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Prof. V.A McClelland

Hull University
NewsLetter No.
S28540
12/5/04
4:15 PM
Page 3
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NewsLetter No.
S28540
12/5/04
4:15 PM
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NewsLetter No.
S28540
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NewsLetter No.
S28540
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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4:15 PM
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11
The Relation between the AnthropometricPhysical Measures and the Steadiness and
Movement in Basketball Free Shot Accuracy
Dr. Waleed A. Khanfar
Department of Physical Education
Al-Najah National University
Nablus -Phalastine
Abstract
This study aims at identifying the relation between the anthropometric physical measures and the steadiness and movement in Basketball free shot accuracy
with regard to physical education students at Al-Najah National University. It
aims, as well, at showing the effect of sex variables on anthropometric -physical
measures with relation to free shot accuracy.
To achieve this, a sample of 52 students, 32 males and 20 females was tested.
The study revealed that there is virtually weakness in the level of free shot accuracy with both male and female students with regard to steadiness and movement. Furthermore, results showed that muscular power proved most effective in
free shot accuracy concerning steadiness and movement. The results also
showed that there is strong relation between shooting with steadiness and stature
height and shooting with movement and palm length.
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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: GWCG Sb -2
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SCGd MdG adG M eNCG Ad MdG adG e :dG W .dG d SCG

.cdG d MdG adG M dG d dG QhdG e :dG W -
MdG RhdG M cdG e d MdG adG e :dG W .d
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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: dG Sb -3
.SCGdG GP dG e e SdG jT d :dG e .YdG e e SdG jT d :YdG e .dG e Y SdG jT d :dG e .dG fS e M SdG jT d :dG e -
: fdG SdG
:JBG fdG SdG AGLEG J
. NGdG dG Y dH jdG QNG MdG SG:bdG
FdG Y Sj , Ie VQCG eeCG FMh ,J Gc N :edG IGOCG

dGh . S 20x 40 , S 40x 60 ,S 60x 80 gOHCG NGe e KK
. S 180 VQCG Y Jj dG d SCG
. QeCG N j VQCG Y N Sj
he QeCG N j dG dG N YdG / YdG bh : SdG jW

dG NGO) dG dG IdG HUEG Y . dG dG HUEG dhe/
HUEG Yh ,LQO K YdG / YdG M (d IOdG dG Y hCG
YdG M (d IOdG dG Y hCG ,G NGO) ShCG dG
OdG dG Y hCG ,G NGO) dG dG IdG HZ Yh . LQO
. IMGh LQO YdG / YdG M (d
YdG / Yd GU M KdG dG OhM QN IdG hN Yh
.(1995,fM)
-:GQdG GQNG
dG e IdG ed jdG bO -
edG N N e jdH YdG/YdG b : IdG edG N N e jdG
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,LQdG MG he N YdG / YdG e bh ,dG Vh eh IdG

LQO bCG J GHh ,Lf HUEG c Y IMGh LQO YdG/YdGG e
. LQO N QNd
edG N N e jdH / YdG / YdG b : cdG e jdG bO N YdG / YdG e bh (dG e / jdG) cdG Vh eh ,IdG
: he
GHh ,Lf HUEG c Y IMGh LQO YdG / YdG e : LQdG MG . LQO N QNd LQO bCG J
: IQdG fdG GQNGh QdG AGOCG QNG U
a dWh dW (20) eGb d ,dG dG SG dG jJ LCG e

bGHh,je Z (10)h,je W (10) bGH dPh ;WdG dG eL
:dP J (2) bQ hdG Ffh,Ye c a fEG (5)h,QcP (5)
(2) bQ hdG
.IQdG fdGh QdG AGOCG GQNG a hdG SGQd)(QNG Ff
(20=)
(18)jM LQH ( 2^10) dhdG ( 0.05= ) ie Y FMEG GO @
Y fc GQNG L Y HdG b CG (2) bQ hdG e j

b e cCG dG g Lh (4^01;5^30;7^38;5^98;6^84) :dGdG
20
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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Y (0.05= ) ddG ie Y FMEG dO GP ha Lj fCG CG,dhdG

ddh ,jG Zh ,jG YdG OGaCG H GQNG L
.GQNd dG dG J b j GHh,jdG
:IQdG fdG GQNGh ,QG AGOCG QNG K
W (10) Y Y dG J dG fdG OYG J dG e dG H

W K eh,Y iNCG Ie GQNG J J jCG (3) Hh,hCG c je
dG ee Y dGh ,H bdG GS SH JQG ee
. dP j (3) bQ hdGh
(3) bQ hdG
H dG ee GS ;fdGh hCG dG H bd SH JQG ee
.QNG J IOYEGh
(10=)
8jM LQH (0.63) dhdG (Q) (0.05= ) ie Y FMEG GO @
dGdG Y fc SGQdG b GQNd dG ee CG (3) hdG e j

.SGQdG VGZCH J dY K ee Lh (0^85;0^82;0^84;0^88;0^84)
:SGQdG Ge
:ddG GdG Y SGQdG TG
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`N ``dGY `dh .O
(Independent Variables): dG GdG -GC
fCG
cP :je dh ,dG a SGQdG e j

(Dependent Variables) HdG GdG -
e IdG ed jdG bOh ,IQdG fdGh ,jeHhfCG SdG a J

.cdGh dG
:FMEG ddG
eRdG OdG L M J ,SdG IcGP a dNOEGh fdG L H
AGLEG a AdG K eh ,(SPSS) YLG d FMEG RdG efH GSH
:JBG FMEG GSG J bh . FMEG ddG
a hdG jd
(Independent t- test)
e Yd () QNG -1
.dG d IQdG GdG
GdG H bdG jJ (Pearson Correlation) SH JQG ee -2

dG e IdG ed jdG bOh ,IQdG fdGh ,jeHhfCG
.cdGh
:beh SGQdG Ff
:FdG d beh ,SGQdG Fd Le VY JCj a
:hCG GDdH dG FdG : hCG
a VjdG HdG J W id IQdG jeHhfCG SdG ie e

?dG e NH SdG g J gh ?WdG dG eL
aGfGh ,HG SdG eSG GDdG e hCG dG Y HLEd
Yd () QNG SG a ,GDdG e fdG d dH eCG ;jQG
.dP J ( 4 ) bQ hdG Ffh ;e
22
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
23
(4 ) bQ hdG
jeHhfCG SdG id QNG Ffh ,jQG aGfGh ,HG SdG
dG d J hdGh IQdG
b jeHhfCG Sd HdG SdG CG (4) bQ hdG e j

,dG Wh ,dG Wh ,YdG Wh ,dG Wh ,dGh ,RdG) SGQdG
Y fc (dG h ,dG h ,YdG h ,dG h ,dG Wh
@43^46 @33^62 @28^71 @20^03 @180^62 @75^62)GdG Y QcdG
dGdG Y fc fEG Yh (@36^23 @53^81 @26^29 @27^81 @44^31
@25^22 @39^40 @41^10 @31^65 @25^82 @17^95 @163^55 @57^42)
hdG dO ad HdG GQNG b fch (@32^67 @48^67 @21^17
@3^27 @7^73 @6^73) dGdG Y fc fEGh QcdG H SdG g Y
dG g Lh (@4^63 @3^91 @8^14 @5^35 @2^57 @11^80 @5^54 @6^45
.QcdG ddh ,fEGh QcdG H SdG g L Y LdG dG e cCG
,dG GWCGh ,edG W a hdG QX a dG CG MdG jh
dG a hdG dEG Oj QcdG dd dGh ,dGh ,dGh ,YdGh
`fEG `Y `dG `dG `dEG Ù`dGh dG Y bJ j M ,jdG
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.(Wilmore & Costill,1994 )18 S a QcdG Yh ,16^5S a
cdG edG cJ IOjR dG Oj fEa dG Y dG QH j a eCG

,(Lamb,1984) e e `c j `M,`fEG Y `Y QcdG Y hdG
cJ IO``jR CG Y (Fox, 1989) cah , (Brooks&Fahey,1984) `àh ch`Hh
IQdG IOjR dEG aVEG dG dG M a IOjR Mj hdG eg
.fEH fQe QcdG Y dG OGOJ dG dG M IOjd fh,dG
:fdG GDdH dG FdG : fK
eL a VjdG HdG J W id IQdG fdG SdG ie e
?dG e NH SdG g J gh ?WdG dG
,e Yd () QNG SG GDdG e fdG d dH eCG jQdG
dO GP ha LJ fCG CG (2^01) dhdG .dP J (5) bQ hdG Ffh
FMEG
(5 ) bQ hdG
,IQG fdG SdG id QNG Ffh ,jQG aGfGh ,HG SdG
dG d J hdGh
:j e (5) bQ hdG e j
Ùh `fEG `Yh ,LQO (9^53) dEG Uh QcdG Y bdG Se EG :bdG
,LQO (15) UCG e LQO (8^67) dEG Uh c dG Yh ,LQO (7.30) dEG
24
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
25
(0.05= ) ie Y FMEG dGO hdG fc HdG () H j ah

O`j dP a `dG CG MdG jh .QcdG ddh ,fEGh QcdG H bdG a
dGh ,YdG W CG(2000) de SGQO XCG M GQ`dG `W IO`jR EG
Y Y KdG e KdG a jdG bO e 78 f e J a gj dG
.dG Ic
Uh fEG Yh ,LQO (9^21) dEG Uh QcdG Y bTdG Se EG :b`TdG
LQO(15) UCG e LQO (10^08) dEG Uh c dG Yh ,LQO (11^46) dEG
(0^05= ) ie Y FMEG dGO hdG fc HdG () H j ah
Oj dP a dG CG MdG jh.QcdG ddh ,fEGh QcdG H bTdG a
a QhO d dGh ,fEG e fQe QcdG Y jdG dG dCG f IOjR dEG
edG L H JG Lj M bTdG a KCdG K eh ,YdG Y a KCdG
dG Y ;1992 ,hY) SdGh ,VjdG jQdGh ,f`dG bdG e a
.bTdGh ,YdG H dY HjEG JQG bY OLh EG (1985 ,fMh
(48^81) dEG Ùh Q`cdG `Y Ld dG IQdG Se EG :dG IQdG
(39^19) dEG Uh c dG Yh ,LQO (23^80) dEG Uh fEG Yh LQO
ie Y FMEG dGO hdG fc HdG () H j ah.S
.QcdG ddh ,fEGh QcdG H Ld (0^05= )
edGh ,dG dG M IOjR dEG Oj dP a `dG CG `MdG ijh
j M ,fEH `fQè Q`cdG `Y c`dG G`MdG OYh ,hdG cdG
GMdG OYh ,dG dG M H HjEG bY OLh dEG (lamb,1984) e
.dG IQdG e cdG dG edG cJh ,cG
:ddG GDdH dG FdG : dK
HdG J W id cdG eh dG e IdG edG jJ bO ie e
?dG e NH jdG bO J gh ?WdG dG eL a VjdG
e Yd () QNG SG GDdG e fdG d dH eCG ,jQG
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.dP J ( 6 ) bQ hdG Ffh

(6 ) bQ hdG
IQdG fdG SdG id QNG Ffh jQdG aGfGh ,HG SdG
dG d J hdGh
:j e(6) bQ hdG e j
dEG Uh Q`cdG `Y `dG e j`dG bO Se EG:dG e jdG bO
dEG Ùh c `dG `Yh ,`LQO (0^40) dG Uh fEG Yh ,`LQO (1^96)
hdG fc HdG () H j ah.LQO (5) UCG e LQO (1^36)
,fEGh QcdG H dG e jdG bO a (0^05= ) ie Y FMEG dGO
.QcdG ddh
LQO(1^71) dEG Uh QcdG Y cdG e jdG bO Se EG:cdG e jdG bO
.LQO (5) UCG e LQO(1^42) dEG Uh c dG Yh ,(0^95) fEG Yh
bO a (0^05= ) ie Y FMEG dGO hdG fc HdG () H j ah
.QcdG ddh fEGh QcdG H cdG e jdG
cdG e hCG ,dG e AGS ,jdG bO ie V J FdG N eh
hj M,dG c eh ,WdG dG eL a VjdG HdG J W Y
dG HdG Hh ,SQGdG a dG Ic d a gG b dEG dP MdG
ehdG SGQO QTCG M ,YSCG SGQdG dG OYh ,dG aGJ H
eh.GL Ic VjdG GhOCGh feEH dG HdG CG dEG (1997)
QH j ah,SQGdG a VjdG HdG eGH J VJ dG dG
QcdG ddh fG Hh QcdG H cdG h ,dG e jdG bO a hdG
a GTG Y aj fEG EG M ,jQdGh ,YLGh ,adG eGdG dEG Oj
dP cDJh ,YLG ddGh GOdG H jfCG a GfGh ,VjdG dG
26
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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MCG g ddGh GOdGh ,gCG J b CG XCG dGh (2000) N SGQO

J dEG aVEG .VjdG fCG a GTG Y dG hd FdG SCG
. ddG SGQdG b fdGh jeHhfCG GdG a fEG Y QcdG
c fEH fQe aCG Qcd IaGdG jQdG Ua Ea jQdH j ah
HjEG KJ OLh dEG(1991)dGh ,(1995) M HCG e c SGQO QTCG
.dG Ic a dG GQdG J a jQd
:HGdG GDdH dG FdG : HGQ
cdGh ,dG e jdG bOh ,IQG jeHhfCG SdG H bdG e
?WdG dG eL a VjdG HdG J W id
Ffh ,(Pearson Correlation)SH JQG ee SG GDdG Y HLEd
.JQG ee ae J (7) bQ hdG
(7 ) bQ hdG
e jdG bOh ,IQG jeHhfCG SdG H bd SH JQG ee ae
WdG dG eL a VjdG HdG J W id cdGh ,dG
( 0^32 ) hJ dhdG Q , (0^01= ) ie Y FMEG GO @@

(0^23 ) hJ dhdG Q , (0^05= ) ie Y FMEG GO @
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:j e(7) bQ hdG e j
SdG H (0^05= ) ie Y FMEG dGO WJQG bY OLh
e h,dG Wh ,dG W h,YdG W h,dG h,RdG) jeHhfCG
HdG J W Y dG e jdGh (dG eh ,dG eh ,YdG
SdG g H JQG ee MhGJ `M ,WdG dG eL a VjdG
W H bY i`bCG fc M a (0^70 - 0^32) H e ,dG e jdG bOh
dGO bdG J d H .(0^70) dEG Uh dGh dG e jdG bOh ,edG
.dG e jdG bO e (dG eh,dG W) H FMEG
SdG H (0^05= ) ddG ie Y FMEG dGO WJQG bY OLhWh ,dG Wh ,YdG Wh ,dG Wh ,dGh ,RdG) jeHhfCG
J W Y cdG e jdG bOh (YdG h ,dG Wh ,dG
H e JQG ee MhGJ M,WdG dG eL a VjdG HdG
d H,cdG e jdG bOh dG W H bY ibCG fch(0^54-0^36)
(dG eh ,dG h ,dG h ,G W)H FMEG dGO bdG J
.cdG e jdG bO e
jeHhfCG SdG H HjEG bY g CG J FdG VY AV ah
fCG `SGQO `dP `cCGh ,`dG I`c a c`dGh ,`dG e j`dGh
H HjEG bY OLh SGQdG Ff XEG dG (Ongley&Hopley,1981) H`gh
DheRh fc `dP `cCGh,Yd èdG Wh,IF`dG I`c d a AGOCG
.(Kansal,Verma,Sidhu,& Sohal,1983)
Wh ,dG S Me CG dEG UJ (Strahonja,1978) fgGS SGQO ah

. IFdG Ic a cdG e AGOCG a e HUCGh dG
bY OLh XCG dG (2000) de SGQO e e FdG AL Y Hh
Ic Y Y KdG e KdG jdG bOh ,jeHhfCG SdG H HjEG
.dG
28
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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:edG GDdH dG FdG : eN

W id cdGh ,dG e jdG bOh ,IQG fdG SdG H bdG e
?WdG dG eL a VjdG HdG J
Ffh ,(Pearson Correlation) SH JQG ee SG GDdG Y HLEd
.JQG ee ae J (8) bQ hdG
(8 ) bQ hdG
dG e jdG bOh ,IQG fdG SdG H bd SH JQG ee ae
WdG dG eL a VjdG HdG J W id cdGh
M ,dG e jdGh ,bdG H bY LJ fCG(8) bQ hdG e j

jdGh ,bdG H FMEG dGO fc H (0^25) dEG H JQG b Uh
.(0^28) dEG JQG ee b Uh M ,cG e
,FMEG dGOh ,Y dG e jdG e bdG fc bTdH j ah
bTdH bdG fch ,dG e(0^45-)dEG JQG ee a Uh M
JQG ee b Uh M FMEG dGO Zh ,Y cdG e jdGh
.(0^20-)dEG
bOh ,Ld dG IQdG H bY aCG fc FdG VY N eh
bO CG dEG Oj dP a FdG dGh ;IG ed cdGh ,dG e jdG
,adGh ,dG SQ jGhRh ,G Y LdG e cdG dG Y J jdG
jGhRh ,jeHhfCG SdG CG dEG (1975) IY HCG SGQO QTCG M ,dGh
H.dG Ic a dG e jdG bd IOdG eGdG e ,IdG YSh ,dG
WJQG JJ bTdG EG PEG ;dG e jdG bOh bTdG H Y bdG fc
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jdG j M a (aCG cdG) aCG VH d dfG YdH Kh

.(jOdG cdG) OdG VdG e AGOCG dEG
:LSG
:j e MdG j beh SGQdG Ff AV a
.fEG Y jQdGh ,fdGh ,jeHhfCG SdG L a QcdG J -1
W Y dG Ic d a cdGh dG e jdG bO ie fJ -2
.WdG dG eL a VjdG HdG J
e jdGh ,IQG jeHhfCG SdG H HjEG JQG bY OLh -3
.WdG dG eL a VjdG HdG J W Y cdGh ,dG
e ,jdGh ,edG Wh ,dG e jdG H bdG g ibCG fch
.dG Wh ,cdG
IQdG e cdG eh ,dG e jdG H HjEG JQG bY OLh -4
.dG
:UdG
:JCj H MdG Uj SGQdG Ff AV a
Y cdGh ,dG e dG Ic a jdG IQe H gG IQhV -1

Y N e dPh ;WdG dG eL a VjdG HdG J W
.SdG IUdG dEG aVEG jQJ eGH
,dG Ic Yh ,Y AfG Y QYG H jeHhfCG SdG NCG -2
.dGh ,GQdG Wh ,edG W jdHh ,GWCG UdG Lh Yh
.dG Ic d a QdG AGOCH JdG fdG bdG UY H gG -3
gJG jJ H ,SQGdG a dG Ic d SQe Y fEG J -4

. dG a SSCG OdG cG dEG aVEG , dG f HjEG
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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d a SSCG GQdG J a e J efH KCG M SGQO AGLEG -5

dG eL a VjdG HdG J dWh ,W Y dG Ic
. WdG
:``LGdG
SSCG GQdG d jW Yd fQe SGQO ; (1995) Fa ;M HCG
.3469-3457 ,(6)22 , SGQO .dG IH
. QdG QGO : IgdG. jdG dG Ic . (1975).M e, IYHCG
GTDdG H a JG MCG KCJ . (1996).e eJ, HY H
eL ,IQe Z Le dSQ. dG Ic a jdG bH JdG JdG
.jQSEG b HCG ,H VjdG HdG c jQSEG
,jQSEG .d VjdG jQdG eGHh `SCG .(1997).a Y ,dG
.jQSEH QdG ICe :HdG e jQL
ieh dG SdG H bdG SGQO .(1988) .dU ie e, SL
gd HGdG dG JDdG a eb bQh .IdG eL Y id QdG AGOCG
. bGdG dG a VjdG HdG ch
dG) VjdGh fdG HdG a jdGh SdG .(1996).U e, fM
HdG dG QGO : IgdG .(fdG AdG ,ddG
,ddG dG) VjdG HdG a jdGh SdG . (1995).U e fM
HdG dG QGO :IgdG .(hCG AG
Y WdG dG eL dW hY SCG . (2000).dG Y dh , N
H eL) d H eL e . edG dG NGO VjdG fCG a GTG
.108-84 ,20, (a d
Yd dG IQdG a KCH jQdG KCG . (1977) .SY jdG Y, SjdG
. GM eL , d VjdG HdG c , IQe Z Le dSQ. dG Ic
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Y J dG Ic .(2000).hAdGY ,QWh jdG Y, SjdG

. IgdG - IjdG è . (dhCG dG) dhdG fdG e dGh jQdG d
cdG GQdGh dG SdG .(1986). S if ,OLh AK , dG
dG JDdG a eb bQh. dG Ic Td SSCG GQdG H bYh
. dG eL , hCG dG JDdG GQhCG,edG Y QJ
. Jfeh fdG bdG ,( 1985 ).U e ,fMh c , dG Y
. HdGdG QGO :HdG e jQL, IgdG
iH dG dG Wh fheh Ib bY . (1983).Y Wa , dG
,VjdG HdG Hh SGQd HGdG dG JDdG a eb bQh, KdG H
.JDdG GQhCG , e, jQSEG , d VjdG HdG c
e jQL, IgdG . VjdG jQdG Y . (1992).M e , ihY
HdG dG QGO : HdG
HdG e LGJ dG dG HdG . (1997).UdG Y , ehdG
,( H , d H eL) , d H e . dW ae a Jeh VjdG
.409 ,16 ,(a
jeHhfCGh ejdG GdG H ge . (2000).HL eBG , de
1,dGh jHdG dG e .dG Ic Y id KdG e KdG jdG bO Y
.174-146, (1)
bQh . dG Ic a IdG ed JdG dG . (1984). eS fH ,Se
. IgdG . d VjdG HdG c . d VjdG JDe a eb
Ic a SSCG GQd GQNG jQH Vh . (1985).MCG jdG Y ,dG
.IgdG ,d VjdG HdG c . IQe Z GQcO dSQ . dG
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Adams, G. M. (1990). Exercise physiology , labaratory manual. Dubuque,

Iowa : Brown Publishers.
Brooks, G. , & Fahey,T. (1984). Exercise physiology: Human bio-energetic and its applications. New York : John Wiley & Sons.
Fox, E. , Bowers, R. , & Foss, M. (1989). The physiology basis of physical education and athletics.Dubuque, Iowa: Brown publishers .
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characteristics of Topn SFR Yugoslavia players. The Journal of Sports
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Jerry T., &William, C. (1981). Winning basketball system. Boston: Allyn
and Bacon.
Kansal, D.H., Verma, S.K., Sidhu, L . S., & Sohal, M.S. (1983). Physique
hockey, kabbadi, basketball and vollyball players. Sports Medicine, 23, 194200.
Lamb, D.(1984). Physiology of exercise : Responses and adaptations.
Philadelphia : MCMillan Publislers.
Ongley, B. , & Hopley, A.(1981) Comparison between state level and nonstate level Western Australian volleyball players. Sports Coach (Australia),51,
30-35.
Strahonja, A. (1978).Utjecaj manifestnih i lamenting antropometrijskih variably na situacionu preciznost u odbjci. Kineziologija, (1-2) , 103-25.
Wilmore, J. Q. , & Costill, .D. (1994). Physiology of sports and exercise.
Champaign, ILL : Human Kinetics.
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LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
(STS) dG LddG - dG
SdG dG dW cG a
dG QdG e SSCG
dG eY S .O
jQdGh gdG b
jHdG dG c
UdG AGSEG eL
OQCG / Y
NewsLetter No.
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
37
dG - LddG - dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
dG QdG e SSCG SdG dG dW cG a ( STS)
dG eY S .O
jQdGh gdG b
UdG AGSEG eL - jHdG dG c
OQCG / Y
G
SSCG SdG dG dW J c GPEG e SG dEG SGQdG g ag
e SGQdG Y fJ bh .dG NGe NH KCj dG QdG d
a dG dG GhdG IMh J J ,T HQCG Y YRe ,dW 150
LH jNCG Th ,jOYG jdH e T SQO H , dG e
bfh VY ,a a FdG IhdG M FGKEG IMH fSG e STS
- dG M f Lh fSG SGQdG VGZC QWh .FGLEG H LH
a : e a ddG id dG QdG e Sd dG - LddG
dG f gJG ,QGdG PJG ,dG YLG a ,dG adGh dG W
dG H fdG M bh .dG M ,dH Je e SQe fh
Yd dG fQeh ,fSG Ga FGH e jH d d jdG
a STS LH dG J SGQdG Ff XCGh (chi-square) c - He GSH
dG jdG e c d FdG dG :fGL a dG QdG e cG
a LddGh d HjEG KCdG , LddGh dG H bdG ,LddGh
d Ld LddG QdG Y dG KCJ, dG IM J
ddH OYG ,fj dG dG gJH AdG S KCJ,jdG
GQeh ,dG f HjEG gJG f ,QGdG PJG a adG QhOh YLG
gdG a dG QdG f H NCG IQhH SGQdG UhCG bh . dG M
;dG a IYGh iNCG NGeh ,STS Ne GSG a SdGh ,HdGh dG
.dG Gg d
2004/1/18 d db jQJ @
2003/9/7 dG J jQJ @
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dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
The Effectiveness of Teaching Science Based on

