1. Kenapa fungi ada kingdom sendiri?

A Kingdom Separate from Plants

The fungi (singular, fungus) once were considered to be plants because they grow
out of the soil and have rigid cell walls. Now they are placed independently in their
own kingdom of equal rank with the animals and plants and, in fact, are more closely
related to animals than to plants. Like the animals, they have chitin in their cell walls
and store reserve food as glycogen. (Chitin is the polysaccharide that gives
hardness to the external skeletons of lobsters and insects.) They lack chlorophyll and
are heterotrophic. Familiar representatives include the edible mushrooms, molds,
mildews, yeasts, and the plant pathogens, smuts and rusts.
Most fungi are terrestrial, multicellular eukaryotes, the body ( soma) of which is a mass
of thread-like filaments called hyphae (singular, hypha), which collectively form
amycelium (plural, mycelia). When the fungus reproduces, specialized hyphae pack
together tightly and form distinctive fruiting bodies, or sporocarps, from which sexual
spores are released. The ordinary edible mushrooms are the fruiting bodies of fungi.
Fruiting bodies are temporary structures in the life cycle; the primary body of all fungi is
in reality the diffuse, widespreading mycelium.
The fungi reproduce by spores, both asexual and sexual, and the details and structures
of the sexual process separate the kingdom into four phyla (see Table 1 ). The zygoteis
the only diploid phase in the life cycle; meiosis occurs shortly after the zygote is formed
hence the life cycle is an instance of zygotic meiosis. Chemical signals,pheromones, are
exchanged among fungi, especially between pairs preparatory to sexual reproduction.

Fungi are heterotrophs, which release digestive enzymes into their surroundings
andabsorb nutrients back. Some fungi are saprobes (saprophytes), as important in decomposition
as the bacteria; others are symbiotrophs, living in symbiotic association with plants, animals, protists,
and cyanobacteria. Well-known symbioses are: lichens that are associations of fungi and green algae
or cyanobacteria;mycorrhizae, associations of fungi and plant roots; and endophytes, fungi and
plant leaves and stems. Some fungi are parasites ( fungal pathogens) and responsible for diseases
of both plants and animals. Complex life cycles involving one or more hosts have developed between
fungal pathogens and their hosts.
The Earth's largest living organism may be a fungus: either the mycelium reported from Washington
state that covers 1,500 acres (but probably is disjointed and broken) or the one in Michigan that
covers 37 acres (and is estimated to weigh 110 tonsthe weight of a blue whale).

2. Beza cendawan dengan kulat

- Cendawan = kulat
- Kulat = cendawan
3. Bagaimana kulat heterotroph?
Fungi are heterotrophs, which release digestive enzymes into their
surroundings and absorb nutrients back. Some fungi are saprobes
(saprophytes), as important in decomposition as the bacteria; others are
symbiotrophs, living in symbiotic association with plants, animals, protists,
and cyanobacteria.
4. Bagaimana kulat boleh menyebabkan manusia berhalusinasi?
Alkaloid

5. Wujud ke kulat baik dengan kulat tak baik?

Yes.
Some fungus can be eaten safely, but others are poisonous. Penicillin, produced by
the sac fungus Penicillium, is used as an antibiotic to fight disease. Allergy
medications are also the product of fungi as well. Infectious fungi can cause
ringworm and athletes foot.
Mushrooms, molds, yeast and mildews are all a part of the fungi kingdom, and can be
both beneficial and detrimental. Some help to break down and remove dead organic
matter, other species attack the tissues of living trees and plants resulting in many
plant diseases that are caused by parasitic fungi.
6. Beza higher and lower fungi
a. Lower unicellular
b. Higher multicellular
unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is
an organism that consists of only one cell, unlike a multicellular organism that
consists of more than one cell.

7. Adakah sebab penyakit?

a. Pathogenic fungi are fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms.
The study of pathogenic fungi is referred to as "medical mycology."

8. Aspergillus[edit]

9.
10. Aspergillosis. H&E stain.

11. The most common pathogenic species are Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus.
Aspergillus flavus produces aflatoxin which is both a toxin and a carcinogen and which
can potentially contaminate foods such as nuts. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus
clavatus can cause allergic disease. Some Aspergillus species cause disease on grain
crops, especially maize, and synthesize mycotoxins including aflatoxin. Aspergillosis is
the group of diseases caused by Aspergillus. The symptoms include fever, cough, chest
pain or breathlessness. Usually, only patients with weakened immune systems or with
other lung conditions are susceptible.[1
a.