi, father RRA fukeikai, parents’ association AR #152 sofu, grandfather SCRE fiubo, parents 216 4 strokes FU; kaze, wind AE flkei, scenery jal AVA taifit, typhoon 1/8, minamikaze, south wind 217 9 strokes 2™ BUN, BU, part, share; FUN, a minute; wa(keru) (v.t.), to divide; wa(kareru), to 7) be separated, to branch off; wa(karu), to know, to understand 114) jibun, self 218 4 strokes F. iT —45} nifun, two minutes {4} jippun, ten minutes BUN; ki(ku), to hear, to listen to, to ask, to obey; ki(koeru), to be heard shinbun, newspaper HEL shinbunsha, newspaper office FiBH —kenbun, information, experience 219 14 strokes 44ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS * 220-224 K kK BEI America, rice; MAI rice; kome, rice KE] Beikoku, America, the United States EME beisaku, rice-growing (crop) Fk hakumai, polished rice 220 6 strokes y HO, BU; ayu(mu), aru(ku), to walk, to step 384A dai-ippo, the first step #€4% —shinpo, progress 4s sanpo, a walk, a stroll 221 8 strokes 4 BO; haha, mother ®EOH Haha-no-hi, Mother's Day 1] bokoku, mother country #ERR haha-oya, mother 222 5 strokes + HO, direction, side; kata [gata], side, way of ~ing, person HGF —_rydh6, both sides 40 4 tsukurikata, way of making Sh yugata, evening 223 4 strokes 3b —|— HOKU: kita, north tH Hokkyoku, North Pole fi4t nanboku, north and south CIR kitakaze, north wind 224 5 strokes 45225-229 * ESSENTIAL CHARACTERS MAL every (prefix) 4A mainichi, every day & £84 mai-asa, every moming 4558 maishil, every week 225 6 strokes MAL; imdto, younger sister Bahk teimai, younger brothers and aR sisters shimai, sisters wit 226 8 strokes MAN, ten thousand; BAN 7i*E% mannenhitsu, fountain pen AT Fi— — man‘ichi, if by any chance Al bankoku, all countries 227 3 strokes MEI, MYO bright; aka(rui), light, bright; aki(raka), bright; a(Keru), to dawn, to H break (day); a(Kasu), to disclose (a secret), to pass the night AAW yoake, dawn 228 8 strokes yy 284] setsumei, explanation 3691 —_hatsumei, invention MEE: na(ku), to sing (birds). to ery (animals), to howl (animals), to chirp (insects); na(ruy) (v.i.), to ring, to sound; yy na(rasu) (v.t.), to ring (a bell), to sound (a drum), to complain, to be famous 229 14 strokes 8&3 nakigoe, cry (of animals) himei, scream, cry of distress meido, rumbling