Science-Technology-Society Approach in Accepting
9th Grade Students the Requirements of Scientific
Literacy
Dr. Sumaya Azmi El-Muhtaseb
College of Educational Sciences
Al-Isra University
Amman - Jordan
Abstract
The study aimed at investigating whether the 9th grade students achievement of the scientific literacy requirements differs with using different teaching approaches. The sample of the study consisted of 150 students distributed
into four classes , two of them were taught by the traditional method, while the
other two were taught by STS approach using an enrichment unit on water
resources in Palestine. A questionnaire about views toward Science-Technology
-Society was developed to asses scientific literacy requirements .
The data were analyzed by using 2 method to compare the achievement of the
two groups. Results showed that there whos a significant deference 0.05
between the two groups in favor of the experimental group, especially in the following dimensions: understanding the nature of the scientific method, social
aspects of science concerning the mutual effects between science, technology &
society, belief in social responsibility and the importance of knowledge in making social decisions related to scientific issues, positive attitudes toward science,
problem solving skills. The study recommended adopting a scientific literacy
objective in the Palestinian & Arab curricula, and using STS approach as a suitable trend to achieve this goal.
38
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
39
dG - LddG - dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
dG QdG e SSCG SdG dG dW cG a ( STS)
dG eY S .O
jQdGh gdG b
UdG AGSEG eL - jHdG dG c
OQCG / Y
edG
,SdGh ,YLG gH a SGh J IUdG dG J
g J a SdG dG LddGh ,d c dh ,dEG......adGh
GYO ,GJ eh ,dG Gg e fdG Y jGH e X a ,dG
dG gdG J GYdG g e eh.dG jQJ jH dJ
,dG QhO Hh,dH SQdG a SQq oJ dG dG H HoJ jH
U a j CG fCT e Ggh ,a dG KCG dch ,a gKCGh ,LddGh
,dG QdG c e, dG Gg gCG JCJh. LdJh ,Y QdG fEG
a j dG WGd IQhVh,dGh ,d kSSCG GY UCG LddGh
j CG dP e jdGh.LddGh ,dG Y fCG Y j CG j e bCG Y
dGh ,FdG QGdG U Y YJ IGOCG LddGh ,dG QdG e WGdG
.(1990 ,S ; NSTA,1980) a j dG Y e e j
b dG HdG g CG dG J a MdGh dG e jdG ijh
IYe dEG LddG fEG Y jQOdG dG AY OGYEG Y cCdG e QJ
,dG MdG e dGh dG jS dY a SEd c dG OGaCG
.(Meichtry,1993; NSTA, 1982; DeBoer, 2000; NSF,1992) LddGh
dG e Yd f ,(Mc Ginn,1991) e ij c ,dG Gg ALh
,L e LddGh ,dG H bdG dEG IdG J a ,HGdG jdG
Qe g LddGh dG CG gOGDe f If e ,iNCG L e dGh
dG a dGh fEG KCG QfEG e ,dGh fEd IjY FGa
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dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
Y JJ ,dGh LddGh ,dG H dOe YJ bY dG ,LddGh

J dEG aVEGh .dGh ,OdG LGJ dG jdGh ,dG e jdG Af
Yh a e a HCG J Ea ,LddGh ,dG H bdG dEG IdG
fc e ,LddGh ,dG W a a kJ N b dG adG LG
dEG ,dY gP e UCG MdG e YLh OGaCG GOd Lf
. dG JSDH dG a GKDJh GKCJ e SDe fc
FQ c dG He H kSGh kbJG b dG dG QdG g dh
H dOdG bdG e JG ,dG J a IY NGe MboG ,dG J a
IYGdG dG cCG e -STS - LJ jo h.d GQe dGh ,LddGh ,dG
.(DeBoer,2000) OdG Gg a
;dG J a STS LJ Ya J dEG J ddG SGQdG C Gfh
LHh ,L e dG QdG H jdG a ,dG QdG g d
.H WdG fGL RGHE ;iNCG L e STS
(Scientific Literacy) dG QdG
Og b e dG jf a dG QdG e b CG e
,IUdG dG J a kFQ kag UCG fCG e ZdG Yh ,(McCurdy) OQeh
Jj fd ;HdG OCG a Y e IQH q jo d fCG ,fdG e
QdG e e bh (DeBoer,2000). edG Y Ieh IOe jHJ gJH
eCG eh ,dG adG e GSG gCG e c ,e MGH dG
d Qda .dG QdG gh ,ddG jdG dEG QJ K ,dG YdGh ,dG
e fL EG d ,adG gh ,eTh eY ae dh ,e e Y ae Oe
dG gJGh GQdG dEG aVEH ,QdG d ffEG dG fGL
.(1990 ,jQdG Wh gd jdG dG) QdH cS J
(Hurd)
SQfCGh HhQ a AL c dG QdG e cJ SG bh

cH FeRh (Shoawalter) dGT SGH 1974 Y (Rubba & Anderson, 1978)
M ,jghCG jh eH (Center for Unified Sciences) IMdG dG HdG
40
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
41
:ddG dG Y kY QdG S OJ OHCG S jJ dEG GUJ
dG adG W j
dG e YJ a jdGh ,fGdGh ,OdGh ,gdG j
.H dG
.GQGdG PJG ah ,e e Vj e M a dG Y j
.dG Y j dG dG e J jH H dG dG e Yj
dG fGL e YJh LddGh ,dG H cdG YdG Qj
.iNCG
,dG Hd f ;a j dG dG Y VQh ka cCG If j
.IdG ie dG HdG a j CG j c
dH dG GP jhdG GQdG e jdG j CG j
.LddGh
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
f Y Y QdG U (Carin & Sund,1980) Uh jQc e c OM c

dOCG H dG :ddG dG aVEG e,DheRh dGT dEG UJ e e e
IOjR a gFGah LddGh ,dG OhM Y dG ,dG AGQBGh ,dG
.(Inquiry) ASH gG QXEGh ,dG gaQ
,gRHCG e, jM jQe X IUdG dG J UEG cd fh
f H ,(AAAS,1989) dG d jeCG OJG eb dG 2061 he
Y QdG S hdG jJ bGh,jeCG WGdG d dG QdG
Y J dG FSdG j ,JMh jh dG ddG dCj :ddG dG Y
dG gdGh OdG j ,H Y H LddGh ,dGh ,VjdG
LddGh ,dGh ,VjdG CG j ,dG dG GQe j , MdG
dG GQeh adG GSG Y IQdG jdh ,JGOe d ffEG jQe g
.T VGZC
iG je Y IdG Y QOdG g Y QdG UCG ,dG Y ah
dGh, (Educational National Standard) dG d WdG jdG Y f dG
:dG Qd ddG SSCG OHCG FV a OJ
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dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
,VQCG Yh ,IdG Yh ,AjdG) dG ha a e ae cG .(LddGh dG Wh ,IMdG gGh

.LddG dGh ,dG ASG a jhj GQeh Y GQb jJ -
,YLG jdGh ,dG QeCG bS a dGh QaCG a SJ .(Trowbridge, Bybee & Powell, 2000) adGh ,jQdG OHCGh
g CG ,jHdG H Jfeh dG QdG e NG e ZdG Yh
dG Mh ,GQGdG d eRdG GQdGh adG CG Y kjgL kbJG
QdG fGL cCG g, LddHh ,dH dG GP YLGh ,dG
dG adG eJ dG /YLG GdG S a QGdG U jh .gCG
e) dG a IFdG dG QYG H NCG e , adG e iNCG TCG e
...SGh, HfCG WCG jb , dG GRfEG e IFdG dG VQoJ oe
.(Meichtry ,1993; Bingle & Gaskell,1994)dEG
a J e Y UH dG Qd jdG IdG a kJ f GHh
,GQdGh ,adG eH dGh ,LddGh ,dG H dOdG GKCdG
IdG dEG (NSTA,1982) edG JM a GQGdG U a eGSG Y IQdGh
a j e ,dGh GdG e ee IQH ddG a OLd jW UH dEG
k SSCG k fe (Norman,1998) eQf H edG adGh ,dG H dOdG QKBG
,dG J a GO ec H jh ,ddG j H NCG Yj ,dG Qd
dG dG a dGh Gd ASG Y dG J j QhH Ggh
.(Hanrhan, 1999; Atwater, 1988)
ce e dG QdG e CG dEG f CG j , S e AV ah
J Y dG Gd jJ a bG ddG SGQdG CG EG, OHCG IY e j
SSCG, (Aikenhed , Ryan, & Fleming ,1989) ah jQh jCG gJG dG OHCG
dG - LddG - dG M f Lh{ GH fSG Ad
aVEH ,dG Qd c (Views to Science-Technology- Society(VTSTS))
,G M GQeh , H Je e fh ,dG f gJG : H dEG
42
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
43
J dHh.dM GQGb PJGh ,edG IdG LGe a SSCG UH dPh

: ddG dG OHCG fSG
.dG adGh dG W a -1
.dG YLG a -2
.QGdG PJG -3
.dH Je e SQe fh ,dG f gJG -4
.dG M IQe -5
ddG SGQO C Gf ;dG adG ie ae H jdG NCj dh

HdG JGh ddG SGQdG e eGJ dG, (2002,ghh ddG) ghh
SGQO CG c . FSG dEG YO e ,dG Gg Sd J ,d IGOCG edG
cG fL a STS LH dG d dGO ha OLh Y dEG UJ HS
(Yager et al,1988;Yager&Tamir,1993) jdG dH fQe dG adG
Science-Technology & Society dG - LddG -dG LH dG J
LGd UGdG dG e dH dG ge e dG J a d f
Y QOdG WGdG OGYEH ,dGh LddG M a dG dG LMG
e HjEG YdGh ,dG a LddGh ,dG dG SG
Y j dG STS dGh LddGh dG J LJ RH , (Devore,1992)
,dG H HQ IGOCG LddG GSGh ,YLG bS a dG jQJ
IdH Je M e Y LdG Gg H dG j M ,dGh
dG adGh ,LddGh ,YLGh ,JdG hdGh VhCHh ,dG
J bSh HCG Y dG g Jh .H KCjh KDjh dG j
JGSEG H j (metacognitive strategies) ae AGQh e JGSEG
JGdG IQGOEGh ,ad JGdG jdG Jh ,zaG AGQh e{ hCG, dG a dG
e,eJh ,d cdGh ,gdG AdG SJ dEG ODJ GN J c .d
,a j dG dG e fEG J e e dG LddG dH NCG
Y Jh VhdG Vah ,dG M JGSEG jJ dEG ODj e
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dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
dEG ,dG AH a, LdG Gg jh. edGh ,YLGh ,dG dG

M dEG ,a dG Ojh j UCG e a WGdG Y QOdG dG OGYEG
Gg e efGh (Cheek,1992;Yager,1990;Solomon,1990) LddGh dH,H
c dG QdG Rj ,dGh ,LddGh ,dG J cM GgC dG
.cdG d Ff
a Se fJ g CG HYh ,dY jLCG dG SGQdG Fd dG jh
dG QdG d kUN dGh ,eY WGdG J
. (1992 ,Ga ; 1990 ,gd jdG dG ;AAAs,1989, 1992)
FQ S UH dG adG Wh ,dG W H j a eCG
Y dG Ff dO a ,dG QdG jJ e a OQh c dG Qd
d FdG dG dEG hj SGQdG MGdG L a dGh ,dG CG
1994 ;Lederman, 1999;1984 ,1994 ,dG) dG adG Wh ,dG
.(Meichery, 1993. ;Roth,
QdG f a QhH j SQdG dG J CG IjY SGQO Ff KCG c

;1991,O ;1987,M ;1985 ,OGdG) UY YJh ,dG
dG J a NGe IY H eh ,( NSF,1992; Meichery,1993; 1987 ,jdG
dG GH kWJQG gcCG STS -LJ j dG QdG d
eJh Lj b bh .(Cheek,1992; Bybee & De Boer, 1994; Yager,1990)
zGjCG{ eL b e fCG SGQO HQCG Ff LGH (Yager &Tamir,1993)
g CG dEG UJh .IOe fGL a dG Y (STS) LH dG KCJ dhJ
:a j SGQdG g Ff H kbJG
fL a
STS
LH dG KCG a (0^05 ) dGO bha OLh Y .jdG dH fQe dG adG cG
GQeh ,dG Y GQd dG cG fGL a (STS) LJ J cGh ,IjL bGe a GQdGh gdG J Y IQdGh ,GHEG
.HjEG cCG Y gJ dG
LGe dEG QTCG e e (Yager et al.,1988) jNBGh Ld HS SGQO Ff Jh
44
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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,JYGHEGh ,JgJGh ,dG GQb fGL a STS LJ Yd eJh Lj

.adG dG ad HcGh ,JGQeh
LH J dG bdG CG dEG (Zoller et al., 1988) DheRh QhR UJ c
dG W id dG bdG f HjEG bGdG GO KCJ GP STS
.iNCG L e LdG GgCG J ah ,L e Gc a Y OdG
dG ce e H ja b a a Yf e dhCG J,e HJ ah
V a a FdG IhdG M FGKEG IMh jH HdG jdGh d
J{ LJ H ,SSCG SdG d dG VQCG Yh AdG e
H LH gJh d dG Jh ,d QWEc zdGh LddGh dG
gJG f dEG iOCG hdG CG dEG HdG Ff QTCG bh ,cQJ FGLEG
GQOEGh ,Vd bf a QJ dEGh ,dG Y ddG id dG f HjEG
dP dEG VCG ,ddG H jOdG hdG de a SCG c ,d dG OHCd
,ddG id SQdG adGh ,dG dG jJ a SCG hdG CG
SQdGh ,dG GQdG jJ a c KCG d c c ,MdGh ,dGh
ddG) VdG M e Y aH gjhJh ,QdG jd dG
.(2002 ,ghh
M dG GgCG CG STS LJ YH dG SGQd dG ijh
Lh Yh ,dG Qd jdG dH dG OHCG L Y J
YLGh ,L e dG adG Wh ,dG W H dG J ,UdG
a STS LH dG Ya d SGQdG g AL Yh ,iNCG L e dG
YLG dh ,L e dG adGh dG d kGUe a dG cEG
,GQGdG PJG Y dG QGbEG a da ie dEG aVEG .iNCG L e d
Je e SQeh ,dG f HjEG gJG J ah ,dG Mh
.dG Qd FQ e J e UH ,dH
SGQdG e
QdG d GYO GJ eh ,VdG dG e fdG Y jGH e X
jadG LddGh dG j dY a Y Z GeCG UCG fd ;dG
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dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
bh .(UNSCO,1994;Laugksch &Spargo,1996;Meitchery,1993) J a FdG

dG gdG J Je eh dG jQJ jH de GYdG g aGQ
LddGh dG QhO Hh,dH SQdG a SQqoJ dG dG H HoJ jH
fEG U a j CG fCT e dGh,a dG KCG dch ,a gKCGh
.(Cheek,1992;Yager;1990;Solomon,1990;NSTA,1982) LdJh Y QdG
jdG dG ge e jdG GgCG a dG QdG jJ Y cdG fG bh
d dG) 2061 he :e e ,National Science Education Standards
Scope Sequence& Coordination dGh dG idG heh ,(jeCG
. (Eisenhart , Finkel, & Mariom, 1996) dG d WdG jdGh
IQdh ;dG QdG g J dG dG W M JG OLh d kGfh
e OY H fQd J dG ,MdG Y H ,HdG OCG a SGQdG
ie a d SGQdG g AL , dG Gg J a Ya M e dG
SSCG SdG dG dW cG a STS LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
. dG QdG e
: ddG GDdG Y HLEG dEG, kGjJ, SGQdG Jh
SdG dG dW J H (p 0^05) FMEG dO GP ha g g

QdG d J IMh J a (STS) Ne GSH SQj JGdG SSCG
jOYG dG jdG GSH SQj JGdG ddG Jh ,dG
?(jdG)
SGQdG gCG
QdG d OY KK e UGdG dG GYd HSG SGQdG g JCJ
fc e gCG Jh ,(UNSCO,1994;Hurd,1998;AAAS,1989)dG H dG
,GgCG J a j c dG jQJ a STS LJ j e de J
SdG dG Vhh ,YLG jdG a cQdG a dG IYe :gCG e
,dGh LddGh dG jH dG adG fGdH jhH ,d
H dG dfG fGGh ,jdG g M d cdG fGdGh
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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id GgCG g e J jh .jdG J J dG j dG gJG

.dG Qd FQ fH gjhd ;kSSCG dG
gdG VGd jJ dOCG jJ hJ fc SGQdG gCG e jjh
a gdG Qdh ,UdG Lh Y ,dM OGYEG QW a g dG ,dG
b dG dG QdG g J a (STS) LJ Ya Y ,eY HdG GdG
,dG ge OGYEG a H NCd dG jQJ a kFQ ag UH HdG H bJG
.dG OGYEGh ,jQdG FGW jJh
Yh,SSCG SdG dG e dW Y ddG SGQdG J SGQdG OhM
:dG Qd ddG dG
.dG adGh dG W a
-1
.dG YLG a -2
QGdG PJG -3
.dH Je e SQe fh ,dG f gJG -4
.dG M IQe -5
,JdBGh ,feh ,gJ eHh ,Mh ,dG iH Ff JJ dHh

.ac bH dG id dG QdG Sb Y JQbh ,edG IGOCG U LQOh
SGQdG e
,SGQdG VGZC gQNG J dG OHCG H ,dG QdG j :dG QdG
dOdG GKCdG M e ,d YLGh,dG adGh ,dG d dG fCG
f gJG eGh,QGdG PJG Y IQdGh ,dGh ,LddGh ,dG H
e SJh.dG M GQdh ;dH Je e SQe fh ,dG
LddGh dG M f Lh fSG Y dG OGaCG AGOCH dG QdG
.dGh
Y LdG Gg j STS : dGh ,LddGh ,dG LJ Y FdG dG J
,dG H HQ IGOCG LddG GSGh ,YLG bS a dG jQJ
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dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
dG IdG e M e Y LdG Gg H dG j M ,dGh

KCjh KDjh dG j aK hCG ,LdJh ,YLG JM hXh VhC
dG, dG QdG e a Kj dG QdH SGQdG g a Ya SJh.H
.dG OGaCG id ,SGQdG IGOCG J
dG VdG SCG GSG Y jdG g Jh :jOYG dG jdG
ddG HLEG J M ,IOhe IQH TdG IQKE SCGh (IVdG)
KE jEG FShh ,dG VhdG GSG Yh.dG dG Y Y
VGZCG jJ VGZC dG LGdGh ,dG SCGh ,Y CGe hCG ,e U
dG VJ dG gdG SH jdG g a ddG QhO jh .adG
.dEG UdG a QhO d j CG hO
GAGLEGh jdG
Yh SGQdG e
jOGYEG zhH{ SQe a SdG dG dW L e SGQdG e dCj

(150) gOY H bh .dhdG dG dcd HdG SSCG dG GQ Hh ,d
eCG STS. LH SQO dW (65) h ,jOYG jdH SQO dW (85) e ,dW
jdG YdG QNG J bh .SGQdG e OGaCG L e fa SGQdG Y
jH b dG dG ja a JdG, IOdG e hd ;hH SQe e
dG GQ SQe e NG a HdG YdG eCG.gHh SGQdG IMdG
,SQdGh ,dG dG FN a jdG YdG e Hd ;SSCG
dG SdG GP dG dch d SQdG J M ,YLGh
e a SQdG e c dW Jh ,d HdG SQGdG L a IMdG
dG a YdG hdh ;adGh ,YLG H a HJ dG LdG
ae M e HdGh ,jdG YdG hJ e cCdh .dG a
dG jf a dG a dd dG dG dEG MdG LQ a , dH
dO GP ha Lj fCG Lhh ,HdG a jLCG dG SGQdG d hCG
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
NewsLetter No.
NewsLetter No.
S28540
12/5/04
4:16 PM
Page 49
dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
49
d (R) QNG GSH dPh ;YG J H (0.05 ) FMEG

ddG eY Se H d (R) QNG Ff (1) bQ hdG jh .dG
.YG a
(1)bQ hdG
YdG a ddG Se H d ( R ) QNG Ff
SGQdG J
U VJ M (Quasi-Experimental) jJ T J SGQdG YG
fSG W bh .HdG YdG GNBG U T H ,jdG dd
dG QdG dG jW e c KCG d ;Yd jQdG Iq ejf a
a dG a H Hd Gf ;jQdG AH b J d fCG M a ,d
OM bh .(1)bQ hdG j c ,dEG QdG IMdG jQH AdG b dG
dG dGh ,STS LH dG jH YdG a jQdG jW
.SGQdG J dG OHCH dG QdG e OM c.OYG
SGQdG GhOCG
:gh ,GhOCG e Yf SGQdG g a SG
a a FdG IhdG M FGKEG IMh/ dG IOdG .1
,a a jHdG d dG ce e MH e dDe ,H ja b
SQGe e eh, dG GQ a jHdG dG c e dG ddG e HQCGh
jH ,MdG Heh GTEHh ,SdG SQGe e eh, LdG Z dch
d VQCG Yh AdG e V dG GhdG IMh Y FGKEG IMdG
ddG SGQOh ,ddG SGQdG : e c VGZC eGS dPh;SSCG SdG
adG J IMdG jJ idh. ddG SGQdG e eGJ dG (2002) ghh
S28540
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4:16 PM
Page 50
dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
a FdG IhdG Y ee jCG e j dG ,gGe SJ e d dG QWEG Y

,dG a dG IQhO ,dG gCG :fGL a edG g d ;a
VGMCG ,jRJh dG QOe ,dG YGfCGh Qd LddG dG
H) HdGh OhdG ,(HdGh ,SdGh ,ddG) a a FdG
JdG LddGh, eOdG dG e dGh, deh dG Ke,(S
GAGb IQU Y FGKEG IMd dG idG J J bh.dH
ffEG :gRHCG e Ye QOe dEG LdHh ,jdG aCGh (Hand- outs)
FGKEG IMdG VY J c .dG a dG AGdG e edG GQhCGh,
OHCd VdGh ,dGh ,LddGh ,dG J LJ N e beh
IhdH JdG SdG dGh ,jObGh ,LddGh ,YLGh ,dG
Y FGSEG HdG GdG X a H JdG dGh ,a a FdG
.dG fdG a jJh ,dG H J dTEG e Y Jj eh ,dG
N e d dG n J ,jQdG IMdG jJ a dG OHCG H NCdh
,TGdG HJh ,YGQdH jh ,QGSGh eCH gCG j jb M f b
e NO f JM Y CGW dG dGh ,jdG e jb f e Hjh
,fGdGh ,ffEG IdH QGVEGh ,dG Ae GSG dEG JGQSG OCG ,jd
dGh ,bH dd NdG Gg Lh a bdG dEG H GM e ,a JdGh
dPh ;JGQS bNCG ddG Y NdG ceh ,dG dG a
GAGLEG e H dG QGdG QhH dCG dG AdG dEG AdG jW Y
. Jfe e jdG S d ;dGh ,dG
VY J ,e MGe a dEG LdHh ,fG c dG g dEG OSH
,dG OHCH NCG e , beh dG OHCH a a FdG IhdG IMh
a FdG IhdH JdG SdG Gh ,jObGh ,YLGh ,LddGh
Ye JGSEG VdG jQJ a JGh .H JdG dGh ,a
H d fhJ Ye N e dGh ,TdGh ,IVdG H e hGJ
M FGSEG dG VhdG Y d H fSGh ,dG
ddH jd fGdG MdGh ,KJh W M ja aCG VYh ,dG
50
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
NewsLetter No.
NewsLetter No.
S28540
12/5/04
4:16 PM
Page 51
dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
51
dHh ,dH JdG LddH h ,MU Y d iJ dG

AKCG ah.a a FdG dHh ,a a eOdG dG dd edG
d,ke Y jQdG J dG (Diaries) GcdG HH ddG eb jQdG
gf Lh Jh ,H Qe dG GdG Ud f hCG ,MQ hCG ,M
IMdG jQH b bh.VdG M jJ Hc dEG aVEG ,gJ JfGh
,hd dG jdG AYCG H cQHh ,dG dch e e jQdG
.MdG Heh GTEHh
SGQdG eJ dG FGKEG IOdG jJ

LJ XJ M SGQdG eJ dG FGKEG dG IOdG eAe e cCd
dCJ Ye Y dhCG JQH IOdG VY J a ,dG ge jQJ a STS
a dG IOd e KKh ,SdGh ,jRH eL e dG d AGN KK e
e Y dG J dG LGdG jdGh ,MdG AV ah ,dG SQGdG
.FdG JQH d ;dG IOdG jJ J ,dG J AGNh ,dG
zdG - LddG - dG :M f Lh{ fSG -2
jJ J ,dG QdG d SGQdG Y ddG eG ie Y bd

GdG J fSG Y ,zGh - LddGh - dG M f Lh{ fSG
f Lh Y d (Aikenhead & Rayan,1992) jQh jCG gYCG f
ad YLG cdGh, dG adG W : e ,STS VGe M dG
JOM dG ,dG QdG e IQdG fSG Jh .QGdG PJGh ,dG
:ddG dG Y ,dG QdG jJ LGe dEG OSH, SGQdG
a dG adG Wh ,dG ge M e :dG adGh dG W a -1
.YVeh ,gJh ,gdJ fGL
dG H bdGh ,LddG W M e :dG YLG a -2
.iNCG L e dG Hh Hh ,L e LddGh
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dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
M GQGdG PJG a OdGh dG QhO M e :QGdG PJG .3

QhOh ,LddGh dH JdGh ,dG LGJ dG dG
.dM GQGdG PJG a LddGh dG adG
.dH Je e SQe fh ,dG f gJG
.4
Vhh ,dG jJ Y IQdG M e ,dG M IQe

.M Y ddG dG jJh ,de Wh ,HSCG M VhdG
.5
(jCG) fSG Ga e IQe Ia 20 LH SGQdG fSG jJ J bh
f gJG H Sd Ja aVEGh ,dG Qd dhCG KdG OHCG J dG

VY J ,HLEG Me SCG HQCGh ,dH Je e SQe fh ,dG
Y d ;LddGh dH U GP d YLG a a VJ dd
dEG aVEG ,HSCG M Va AHh ,gUYh ,dG jJ Y dG IQb
dG j dG GQdGh adG AV a QGdG U Y IQdG Y dG
JKh bU d jJ b dhCG JQU a fSG dCJh .dG M
5- 3 e j ,kGDS hCG ,dM Vj e c ,Ia 22 e j hCG :jCGL e
Ve GDdG Y HLEG hCG ,ddG M kbe e c jh ,HSd FGH
,be GdG MC j a ,e IQH U HLEG gMCG j h ,IdG
fdG AdG eCG .iNCG bGdG e IUe f Lh e b cCG J cCG hCG
. HLEG Me HQCG SCG e a
JKh fSG U
ce a dG J e e KK Y VY ,fSG U e dh
Se:e c M FGQBG d ;jRH eLh ,HdG jdGh d dG
ddG bGdGh ,(2) bQ hdG a OQh c , dG QdG OHCG Sd JGa
Yh, dG QdG OHCG Ud GdG T Y aGe GhHCG bh .dM
dG a HU bd ;Ga K OSG e ,dM ddG bGdG
J fd ;GdG d FGdG H eO GMbG c ,a IOQGdG d
dG) FdG JQU a fSG UCGh .f bdG Y ce O
52
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
NewsLetter No.
NewsLetter No.
S28540
12/5/04
4:16 PM
Page 53
dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
53
d,dhCG HQCG OHCG Sd Ia (19) e j :hCG ,jCGL e dDe (1 bQ

SCG HQCG j dd VJ IMGh Ia e j:fdGh ,FGH 4 -2 e e
.(2) bQ hdG a j c,dG QdG OHCG Y YRe , edG dG Sd
(2) bQ hdG
dG QdG OHCG Y YRe fSG Ga
AdG Ga e Ia d IMGh eY AYEG J ,fSG K Sb VGZCh

bdGh j d jH QNH Y LCG GPEG ( Ia (19)e dG) e hCG
K eh .iNCG FGdG e CG QNG Y Uh ,dG CGQ H ,dG
,J Y fSG Y ddG eY H e SH JQG ee M J
S28540
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dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
Y QN e (dW 58) ddG e Ye Y J IOYEG Y JeYh

Jh 0^85 hj JQG ee CG Lh bh .YSCG eG eR QH ,SGQdG
e %92 OQhCG a ,fdG Ad dH eCG. SGQdG VGZC de dG g
e ,fSG J IOYEG Y, H dG HQCG SCG Y f HLEG ddG
.AdG Gg K dEG j
SGQdG GAGLEG
:ddG GdG a SGQdG GAGLEG J
,dGh dG GQe d Mh ,SGQdG a eSG dG fSG QW

q .1
.YCG OQh c
,dG jdG AYCG H cQHh ,d hH SQe a dG e eb .2
a FdG IhdG M FGKEG jQdG IMdG jQH MdG GTEGh
SdG dG d dG GhdG Mh V STS LJ QWEG a a
SGQdG dG N dPh ;HSCG HQCG IMdG jQJ SGh ,SQdG a
fSG W ITe IMdG jQJ e AfG Hh. 2002-2001 fdG
.MdG b e dG dW Y
jdH,SQdG dG a OQh c, dG GhdG IMh jQJ J .3
e b e SSCG dG GQ H SQe a SdG dG d jOYG
jQJ bh e ,eGe IQH, MdG GTEHh ,SQdG a VdG
,YSCG SG dGh, IMdG jQJ e AfG Hh . HdG YdG
.MdG b e dG dW Y fSG W
IMdG SQO JGdG ddG Ye Y dG fSG J J .4
HSG GQGJ UQh ,jOYG jdH SQO JGdGh ,STS LH
. fSG e hCG AdG Ga e Ia c FGd YdG
Me) fdG AdG SCG Y YdG e ddG HLEG jJ J .5
.YT H a dEG GDS c Y HSG Jh,(HLEG
54
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
NewsLetter No.
NewsLetter No.
S28540
12/5/04
4:16 PM
Page 55
dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
55
FdG J
dG QdG fd dG cG a STS LH dG KCG Y d
H d dDdG fGdG UH dG fdG J J jOYG jdH fQe
:ddG dG Y SGQdG JOM dG dG QdG OHCG e
c FGH e jH d SG JGdG jdG YdG dW OGYCG UQ J
QW dG dG -LddGh -dG M dG Lh fSG Ga e Ia
dG H Ia d HSG g GQGJ fQe J K eh .SGQdG VGZC
ie Y (Chi-square) c- He GSH HdG YdG dd UQ
.(p 0.05) ddG
GDS c Y ddG HLEG UQ J a dG M IQe d dH eCG
Vh ,G jJ:-ddG fGdH dG HLEG MdG HQCG SCG e
Uh .a ddG QhOh dG Y ddG dG, dG GbG ,VdG
MGdG GDdG Y HLEG CG g cP Qj eh ,a dEG GDS c Y HLEG
d jdG dG M K ,a e cCG Y YRJ dG e CG e
.SGQdG Yd dG g fQe Jh ,a c a
dG QdG OHCG e H c a SGQdG dEG UJ dG Fd Uh j ah
:YCG QcG
dG adGh dG W a.1
GdG FGd ddG HS MdG GQGdG (3) bQ hdG j

.dG jW a dG adGh dG H dG
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dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
(3) hdG
dG H dG GdG FGd HSd MdG GQGdG
.dG jW a dG adGh
H (p 0.05) FMEG dO GP bha g CG (3) bQ hdG e j

a HSG GQGJh ,jdG YdG a ddG HSG GQGJ
gh,dG adGh dG W a fGL e a MGh fd HdG YdG
AGLEHh.eGSG T ieh ,dG jdG W M e dG adG dJ
f a jGJ j (3) bQ hdG a IOQGdG HSG f H LhR fQe
56
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
NewsLetter No.
NewsLetter No.
S28540
12/5/04
4:17 PM
Page 57
dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
57
jd a jHCG JGdG HdG YdH fQe jdG YdG a ddG

a QHGh GHEGQhd GjJh , gQNGh Vd dJ Y fCG Y dG
.adG QhH OYG a bJh,dG dG
W:e d a J a Ya KCG hP STS LH dG CG Y j eh
QhO jH YT ieh , gQNGh Vd dJ Y UH dG jdG
.aOdG Qhd jdG LGJh ,dG dG a QHGh GHEG
dG YLG a .2
YLH dG Gd HSd MdG GQGdG (4) bQ hdG j
.dG jW a dG
(4) bQ hdG
.dG jW a dG YLH dG GdG FGd HSd MdG GQGdG
NewsLetter No.
S28540
12/5/04
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Page 58
dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
58
H (p 0.05) FMEG dO GP kbha g CG (4) bQ hdG e j

a HSG GQGJh ,jdG YdG a ddG HSG GQGJ
YLG dG KCJ , GY e,dG YLG a fGL d HdG YdG
fGL a J a STS LH jQdG Ya Y j e ,dG Y a dd
bQ hdG a IOQGdG HSG f H LhR fQe AGLEHh .dG YLG
:ddG dG Y fGdG H dG FdG VJ j (4)
LddG W.1
,Y e d ILCGh GhOCG UH LddG a a J X
.jdG YdG dd a ILCGh GhOCG UH a a LGJh
LddGh dG H bdG.2
LGJh ,dOe bY UH LddGh dG H bdG a a JX
.jdG YdG dd MGh AT fCH OYG
NewsLetter No.
S28540
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
59
dG a LddGh dG KCJ.3
`YLG dG M a kFQ kGQhO LddGh d CH OYG QJ
,(H a dGh ,H M) FdG QhdH OYG LG`Jh ,H JdG
.dG Y dG FdG Y d HjEG FdG H OYG jGJh
LddGh dG a dG KCJ.4
jGJ a dP Xh ,LddGh dG a GKCJ d CH OYG QJ
Yd jCdG LGJh ,dG d dG e dG Yd jDdG bdG
Y IdG a dG QhH OYG OGR c , a dG J dG YVdG
.LddG QdG
AdG S .5
dG dG dG KCH ,jdG YdG e dG OGaCG ,ddG OYG QJ
j d c .fj dG dG gJH Ad YLG dGh UdGh
a dd YLG adG dG KCH OYG a jdG dd FMEG GO KCG
hM Y e dG g Jh ,(4) bQ hdG a j c ,dG Y
ddG KCJ d f dG dG a YVdG T H gOYG a dGO GJ
. (3) bQ hdG a X c ,HS bJh QaCH
QGdG PJG
dG Gd ddG HS MdG GQGdG (5) bQ hdG j
.dG jW a QGdG PJH
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dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
(5) bQ hdG
a QGdG PJH dG GdG FGd ddG HS MdG GQGdG
dG jW
H (p 0.05) FMEG dO GP bha g CG (5) bQ hdG e j

ddG HSG GQGJh ,jdG YdG a ddG HSG GQGJ
adG QhOh ,QGdG JH dG dG :fL a X ,HdG YdG a
.QGdG PJG a LddGh dG
CG j (5) bQ hdG a IOQGdG HSG f H LhR fQe AGLEHh
,AY e dG a L cQe gCH gOYG a M b kJ
dG YLG dG CH GQGdG U a ,Th ,eMh ,eh
dd IM Y a c QhH gOYG a LGJ M M a ,LddGh dH
adG QhO a gOYG a Xe Gk QJ g CG j c.jdG YdG
.QGdG PJG a LddGh dG
60
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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NewsLetter No.
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dH Je e SQe fh dG f gJG
dG Gd ddG HS MdG GQGdG (6) bQ hdG j
.dG jW a dH Je e SQeh ,dG f gJH
(6) bQ hdG
e SQeh ,dG f JH dG Gd ddG HS MdG GQGdG
.dG jW a dH Je
GQGJ H (p 0.05) kFMEG dGO ha QX (6) bQ hdG e j

a ddG HSG GQGJh ,jdG YdG a ddG HSG
f gJG a dGO J d fCG EG ,dG f gJd HdG YdG
.dH Je e SQe
dG M IQe .5
dG M IQe ddG cEG a STS LH dG KCG Y d
,dG GbGh ,dG SCG M VdG Vh ,dG jJ :fGH
HQCG fGdH dG fdG J J ,M a ddG dGh ddG QhOh
:ddG dG Y
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dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
dG jJ
dG GDdG Y HdGh ,jdG YdG a ddG HLEG UQ Y
YRJ, He HLEG OQhCG YdG a ddG CG Md, dG jH
SEG ,U e) S GjJ dG OM : dhCG ,FQ a a
Yd) %4^7 fe fc dG g a HLEG f CG EG ,(dEG....Ab
dEG QTCG a HLEG e fdG dG eCG ,(jdG Yd %9^2,HdG
g a ,HdG YdG a dG OGaC jdG dG MhGJh ,dG SCG
,HdGh ,QHBGh ,fGdG a dG J dEG dG LQCG %56^5 H e dG
AS dEG dG LQCG %5^9h ,FGg f dG dGh ,dG Th
e ,fdG dG a, jdG YdG HLE jdG dG MhGJ H .jdG
.dG gEG dEG LQCG %15^4 h dG J dEG dG LQCG %87^7 H
dG OGaCG Y VY dG dd Fe d HLEG e a QX Md c
,(cdG cG ,dG AGgG ,FGSEG MG ,AGdG J) fSG a
.Fe Z fCG GQOEG hO fSG a MhdG d adG g f dP eh
j dG ,dG Z dG hdG Y dG a IOQGdG edG CG hjh
.HSG g a H f gJ Lh ,G S
dG SCG M VdG Vh
SCH dG GDdG Y ddG HLE jdG dG (8) bQ hdG j
.dG jW a dG
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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NewsLetter No.
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dGh jHdG dG
(8) bQ hdG
dG jW a dG SCH dG GDdG Y ddG HLE jdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
63
ddG HLEG a AL e H dG SCG CG (8) bQ hdG e j

,QdG jH dG J :dhCG ,a a fG YdG a
e AGdG J : fdGh ,FdGh dG jdHh ,Vd dG dG FdHh
.jdG GMEGh ,fdG NO
Xe IOjR e, YdG id dhCG JdG a AL dG J CG j c
IMdG J CG Y j e ,HdG YdH fQe jdG YdG id
,dG SCG M dG OGaCG Vh dG VdG a J dEG iOCG STS LH
OGaCG VGaG a Md a .iNCG L e, Y H d ZU ah ,L e
dEG QTCG fCG, QdG H dG H dGh ,jdG YdG a dG
dG jdG dEGh ,dG FdG Y eCc ,eCGh ,jdGh ,ShdG
jhc OGe Y J dGh ,jdG Lh Y fdG J dG ,FdGh
ZU a QTCG fCG c .UUdGh ,(jhdG ISCG) GdGh ,dc
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dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
OGaCG eCG. fdG NO Y JdG edG GRdG dEG AGdG H dG Vd

dG g e JZU a j a jOYG jdH GJ jdG dG
Y ae ddG cG dEG OCG HdG CG Lj e .IO IQH dG
. e
MdG dG
dG GDdG Y ddG HLE jdG dG (9) bQ hdG j
.dG jW a d MdG dH
(9) bQ hdG
d MdG dH dG GDdG Y ddG HLE jdG dG
dG jW a
YdG a ddG MbG dG dG CG (9) bQ hdG e j

id YT f M e JdG Y dG g AL bh. HQCG a a YRJ
,dG af Y adG, dG YdG f :ddG dG Y HdG YdG
JdG a dG de a AL M a ,VdG dG deh,dG de
,G af Y adG JdG Y gJ ,jdG YdG dW id dhCG
.VdG dG deh ,dG YdG fh
64
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
NewsLetter No.
NewsLetter No.
S28540
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
65
MdG dG a L a jdG YdG f a IOjR Mj c

g OGaCG CG dEG aVEG ,dG YdG f a GYe ,HdG YdH fQe
OJ d af Y adGh ,dG de a a d dBG OQhCG YdG
,jQhO IQH dG ah ,dG T jJ :e ,HdG YdG OGaCG id
Sb ILCG GSGh ,d c adGh ,JdG GSH deh
e dG OGdGh ,KdG eCG e dG J dBGh ,d dG ie
j e,AdGh ,dc iNCG VGZCG a eGSGh ,Vd dG dG FdG
aCG M AYEG Y dG OGaCG QGbEG a Ya KCG STS LH d CG Y
.d
dG M Y ddG dGh ddG QhO

QhH dG GDdG Y ddG HLE jdG dG (10 ) bQ hdG j
.dG jW a dG M Y ddG dGh ddG
(10) bQ hdG
M Y ddG dGh ddG QhH dG GDdG Y ddG HLE jdG dG
dG jW a dG
Y He HLEG OQhCG YdG a ddG CG (10) bQ hdG e j

dH OYG CG j c.dG Y ddG dGh ddG QhH dG GDdG
N e dG a OdG SQj CG j dG QhdHh , dG M a dG
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dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
a,HdG YdG dW id dhCG JdG a GAL YdG f a gdG

a L JY Y J ddG CH jdG YdG id OYG OS M
dH JdG dG M a ,AYh ,Sh ,WGe e dG
GSG Y eG a j e cCG j dG a ddG QhO CHh ,LddGh
id, HLEG e dG g CG (10) bQ hdG a jh. dG AdG
j e,HdG YdG dW id INCG JdG a JCJ ,jdG YdG
M a Ja H d YdG dd jdG YdG jJ QJ dEG
. dG
X c ,QGdG PJG a YLG dd dG QJh ,dG g Jh
.(5) bQ hdG a
UdGh FdG be
a FMEG GO KCG hP STS LJ GSH dG CG dG SGQdG g Ff QTCG
:ddG dG Y dPh ;dG QdG e e OY cG
kGdJ UH dG jdG W :fL a dG adGh dG W a .1
.a ke kGQhO adG dh ,QHGh GHEG j IQH gQNGh Vd
kjM ddG YLG FdG IdG e dG jd dG Gg jh
.(Bingle & Gaskell,1994)
VY CG dEG, a dG jdG fL a FMEG GdG dG QX OQ jh

QOe GSG ASh ,FdG dH JdG dG Y cQ SGQdG IMdG
,dG jah ,ddG Lh ,beh ,fCG N e jQJh ,dG
JGDJ QNGh ,d M GbGh ,dG SCG Y Dd cQG AGdGh
e. e dG GP YOh ,dG GP Z GDdG Md jdG dOCG LGe a
YdG OGaCG ,ddGJ Lh HQ ,IOdGh dG GAGLEG g
j CG aQ fh ,(VdG dJ) QHGh GHEG QhO jJ f,jdG
dEG iOCG b dG jd eGSG CG Lj e .dG dG a QhO aOd
.d a J
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dGh jHdG dG
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:ddG UdG a dG YLG a .2

,(f If) dG dG d ILCGh GhOCG UH LddG W .CG
OGaCG ddG J dEG dG g OQ jh . a ILCGh GhOCG dh
J dGh ,dG M S a ILCGh GhOCG dEG jdG YdG
dEG aJ dEGh ,fhJ Y Ye a J AKCG a de
deh dG a a edG Jh, dH JdG LddG
,dG J dh ,Gd fGdG JMQ AKCG a,Jh
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ja b e TdG dG dEG aVEG, IMdG jQJ a iNCG da GS
dG adG H dhJ , AGN aSGh ,jdG aCG :e e ,dG
dG Y adG dEG UdG a dG g QhOh ,GhOCGh ILCH JdG
.KJh
JdG YLG dG M a kFQ GQhO LddGh d CH OYG .
dch ,H a j b LddGh dG CH OYG a LGJh ,H
H j a dG Y LddGh d HjEG KCdH OYG
ddG bG Y j e ,dG IM J a HjEG Ff
.MhdG dG M a LddGh dG adG eGSH
d dG YdH dPh ;LddGh dG Y GKCJ d CH OYG .O
;LddG QdG Y IdG a YLG HbdG gCG jJh ,dG
.dG J dG YVd YdG jCJ a LGJh ,jdG ed Ld
d HjEG QhdG Y jdG YdG a ddG J FdG g jh
L Y bdG Gg Jh, dH JdG dG M a LddGh
.dG jOe
g VQJh .fj dG dG gJH Ad UdGh dG dG KCJ .`g
Y a AdG S M (Aikenhead, 1991 ) zjCG{ Mj e e dG
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YVdG Yh ,aCG Vh ,edc S hj M a ,dG dG
CG IQhdH a K eh .UdG dG a dGh IdG cH gGh
jh.jOYG JM a YLG SQd gJG g KCG j
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S a gQf iOCG e ,AdG Y e QhH g dGh ,dG a d
.YLG IdG a dG dG Gd J K eh, AdG
PJG a dG a d YLG dd IdG :fL a QGdG PJG.3
adG gCH OYGh ,a SdG dG hCG ,dG de dh ,QGdG
dH JdG YLG dG M GQGdG PJG a LddGh dG
ddG cG a HdG f Y GTDe bGdG g a QdG jh.LddGh
;1992,Ga;1990,S)jHdG Y LCG dG Qd FQ H d
dEG QdG Gg LQEG jh .(NASTA,1982;Aikenhead&Rayan,1992;AAAS,1989
GQGdG PJG a dGh dG adG gCG Y ,ITe IQH ,ddG J
. FGKEG IMd J AKCG a VY dG dG M
SG dEG dG g LQEG jh .dG f HjEG gJG f.4
fCG a cQd H YafG a X dGh ,hdG fCG a ddG
W dG dG ja dEG UJ e e dG g Jh. GcdG Hch ,IMdG
.(2002,ghh ddG) hdG
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ad dG OGaCG ddG cG dEG iOCG STS LH dG CG dEG J Ff
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MbG dG dG ah ,dG SC gjJ a X, e Y

jhJ a SCG hdG CG e dG ja dEG UJ e e dG g Jh.d
eJh Lj LGe J d M a ,VdG M e Y aH ddG
cEG a jOYG jdG Y STS LH dG J (Yager & Tamir,1993)
jdG Yd eb dG adG KCG fG J jh.dG adG dG
dG e cGTG dEG fSG a Y MhdG dG a Xh IQH
HCG e EG M ,dG J Ve a jdG YdG d VJ dG
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,dG a edG JGSEG hCG ,jdG ae e JCj d SdG
bS e SGh ie a eGSG c ae e ee jgL ae j H
,jdG YdG OGaCG ZU dG VdG c bdG Ggjh .dG
e dh ,HdG e ddG adG AV a fc d MbG dG dGh
YdG a ddG eJ CG hjh (Voss,1989).dG M GQe cG
ddG Sh ,FdG d SGQH KCJ, fSG a IOQGdG dG e jdG
Hc aVEG ,e LdJ ae cCG gQhH dGh ,fN dG
. dG dG aG
.dG d YdG ddH OYG.
LGe dEG dG M a YdG ddH OYG a QdG OQ jh
a ,dG e M a QJ Ye d jdG YdG e dG OGaCG
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,dG S Gd JQjR dc ,e J AGN aH d VJ e
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dG hJ Y YeG a dGh dG a ddG QhH j a eCG . hdG a
IQhH gOYG e kbe c c ,k kY dh ,Oa c a ,KdG
aK a IFdG cdG gJGh e dG Gg JCjh ,YdG cQdG
dG e edG j M ,eY IQH HdGh ,UN dG dG
OGaCG J Lh hdG fCG CG hj c ,YdG dh d jOdG
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dEG aJ dG dG JQG dEG ddG fG LJ dh,V IQH a a
IQH OHCG g H JJ eT jDhQ jJ a HdG J d dHh, dH
Je e SQe f HjEG gJG jJ a hCG ,Metacognitive gP a
.dH
dG g J h .dG Y a dd YLG adG dG KCH OYG .2
H dOdG QKBG a q J dG ,jM dG eH dG Qd IdG e
dG Qd kSSCG kfe edG adG a GdGh ,dGh ,dG
iJ dG YLG FdG IdG e VQJ c .(Hanrhan,1999;Norman,1998)
AdG j dG LdjjCGh ,bNCG dH KCj dG adG dJ CG
a b bNCG fGd hdG VJ CG hjh .(Bingle & Gaskell, 1994)
L ,edG dG ddG a gQhd Vj CG hO, edG adG
.dG cS a dd YLG dG KCd gCG dj ddG
jJ IQe fL a e J hM Y SGQdG Ff XCG c
c ddG cQOCG ddG c dEG Lj IQdG d QaG CG hjh .dG
j edG IdH dG dG e dG Gg EG M ,dG UH
jdG dG a c e IQH dh , Ill-Structured AdG V IQH
VGh QH dG a OJ dG dG a
.
AV a jOYG jdG Y STS LH dG H dG FdG a jh
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eQ e c ij PEG ;STS GSH dG dG FdGh ,jdG dG

a dG IYe dEG j LdG Gg CG (Yager,1990) Ljh (Ramsey, 1993)
jdG a cQdG ah ,Lddh d a GSH GQGdG PJG
,adG GSH (YLG ddG) d SdG dG Vhh ,YLG
eRdG adH jhJh J ah ,jdG H dG LdGh ,GQdGh
.jOcCG dG Hd OGYE
ad dG cG a STS LH dG YH UdG SGQdG Ff Jh
ghh ddGh (Yager et al,1988) DheRh Lj dEG UJ e e , Xh Y
a (Zoller et al,1988) FeRh QhR SGQO Ff eh , (2002,ghh ddG)
LGQ dG FdG eh ,dG be f HjEG Y gJG cG fL
Y IQdGh ,dG GQdG cG fL a (Yager & Tamir ,1993)eJh Lj
.IjL bGe a GQdGh ,gdG GSG
:j H MdG UJ SGQdG dEG UJ dG FdG AV ah
dG dG J SQGdG e cCG OY a SGQdG J IOYEG Y dG .1

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IjL bGe a adG KCG fG e d SGQdG IMdG a dG
.eh
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gJ CG bj dG jQJ a d Vj dG jQdG NdG ,UdG
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dG LJ Y FdG dG J Ya
STS LJ GSG Y dG d jQJ dG gCJ OGYEG eGH J .5
d ;dG QdG d W J IOjR a Yj b e jQJ a

. IUdG dG J GgCG gCG MCG
,dG dG ge a SGQO GMh jJ a STS LJ GSG J .6
.dG HdG GdG a dG ge a dch ,OGYEG QW a g dG
.HdG GdG ah ,a a dG jQJ a dG QdG f H NCG .7
LGdG
a SSCG dG ed LddG eCG e .(1985). VQ e ,OGdG
,jdH HdG H dG fdG dG JDdG H .LddG adG e AV
.S e hCG SCG ,jdG Ib eL
id dG QdG je .(1990). jQdG Wh gd jdG dG
dG OGYEG - fdG dG JDdG H . e SGQO ,e a dG dG
. jQSEG ,hCG dG ,jdGh cGdG
ge cEG a jOGYEG MdG a dG ge KCG .(1987). eCG e ,M
,jHdG dGh SGQdG e ,IQe Z Le dSQ .d dG adG
.IgdG eL
e Ac dGh LddGh dG LJ .(2002). QOf ,ghh Se ,ddG
dG ce a FGLEG dG .a a FdG IhdG ,dG dG e
.dG GQ ,HdG jdGh d
AV a edG jfdG SQdH AMCG Y e jJ .(1987). e ,jdG
.T Y eL ,HdG c ,IQe Z GQcO dSQ .LddG adG e
eL ,HdG c .dG jQJ a jM gJG .(1990). HU e ,S
.T Y
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JgJGh T Sh dG d dG a KCG .(1984). S ,dG

.fOQCG edG ,IQe Z Le dSQ .dG dG gJG a dG
SSCG dG Me a dG d jQJ efH .(1994). S ,dG
c IQe Z GQcO dSQ .JYh dG e AV a dG FGOCG d OQCH
.T Y eL ,HdG
dH dG d dG QdG ie bY .(1992). eM e,Ga
,HdG c ,IQe Z Le dSQ .jOGYEG MdG ed dG dGh SGQdG
.T Y eL
jfdG MdG d AjdG d e e .(1991). gGHEG e ,Oe
Z GQcO dSQ .e a FjdG QdG e SSCG WGdG e Hd edG
.SCG eL ,H HdG c ,IQe
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fSG
76
dG - LddG - dG M f Lh
H bdH J VGe M dG f Lh a dEG fSG g J
IY J GDS e fSG g a H c jh .dGh LddGh dG
ALdG . GDdG Ve M be hCG f Lh jH c jh . FGH hCG HLEG
e bCG J a MGh jH QNG K eh ,FGdG c IAGbh H GDS c IAGb
.VdG M dG jCGQ dEG j
fSG gh , VdG M zWN{ iNCGh zU{ HLEG LJ
H J VGe M dG AGQBG ae g SSEG da .feG d
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.LddGh dH Je dG LGJ e IY dg -1
Kd ddG jdG jH dG J G g Y eCG eh

SedG Y AdGh ,dG hCG jdG e dG ch ,dG a dG
AHdG e hCG ,Y H bdG e JLMG eCJ ch ,GdG e gZh
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Qj CG j da ,dG eYh ,eGh ,SGh AdG - O

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81
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a AdG H Y e S e WGe 1500 Y j e UCG CG Le H M20

dG L e HdG ch ,IQGdG LQO a JQGh SEGh Ab H Hf je
je a jaQ e a He HUEG KM f Iq G ah .dG c e jdG
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82
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d adG jdG Sb
jfdG MdH VjdG
jdG dhH
GSH J SGQO{
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VjdG d adG jdG Sb

.jdG dhH jfdG MdH
zJ QNG GSH J SGQO{
```Y d``N IO```Z .O
HdG dG Y b
HdG c
jdG eL
G
jfdG SQGdH VjdG e c GPEG a UdG dhe dEG SGQdG ag
J QNG J :N e dPh ;IAdG e dY LQO Y jdG dhO a
.jdG dhH jfdG Md VjdG e Y (adG) jQdG jd
Hh ,QNG Gg Y VjdG e AGOCG ie H bdG Y dG K
,SQdG dh ,dG fh ,IdG GSh ,dGh ,dG :e ,GG
.d jQdH dG j dG dGh ,dG dGh ,dGh ,gDdGh
dhH jfdG MdH VjdG e e eh ke 54 e SGQdG Y fJ
H jfdG MdH VjdG d TEXES QNG MdG eSG .jdG
QNG :ddG FMEG dSCH fdG de J c .JKh bU e cCdG
fQd aT QNGh ,Multivariate general linear Model jdG Jh ,z{
VjdG d J QNG CG SGQdG Ff H .JQG eeh ,IOdG
Lh c ,HdG JQU a dPh ;Je Uh K LQO d jfdG MdH
GdG H Hh ,J QNG Y VjdG e AGOCG ie H bY
.H JdG
2004/1/18 d db jQJ @
2003/10/5 dG J jQJ @
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The Assessment of Cognitive Competencies for

Mathematics Teachers in Kuwaits High Schools: A
Diagnostic TEXES Test-driven Study
Dr. Ghada Khalid Eid
Department of Education Psychology
College of Education
Kuwait University
Abstract
This study has been an endeavor aiming at finding out how competent math
teachers are in the state of Kuwait at the high school level; this investigation has
been pursued via a standardized competencies test known as the Texas Teaching
Competencies Test (TTCT) administered to high school math teachers as a sample in Kuwaiti schools. The investigation also sought to find out the relationship
between the performance of math teachers on the TTCT and other variables; viz:
gender, nationality, experience duration, schooling system, schooling language,
teachers qualifications, teachers specialization, educational district, and teaching grades. The sample comprised 54 teachers of both genders who teach math
for high school students in Kuwait. The researcher used the TTCT after having
been validated and assessed for reliability and consistency as a valid instrument
for the status of Kuwait. Data gathered have been appropriately statistically
treated using t-test, Multivariate General Linear Model of ANOVA, the Schfe
Multivariate Comparisons statistical follow-up test, and correlation co-efficients. Findings of the study indicate that the TTCT as applied to Kuwaiti math
teachers is a highly valid and reliable Arabic version to check their status of
competency. As well, the study revealed that there is a relationship between the
teachers performance on the TTCT and some of the variables investigated.
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VjdG d adG jdG Sb

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zJ QNG GSH J SGQO{
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HdG c
jdG eL
:eG
J Y ddG e jdG dCG ,HdG OdG a dG e cGJ e
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Je j dG IOH gG UCGh ,UN dG a dG e f
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,eg kY dG IOLh dG ge UCG CG dP Y JJ dh
f FGH kFJ dP j fEGh ,adG QdH dG dG J a Nj
AKCG d jQdG eGH Hh ,gd FdG UEGh LdG fCG iJ
hdG a gG e j e d b JOLh dG H jdG CG M a .edG
dG IAc IOjR fCT e e c Y hdG g UM PEG ;jW eCG e edG
.(1993 ,IQT) LdGh NdG QWEG a dG
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e c OY gG Y PSGh ,dG jdG SGQH gG OGR bh

Y FdG H`dG cM{ YJ IjL jHJ cM Y eb H jHdG
fCG SSCG Y
k hCG jdG aY bh .(Competency- Based Education) zjdG
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jJh , khCG db feEG Y d ;dG a Ie hC dG Zj
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T a T QNG hCG ,d Oj Ve a b e Hc ,jQH S
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dG LCG e d GQNG GSG j jeCG IdG jdG ah
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e ,d SSCG jdG GQNG g Jh .gjJh ,jQdG
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VjdG d adG jdG Sb
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adG fGdG AV a FGOCG a Jh ceG dG e j dG jdG
`````T `fG`L `dEG `à`VE`H Gg ,dG d cM dGh ,fGLdGh
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j jQdG Wh gdG a jJ hCG ,Og HJ J CG GMEG EG
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de dJ dG jQdG cGe e CG ,OGYEG Y ddG dG b e fcCG
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ddG a Y dG GhdGh GJDdG e H dW c ,jeCG IdG
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dG Th ,dG FSdG GSG IQeh ,dG IQGOEGh ,SQd dG
e NBG f gh .dG jdGh SdG FSh GSGh ,edH bYh
,dG IOdG e dc ,dG IOdH UdG jOcCG jdG g jdG
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:a
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VjdG d adG jdG Sb
. (Dodle, 1973; Miller & Miller, 1971) dG ADH JdG GdG H
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AKCG dG ae a H YdGh SGQdG gDdGh IdG eY KCG Y dGh
MdG eh e H e SGQdG Y fJh ,adG jdH edG
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AKCG dG ae ie CG SGQdG Ff Hh .SGQdG Vha e d ,jdG
c Yh ,c QNG Y jdG M e bCG d adG jdG H edG
ha OLhh ,dM c a dG LQdG e (%75) g dG Qhe e Qe
H IN cCG g e dd IdG GS eY dEG LJ FMEG dO GP
H YdGh SGQdG gDdG KCG dM a hdG g e LJ d M a ,jQdG
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jc J a eGSG j IGOCG OGYEH (Leou, 1998) d SGQO eb bh
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,dG IOdG VYh OGYEGh ,jQdG GQe :g OHCG gh ,VjdG e
.jQdG e f JGh dG H IQGOEGh
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dG IAc jJ GgCG gCG CG dEG (Nutriello, 1990) jJf SGQO UJ bh

f ie M GQGdG AHh ,IOdG jQdG bGe a dG AGOCG a KCdG g
,gCdG IRLEG e Y a eGSGh ,NBG ie dEG ie e dG
dGdG Jh ,NB e e fG hCG ,Y AfEG hCG ,SQG XJh
gG dEG ODj H ,ffdG MdG e dG dG a ed fEGh
.dG jQdH jQdG dG
ddG JEG ie Y dG dEG ag a (1993) IQT SGQO eCG
SdG dH dG HdG efd IOdG dG jd dG
YdG jdG hCG SSCG jd dH dP c AGS ,H d
H jdG g cG KCJ ie Y dG dhe dEG aVEG ,d fdG
eGdG da ie Y dG dhe dch ,(HOCG ` Y) jOcCG dG
jd ddG cG a dG HdG efH da iMEc LdG jQdG
Y SGQdG YGh.dG JEG ie AV a a kV jj dG dG
Y Y J J JKh bU e cCdG Hh ,MdG OGYEG e Me bH
dG dG dH dG ddG e e dW (93) e fe
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(HG) bGdG jdG dGh (0^05) dO iHh (%85) V`dG jdG
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.dG ddh
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VjdG d adG jdG Sb
dGh HjEG fGdG Y dG dEG (1996) jPh dG SGQO agh

e Vh dG GgCd jdG f J ie M dG IAc jJ f a
UJh Me dEG UdG K ,J LGJ dG bdG Y dGh ,LCG
AGQBG S ;fSG MdG SGh .d jW aCG J dEG J
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,GgCG :g e HQCG Y fSG MG bh .J bGh Y dG
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.d dG jdG V edGh Hd hL OGjEG M dG OGaCG H
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a Y jQdG dEG LH dG OGaCG L CG SGQdG Ff H bh .jdGh
dG LM jH eb a (Davis, 1997) jO SGQO eCG .jQdG GQeh
e SGQdG Y fJh .SQGdG hjeh ,G cQj c edG AKCG
jJ fSG MdG SGh .jeCH fc je a jeh e (4000)
jJ LQO a KCG d d d dG IdG CG SGQdG Ff Hh .LdG
.SGQdG e L a jQdG Ld
e Y dG dG KCJ ie SH :(Amesterdam, 2001) GOeCG bh
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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SGQdG Ff XCGh .b dhH e (23) gOY H FdGh ,FGHG MdH

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SGQdG IQf j dc .GdG a dG Y cQ NBG Hh ,dG ddG
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,jOdG gdG) adG jd (Texas Examinations of Educator Standards
,VjdG dGh ,MGh AMEG ,SdGh SdGh ,jdG CGh
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VjdG d adG jdG Sb
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d dG gCdG jJh Sd IGOCG OjEG dhe dEG SGQdG gCG LJh
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96
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MdG d a a dGh ,hCG SQdG b e d jQhdG GQjdG

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,gJG Ye H a jd HdG dG eCG .e g d j dG
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98
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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NewsLetter No.
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VjdG d adG jdG Sb
:SGQdG IGOCG
100
NJ CG Teaching Certification `H j e IdG jdG a Lj

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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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Number Concepts OGYCG e :hCG dG
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Patterns and Algebra jdG fCG :fdG dG
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Geometry and Measurement SdGh SdG :ddG dG
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Probability and Statistics MGh AMEG :HGdG dG
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(3) bQ hdG
(30= ) QNd dG LQdH H c LQO JQG ee b
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VjdG d adG jdG Sb
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,Oe e QNG f e ,kGDS (20) e FdG JQU a QNG J
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G G H J QN jQe b
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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VjdG d adG jdG Sb
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(8) bQ hdG
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(11) bQ hG
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110
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e jQJ IAc cCG UdG SQGdG e CG (14) bQ hdG e j

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VjdG d adG jdG Sb
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dG H FMEG dO GP ha OLh Y (17) bQ hdG e j

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VjdG d adG jdG Sb
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Z dG CG dEG dP Lj bh .QNd dG LQdGh ,(VjdG dG)
j a ,jdG dhH jQd eJ Y e hd j jdG
e jQdG a JAc GKCG jdG dG EG jdG SQGdG a jQdH
e d iJ dG dG HdGh ,GQNGh ,hd gRLG N
VfG AGQh SCH gG kjCG QhdG e j Ggh .dG b
dY IAH dG j CG Vhda ,jdG d jQdG IAdG
.L Y dG H jQdG a
J QN OHCG L a dG e jQJ IAc cCG dG CG -3
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bh ,AHCGh hdG b e dG Jeh ,ISCG LJ jQdG fa
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dG) edGh ,(MGh AMEG) HGdGh ,(SdGh SdG) ddGh

UdG SQGdG e CG dEG dP Lj bh .QNd dG LQdGh ,(VjdG
gaGJ j b e hTh ,T Heh ,GQN k jCG j
.edG SQGdG a jQdH ej jdG dG a
edG a gDdG hP dG H FMEG dO GP ha OLh Y -5
CG EG ,dG LQdGh ,QNG OHCG L a ,edG gDdG hP dGh
Lj bh .(jG CG) fdG dG a FMEG dO GP fc hdG g
IAc e jJ fCG VdG e dGh ,eG dG H SGQdG W dEG dP
a dG J dGh ,jHdG dG e jdG Y YWG H dG
EG g e edG H dG CG Y j dGh ,j d Gg CG EG ,jQJ
.Y d Y dG g FGQh e dG gh ,UM J
Z dGh ,jHdG dG H FMEG dO GP ha OLh Y -6
dP j b .QNG Gd dG LQdGh ,J QNG OHCG L a jHdG
dG jQdG dG IAc aQ a jdG dhH HdG d KCG OLh Y
.HJ Z NBG dEG HJ e e J d
GS OYh ,d jQdG jdG H FMEG dO GP bY OLh Y -7
GdG cGd ;f jd dG dhe Y dEG dP Lj bh .IdG
hj e Mh ,e e dP cGj eh ,dGh dG a KOdG
b ,T he g GQcdGh ,Lc ,Y LQO Y dG
WG H dh ,iNCG SC hCG ,d YLG IQdG d J
.bWh dG Ge Y
:UdG h MdGh FdG gCG

Y dG K ,adG jd J QNG J dEG SGQdG g ag
JdG GdG Hh ,QNG Gg Y VjdG e LQO H bdG
:j e SGQdG Ff Hh ,dG ADH
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VjdG d adG jdG Sb
d adG jd J QN jedG FdG e cCdG -1

Gd dGh dG e Se LQO Y SGQdG Ff c a ,VjdG
.JGQY H Mh J H QNG
SQGdG e e jQJ IAc cCG jfEG dG GP SQGdG e CG -2
,(SdGh SdG) ddGh ,(jG CG) fdG :OHCG a HdG dG GP
dG LQdGh ,(VjdG dG) edGh ,(MGh AMEG) HGdGh
.QNd
L a jdG dG e jQJ IAc cCG jdG Z dG CG -3
.J QN OHCG
,J QN OHCG L a dG e jQJ IAc cCG dG CG -4
.QNd dG LQdGh
a edG SQGdG e e jQJ IAc cCG UdG SQGdG e CG -5
.QNd dG LQdGh ,QNG OHCG L
,edG a gDdG hP dG H FMEG dO GP ha OLh Y -6
.dG LQdGh QNG OHCG L a ,edG gDdG hP dGh
Z dGh ,jHdG dG H FMEG dO GP ha OLh Y -7
.QNG Gd dG LQdGh ,J QNG OHCG L a jHdG
GS OYh ,d jQdG jdG H FMEG dO GP bY OLh Y -8
.IdG
:j e MdG J SGQdG Ff Y AHh
iNCG MGdG eh ,UN H jfdG MdG e AfH gG -1

SQdG fc GPEG e hCG ,dG L hCG ,SQdG d Y dG H ,eY H
.UN hCG ,eM
,dG hCG ,dG jRJ AKCG d FdGh ,YLG hdG IYGe -2
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d ;SGQdGh dH d jHdG IJSCG e e d Y -3

g jN dG IAc aQ a jHdG dG da Y SCG Y
.a SQJ dG GQdG jJ dheh ,dG
,edG H GOdG Y dG H UdG fGdGh FGdG jJ -4
da cCG GOdG g e Y dG j M ,GQcdGh ,Lc
.zQh Y M{ GOT Oe dh , dG a kGKCJh
,dG d adG jdG fJ SCG Y d ;SGQO Y -5
.e dGh ,LY dheh
jd ;e Om n eo Y dGh ,d jQJ GQhO Y -6
H bY d e ch ,jQdG Wh ,dGh HdG e a GdH
.dGh dG
b e MdG Y J ,G jd ;IjL dSCGh GhOCG QHG -7
ie Y TCGh VhCG IQU jd j M dPh ;hCG SQdGh ,G
.dG GQNGh ,d dG jJ e ,dG AGOCG
J Y dG GQNG e a HCGh SGQdG e jdG AGLEG -8
.iNCG MGeh ,iNCG
HdG hdG a d Teaching Certificate hCG ,jQdG NdG CGe QGbEG -9
gjH dG deh ,dG L a d J GQNG N e
g e c Y YWGh ,dG JOd dG JEG e cCf M ,jQhO H
.dG e a jL
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VjdG d adG jdG Sb
LGG
H d SGQO .(1990) .gGHEG Wa ,IMh SY IjY ,jZ HCG
SGQO{ SSCG dG e fdG dG a YLG OGdG e id FGOCG jdG
jdG G , zjdGh cGdG dG OGYEG{ fdG dG JDdG .zfGe
.jQdG Wh gd
f Lh e d eRdG jQdG GQdG .(`g1418) .dG Y ,OG
, 31 , (b eL) HdG c dM .b dhH jfdG MdG a LdGh dG
.295-237
AKCG dG IAc jJ f .(1996 ).MdG Y ,jPh dG Y ,G
,(38) 10 ,jHdG dG .zJ SGQO{ jdG dhH HdG IQGRh a edG
.77-27
J ,dG dG id IaGdG dG jdG .(2002). ,GjdG
SQGe a YLG SGQdG e f Lh e ,JDe eL a YLG e e
.SGQdG dG J a KCGh ,OQCH dG ae
[On- line]. Available: http://www.uqu.edu.sa/majalat/humanities/vol.14/.
Md WdG HdG je a dG J .(`g1421).hNBGh , GjdG

, (2) 41 ,(jOdG HdG G) OS dG eL e .Y S a jOGYEG
.112-95
SGQO{ jdG a FGHG MdG e jc .(1993).eH ,G
.77-57 , 2 , (jdG dhO Y UN OY) dGh HdG e .zfQe
,OQCG .eSEG HdG e jc .(2003).jdG OQGdG d WdG cG
[On- line]. Available: http://www.nchrd.gov.jo/research/Analysis/doc0.html
id gaGJ dG jQdG jc .(1996) .TGQ H jdG Y ,OdG

10 ,(jdG eL , HdG c) jHdG dG .SG MdH dG HdG e
.141-111 ,(39)
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MdG d eRdG jQdG GAdG .(1984) .hNBGh M ,eL

.89-59 , (2) 1 ,(jdG eL , HdG c) jHdG dG .jdG dhO a FGHG
d jQdG LMG jJ .(9970) .RU ,Zh SBG ,eM
jdG G) jQdG Wh gdG a SGQO .FGHG MdG a VjdG
.45U , 43 , (jQdG Wh gd
dH dG OGdG d eRdG jQdG GAdG .(1992) .Y ,OM
,13 ,(jQdG Wh gd jdG G) .jQdG Wh gdG a SGQO .fdG
.76-55
jQdG e f JGh jQdG GAdG .(1990) . M ILe ,S
JDdG .zJ SGQO{ k jHJ gDdG Zh gDdG jOGYEG MdH dG e id
Wh gd jdG G ,zjdGh cGdG dG OGYEG{ fdG dG
.jQdG
Oe AV a dG jdG cG jJ .(1993).Q MCG ,IQT
27 ,IUdG HdG e . d SdG dG dW id fJEG dG
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jQJ efH da .(2002) .dG Y Gf ,dGh dG Y e ,JT
SGQO .FGHG MdG a VjdG e id jQdG GQdG J a e
110-88 ,83 ,(jQdG Wh gd jdG G) .jQdG Wh gdG a
fK c HdG d eRdG jHdG jdG .(1987) .TQ ,W
.HdG dG QGO :IgdG ,dG Yh HdG a dG dG .eG idH
IdG eY KCG .(1990) . Y ,dG Yh jdG Y ,jdG Y
OGYEG{ fdG dG JDdG .eG AKCG dG id adG jdG a gDdGh
.jQ`dG Wh gd jdG dG ,zjdGh cGdG ,dG
.OQCG Y ,bdG QGO ,dG AV a dG jdG .(1983). aJ ,Ye
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VjdG d adG jdG Sb
dG jdG da a YSG SGQO .(1989) .Sj f ,He

dG .OQCG a zTLh ,HQEG{ je a jfdG MdG e Y gQOeh
. 251- 219 , (5) 19 ,(jdG eL ,HdG c) jHdG
dG dG MGe a dG jc jJ .(1989) .G hd HdG HdG e
.dG hd jHdG d HdG cdG .HdG dG hO a
c d dG jdG .(1990) .MdG Y ,GdGh j ,Gf
-96 ,(1) 2 , jHdG d OS dG eL e .jOdG HdG dH HdG
.122
QNG .(2003) .eG e H d edG IQGOEG , dGh HdG IQGRh
.d SSCG jdG
[On- line]. Available:
http://www.jeddahedu.gov.sa/Departments/elaam/kefayat/kefayat.htm
Al-Mahmoud, N. (1984). Self reported teaching proficiencies and their
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Leou, S.(1998). Teaching competencies assessment approaches for mathematics

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[On- line]. Available:
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professional competencies in successful classroom teaching. The Journal of
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W J J a FdG
SdG a SdG MdG
S eQ jN .O
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FdG dG Y Fb JGSEG da
SdG a SdG MdG W J J a
S eQ jN IQcdG
SSCG HdG eL
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dG
ANCG Y a FdG dG Y Fb JGSEG da H dEG SGQdG ag
dG IMd SGQO AKCG a j dGh ,(dhCG dG) SdG MdG eJ
IdG N e ANCGh ,HdG g e jJ J bh ,SdG Qe a
OGYEG J K ,ed geb dG JGQNG Ff Jh ,dG d dG
(62) jdG Yd jQJ K ,FdG dG Pf AV a SdG IMdG
HdG Yd f IMdG jQJ J M a ,FdG Nd kah dWh dW
QNG GSG jW Y SGQdG Ff H bh .jdG jdH dWh dW (62)
j dG ANCG Y a FdG dG Pf AV a MdG IMdG da z{
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d dc .dG QNd dG dG a HdGh ,jdG YdG H
H ;PdG Gg e JOSG a dW (32) fEG Y kdW (30) QcdG j
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2004/3/10 d db jQJ @
2003/11/11 dG J jQJ @
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The Effectiveness of a Constructivist

Learning Strategy for Development of
Geometry Learning in the Middle School
Dr. Khayria Ramadan Saif
College of Basic Education
State of Kuwait
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of a constructivist learning
strategy for remedying geometry learning mistakes for the middle school students, first graders during their study of the unit on trigonometry in the geometry course. Mistakes and special difficulties have been pinpointed and clearly
defined from the experience of some teachers, and from an analysis of the test
results they have provided to the researcher. The unit on trigonometry had been
remodeled so as to be based on the strategy suggested for constructivist learning
with the objective to remedy the mistakes students commonly make during their
study of geometry. The remodeled unit was taught to an experimental group (62
in number) after the constructivist model of learning while the same unit was
presented in a traditional fashion of teaching to the control group which was 62
in number.
Findings of a t-test indicate that the unit having been constructively remodeled
is effective in remediating mistakes commonly made in trigonometry by the students of geometry as there have been statistically significant differences between
the two groups to the good of the experimental one on posttesting. No gender
differences have been detected according to the posttesting results where both
genders (males = 30 and females = 32) made very good use of the constructivist
learning model. This means that the strategy suggested and the model of learning underpinning this strategy is gender effects-free.
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SdG a SdG MdG W J J a
S eQ jN .O
SSCG HdG eL
jdG dhO
:eG
;Ie hC SdG MdG ed SQJ dG VjdG ha MCG SdG qJ
g gCG H hj edG e Gc CG Mj fEa ,SdG IOe d Gfh
,jdG VY jW Y IOdG J jQH ej dG CG c , IdG a IOdG
jQdG e jdG M Y fHQj K ,d ITe IQH SdG IYdG hCG
Gc CG dP Y Jjh ,dG e Gj EG dEG IYdG J hCG ,jdG g Y
.SdG H JdG ANCG e c a j dG e
HJ dG HdG Yh H gG dG SGQdG e dG LJh
dG SGQdG eCG eh ,VjdG a dG YVd J a edG
VH gG dGh ,(1982) iQHCG SGQO HdG J H gG
a ANCH gG dGh ,(1983) adG SGQOh , ZGdG SdG a ANCG
a VjdG J HH gG dGh ,(1986) N SGQOh ,fdG IOe
J a ANCH gG dGh ,(1990) Z SGQOh ,iQdG ifdG hCG dG
.YdG SdG SdG Ve
a HdGh ANCG e fj dG CG J SGQdG g dEG LdHh
MdG e kGAH , SGQdG MGdG e ah ,VjdG YVe e
.edG MdG Mh ,FGHG
ANCG g e dJ CG j dG dG H jH gG dG SGQdG eh
SG e cCdG Y cQ dG (1983) adG SGQOh ;(1983) gGHEG SGQO
FSdG GSG e SQd dG OGYEG K ,SQd eRdGh HdG Gd edG
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;iOdG dH gG dGh (1989) dG SGQOh ;SQd SdG dG

LdG jQdGh fCG e Ye eb dGh (1992) GVQ SGQOh
Y SG c .Vjd J a edG LGJ dG Hd dG
LGJ b dG HdGh ,ANCG J e Y a dG RdG (1996 ) MdG
. Vjd J a edG
dGh Constructivist Model FdG jdG hCG ,PdH j e jM X dh
.LH Y cQ e gCG toj Ggh ,dG Y AKCG dG Yah f gCG Y cJ
GP dG cDJ dGh ,FdG dG Y FdG PdG MCG FdG dG Pfh
jdGh dG cQdGh , dG a dG QhdG N e ,dG Y FdG dG
ge AH H a hCG ,Ye V H ej dG fCG a ed
.(1996 , fj h QM h dG) dG aQeh
VjdG jQJ a J dG PdG RHCG e FdG dG Pf qjh
Qe dG PdG Gg j M IOe feEG e d d ;dG e gZh
SQd UdG j fCG c ;jh ,jh ,j idG a , dG dG
gZh ,SGh ,JGh ,dGh ,SdGh ,MdG :e ,dG Y
UdG d j M ,edG id YGHEG dG J Y j c .dG e
jH dG ed j fCG c .IMGdG d dG e OY cCG a d
ed UdG j fCG dEG aVEH ,gY dG dG J dEG iODj e ,Y
QGdG `d `j e ,FeR e gZ e hCG ,dG e QGdGh bd
.(Duffy,1991) èdG H h`dG hQ jh ,Af `jh ,`dG
gCG Y cJ FdG CG dEG (Battista & Clements,1990) ch JH jh
d IjL W Y dG dEG j CG j da ,H ad dG AH
H ej da ,dG e ed dG SG e cCG dG ddG a
. jd HdG adG dGh ,IjdG edG
GSG gCG (Mercer, King, Banker, & Peterson,1996) hNBGh Se cDJh
jh .edG e dG YdG LGd VjdG jQJ Y FdG dG
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Me Y j jQdG a FdG SCG GSG CG dEG (Wright, 1990) jGQ

.jCG WCG VjQ Me a j CG dG e H , e jY
J a NdG Gg Ya Y dH SGQdG e c gG ddh
FdG NdG KCG Y dH (Mingus, 1997) Se b M ;dG
.VjdG f JGeh dG gJG a dG dG jQJ Y gdG
dG Ge hCG ,g`G à KDj FdG N``dG Gg CG SGQdG Ff Hh
J a FdG dG SCG da (Shyu, 1997) iT H c .VjdG `f
dN e Geb JM bGd VJ H dH dG id dG M GQe
N eh ,dG M GQe e Gj c edG Y dGh idH
dG ADg id dG M GQe CG J ,IU Ye a dG Y
. d aGO OGR c ,Xe LQH J b
dG Pf GS KCG OLh Ff VhCG (2000) YSEG SGQO ah
AHh ,dG a YdG IMH dG VjdG gdG jQJ a FdG
b H . OGYEG hCG dG eJ id VjdG a YGHEG dGh dG KCG
IQdG YdG IMH dG VjdG gdG jQd ShQO OGYEH MdG
a J QNGh ,FdG dG Pf GSH OGYEG hCG dG eJ Y
.VjdG a YGHEG d QNGh .gdG g
Oe Y j SdG jQd e SCG jH (2000) jb b c
fdG dG QdG ie Hh H YdG KCG SGQOh ,FdG gdG
SdG J e c Y OGYEG hCG dG eJ id spatial visualization
dGh ,Jh SdG J je dEG j dG UJ AV a
kJ GQNG MdG SG zVan Hiele- g a{ Ud W SdG
Y AH OGYEG J OGYEG hCG dG ed SdG dG ie jd
j SdG a J QNGh , SdG dG jd zg a{ UJ
dG QdG ie Sd QNG dEG aVEH ,SdG J je dEG
FdG JGSEG J SGQdG Ff Hh . jCG MdG OGYEG e gh ,fdG
J a gKCG M e ,ddG M dEG Uh bJ IOdG NGdG Y MdG
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,SdGh ,JdG) KdG Jje e c Y j fEGh ,fdG dG QdG
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eJ id SdG dG J a JGSEG g da FdG ``XCG
edG eCG , IM Y c fdG dG QdG e ,SdGh ,JdG :jdG
dG J a MdG JGSEG KCG j a ,dG dG QdG hhP
. ddG M dEG jd SdG
AV a dG IOe a IMh jQJ da (2000) MdG Y SGQO Ff Hh
OhdG VH UdGh ,dG IOe a dG ANCG Y a FdG jdG
.jdG jOdGh
VjdG jQJ a FdG JGSEH gG IQhV S e jh
g da HdG SGQdG Ff H a ;Constructivist Teaching Strategies
HJ N e d J a ,dG Mh dG J a JGSEG
He j CGh ,Hh ,d VjdG idG AH j CG a jQdG GAGLEG
. (Mathematical Connections) VjQ WJQGh bY e idG TCG
(National Council of Teachers of Mathematics[NCTM],2000)
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g N e j dc , H edG dEG j d j CG d UdG J
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f g eh ,dG e gZh VjdG jQJ a FdG dG gCG J
Y a FdG dG Y Fb JGSEG GSG dhe a ddG SGQdG e
. Sd J a SdG MdG e hCG dG eJ a j dG ANCG
:SGQdG e
Y j dM SQGdG a SdG jQJ CG a ddG SGQdG e J
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g Y jQdGh jQdG H M K ,dG b e jdG hCG ,IYdG jJ

,ANCG e c QX dEG iODj e . dBG IQHh a hH IYdG J hCG ,jdG
SGQdG g AL dd ;SdG IOdG SGQO Y dG id HdGh
Y a FdG dG Y Fb JGSEG GSG KCG Sd MdG e dhc
. SdG IOe a SdG MdG W ANCG
: ddG FdG DhdG a ddG SGQdG e jJ j fEa Yh
?SdG a SdG MdG W ANCG Y a FdG dG da e

:ddG YdG dDhdG FdG DhdG Gg e jh
W J J a FdG dG GSH dG IMh jQJ KCG e -1

? a OGYEG hCG dG
? dG NH IMdG g jQJ KCG j g -2
:SGQdG GgCG
:dEG SGQdG g J
J a FdG dG GSH (dG) Sg IMh jQJ KCG ae -1

.a dG J
.FdG dG e JOSG a dGh dG H hdG Y dG -2
:SGQdG gCG
:JBG fGdG e gCG ddG SGQdG J
a Jh ,VjdG e AH Y FdG SGQdG g Ff J b -1

.ddG gdG a VJ CG j H ,eG dG W Y dG
a IOdG ANCG hM aJ Y dG SGQdG g YJ c -2
.KhM SCG Y J b fC dPh ;SGQdG
ch ,ANCG SCG ae a fCG edG SGQdG g J c -3
.LY
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e VdG bdG a jHdG H Oj d YVe HSG SGQdG g q J -4

dSCG jJh ,jQdG a jdG jHdG gJG Ije
.dG dG a HjEG cCG Ff dEG ODJ b IjL JGSEGh
Sg IMh jQJ J ShQO jJ a SGQdG g gCG LJ dc -5
Pf MGd ah (hCG dG) SdG MdG W Y IQeh
jQJ a MGdG g GSG c ae e dG Jh ,FdG dG
. IMdG YVe
:SGQdG e
d IdG jdG JCj ah,dG e OY ddG SGQdG a OQh
:e
:dG
dG Ggh , GdG H Qhd f OdG S a f HK J gh

jhdGh ,bdc ,OdG dM j e KCJ dEG h ,dG Y dEG YLQEG j
. (15 : 1998 , HL )
:FdG
fCG AH a f j dG CG eGb ,dG fh dG jf a jDhQ g

.(1 :1992 ,jRh jR) IdG e jdG JQb YJ f jd dG
:FdG dG
a QT jHJ GH Qhe f ddG S a f HdG dG gh

.(325 : 2000 ,MdG Y) H adG AH e j H ,YH
:FdG dG JGSEG
HQCG ah jh ,dGh dG H YdG cDJ dG jQdG dSCG MCG g

dG GbG Me ,aSG Me ,IYdG Me :g He MGe
.(297:2000 ,YSEG) AGLEG PJG Meh ,dGh
132
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
133
:SGQdG Vha
:ddG SGQdG a JBG VdG QNG J
YdG W LQO Se H FMEG dO GP ha LJ -1

QNd r ndG dG a HdG YdG W LQOh ,jdG
.dG
YdG W LQO Se H FMEG dO GP ha LJ -2
QNd rndG dG a HdG YdG W LQOh ,jdG
.dG
LQOh ,QcdG LQO Se H FMEG dO GP ha LJ -3
.dG QNd rndG dG a jdG YdG a fEG
:SGQd dG QWEG
a X dG jdG dG e FdG Ea ,SGQdG ee a H CGh S c
FdG Od ja Vfh .dG Y FdG dG cDJ dGh ,INCG GdG
jd kW dG QhOh ,FdG dG Pf MGe gCG hf K ,FdG d
.jQdG a FdG
:FdG Y J dG OdG :khCG
:g FQ Oe HQCG Y J FdG dG CG (1992) jRh jR cj
dEG dG e f j h ,f d adG RdG b e kJGP dG j `1

.dG
:Ea CGdG Gg AV ah
.dG GSG jW Y H H UdG adG j dG `
Yd f dG Y NGH dG j M JN Y dGO dG ae `
.d dG OS f dh ,LQdG ddG e SGM
g J M ,dG Y FdG dG Ad SSCG T dG dG ae `
.dG Y dEG IjdG adG Y J dG dG HH adG
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S eQ jN .O
dG eGHh ,HdG JGH Y a dG j dG adG dG KCJ `2

J dG GdG jJ j fEa ddh ;IjdG edG a J dG
.HS ae e jd H IjdG edG HQ e dG
j d adG AdG GJa ,kY kGL J f M Y dG `3
J d GPEG h ,bj e e e IdG e AL c VdGh MGdH
,dG gd b ae e jd e Y gH dG JbJ e IdG e
kS j fEa ddh ;GJG H j e hCG ,kHe adG DhH j
GdG Yj H ,Y FdG adG AdG a ,GJG IOYEG AGQh
AdG J IOYEG{ `H j e Ggh ,e AGjh IjdG GdG e JBG
.dG Y dG Y FdG dG j dHh ; zadG
H j da ,c H dG dG id fdG adG dG hJ `4
gG dG e Yj Ggh ,WN J b fCG e ,adG e jd
a CdG Jh ,IdG e U cDJ dG fCG e jdG QNH
.dG Y kGOLe dP c GPEG dG
:FdG dG Pf MGe :kfK
:JBG a (1998) OS gOj GN HQCG Y dG a FdG PdG j
Invite Stage IYdG Me :dhCG MdG
SCd dG W N e dPh ;dG dEG dG IYO MdG g a j

Y VH dG j dG QdG H GSH hCG ,dG Y edG J dG
dG dEG aJh gJh ,edG GQb iJ dG dG H hCG ,edG
,VhdG QdG hCG ,MhdG SCG J CG jh ,dG dEG Ud dGh
.d HdG IdH Je ed jJ j dG dG hCG
:QHGh ,cGh ,SG Me :fdG MdG
Explore, Discover and Create Stage:
d M dEG UdG dhe fCG a edG j MdG g ah

.dG MW dG SCG Y HLEG jJ hCG ,HdG MdG a Y VY dG
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
135
jW Y fCH jdGh ,SdGh ,MdH MdG g a edG jh

LdG Y MdG g a dG QhO jh ;fe Z Ye a dG
.ed dGh
Propose Solutions and Explanation Stage: dGh dG jJ :ddG MdG
dEG Ud ,H Geb d bdG N e edG MdG g a dG Oj

GQJ e edG id e jJ kjCG MdG g a jh ,HdG gdG
.WN ge e jd e e dG dG gdG MEG hCG ,WN
Take Action Stage AGLEG PJG Me :HGdG MdG
LSG hCG ,geh ,M e edG dEG UJ e J MdG g a j

,bd ed adG bdG aJ jh ;IdG a hCG ,He iNCG bGe a
.HdG MGdG e J eh dEG GUJ e Jh ,H a YdGh
:ddG dG MGdG g NCJ CG jh
(1) bQ dG
FdG dG Pf MGe
M ;H a ee FdG dG Pf MGe CG (1) bQ dG e j

aO dEG IYdG Me ODa ,ddG Md kGJ e Xh Me c ODJ
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M dEG Ud edG dhe dEG gQhH ODJ dGh ,Sd edG

J e J Me JCJ K ,dG fCG a GfG N e GJh
Oj CG j dGh ,e JMh Y bGe a dEG GUJ eh ,edG
IYdG Me dEG ODJ IjL eh ee INCG MdG g a edG
.Ggh ,jL e
:FdG dG a dG QhO :kdK
MGe fCG H j a ,FdG dG a eh M QhH dG j
,jQd IQdG IMdH JdG dG jJ e jGH ,FdG dG Pf
adG bdG aJ Gk NCGh ,ed gaJ j dG dG GdH Fb Hc K
,H edG H HjEG YdG N e fCH d ed SdGh
.dG Hh Hh
j fCG dEG UdG j fEa ,FdG dG Pd HdG MGdG AV ah
:CG FdG dG Pf GSG Y VjdG e Y
,jQJ j dG VdH dG GP ITdG dG fCG Ye j `1
d edG IQKEG dEG ODj e ,HdG edG GH Je Jh
.ASGh
,QHGh ,dGh ,SH Gej d ed adG bdG aj `2
Y j dc ,J OGdG SQdG VH dG dG LGeh
.fCH dG dEG Ud eJ J dG
,(fe Z Y c a eJ 6`4) IU Ye dEG edG J `3
.YdG dGh hdG Y jh
N e dEG GUJ d MdGh GdG jJ Y edG J `4
Y WN CG U fcCG AGS ,QHGh ,cGh ,SG Me
dEG edG LJ dG Y dd ;Y j h ,edG ANCG j CG
HLEG dEG UdG c dEG gOTQEGh LJ hCG ,fCH H dG
GN e SQdG NGO J e J dEG edG dG Lj `. 5dG
.He JM bGe a IjL
136
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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NewsLetter No.
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
137
J j fCG dEG j M
fg gcDj QGhOCG gh
:j a FdG dG H a dG QhO
(Honebein,1996)
.adG AH d J GN aJ `1
.IOe f Lh e GN aJ `2
.IdG a J j H ,e GP kbGh dG L `3
.dG Y a kGQhO dG AYEG `4
.YLG GN a dG Vh `5
,Hc ,IAGb) IOe H QaCG Y dG Y dG J `6

.(dEG.....,J
.aG AH Y JQH K dG AYEG `7
:SGQdG GAGLEG
:SGQdG e -1
(HdGh ,jdG) YdG J GP jdG T dG MdG eSG
.SGQdG Gd rndGh ,rndG SdGh
SGQdG Y -2
CG SQe e kGJ (64) e ,IJh mJ (124) e SGQdG Y fJ

(32) a c a a bGH jdG dhO a edG e a H SdG S
a H SdG jdG SQe e kGJ (60) e fJ a dG Y eCG ,IJ
jRJ (1) bQ hdG jh .kGJ (30) a c a a bGH .jdG e
.SGQdG Y OGaCG
NewsLetter No.
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(1) bQ hdG
SGQdG Y OGaCG jRJ
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
138
VdG U e dG J ,HdGh jdG ;YdG DaJ e cCdh

Se H FMEG dO GP ha LJ { :Y j dGh ,SGQd hCG
dG a HdG YdG eJ LQOh ,jdG YdG eJ LQO
hdGh Je Z d FdG dG QNG GSH .zdG QNd dG
.dP Vj (2) bQ
(2) bQ hdG
eJ LQO Se H hdG dd z{ b
dG QNd dG dG a HdGh jdG YdG
1^98 =(0^05 ,122)
Y Jeeh aQe a YdG OGaCG fJ (2)bQ hdG e j

e bCG (1^16) gh HdG z{ b fc M ,SGQdG Ve SdG IMdG
j dHh ;(0^05) dO ie Y (1^98) hJ dGh dhdG z{ b
.HdGh jdG ;YdG D aJ e cCdG K eh ,SGQd hCG VdG b
NewsLetter No.
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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:SGQdG GhOCG -3
:dG IMh a J QNG
e dG IMh a , IOe (45) e FdG JQU a QNG Gg Jh

SdG MdG e dhCG dG W Y QdG ,Sg GAfEGh ge c
,WN HLEG d kGUh ,U HLEG d IMGh LQO Jh ,jdG dhH
.LQO (45) g QNG Gd dG jdG Ea K eh
:QNG AH MGe
:ddG MGdH QNG Gg AH e
.H dG YVdGh gdG jd IMdG ie J `1
dc ,IMdG J dG YVdG L J dGh ,QNG OH OGYEG `2

,a ,cJ) dG adG jdG a dG aGgCG L J
.dhCG JQU a IOe (60) QNG OH OY Uh bh (J
ge J dG e Ye Y dhCG JQU a QNG VY J `3
dG j GDS c CG e cCdG H dPh ;VjdG jQJ Wh
.QNG GOd dG edGh bdG e cCdGh ,LCG e Vh dG
J J ,IOe (50) dEG QNG Uh dG jJh AGQBG AV a `4
FMEG dG e cCd IJh kGJ (50) M YSG Y Y
:ddG dG Y dPh ,dGh
dG :hCG
Y AGOCG LQOh ,IOe c Y AGOCG LQO H JQG ee M J
ie Y dGO JQG ee L fc M ,d TDc c QNG
dGO J a ,47 ,27 ,19 ,11 , 7 :JBG bQCG GhP GQdG GY a (0.05)
dEG JGQY OY Uh idG Sd FdG IQdG e gOSG J dHh ,kFMEG
.dP Vj (3) bQ hdGh ,IQY (45)
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(3) bQ hdG
(50= ) dG QNd dG LQdGh IOe c LQO H JQG ee b
140
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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0^27 = (0^05 , 48)Q :LG dG
NewsLetter No.
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
141
dG QNG K :kfK
M ,QNG K jJ a KR20 (20) SOQjQ QOc dOe eSG

. Je b gh 0^85 jdG g GSH dG e b H
,HKh OU ddG SGQdG a dG dG QNG CG S e jh
fEG M SGQdG Ff dEG WG dch ,eGSG dEG WG dEG Yj e
.j CG Y be g e j
:SGQdG a dG GN
:j H MdG eb VhdG U QNGh ,SGQdG DhJ Y HLEd
c ,FdG QdG e SdG Qe a dG IMh jQd d dO OGYEG J -1

:ddG Gg a YhQ bh ,PdG Gg a dG QhOh ,FdG PdG MGe a
AH Y ddG IYe Y cJ dG dG fCG e jdG j CG ` GC
bdG d e H kGJ dG j Cc ,acGh H adG
e HdG dG a SQO eh ,QaCGh dG gdG H HJ dG
CG hCG .dG H OdG VJ e ,iNCG Sg QaCGh ge
,gGdG hCG ,jdG MCG e Hc dG j CG dG AKCG dG j
,kSe Gj dG dH QaCG j CGh ,UdG H QaCG MCG Y dG hCG
.SQdG dG Vj dG dH hCG ,f JdH IQhdH dh
Yh jbdG a YJ dG dG fCG H UN H gG `
.edG a j dG ANCG
.HdGh ,jdG YdG Y kb kJ dG QNG J J `2
J dG IMdG SQO dGh ,jdG YdG ed SdG IMh jQJ `3

jdH f IMdG SQO dGh ,HdGh ,FdG PdG AV a gOGYEG
:JBG a J dGh ,jdG
.SQdG GH dG SdG jdG hCG ,fGdG cjh ,SQdG dG j `
.edG eCG jdG hCG ,fGdG g Y jQdGh eCG H j `
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S eQ jN .O
e YdG g Y jQd VY S d He jQJ M edG e j `

.jQdG
.kjH kJ YdG Y f QNG J `4
.SGQdG HLEG Jh ,QNG J `5
.SQGdG HLEG Fd FMEG dG `6
:SGQdG fd FMEG dG
TdG QGUEG
YLG d FMEG RdG efH GSG J

: ddG dG Y YSGh SSCG SGQdG fH de a
SPSS / PC
.NGdG JG jW Y edG GhOCG U e dG .1
kjHh kb SGQdG Y OGaCG AGOC jQdG aGfGh ,SdG M .2

. dG QNd
.SGQdG Vha U QN JdG Z Sd z{ QNG GSG .3
:SGQdG OhM
:j a SGQdG Ff OJ
.SdG MdH dhCG dG eJ gh ,edG dG `1
.dG IMh gh ,SdG IMdG `2
.FdG dG Pf `3
:gJh SGQdG Ff
GP ha LJ{ :f dGh ,SGQd fdG VdG U QN dH :hCG
dG a HdGh ,jdG YdG eJ LQO Se H FMEG dO
H hdG dd FdG dG QNG MdG eSG .zdG QNd dG
. dP Vj (4) bQ hdGh ,Je Z Y Se
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
143
(4) bQ hdG
LQO Se H hdG dd z{ b
dG QNd dG dG a HdGh jdG YdG
1^98 =(0^05 ,122) :LG dG
:j e (4) bQ hdG e j
,jdG YdG LQO Se H FMEG dO GP ha OLh `1
HdG z{ f H M ,dG QNd dG dG a HdGh
dGh ,(0^05) dO ie Y dhdG z{ b e cCG gh ,(41^73)
.(1^98) b fc
J dG SdG IMdG SQO dGh ,jdG YdG dd hdG g `2
YdG LQO Se b H a ,FdG dG Pf AV a gOGYEG
Se b e cCG gh (41^12) dG QNd dG dG a jdG
.(30^15) b fc dGh ,f QNG a HdG YdG
.Vae SGQdG g a fdG jdG VdG J dHh
LJ { fCG Y j dGh ,SGQd ddG VdG U QN dH :kfK

dG dG a fEGh QcdG LQO Se H FMEG dO GP ha
FdG dG QNG MdG eSG .zjdG Yd dH dG QNd
.dP Vj (5) bQ hdGh ,Je Z Y Se H hdG dd
(5) bQ hdG
fEGh QcdG LQO Se H hdG dd z{ b
jdG Yd dH dG QNd dG dG a
2.00 =(0^05 ,60) :LG dG
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Se H FMEG dO GP ha OLh Y (5) bQ hdG e j

Yd dH dG QNd dG dG a fEGh QcdG LQO
,FdG dG e f LQdH j fEGh QcdG e kc CG j Ggh ,jdG
.Vae ZSGQd ddG jdG VdG J dHh
: gJh FdG be
a FdG dG Y Fb JGSEG da H dEG ddG SGQdG ag d
SGQO AKCG a j dGh ,(dhCG dG) SdG MdG eJ ANCG Y
J K ,ANCGh HdG g e jJ J bh ,SdG Qe a dG IMd
jdG Yd jQJ K ,FdG dG Pf AV a SdG IMdG OGYEG
.jdG jdH HdG Yd f IMdG jQJ Jh.FdG Nd kah
Y a FdG dG Pf AV a MdG IMdG da SGQdG Ff H bh
N e dP JG c ,SdG IMd SGQO AKCG edG a j dG ANCG
QNd dG dG a HdGh jdG YdG H dGO ha OLh
H ,PdG Gg e JOSG a fEG Y QcdG j d dc ,dG
c SGQO e SGQdG g Jh .dG KCG e Qe FdG PdG Gg KCJ CG
( 2000 ) YSEG SGQOh ,(Shyu,1997) iT SGQOh ,(Mingus, 1997) Se e
.( 2000 ) MdG Y SGQOh ,( 2000 ) jb SGQOh ,
ed j NdG Gg Ea ;FdG PdG W dEG dP MdG LJh
eh ,UN jH Jh ,JJh ,QaCG deh ,IOdG AH IOYEG (fEG/QcP)
dG K eh ,H Yhh ,dG WJQd edG GQOEG e dP Y Jj
dG jQd dG NdG a aGe Z dP ch ,dG IOdG d aCG
jQJ K ,Y jQdG H M K ,IYdG cP K ,SQdG T Y j
.He eCG M Y dG
144
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
145
:UdG
:JBH UJ MdG Ea ddG SGQdG Ff AV a
jQd FdG JGSEG Y edG AKCG VjdG e jQJ `1

fCG J ch ,UN H SdG jQJh ,Y H VjdG
? e Le fj ch ,H adG AH Y dG YJ FH
,a j dG ANCG gCG Y bd d dG b e dG jdG `2
.ANCG g e dJ CG j dG dG dG GSGh
VjdG c AH hCG ,OGYEGh ,QJ Y ddGh ,VjdG Le Y `3
IOdG VY a FdG NGdG GSG ,UN H SdGh ,Y H
adG AH j CG LdG dG fCG N e ed j H dG
.Hh ,d UN H SdGh ,Y H VjdG
:Me H
dG H dH MdG UJ d kcEGh ddG SGQdG Ff AV a
:j e H e dG SGQdGh
J j d ;d eh ,Ic Y Y SGQdG g e AGLEG `1
.FdG
dG f dG Y SGQdGh dH SdG a iNCG YVe hJ `2
SGQdG d dG GQdG hJ j dc ,SGQdG g a AL
.iNCG
J dG J e ,FdG dG Y FdG JGSEG da H fQdG `3
a dG ANCG Y a GbCG jQJh ,hdG dc iNCG W Y
.VjdG
dGh ,bdG dc ,iNCG J JGf a FdG NGdG KCG SGQO `4
.SdGh VjdG SGh ,dG dGh ,YGHEG
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````LGdG
a SSCG GQdG H jQJ a JdG GSG . (1983 ).W Ra ,gGHEG
.QdG ICe :jQSEG .LY jJ SGQO VjdG
dG HdGh FdG ANCd J SGQO . (1982).MCG Oe ,iQHCG
IQe Z Le dSQ . ZGdG SdG jQJ M a fdGh hCG dG W LGJ
.jQSEG eL , HdG c
FdG dG Pf GSG KCG .(2000 ).M HQ e ,YSEG
VjdG YGHEG dGh dG KCG AHh ,dG a VjdG gdG jQJ
HdG c) ``dG ``Yh `H`dG a ``dG è ,OGYEG hCG dG eJ id
. 320- 294 ,(3)13 ,(dG eL
JGSEG - jdG SCG ,dGh jQdG .(1998 ).HL dG Y ,HL
.HdG dG QGO :IgdG .dG Yh HdG a LGdG S YdGh
L e ,fjh M dG Y ,QMh Sj N ,dG
. dG QGO : HO . dG dG MGe a dG jQJ . (1996).jdG
a j dG FdG ANCd J SGQO . (1986 ).e jdG e ,N
dSQ .LY Me Hh edG VjdG Qe a QdG fdG hCG dG W
.W eL , HdG c , IQe Z Le
VjdGh HdGh IAGdG J HU Y efH .(1992).M Ijg ,GVQ
c ,IQe Z GQcO dSQ .jJ SGQO ,SSCG dG e HGdG dG eJ id
.jQSEG eL ,HdG
Qe e FdG .(1992).dG Y c ,jRh M M ,jR
.QdG ICe : jQSEG .HJh LdHEG
a FdG dG Pf GSG da . (1998).M OdG Y e ,OS
a eb bQh .FGHG edG dG eJ id QHG dG J a dG jQJ
jdG dG ,jdGh OdG d dG e OGYEG fdG dG JDdG
.T Y eH dG jQJ jJ ce dG Hd
146
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
147
a Me J eRQ GSG KCG . (1996 ).e M je ,MdG Y

HdG H FGHG dG T W e fj dG ANCG H Y a jOdG QdG
HdG WdG a dG e JDe a eb bQh . jQdG Jjc H J ah
.je 27-26 GM eL JDe ,ddGh bEG H
ANCG Y a FdG dG KCG . (2000 ).e M je ,MdG Y
. 359- 315 ,3 ,VjdG jHJ e . dG a jOGYEG MdG W
Qe a YdG hCG dG W id FdG ANCG . (1990 ).gGHEG ,Z
dSQ .fGe SGQO dSG IQdGh fdG IQdH bYh YdGh SdG SdG
.SCG eL ,HdG c ,IQe Z Le
ieh Me FH JGSEG H YdG KCG . (2000 ).VGQ e ,jb
hCG dG eJ id SdG Jh SdG dG a fdG dG QdG
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The Effects of Using Computers

on Developing Some Creative Thinking
Abilities of Saudi Intermediate School Students
Dr. Ibrahim S. Al-Sabaty

College of Education, King Faisal University
Al-Ehsaa / AL-Hofuf
Saudi Arabia
Abstract
The present study aimed at identifying the effects of the experienced use of computers on developing some components of the creative thinking abilities
(Originality-Fluency-Flexibility) of Saudi teenagers in both village and urban
areas. Subjects of the study included 210 intermediate school students whose
average age was 13.2 years. They were randomly divided into four groups. The
first group was composed of 70 urban school students who have more than three
years of computer experience. The second group included 55 urban school students whose experience with computers was less than three years. The third
group was composed of 40 villagers of the students and whose experience with
computers was more than three years. The fourth group included 65 students
who live in villages, too, but their experience in computers was less than three
years.
Tools of the study included: The Creative Thinking Test, and a questionnaire.
Appropriate statistical analysis was administered such as Analysis of Variance
(2 X 2). Results indicated that urban subjects with more than three years of computer experience were better in terms of originality, fluency, flexibility, and creativity.
The study ended up with some recommendations and suggestions for further
research.
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GSG SCG NG Ya Y dG dEG (2001) QhS SGQO ag c
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SSCG Y ,Oe bh a e d HSG e e OY cCG fEG Y OdG
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e OY cCG fEG Y IQdG{ :fCH jJ jh .(1994 ,S) aGdG hCG
J fCHh ,(1977 ,QdG Y) ze kWhT aJ H e be a QaCG
AYSG Y IQdG{ :fCHh .(1973 ,Sh M HCG) zdH QaCG QhU{
,dG N) ze e d IOe eR Ie a SdG QaCG e e OY cCG
,gGHEG) zjQHG QaCG e e OY cCG fEG Y IQdG{ :fCHh .(1975
,dG M a jH W GSG Y OdG IQb dEG fhdG Jh .(1985
Jh .dG M a je Z QaCGh ,dSCGh ,W GSG a edG Yh
Y dG H j dG ddG gh ,IjdG QdG J ieh dG{ Y fhdG
,dG Y) zHSd dG FdG Y Jh ,Y Lh hCG ,f dM
dG Y gh ,bdG H gdG ddG J Y IQdG{ :fCGh .(1989
.(1985 ,gGHEG) zIOe ja kWfCG j dG dG
:QHGh ,SdG :kdK

,fEG aK J W f HH QHG CG J e AV a MdG ij
Y YJ gj dG edG Ia ,aK e j dG adG QOdG Ich
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hCG ,eCd dGh ,QaCG e OY cCG AYSG adG d f fEG j
edG jd Fg AYc SdG Ea ,K eh .If e cCH dG
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fEG Yj edG e FdG QdG Gg Ea ,LdG Y JOSGh ,Jh

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,jdG e QdG gGd jQHG GQdG H J a SdG GSG
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.H YdGh ,adG dGh ,SdG GSG IN d kah gGdG
H (iQHG dG fe MCG) bdG a FMEG dO GP ha LJ (2)
H (iQHG dG fe MCG) fhdG a FMEG dO GP ha LJ (3)
gGdG H iQHG d dG LQdG a FMEG dO GP ha LJ (4)
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: dG GAGLEG
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.dG d jdG MdG e Sj M QNG e fdG AdG GSG J bh

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e ,eSdH UdG AdGh ,SH UdG AdG MdG QNG bh
Y VH jCGdG jg U H b c ,GQdH UdG AdG OSG
GLCG bh ,jOdG edG a QHG e a dG e IJSCG KK
jJ K M J c .iQHG dG fe j jCGdG jg CG Y
;bdG d 0^71h ;dUCG d 0^73j c dG ee a ,dG
Fe e fe Y Y iQHG d dG LQd 0^85h ;fhG d 0^87h
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: Yh dG e
H e kGJ (240) HQCGh Fe e fJ dGh ,dG Y QNG J
SdG) SdG fdG dG e jdGh ,dG e c a SdG SQGdG
SdG j e (3^2 =QdG GfGh ,S 13^2 gQYC HdG
e cCG dEG GS 3 e bCG e Sd JeGSG IN MhGJh ,dRe a
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(1) bQ hdG
,SdG RL e k ah dG OGaCG jRJ
adG dGh ,eGSG INh
164
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:dG J
:ddG Gd kah dG J J
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idG e eh ,RdGh ,dG je e c a SQGe N QNG J -2
dLEG H bh ,SdG fdG dG a QcdG e AMEG aH IQhdG
.SdG fdG dG a J FKK dG
ceGh ,UdG Y Y dG dEG ag ,fH d IQSG J J -3
,jdG a AGS ,adG Nh ,RdG Gd eGSG INh ,SdG Rd
OGaCG OY UCa ,fdG c J d IQSG 15 OSG J bh .jdG a hCG
.mJ 255 dG
.(m J 255) dG dG OGaCG Y ed iQHG dG QNG J J -4
CG J ,dG H iQHG dG QNG Y edG HSG a Yh
SCG ,K eh ,aM a ,dSH edG j d QNG e f 15 g
IN GS MhGJh ,SdG RL j e mJ 240 Y dG Y
.GS 3 e cCG dEG GS 3 e bCG e dBG Sd eGSG
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:dG Ff
: gQNG J dG VdG H e dG Ff VY JCj a
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(2) bQ hdG
GSG e KC (2x2) jdG J Ff
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IN) SdG GSG IN d kFMEG GO KCG OLh : SdG GSG IN @

dG fe MCG) dUCG a (GS 3 e bCG IN - cCa GS 3
Y kFMEG dGO ,236 ,1 =.O[ 18^86 b H M ;(iQHG
IN e a dhCG jdG VdG aQ Y j Ggh .]0^01 ie
HdG SdG M J ,hdG JG Y dh .SdG GSG
GSG a JN OGOJ jdG edG CG FdG XCa ,YdG H
IN J jdG edG e (27^6= ) dUCG cCG GS 3 e cCG SdG
.(21^8= ) GS 3 e bCG Sd eGSG
dUCG a (jQ - M) adG dG d kFMEG GO KCG OLh : adG dG @
,236 , 1= .O[ 22^18 b H M ;(iQHG dG fe MCG)
a dhCG jdG VdG aQ Y j Ggh .]0^01 ie Y k FMEG dGO
H HdG SdG M J ,hdG JG Y dh ,adG dG e
fL a YCG jdG dG ihP edG CG dEG FdG QTCa ,YdG
(21^8= ) jdG dG hP edG e (25^8= ) QHG dG a dUCG
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dGh ,SG GSG IN e Yd kFMEG GO KCG OLh : YdG @

15^11 b H M ;(QHG dG fe MCG) dUCG oH a adG
VdG aQ Y j Ggh .]0^01 ie Y kFMEG dGO ,236 , 1 =.O[
,adG dGh SdG GSG IN H YdH dGh ,dhCG jdG
.dUCG oH a jdG H YdG W (1) bQ fdG SdG Vjh
e YJ W (1) bQ fdG dG
dUCG e adG dGh ,SdG GSG IN
dG H QHG dG a dUCG ie a dG CG Y YdG Gg f bh

ej e FGf Y ,GS K e cC SdG ej e
.jdG W a ddG g Y dG W a cCG c ,GS K e bC SdG
:fdG VdG QN UdG FdG -2
: j e dEG (3) bQ hdG a FdG QTCG
(3) bQ hdG
iQHG dG fe MCG bdG a adG dGh ,SdG
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IN) SdG GSG IN d k FMEG GO KCG OLh : SdG GSG IN @

dG fe MCG) bdG a (GS 3 e bCG IN - GS 3 e cCG
ie Y kFMEG dGO ,236 ,1= .O[ 12^32 b H M ;(iQHG
GSG IN e a fdG jdG VdG aQ Y j Ggh .]0^01
H HdG SdG M J ,hdG JG Y dh .SdG
e cCG Sd eGSG IN OGOJ jdG edG CG FdG fHCa ,YdG
jdG edG e (19^9= ) QHG dG e bdG fL a cCG GS 3
.(14^3= ) GS 3 e bC gY Sd eGSG IN J
a (jQ - M) adG dG d kFMEG GO KCG OLh Y : adG dG @
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e a fdG jdG VdG aQ Y Y j Ggh .]kFMEG dGO Z ,236 ,1
.adG dG
adG dGh ,SG GSG IN e Yd kFMEG GO KCG OLh : YdG @
=.O[ 17^35 b H M ;(QHG dG fe MCG) bdG fL a
fdG jdG VdG aQ Y j Ggh .]0^01 ie Y kFMEG dGO ,236 , 1
bQ fdG SdG Vjh .adG dGh SdG GSG IN H YdG e a
ddG Ea ,dG a VGh g ch .bdG e jdG jg YJ W (2)
H QHG dG a bdG ie a hdG CG e Jf YdG Gd FMEG
fej e FGf Y ,GS K e cC SdG ej jdG dG
.jdG W a ddG g Y dG W a cCG c ,GS K e bC
bdG e adG dGh ,SdG GSG IN
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:ddG VdG QN UdG FdG -3

(4) bQ hdG
iQHG dG fe MCG fhdG a adG dGh ,SdG
:j Y (4) bQ hdG a FdG SCG

IN) SdG GSG IN d kFMEG GO KCG OLh :SdG GSG IN @
dG fe MCG) fhdG a (GS 3 e bCG IN - GS 3 e cCG
ie Y kFMEG dGO ,236 ,1 =.O[ 9^38 b H M ;(iQHG
GSG IN e a ddG jdG VdG aQ Y j Ggh .]0^01
H HdG SdG M J ,hdG JG Y dh ,SdG
e cCG SdG GSG a JN OGOJ jdG edG CG J M ,YdG
eGSG IN J jdG edG e (18^3= ) fhG fL a cCG ,GS 3
.(11^2= ) GS 3 e bCG Sd
(jQ - M) adG dG d kFMEG GO KCG OLh Y :adG dG @
.O[ 1^41 b H M ;(iQHG dG fe MCG) fhdG fL a
a ddG jdG VdG aQ Y Y j Ggh .kFMEG dGO Z ,]236 ,1=
.adG dG e
a adG dGh SdG GSG IN d kFMEG GO KCG OLh :YdG @
,1 =.O[ 19^06 b H M ;(iQHG dG fe MCG) fhdG
ddG jdG VdG aQ Y j Ggh .]0^01 ie Y kFMEG dGO ,236
fdG SdG Vjh . adG dGh ,SdG GSG IN H YdG e a
.fhdG e jdG H YdG W (3) bQ
NewsLetter No.
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fhdG e adG dGh ,SdG GSG IN
CG e Jf YdG Gd FMEG ddG Ea (3) bQ dG a VGh g ch

SdG ej jdG dG H QHG dG a fhdG fL a hdG
cCG c ,GS K e bC fej e FGf Y GS K e cC
.jdG W a ddG g Y dG W a
:HGdG VdG QN UdG FdG -4

:j e (5) hdG a FdG XCG
(5) bQ hdG
iQHG d dG LQdG a adG dGh ,SdG
IN) SdG GSG IN d kFMEG GO KCG OLh :SdG GSG IN @

M ;iQHG d dG LQdG a (GS 3 e bCG IN - GS 3 e cCG
j Ggh .]0^01 ie Y kFMEG dGO ,236 ,1= .O[ 29^24 b H
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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Y dh ,SdG GSG IN e a HGdG jdG VdG aQ Y

CG dEG FdG QTCa ,HdG SdG M J ,YdG H hdG JG
Y JGQb a cCG GS 3 e cCG Sd eGSG IN OGOJ jdG edG
dBG Sd eGSG IN J jdG edG e (27^8= ) QHG dG
.(23.2= ) GS 3 e bCG
LQdG a (jQ - M) adG dG d kFMEG GO KCG OLh :adG dG @
kFMEG dGO ,236 ,1= .O[ 22^33 b H M ;iQHG d dG
dG e a HGdG jdG VdG aQ Y j Ggh .]0^01 ie Y
,YdG H HdG SdG M J ,hdG JG Y dh ,adG
QHG dG Y JGQb a cCG jdG adG dG ihP edG CG a
.(21^6= ) jdG adG dG ihP edG e (25^4= )
a adG dGh ,SdG GSG IN d kFMEG GO KCG OLh :YdG @
dGO ,236 ,1= .O[ 19^98 b H M ;iQHG d dG LQdG
e a HGdG jdG VdG aQ Y j Ggh .]0^01 ie Y kFMEG
(4) bQ fdG SdG Vjh .adG dGh ,SdG GSG IN H YdG
.iQHG d dG LQdG e jdG jg YJ W
iQHG dG e adG dGh ,SdG GSG IN
e YdG Gd FMEG ddG f a ,(4) bQ dG a VGh g ch

SdG ej jdG dG H QHG dG Y IQdG a hdG CG
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cCG fc ,GS K e bC fej jdG FGf Y GS K e cC

.jdG W a ddG g Y dG dG dM a
: dG Ff be
eGSG IN GS OGOJ jdG edG CG dEG d edG FdG QTCG
fe MCG) dUCG a aCG Gfc jdG adG dG ihP e Sd
jdG edG CG J ,Gg fL dEGh .(1 bQ fdG dG fG) (QHG dG
cCG Gfc jdG adG dG ihP e Sd eGSG IN GS OGOJ
.(2 bQ fdG dG fG) (iQHG dG fe MCG) bW
eGSG IN GS OGOJ jdG edG CG dEG FdG QTCG ,Gg dEG aVEG
dG fe MCG) fhe cCG Gfc jdG adG dG ihP e Sd
GS OGOJ jdG edG CG J ,kGNCGh .(3 bQ fdG dG fG) (iQHG
dG fG jQHG cCG jdG adG dG ihP e Sd eGSG IN
.(4 bQ fdG
Sd eGSG IN GS OGOJ jdG edG CG FdG fHCG ,K eh
,fheh ,bWh ,dUCG cCG Gfc jdG adG dG ihP e GS K Y
;(1991) Y H Ff Y SCG e e FdG g Jh .kjQHG kGJh
SdG GSG CG a (2002) Sjh ;(2001) Mh ;(2001) QhSh
.jQHG GQdG H J a kjM kGQhO j
k ah k VGh Gk QhO J SdG GSG IN CG J e AV a MdG ijh
eCG ;dG Y OGaCG id iQHG dG fe J a ddG dG Fd
Ff N e dG DhdG Y HLEd FdG g eCG gH bdG dEG fYj idG
H J dEG jW eR Od SdG GSG IN iODJ c :gh ,dG Gg
Y FQ J Sh fCG fH SdG CG ifh .iQHG dG fe
QOe e Gk Qe k jCG oj fEa ,d UNh ;jOdG HdG dG f
Y dG ffEG GSG N e dG j M ,dG edG
UNh ;adG baBG J dEG Gg iODj c ,dG dG c a IjZ ee
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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Sd eGSG GQe Qj CG j SdG j idG dG c GPEG

.jJdG dCGh ,dG H a
iODj iJ Z keGSG SdG GSG Ea S d kahh ,K eh
dG a SSCG M HH g dG ;UCG QaCG H fEG dEG IQhdH
CG k jCG J c .fhdGh ,bdG :e ,iNCG GQdG fL dEG ,iQHG
c - ij HQ Ggh ,jQHG GQdG H J a kjM kGQhO adG d
J e ,adGh adG QOe J dGRe jdG CG dEG - MdG ij
cQGe J a Y IQhdH J dG dG IhdG g e IOSG cd
.iQHG d FdG NdG g dG dGh ,adG
: UdG
T a SdG GSG H MdG Uj ,HdG dG AV ah
IQdG jd L d dG e (fK - Se - FGHG) dG dG SQGe
a QgORGh dG f kaO OdG dH aJ dG UCG QaCG fEG Y
HdG dG J M - YLGh ,jObGh ,aKh ,Y - dG T
.edG hdG e IGhdG b Y jOdG
dG Y d dG Gg a M H AGLEH MdG Uj c
.SdG GSG N e J j dG bGdG dG
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``LGdG
.dG dY e .GHEG SGQO a fGL KK .(1985). QdG Y ,gGHEG
.jdG
:iQHG d fGQJ GQNG .(1973). dG Y ,Sh OGDa ,M HCG
.jdG fCG e :IgdG .jf ee
LdG ASH JGdG dG jW GSG KCG . (1992).YSEG J ,J
SOdG dG ed QHG dGh dG gdG J a dG jQJ a
407 -349 , (4) 5 ,dG eL ,HdG c e .FGHG
e c J a JdG GSG dSCG H Ya .(1991). Y eSCG ,idG
Z GQcO dSQ .VjdG a JdG dG ihPh ,G dG ihP edG
.IgdG :T Y eL ,HdG c ,IQe
J a dBG SdG GSG efH KCG .(2001). iOdG Y e ,M
,dd dG SGQdG e ,IQe Z GQcO dSQ .WCG id iQHG dG
.IgdG :T Y eL
jeS GTDeh JdG b Sb .(1998). OM Y ,dG
dG FNCG HGQ) ,f SGQO e .JdG SGH QNd Me
. 471- 453 ,(4 , 3) 8 ,(jdG
iQHG dG QNG .(1981). dG Y Oe ,eh S ,dG N
.HdG dG QGO :IgdG .WCd
:IgdG .jdGh jdG SCG ,fEG S . (1975).e S ,dG N
.jdG fCG e
:IgdG .(fdG dG) dG Y dEG NdG . (1985).jdG Y M ,jQdG
.HdG dG QGO
.jg QGO :IgdG .ifdG hCG d fhdEG SdG .(1988).ba ,GTQ
174
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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JdG GSG SCG NG Ya . (2001).YSEG Y ,QhS

id SdG dG Mh ,SdG dG je J a J Yc
.143- 9 , (96) 24 ,(gRCG eL) HdG c e .iOGYEG fdG dG W
ed VjdG jQJ a JdG GSG . (1994).aQ eQ ,S
c ,IQe Z GQcO dSQ .VjdG f JgJGh J a dP KCGh dG
.adG eL ,HdG
dG GdG Hh jQHG GQdG H bdG . (1994).e jj ,S
dG SGQdG e ,IQe Z GQcO dSQ .FGHG SQdG d YLGh
.T Y eL ,ddGh
bYh fdG WCG id iQHG dG . (1987).eQ jR ,aT
eL ,dd dG SGQdG e ,IQe Z Le dSQ .adG idH
.T Y
Y IQdGh dH bYh dG SCG . (1988).e jdG L ,edG
.IQdG eL ,HdG c ,IQe Z Le dSQ .VjdG a dG
dhdG QGdG :IgdG .JdG e YSe . (1990).Oe ,jdG
.jRdGh d
dY :IgdG ? NGO a GPeh ?j c JdG . (1987).WY ,dG Y
.dG QGO
bdG dH bYh iQHG dG .(1989).dG e ,dG Y
Y eL ,GOBG c ,IQe Z GQcO dSQ .SQdG f edG gJHh
.T
:IgdG .(fdG dG) QHGh dG dG . (1977).dG Y ,QdG Y
.HdG dG QGO
dG Yah J a edG LdJ f QhO . (1988).Y ,dG Y
.HdG dG QGO :IgdG .QGOEG
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d SCc VjdG JdG dCG eGH J . (1991).e Oe ,Y

c ,IQe Z GQcO dSQ .SSCG dG e dhCG dG ed VjdG QHG
.T Y eL ,HdG
a dGh adG hdG . (1992).Y OTQ Seh ,e Oe ,QhZ
,HdG c e .dGh jdG WCG e Y H jQHG GQdG H
.212- 197 , ( 17) OdG ,HdG dG ,jRbdG eL
.(ddG dG) edGh fhdG SdG Y a ee (1987). e ,edG
.bdG QGO , OQCG Y
MdG a iQHG dG Y dG L KCG . (1984).MCG OS ,b
.IQdG eL ,HdG c ,IQe Z Le dSQ .FGHG
id VjdG gdG J Y JdG GSG KCG . (1991).e Aah ,ac
e ,IQe Z GQcO dSQ .UdGh edG SQGdG a fdG WCG
.IgdG eL ,dG dGh SGQdG
QGO :IgdG .LdS SGQO :dGh GHEG . (1977).dG Y ,Oe
.QdG
e dhCG MdG a dG id iQHG dG . (1997).Y IjY ,e
Y eL ,dd dG SGQdG e ,IQe Z Le dSQ .SSCG dG
.T
dSQ .e a HgdG gGd J SGQO . (1973).Fe N ,Ve
.jQSEG eL ,GOBG c .IQe Z GQcO
.edG dG QGO :jQSEG .UdG dG Y . (1984).M ,dG
dG SQGe a JdG GSGh NOEG jJ . (1996)eM MCG ,Qe
6 ,(dG Ldd jdG dG) dG LdJ e .eO aH fdG
. 96 -73 ,(1)
176
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e ,IQe Z Le dSQ .iOGYEG hCG dG a dG dG id jQHG
.T Y eL ,dd dG SGQdG
J Y fjdG WCG eGH Ya . (1999).Oe Tg iU ,Tg
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.T Y
Guilford, P. (1959). Traits of creativity in creativity and its cultivation.
New York: Harper.
Mackinon, D. (1965). The nature and nurture of creativity talent. New
York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Stein, M. (1963). Creativity and culture. Journal of Psychology, 32, 51-66.
Stunhofer, N. (1988). The impact of computer assisted instruction on students knowledge of basic writing skill. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation,
Pennsylvania State University.
Torrance, E. (1966). Torrance tests of creative thinking: Norms-technical
manual. New Jersey: Princeton.
Torrance, E. (1969). Creativity: What research do say to the teacher.
Washington D.C. : National Educational Association.
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dG fY .O
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G
ge OJe H ffEG Y eOEG QfG ie J dEG SGQdG g S
NH ffEG Y eOEG NG Y dG dEG agh .OQCG a ffEG
ffEd eGSG YS OY EG ,aVEH ,YLG dMh ,Lh ,eG Y
m e 336 SGQdG a cQd J bh .gQhj dG bGdG Wh
d dG fjR Se GSHh .fEG (111)h ,QcP (225)ffEd
ge OJe H edG f CG SGQdG Ff H ,ffEG Y eOEG Y
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SGQdG Ff H c .YSCG YS 27 H ffEG ejh ,S 24 c
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2004/1/21 d db jQJ @
2003/8/16 dG J jQJ @
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Internet Addiction among Jordanian

Cyber Caf Users
Dr. Adnan Farah

Dept. of Counseling
and Educational Psychology
Yarmouk University
Abstract
This study explored the existence of internet addiction among Jordanian internet
users. A sample of 336 internet users (225) males and (111) females from internet cafs, volunteered to participate in the study. By utilizing Arabic version of
Youngs internet addiction scale, results showed that (23%) of those who participated in the study are considered addicted to the internet. This finding supported previous research indicating that the internet addiction exists as a
worldwide compulsive disorder similar to pathological gambling. The study
found that the mean age of internet addicts was 24 years, and the time average
for internet use was 27 hours per week. It was revealed that 40% of addicted
individuals use the internet to visit pornography sites, and 30% of addicted use
the internet for social purposes, while the least sites visited were trade and business sites. The results revealed that the most negative impact of the internet
addiction was on the social life of addicted individuals, and the least impact was
on the occupational aspect.
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dG fY .O
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Hh .YadGh jdG edG Od T AfEH eb dG jeCG adG
a eSG M ,dH jeCG edH HCG cGe H HQ J dP
dG jGdG 1986 S tJh .(1997 ,dcQdG) dG dG YhdG
OY Hd T AfEH NSF d jeCG WdG dG eb M ,ffEG d
jdG dG e dG jGH eh .jeCG edG H dG cGe e
fG dHh ,dH JQH dG SDdGh ,jQdG d S
cGeh ,dG SDdG e jdG H JQGh ,dhdG edG T
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.(1997 ,ZdG)
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f M ,ffEG QfGh YS a GQJ HdG dG M bh .2000
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H ,dG SDdG hCG ,jQdG cdGh ,edG YdG Y Ge
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. cH QdGh ,ddH QdG ie OGORGh ,YLG
a fEG ie a ffEG GS dG QKBG dEG MdG H QTCG c
dG AGOCG Y ffEH dG AKCG XdG f eEG dPh ;dG e
jdG YdG H dH QdGh ,dG YS VfG H hCG ,HdG
e H QMh (Beard, 2002). d hdG b ffEG GSG bj dG
Yh ,(Margonelli, 2000; Jabs, 2001) LhdG IdG Y ffEd dG QKBG
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a dG H dEG aVEH ,JG LdJh ,eG Ldc
184
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IGOCG g GSG a IASEG hCG ,dG GSd c ,ffEG Y eOEG
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ffEG Y eOEG
dG dG b e 1995 Y Ie hC ffEG Y eOEG e SG
fYEG Md{ j e V dPh ;(Goldberg, 1996) HdL jEG
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ffEG Y eOEG VGYCG e fj d ffEG Y Support group
.(Mitchell, 2000 ; Garrison, & Long, 1995)
Y eOEG bGh hCG ,U M dG H NG X QWEG Gg ah

,dG Y eOEc ,ahdG eOEG TCG e H fQe ,ffEG
VGYCGh dG H ,eOEG CG H a iCGQ dG bdG a .GQdGh
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Y j j dh ,dT cCG Addiction eOEG e UCG dd fh
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(Hall & Parsons, 2001) H jh Internet Pathological Use IPU zffEd
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He fCG MdG e jdG a ,ffEG Y eOEG VGYCG M eCG
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J e (312) Y SGQdG jLCG bh .ffEG eOE MdG dG
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CG Y SGQdG c FdG J Hh .SGQdG fSG Y GHLCG b bd mFGR
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hd ffEG ej cQdG e %30 CG J bh .cQdG e e
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fG e ,GjJ a jfdG SQGdG W e gGe (90) e fe Y id Y
ffEG GSG f JG CG SGQdG H bh .ffEG Y eOEG je Y
QTCG c .ffEG ee id J dG eOEG fGL e jdG j
,GdG H N e ,ffEG Y eOEH DdG feEG dEG SGQdG
,U e e j ffEG Y eOEG CGh .ffEd dG GSc
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fj e c SGQO :dP e ,Y JdG FdG aeh ,IgdG g QfGh
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ffEG Y eOEG
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b e eGSG feEG dEG aVEH ,YLGh ,dG edG a Y
dG Z GSG Y dGh ,JGdG d fCG ffEG ee
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GAGLEGh jdG
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eOEG g GMGh HJ Ge J bh .e Uh SGQO ddG SGQdG toJ
ddGh ;(fCG ,cP) je dh ,dG :g e Ge Nh ,ffEG Y
,S 20 e bCG) je KK dh ,dGh ;(he Y) je dh YLG
je N dh ,YSCG ffEG GSG eh ,(S 40-31 ,S 30-20
cCG ,YS 35-29 ,YS 28-22,YS 21-15 ,YS 14-8 ,YS 7 e bCG)
bGe) je HQCG dh ,dG gQhj dG ffEG bGeh ;(YS 36 e
.(MHEG ,jQJ ,aK/J ,YLG
,jdG dGh ,GQGdG M J SGQdG SCG e hCG GDdG Y HLEdh
GSG N e Y HLEG J a fdG GDdG eCG ,HdG SdGh
dEG aVEH ,SGQdG Y HLE jQdG aGfGh ,HdG SdG
SCG e ddG GDdG Y HLEdh .SdG H fQd -QNG GSG
SG K ,jQdG aGfGh ,HdG SdG hCG LSG ,SQGdG
Gd J eOEG Se H hdG O Y d KdG jdG J
Yd hCG ,dG gQhj dG bGdG Wh ,ffEG GSG eh ,dG
M N e J a ,SGQdG SCG e HGdG GDdG Y HLEG eCG .H
.HJ c QNGh ,jdG dGh ,GQGdG
Yh SGQdG e
dG iMEG gh .ddG SGQdG AGLE OQCG T a HQEG je QNG J
zffEG QT{`H j e gh ,e IgX OLH GS e TG dG FdG
Gg a ffEG geh ,JdG cGe OY H M zGTQCG T QT{ gh
Te UCG fCG dEG J eYEG ShCG e dG L e .FdG dGM QdG
,cGdG H eMORC Gf ,SdG bQCd zL{ YSe a Nd
. (Weik, 2000) GMGh Ge c Rhj dG dH fQe ,gdGh
OY Hh .JdG J cGe hO ,ffEG ge Y SGQdG g jLCGh
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``````dG ```f``Y .O
SdG dG M e (60) S SGQdG g AGLEG Y gdG g

IGOCG jRJ Hh .(2001 ,fOQCG JG cT) fOQCG JG cd
g e FGY jH e jYQNG J ,eRdG fdG Lh ,SGQdG
,QcP (225) ffEd e 336 SGQdG a cQd J M .gdG
H dG e e bhCH IdG jdG jdH gQNG J fEG (111)h
SGQdG Y OGaCG jRJ j (1) bQ hdGh .2002 Y e QjCGh ,f T
.YLG ddGh ,dG e M
(1) bQ hdG
SGQdG Y OGaCG jRJ
YLG ddGh ,dG e M
SGQdG IGOCG
zfj{ Se jH MdG b ddG SGQd eRdG fdG L H
Y dG Qe dEG j dGh (Young, 1996) ffEG Y eOEG Y d
d (DSM-IV) HGdG dG ddG V OQGdG IedG Y eOEG
QdG gh , (American Psychiatric Association, 1995) `dG d jeCG
Gd Wh .ffEG eOEG Y d HdG SGQdG e a dG f
,eOEG VGYCG MCG e IMGh c J Ga fK SdG J a QdG
gh .ffEG GSG e INCG dG N e N aGJ j H
:g VGYCG
.GSG YS a dG Y IQdGh IdG Ga -1
.dH j e gh dH Qd ffEG GSG YS IOjR -2
.ffEG GSG e dG hCG ,bdG a dG -3
.ffEG GSG H SGQdG hCG ,dG gEG -4
194
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.GSG YS M dG hCG ,dG -5

.eGSG Y bdG Y ffEH dG fG -6
.fH j e gh ,ffEG Y OHG Y JdGh dH QdG -7
.dG dG e hd Sc ffEG GSG -8
bh .z{ hCG ,zH{ Y j Ga fK e SdG J

q ,dP Y AHh
MhGJ dHh .(U) dG z{ HLEG YCGh (1) dG zf{ HLEG YCG
c OGOj eOEG ie EG M (8-0). H e IGOCG Y dG eY
g (5) edG soY bh .dG f fG c jh ,(8) e edG HbG
Y dG Qe Y AH ,edG Zh ,edG H Ua c dG eY
GM jdG gh ,ee dEG cQdG J J Ggh .YCG dEG QdG eOEG
bCG Y GM jdG gh ,ee Zh ,SGQdG IGOCG Y cCa eY N Y
.eY N e
GSG KCJ ie Y dG dEG j GDS SGQdG IGOCG dEG VCG c
,ddGh ,YLGh ,jOcCGhCG ,dG fGdG a S H ffEG
U LQdG J M .LQO (4) dEG (U) e Y HLEG QJh .dGh
LQdGh ,b KCJ (1) LQdG J M a ,ffEG GS S KCJ Lj
.GL c KCJ (4) LQdGh ,c KCJ (3) LQdGh ,e KCJ (2)
IGOCG U
SGQd eRdG fdG d Se ieh ,IGOCG U e cCdH MdG b
.AdG U :fdG jdGh ,idG U :dhCG ,jH dPh ;ddG
idG U -
k hCG
e dG e e S Y VY J HdG dEG SdG LJ H

.jfEGh ,HdG dG e dGh ,OTQEG dG Y a IGQcdG M
e cCd jfEG dEG HdG e dG LdGh ,bd JGa N M
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ffEG Y eOEG
``````dG ```f``Y .O
M dG MH NCG J bh .Ia c e OdG dG J

e cCdGh ,HdG d eAeh JGa LJ eSh ,Y H SdG MU
dG MH NCG J bh .Sd Vh dG SdG H Ia c JQG
CG M dG e CG j dh ,GdG d jdG ZdG jH UdG
.SdG Ga e Ia
AdG U -kfK
e YSG Y Y SdG H MdG b idG U e cCdG H

U M Jh .(fEG 12 h ,QcP 14) T 26 H ffEG ge OJe
g MhGJ M .QNd dG edH Ia c JQG W N e AdG
gh (0^47) h ,(0^35) H e ,(2) bQ hdG Vj c ,WJQG
dGO L gh ,ddG SGQdG VGZC ,AdG U Y TDc de ee
j e e fe SdG GQY CG j Ggh .(0^05) ie Y FMEG
.LCG e Vh e Sd dUh bOU SdG IGOCG CGh ,c SdG
(2) bQ hdG
dG edH IGOCG Ga JQG ee
`FMEG `dO GP JQG ee b L @

(0.05). ie Y
IGOCG K
dCG fhc dOe GSH IGOCG Gd NGdG JG e cCdH MdG b
IGOCd dG ee H bh .IGOCG Gd dG FdG jWh ,NGdG Jd
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jh .(0^84) dG FdHh ,(0^83) dCG fhc dOe GSH dG

.edG g (3) bQ hdG
(3) bQ hdG
dG edGh IGOCG Gd dG ee
SGQdG GOe
N gh ,ffEG ge OJe e e H SGQdG g Ff OJ
FdG J YQdG NJ j fEa dHh ;e YLG Wh ,a e
.iNCG YLG FGT hCG ,e Y
SGQdG Ff
hCG GDdG Y HLEG
ffEG Y edG f e :j e Y SGQdG SCG e hCG GDdG f d

GSG J ,GDdG Gg Y HLEd ? OQCG a ffEG ge OJe H
Y eOEG Se Y SGQdG Y OGaCG HLE jdG dGh ,GQGdG
edG Zh ,edG H d Qc (5) dG LQO OYG J bh .ffEG
(DSM-IV) HGdG dG ddG V OQGdG eOEG Y dG Qd W
,dG g j (4) bQ hdGh .dG d jeCG dG Y QOdG
.GQGdGh
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ffEG Y eOEG
``````dG ```f``Y .O
(4) bQ hdG
jQdG aGfGh ,SdGh ,jdG dGh , GQGdG
ffEG Y eOEG Se Y SGQdG Y HLE
CG 78 c ffEG GSG Y edG OY CG (4) bQ hdG e j

dEG gOY Uh jdG edG H fQe ,SGQdG Y e e % 23^2 H
HdG SdG CG j c .SGQdG Y e e % 76^8 f e CG ,258
d HdG SdG H M a ,(6^29) c ffEG GSG Y ed
.(3^10) edG
fdG GDdG Y HLEG
FMEG dO GP ha LJ g :j e Y SGQdG SCG e fdG GDdG f d

hCG ,edG d iJ ffEG Y eOEG LQO Se a (0^05) ie Y
aGfGh ,SdG M J ,GDdG Gg Y HLEdh ? YLG dM
.(5) bQ hdG j c ,SdG H fQd QNG SGh ,jQdG
(5) bQ hdG
HdG SdG H hd -QNG Ff
YLG ddGh ,dG d J
LQO Se H FMEG dO GP ha Lj fCG (5) bQ hdG e j

LhdG Zh ,(6^38) LhdGh ,L e (6^24) fEGh ,(6^32) QcdG
.iNCG L e (6^27)
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ddG GDdG Y HLEG
FMEG dO GP ha LJ g :j e Y SGQdG SCG e ddG GDdG f

hCG ,edG d iJ ffEG Y eOEG LQO Se a (0^05) ie Y
Y HLEd ?H Yd hCG ,gQhj dG bGdG W hCG ,ffEd eGSG e
dGh ,jQdG aGfGh ,HdG SdG hCG LSG ,GDdG Gg
.(6) bQ hGdG Vj c ,GdG H UdG jdG
(6) bQ hdG
M ffEG Y ed jdG dGh ,jQdG aGfGh ,HdG SdG
edG gQhj dG bGdG W h ,ffEG GSG eh ,dG Ge
eOEG LQO Se H jgX ha LJ fCG (6) bQ hdG e j

H e SdG g MGhGJ M .dG e M ffEG Y ed
(0^52) Qb Qe GfH (7^38) h ,(0^92) Qb Qe GfH (5^83)
-20 H e gQYCG MhGJ jdG OGaCG id c eOEd ie YCG CG Mjh
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ffEG Y eOEG
40-31 jdG dG gJ ,(7^38) dG d HdG SdG c M S 39

20 Y gQYCG J jdG gGdG a K eh (6^6) Qb HM SH S
.(5^83) Qb HM SH dPh ;keY
J dG dG e g ffEG Y edG e OY cCG CG hdG e Mj c
gJ ,edG Y e %52^6 e cCG f e T bh ,S 20 Y gQYCG
J M a .edG e % 37^2 T dGh ,S 30-20 H e jdG dG
H M ,S 40-31 H e gQYCG MGhJ e ,edG e jY a bCG
.ffEG Y edG Y e %10^3 jdG f
S (16) Y gQYCG J d ffEG NH j fCG dEG IQTEG QJh
ffEG ge NJh ,Y d NGdG IQGRh Y IQOdG dG M
fdG jdG dG H idG H fEa dP Y AHh .(1998 ,NGdG IQGRh)
Y edG Y Se CG j ,S 40 gh dG jdG dGh ,S 16 gh
.eY 24 g ffEG
ffEG Y edG Y Se H jgX ha LJ fCG hdG jh
(5^36) H e hdG g MhGJh .ffEG GSG YS NG M
c .(1^29) Qb Qe GfH (7^10 ) dEG (0^81) Qb Qe GfH
YS IOjR e OGOj ffEG Y eOEG ie CG f hdG e Mj
e GSG YS e YCG dGh ,fOCG dG H idG Hh . GSG
%86 dGM CG j fEa ,INCGh dhCG MdG dG ASH ,YS 35-8 H
.YSCG YS 27 H ffEG ej edG Y e
Y OGaC eOEG LQO Se H jgX ha LJ fCG hdG j c
a hdG g MGhJ bh .edG gQhj dG bGdG W M edG
GfH (5^75) dEG (1^03) Qb Qe GfH (6^94) H e SdG
LQdG a AL MHEG bGdG CG hdG e j c .(0^86) Qb Qe
,dG e e %40 jJ GT jdG edG e gQGhR OY M e dhCG
dGh ,YLG bGdG fdG JdG a AL K ,(6^94) Qb HM SHh
adG dG bGdG dfh ,(6^13) Qb HM SH % 30 gQGhR OY T
200
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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Qb SH edG Y e e %20 gQGhR T M ddG JdG

edG bEG M e bGdG bCG g jQdG bGdG CG FdG XCG c (5^87)
.edG Y OGaCG e e % 10 a gQGhR T M ,Y
bQ hdG H c ,eOEG Se H jgdG hdG fc GPEG e adh
bGdG Wh ,ffEG GSG eh ,dG Gd J FMEG dO GP (6)
dG fa KdG jdG J GSG J ,H Yd hCG ,dG gQhj dG
.(7) bQ hdG a e g c
(7) bQ hdG
eOEG ie a hdG dO jd KdG jdG J Ff
dG gQhj dG bGdG ,Wh ,ffEG GSG eh ,dG Gd J
.(0^01) ie Y `FMEG `dO GP @
Y eOEG LQO a FMEG dO GP ha OLh (7) bQ hdG e j

eh ,(6^693) b H M ,dG Ge e d iJ ffEG
dG bGdG W dEG aVEH (4^014) b H M ffEG GSG
Y dGO fc hdG g Lh .(6^032) b H M edG ej
QNG GSG J ,edG H UdG hdG g JG adh .(0^01) ie
.(8) bQ hdG Vj c ,jdG fQd T
NewsLetter No.
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202
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
(8) bQ hdG
dG d J edG Y Se H jdG fQd T QNG
(0.05) ie Y FMEG dGO hdG @
dG dhCG jdG dG H FMEG dGO kbha g CG (8) bQ hdG e Mj

dPh ;S 30- 20 H e gQYCG hGJ dG ,fdG jdG dGh ,S 20 Y J
jdG dG OGaCG H FMEG dGO ha OLh J c .fdG jdG dG dd
Lh c .ddG jdG dG dd dPh ddG jdG dG OGaCGh jCG dhCG
:dG jh .fdG jdG dG OGaCG e fQe Y ;ddG dG dd dGO ha
a cCG CG J ffEG Y edG QYCG Se H hdG g e EG
hdG JG adh . S 30-20 e jdG dG g ffEG Y eOEd Ve
fQd T QNG GSG J ,edG b e ffEG GSG H UdG
.(9) bQ hdG Vj c jdG
(9) bQ hdG
ffEd YSCG GSG d J edG Y Se H jdG fQd T QNG
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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Y edG Y OGaCG Se H fQdG CG (9) bQ hdG e Mj

fc hdG JG CG H ffEd YSCG GSG H UdG ffEG
Qb HM SH dPh ;YSCG YS 36 e cCG ffEG j d
FMCG dGO bha g CG hdG H bh .iNCG dH fQe dPh ;(7.10)
c .iNCG L e ,SOdGh ,eGh ,HGdG dGh ,L e dhCG dG H
SOdGh ,edGh ,HGdG dGh ,fdG dG H IOLe hdG g CG J
L e SOdGh ,edG dGh ,L e ddG dG H bha g CGh .jCG
OjORG e OGOJ eOEG IM hCG ,ie CG H hdG g EG :dG jh .iNCG
j jW Yd ffEG GSG CG j Ggh .ffEd GSG YS
.eOEH HUEd VY OdG
,ffEG Y edG gQhj dG bGdG H UdG hdG JG adh
.(10) bQ hdG Vj c jdG fQd T QNG GSG J
(10) bQ hdG
Se H jdG fQd T QNG
dG gQhj dG bGdG d J edG Y
SH ,MHEG bGdG dd c hdG JG CG (10) bQ hdG e Mj

CG j Ggh .jQdG bGdGh ,YLG bGdH fQe (6^94) Qb HM
bGdH fQe ,MHEG bGdG IQjR a c H j ffEG Y eOEG
.ffEG Y iNCG
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``````dG ```f``Y .O
HGdG GDdG Y HLEG
ffEG Y eOEG cj dG QKBG RHCG e :j e Y HGdG GDdG f d

? ed dG IdG fGL a
dG OGaCG HLE jdG dGh ,GQGdG M J ,GDdG Gg Y HLEd
.(11) bQ hdG N e J dGh ,GDdG GH UdG
(11) bQ hdG
SGQdG Y HLE jdG dGh ,GQGdG
ffEG GS dG QKBG RHC
a X ffEG Y eOEd dG QKBG RHCG CG (11) bQ hdG e j

Y e e T 49 OaCG a .dG fdG a bCGh ,YLG fdG
S kGQKCG ffEG GS CG jJ % 63 f e CG ,78 gOY ddG edG
f e CG ,T 47 ij c . YLG fdG a GL ch ,c H
H e GhGJ dG fdG a S kGQKCG ffEd CG edG Y e %60
T 41 QTCG M ddG fdG a dG QKCG dP J K .GL Ich ,Ic
QKBG bCG eCG .GL Ich ,Ic H e GhGJ S kGQKBG ffEd CG dEG (%52^5)
e EG M dG fdG a X a ffEG Y edG f Lh e dG
204
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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hCG ,Ic S kGQKBG ffEd EG hj T 36 SGQdG Y OGaCG e %46 Qj

.dG fdG a GL Ic
dG QKBd edG GjJ a FMEG dO GP ha g c GPEG a adh
.(12) bQ hdG Vj c HJ c QNG SG J ,ffEG Y eOEd
(12) bQ hdG
ffEG Y edG HLEG a hd HJ c QNG Ff
ffEd dG FdH UdG
(0.01). ie Y `FMEG `dO GP @
(0.01) ie Y FMEG dO GP ha OLh (12) bQ hdG e J

HdG HJ c b H M .eOEd dGh ,ddGh ,YLG QKBd
,13^923 dG QKBdh, 12^385 ddG QKBdh, 19^051YLG QKBd
.dGdG Y 0^008 , ,0^001 , 0^001 H dG dhdG c H fQe
FdG be
OJe id ffEG Y eOEG bGh Y dG dEG SGQdG g ag d
GSG Y edG f jJ N e dPh ;OQCG a ffEG ge
c .Y hCG ,YLG dM hCG ,edG H KCj eOEG c GPEG ah ,ffEG
OYh ,edG Y NH ffEG Y eOEG NG Y dG dEG ag
QKBG ae dEG aVEH .gQhj dG bGdG Wh ,ffEd eGSG YS
.edG IM a ffEG Y eOEG cj dG dG
e fj OQCG a ffEG ge OJe e kGOY CG SGQdG Ff H bh
,jdG SGQdG Y c dG jdG HVG MCc ffEG Y eOEG
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ffEG Y eOEG
Ff Yd ddG SGQdG AL dHh .jOdGh dG ShCG OLH bCGh

e GVG Gg OLh jDJ dG ,HdG SGQdG e jdG
.(Young, 1996; Brenner, 1996; Goldberg, 1996; Greenfield, 1998;)
dEG Uh ffEG ge OJe e edG f CG SGQdG Ff ch

SGQdH fQb e GPEG Je dG g nJh .SGQdG Y e e % 23^2
M(Bai, Lin & Chen, 2001) Th dh H SGQO a dG g c ,bdG GP
f H M (Scherer, 1997) QT SGQO dch ,%15 edG f H
fH SGQH fQb e GPEG e edG f t oJ f bdG a h .%13 edG
SGQO hCG ,dG OGaCG e e %33 a edG f H dGh (Brenner, 1996)
%83 dGM edG f H M (Young & Rodgers, 1998b) R`LOhQh f`j
.SQGdG OGaCG e
b eOEG QfG f a HdG SGQdG H hdG CG dEG IQTEG QJh
Je J ffEG Y edG f CG Md M .dG QNG jW dEG ij
M a (On-line). ffEG Y ITe SGQO a cQdG id e H
.Ld Lh JY QNG j dG SGQdG a de J eOEG f CG
H KCj ddG SGQdG V ffEG Y eOEG CG FdG XCG c
,L e fEGh QcdG H kjhe c a ,YLG ddG hCG ,dG
SGQO dG UJ e e dG g Jh .iNCG L e LhdG Zh LhGh
fj SGQO dEG UJ e e J dh ,(Petrie & Gunn, 1998) Zh H
fEG H YT cCG g ffEG Y eOEG CG c dGh ,(Young, 1996)
.QcdH fQe
e Gfc ffEG Y edG e OY cCG CG FdG VhCG iNCG L eh
M a . %52^6 e cCG f T jdGh ,S 20 Y gQYCG J dG dG
M ,S 40-31 H e gQYCG hGJ e edG e jY a bCG fc
Y Se EG :dG j Y AHh .ffEG Y edG Y e %10^3 GT
kjb SdG Gg tojh .eY 24 c SGQdG Y V ffEG Y edG
Zh H SGQO e ,HdG SGQdG a ffEG Y edG QYCG Sd
.(Bai, Lin & Chen, 2001) Th dh H SGQOh (Petrie & Gunn, 1998)
206
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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IOjR e OGOJ ffEG Y eOEG LQO CG ddG SQGdG Ff c bh

dGM c edG id ffEG GSG YS Se CGh .GSG YS
a dG g c ,HdG SQGdG e a OQh d jb gh .YSCG YS 27
.(Krout,et.al.,1998) `FeRh hG`c SGQO h (Young, 1996) fj SGQO
IQjR Y eOEG e fj edG e OY cCG CG SGQdG Ff XCGh
a AL K ,edG Y e %40 dGM dG g f H M MHEG bGdG
e gQGhR f H M TOQdGh YLG bGdG Y eOEG fdG LQdG
SGQdG Y g dH INCG JdG a jQdG bGdG ALh .%30 edG
g Jh .edG Y e e %10 f e gQGhR Th ,edG e
1999; Chou & Hsiao, 2000):e ,HdG SGQdG e jdG a AL Y dG
a AL YLG bGdG Y eOEG CG dEG QTCG dGh (Greenfield, 1999; Young,
.jQdG bGdG K eh ,adG/dG bGdG Y eOEG gJ ,dhCG JdG
bGdG Y eOEG H J H dG dG e fEG :dG j fCG EG
,L e Cyber sexual addiction VGaG dG eOEH j e hCG ,MHEG
C dPh ;iNCG L e Chatting KOdGh YLG bGdG Y eOEGh
Qhjh ,L MCG e c a j ffEG Y TOQdG hCG ,KOdG e
dP Y AHh (Greenfield, 1999) .dG YLG LdG e je TEG M
SGQdG Ffh ,ddG SGQdG dEG UJ e H NG CG ij MdG Ea
.T H ,jgL aNG
t jo b iNCG
RHCG CG SQGdG Ff XCG a ffEG Y eOEd dG QKBd dH eCG
SGQdG H e dG g JG M .YLG fdG a fc dG QKBG
c (Scherer, 1997). QT SGQOh (Brenner, 1996) fH :e c SGQO :e ,HdG
Oj bh .fdG JdG a AL ddG fdG Y eOEd dG KCdG CG FdG H
;OdG NO H b e GPEG ,e ffEG GSG dJ JQG dEG dP
.JdG NdGh ,dG dG M edG hdH fQe dPh
.ffEG Y eOEH GKCJ fGdG bCG g dG fdG CG FdG XCG c
e ,HdG SGQdG H dEG UJ Y VGh H dG g Jh
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ffEG Y eOEG
CH dP J jh (Griffiths, 1996). jL SGQOh (Beard, 2002) OH :SGQO

e jdG CG bdG e fCGh ,ffEG ge OJe Y jLCG ddG SGQdG
e ,edG hdG a dG g c ,Y YS N ffEG GSG j
dG g OJ CG j c .eOEG H KCd VY bCG dG hCG ,dG j
h ,dG Y WdG e fj b ffEG ge OJe e jdG CG dEG
.fdG Gg a ffEG H hj
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e iNCG Sh Cc ,ffEG EG :dG j ddG SGQdG Ff AV a
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j Ggh .eGSG IASEG dM a ec Weh ,S Y J f bdG
hCG ,GVG GH HUEG d ffEG ee H YdG d LM g CG
.eOEd VY j CG fCT e e c a bdG
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ge Y FdGh ,jGQOEGh ,dGh ,AHBc ,Ja H dG
,dG dG jOe a edG ddG g e Gc GAL j c .ffEG
YLG dGh ,dGh jHdG jTdGh ,dG AWCc
Jh eOEH JJ dG GdG Y c Y d jL x eCG jh
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30-20 e jdG dG H eOEG QfG e ddG SGQdG Y c e EG
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c .ffEG Y eEGh ddG H bdG M DdG feEG eCG j ,Y H

MHEG bGdG IQjH edG Jh egG Y c H Jj b dP CG
d f ;dG a e fJ dG GdG Y GTDe J CG j dG
.MdG g a GhdG e J Y K eh ,OdG QGSG
H Uj MdG Ea Ff e ddG SGQdG dEG UJ e AV ah g eh
:j
M dG a H dG GhdGh GVdG N e RdG YdG f .1

.eSG a IASEG hCG,GaEG Weh ffEG GSG
dGh ,OTQEGh ,dG a edG d jQJ TQhh GQhO J .2
ffEG Y eOEG d d ,JAc ad bdG GP dGh ,dG
.LYh ,Fbhh ,J
g QfG e d dG WJQGh dG dG e jdG AGLEG .3
H bdG J dEG aVEH .XdGh ,dc ,e a H dG
.dG hdGh ,dG c ,iNCG GdG Hh eOEG
dG eOEG We e d MHEG bGdG Y HbdG ie IOjR .4
.VGaG
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ffEG Y eOEG
````LGdG
aBG .ffEG a dG edG IhK :ffEG (1997). iT ,dcQdG
. 49-33 , (16),GdGh adG
.jdG ISCG Q :ffEG (2002). e ,aYh ,MCG ,Yh eCG ,JQ
.26-16 ,( 111) OdG ,ISCG
SdG e .edG a Fg IQK :ffEG T (1997). e ,ZdG
.18-14 ,(32) 63 ,fOQCG
.OQCG ,Y .2001 d dG jdG (2001). fOQCG JG cT
eb Y bQh .Y M CG S IOY :ffEG eOEG (2001). fY ,dG
QjCG ,TdG edG .dG Y a IUdG gJG JDe YCG V
.2001
.NJ SCGh ffEG geh cGe Y J J (1998). NGdG IQGRh
.OQCG ,Y
American Psychiatric Association (1995). Diagnostic and statistical manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth edition).(DSM-IV). Washington, DC: Author.
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Beard, K. (2002). Internet addiction: Current status and implications for
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eh ,e Y dGh
a a edG SQGdG
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,dG bYh ,dG HdG jQJ f gJG

a a edG SQGdG eh ,e Y dGh
dG OY Y .O
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G
a a edG SQGdG eh ,e gJG jJ dEG SGQdG ag
dGh dG e KCG jJ dEG aVEG ,SQGdG a dG HdG jQJ f
e fe Y Y SGQdG jLCG dP dh .gJG g a H YdGh
,(2000) U gYCG dG ,gJG Ob fSG Y W , eh m e (635)
- jdG dG :g e KK Y YRe ,Ia (76) Y TG dGh
.Ia ( 22 ) dG dGh ,Ia (36) HdG dGh ,Ia (18) YLG
jQJ f HjEG fc dGh ,dG gJG CG SGQdG Ff XCG
(%60^4) dEG HSd jdG dG Uh M ,SQGdG a dG HdG
,dG dG c gJd dG LQdG J Y IQb dG cCG Mh
f e a fCG (Stepwise Regression) QdG QGfG J Ff XCG M
,dG e KCH j ah .dG gJG e jdG e (%96^4)
(2x2) FdG jdG J Ff XCG,gJG Y H YdGh ,dGh
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2004/5/21 d db jQJ @
2003/3/17 dG J jQJ @
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Teachers Attitudes Towards Teaching Sex Education in

Palestinian Public Schools
Dr. Ali Adel Shakaa
Associate Professor in psychology,
Dep. Of Psychology, Vice, President for Planning
& Development, An-Najah N. U. Palestine
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine teachers attitudes towards
Teaching Sex Education (TSE) in Palestinian public schools. In addition, it
aimed at determining the effect of gender, specialization and the interaction on
these attitudes. The sample of the study consisted of (635) teachers. A 76- item
questionnaire distributed among three domains religious-social (18) items, educational (36)items, and scientific (22) items, was used for data collection.
The results revealed a positive attitude towards (TSE) in Palestinian public
schools, where the percentage of response was (60.4%). In addition, the results
indicated that the scientific domain was the best one in the explanation of total
attitudes score, where it was explaining (96.4%) of variance of total attitude
score. Also the results of the Two-Way ANOVA (2X2) indicated significant differences in attitudes towards (TSE) due to gender in favor of male, and specialization in favor of scientific, where as there were non-significant effects of the
interaction between gender and specialization variable on attitudes.
Based on the study findings, the researcher recommended construction of sex
education curriculum in Palestinian public schools.
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,dG H bYh ,dG HdG jQJ f gJG

a a edG SQGdG eh ,e Y dGh
dG OY Y .O
jHdG dG c/dG Y b
jdGh d edG FQ Ff
a-Hf/WdG dG eL
:jdG Nh SGQdG ee
b dGh ,jdG jHdG VGdG e (Sex Education) dG HdG J
e gh ,S jH jJ LCG e dG GQdG Yh ,dG e gG
jJ M e ddh ,cS LJh ,AHCG HJ M M e ISCd
SdG jQdG SCG GSG M e dh ,dG Y JYeh ,cS
,a IPdG cdG Jh ,eJ M e dh ,dG HdG jQd
SGQdG MGd FdG YVdGh ,GOdG QNG M e gdG VGdh
JH dG SGQdG gdG a VdG W a edG ch ,dG
dG HdG CG dEG JQTEG a (West,1972) jh dP cDjh .bJ hHh
a dG hTdGh ,dGh ,AHBG a gjh ,jHdG dG e AL
jJh ,dG dG Y adGh dG Y gGdG K eh ,dG IYe
. edG dG
M ,NBG dEG MH eh ,NBG dEG e e ee a dG HdG jJh
T Y IQY dG HdG CH H Y OYG Lj fCG dEG (1999) H j
HdG CG (1985) TN iJh ,AYCG g FXh Hh ,SdG AYCG cd
a jdGh ,dG e Qb cCG GMEG dEG J eT LdS Y dG
ddG J dG HdG CG (1979) GY ijh .dH dG WdG gdG
.IjdH JJh ,dH J dG jdG j CG e YJh
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dG HdG jQJ f gJG
JQG ie e Hf JM a dG HdG gCG CG dEG (1994) c jh

,YLGh ,dG : g,iNCG eGdGh ,JM a dG edG H KdG
.jJh ,dG HdH GQdG e gG dd ;jQdGh ,cdGh
,jdG GdG a OQh a dP jh jJ dEG SEG YO eSEG IQdG a
fCG KM GJCa ,d M cDhf } :J b ,Sh Y dG U SdG Sh
.(223,IdG) |eDG Hh be fCG GYGh dG GJGh fC Gebh T
IAdG e SG e dG e j{: Sh Y dG U dG SQ bh
.zALh d fEa ,dH a j d eh , ha
MGdG dh ,dH jHdG gG SQGdG a dG HdG gC Gfh
M ;dG HdG e H j CG j dG dG Y GhcQh ,SGQdG
:JBG dG dEG (1977) GgR QTCG
.SdH dG FdGh ,MGe L a dG FH dEG -1
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.dG HdH UdG SGQdG He -3
.edG dCG Y OHGh ,dG dCG QNG M -4
.dGh ,dG Wh ,QdG HMQh ,aCG JG -5
J SSCG GgCG d Lj fEGh ,ad Idh d dG HdGh

:j e dEG (1992) Y j c ,GgCG g gCG eh ,d
jhJ N e ,dG d J N e dPh ,jYQh ,OdH jdG -1
.dH dG dG edH
.dG Phd e ,dG c Y dG HjEG gJG J -2
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cCG AGS ,SGQH SGQO IY gG dG HdG Ve gC Gfh
218
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, ( 2004) jdG Qf SGQO HdG SGQdG eh .LCG CG HdG dG a dP

LCG SGQdG eh .(1990) GdG Yh ,(1996) eWh , (2000)Uh
.(Eghbal,1980) ;(Corft & Linda,1992); :(Van-Osat et al.,1994) e c SGQO
c a dG HdG YVe M ( 2004 )jdG Qf H b SGQO a
, hCG c J J M ,jdG H jOGYEG MdH eSEG HdG
dEG b dGh , m Ve (128) Y TG dGh , OGYEG ddGh ,fdGh
HdH JdG GdG CG J dG Hh ,Ia (1530) e a H Ga
hCG c ALh .(%8^76) gQGe f Jh ,Ia (134) H dG
fc bh .OGYEG ddG GNCGh ,OGYEG fdG jh , dhCG JG OGYEG
.SEG a dG MCG M YVdG e
eh ,e gJG ae dEG ag SGQO AGLEH (2000) U bh
dEG aVEG ,SQGdG a dG HdG jQJ f a a edG SQGdG
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W ,eh m e (840) e fe Y Y SGQdG jLCG , gJG J a
jdG dG CG SGQdG Ff XCG ,Ia (76) e fdG gJG fSG Y
gJG a ha OLh XCG c .(%59) fc dG gJd HSd
.IdGh , dGh , SGQdG MdGh , dG gDdGh ,dG Gd J
a dG HdG bGh Y dG H (1990) GdGY H b SGQO ah
dP d h ;jfdG MdG d bGdG Gg Se ieh ,e a fdG dG
e ,fdG ddG dG e dWh mdW (1186) eGb Y Y SGQdG jLCG
dG e dWh mdW (652)h , dG fdG dG e dWh dW (534)
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.QcdG ddh ,fEGh ,QcdG H dch ,dG ddh ,dGh ,dG fdG
Lh Y dG H (Van-Oast et al., 1994) jNBGh ShCG a SGQO ah

e ,jjdGh ,G QNG J , dG HdG M dGh ,jjdG f
jQJ f HjEG gJG g CG SGQdG Ff XCG .jfK SQe (400)
.RQfa a jfdG edG SQGdG a dG HdG
GQOEG ae H (Croft & Linda, 1992) Gdh ahc H b SGQO ah
fJ .dG HdG f JgJGh ,dGh ,dGh ,QeCG AdhC dG
Ff XCG .m e (106) h ,QeCG AdhCG e (43)h ,m gGe (599) e SGQdG Y
,dG HdG M He QaCG Y ,dGh ,QeCG AdhCG e c JG SGQdG
.dGh ,QeCG AdhCG H fhdG OdG jd IjL W W IQhVh
dG HdG jQd Pf jJ H (David,1984) jO H b SGQO ah
,d fSG OGYEG J M , jeCG a dGh jh a jfdG MdG d
f e CG (391) e YCG ,jfdG Md eh m e (699) Y jRJ Jh
ddGh ,dGh ,dG Gd J fQd c He Ff XCGh (%57)
:j e jdGh , YLG
dG HdG a VGe S (40) Y gQYCG jJ jdG dG W .eY (40) S hO g e cCG
fc H ,dG VGeCG J dG VGdG Y dG OGaCG L JG QN dG SQeh , GdGh , jdG IOdG Y jdG bJG VGdG bCG
.LhdG IdG f
.JhdG Z e cCG dG HdG a VGe GMW JhdG EG ,dG gJG Y dG H (Antony,1984) ffCG H b SGQO ah
J Sc ,dG jdG SGH dG HdG jQJ f QeCG AdhCGh
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.QeCG AdhCG e (175)h , m e (116) Y SGQdG jLCG .fdG a eGSG
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HSG J K eh ,dG OGaCG b e dG HdG M ja a Ige J

e SGQdG Ff XCG ,dG HdG M Ia (44) e fe fSG Y ITe
:j
dG HdG jQJ f QeCG AdhCGh ,dG e c Y e e OLh .dG jdG GSH
GSG f QeCG AdhCGh ,dG e c Y HjEG gJG OLh .dG Hd FdGh dG FSdG
.dGh ,dG H dG Lh a NG OLh ,dG gJG Y dG H (Eghbal,1980) bEG H eb SGQO ah
GW a jfdG SQGdG a dG HdG jQJ f QeCG AdhCGh ,dGh
(100)h ,mdW (433) bGH dPh ,m T (632) e SGQdG Y fJ ,(GjEG)
:j e SGQdG Ff XCG .QeCG AdhCG e (99)h , m e
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a SGQdG e jdG dEG LM g CG J HdG SGQdG VY AV ah
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:SGQdG e
dG dG bd edG dG a jQdG a MdG Y N e
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Ggh ,dG HdH Je Ve CG IQKEG Y dG Hj NBGh ,dG
gJG Y KCdG a SQdGh ,ISCG e c QhO Ya V Y TDe HH
a GfGh ,edH bdG b Ie Me a dG Y dG HdG f
dG ASh ,GSG e H ,dG M Y gYJ S jH dG
Sd Gfh ,dG HdH JdG VGdG a QJ dG bGdG a
J fd dPh ;SQdG ie Y AH jHJ OHCG e SGQd dh ,VdG
dG OGaCG dZ CG dEG aVEG ,fGL c e dG U a SSCG IYdG
HdG f gJG d dhCG IGdG OjEG j ah , dN e hj
ddG SGQdG AL g e VdG a Y SGQO AGLEG e H ,dG
jdHh , a a (2000) U MdG H b dG dG Od e
:JBG hdG Y HLEH SGQdG e RjEG j
jQJ f a a edG SQGdG eh ,e gJG e - 1
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?dG gJG J a dG gJG d jdG IQdG e -2
a (0^05=) ddG ie Y FMEG dO GP ha LJ g -3
HdG jQJ f a a edG SQGdG eh ,e gJG
?H YdGh ,dGh ,dG d ioJ a a dG
: SGQdG GgCG
:Y dG dEG SGQdG ag
HdG jQJ f a a edG SQGdG eh ,e gJG -1

.SQGdG a dG
, SQGdG a dG HdG jQJ f gJG e H hdG -2
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HdG jQJ f dG gJG J a ge dG cCGh

.dG edG SQGdG a dG
eh ,e gJG a H YdGh ,dGh ,dG e KCG -3
.SQGdG a dG HdG jQJ f a a edG SQGdG
:SGQdG gCG
JY Y j fEa , IdG jOe e a QdH jdG dG d Gf
a KGdGh ,QdG Gg e cGe SGQdG gdG OGYEG a edG jHdG
Yh ,iNCG OdGh ,a a dG H Ia g j M dG gdG
AS K eh , LCG edG a SGQd gj jdG dG UdG Lh
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a dGh ,dG Y dGh ,dG e H YdG SGQOh
.a a edG SQGdG a dG HdG jQJ f JgJG
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dG HdG jQJ f gJG
AGLEG a dG MdG IYe dEG aVEG , VGdG g H HdG dG

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: dG dG -2
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: fedG dG -3
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.2001
:SGQdG e
:JG
VH J dG adG hCG ,dG HSG Ye fCH (1972) dU aj

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HSd e Y Y DJh ,f OGSG fCH (1974) GgR ajh
a ReQ hCG , bGe hCG ,YVe hCG ,ATCG hCG , UTCG f ddG hCG ,LdG
.HSG g J dG dG
:dG HdG
a jdGh dG e Qb cCG GMEG dEG J eT LdS Y g

.(1985, TN) dH dG WdG gdG
: SGQdG GAGLEG
: SGQdG e
.SGQdG VGZC eAd kGf dPh ;dG UdG dG SG
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: SGQdG e
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225
ae a edG SQGdG eh ,e e SGQdG e J

S a OQh c gOY ddGh ,Sh , Hfh , bh , dWh ,L
(3414)h ,m e (3594) bGH dPh ;eh m e (7008) dGh HdG IQGRh
.e
:SGQdG Y
e k jJ (%9) J Hh ,eh m e (635) eGb Y Y SGQdG jLCG

jJ J M ,dG FGdG dG jdH gQNG J bh , SGQdG e
J K eh ,ae c a fEGh ,QcdG SQGe jJ K eh ,hCG adG
.e FGY jH dG QNG
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(1) bQ hdG
dGh ,dG d J SGQdG Y jRJ
Y
QGdG
fEG
%dG
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%dG
: SGQdG IGOCG
eSG SQGdG a dG HdG jQJ f gJG Sb LCG e

YCG ,Ia (76) Y IGOCG TG M (2000) U gQW dG fSG
(5) IH aGhCG :g HSG H Y HSG Jh ,d jH
aGhCG ,LQO (2) aGhCG ,LQO (3) cCe Z ,LQO (4) aGhCG ,LQO
J a ,dG Gd dH eCG ,HjEG Gd dH Gg , LQO (1) IH
c ,e KK Y GdG jRJ J bh ,FMEG ddG AGLEG b Y
.(2) bQ hdG a
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(2) bQ hdG
dGh ,HjEG GdG jRJh fSG e
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226
: fSG U
(2000) U b e FHh ,bU GSG J M ,bOU ddG fSG
U GSG J ddG SGQdG a bU Y cCdh ,dG U GSH
Ia c H bd Sd JQG ee GSG jW Y NGdG JG
bGH ,eh e (60) e fe Y Y J N e dPh ,Jeh
(1) bQ dGh ,FdG SGQdG Y a J j d ,e (30)h ,e (30)
.de e Ia d JQGh fSG j
: IGOCG K
(60) Y DhGLEG J dG dG YG dhCG JQH IGOCG K jJ LCG e
Ffh ,dG jd dCG fhc dOe GSG J M , d eh ,e
.dP J (3) bQ hdG
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(3) bQ hdG
dG fhc dOe GSH fSG K
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
227
Y (0^94 -0^88) H e hGJ fSG K CG (3) bQ hdG e j

.SGQdG VGZC IL dG ee Lh (0^95) dG LQdGh ,dG
c ,kjHJ dG (0^70) e YCG fc dG ee L CG dEG aVEG
.(Nunnally, 1978)dff dP dEG j
: SGQdG Ge
: (Classificatory variables) dG GdG -GC
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.gJd dG LQdGh ,Jeh ,gJG Sb fSG GH
: FMEG ddG
(SPSS)
YLG d FMEG efdG SG fdG de LCG e

: ddG FMEG ddG GSH dPh
G gG jJ LCG e jQdG aGfGh ,HdG SdG -1

. SQGG G HdG jQJ f Gh
Jg QNG GSH (MANOVA) HdG SdG Oe jdG J -2
H FdG fQd (Sidak Test) GS QNGh ,(Hotelling's Trace) jJ
.dG H hdG jd HdG SdG
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2
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: beh SGQdG Ff
: f dGh ,hCG DhdH dG FdG :
k hCG
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dGh ,HdG SdG eSG DhdG e hCG dG Y HLEd
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228
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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a edG SQGdG eh ,e gJG CG (4) bQ hdG e j

,YLG - jdG dG Y HjEG fc dG HdG jQJ f a
jQJ f dG gJH j ah ,dGh ,HdG ddG Y Sh
.(%60^4) dEG HSd jdG dG Uh M ,HjEG fc dG HdG
SdG Oe jdG J SG DhdG e fdG dG Y HLEG LCG eh
GS QNGh ,(Hotelling's Trace) jJ Jg QNG GSH (MANOVA) HdG
,dG H hdG jd HdG SdG H FdG fQd (Sidak Test)
.(6) , (5) bQ dhdG a e g c
(5) bQ hdG
gJG e H hd (MANOVA) HdG SdG Oe jdG J Ff
@ddG ie
jM LQO
C G
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dG HdG jQJ f gJG
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SGQO e ddG SGQdG Ff J d H .HjEG SGQdG g a dG
fc dG HdG jQJ f gJG CG XCG dGh ,(1990) GdGY
id IaGdG edGh ,QdG a jdG dEG Oj b NG Gg eh ,S
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EG M ,gJG jd SSCG fdG MCG g adG dG CG dEG
.jdG dGh ,dfG dGh ,adG dG : g gJd FdG fdG
jdG dEG Oj NCG dEG SGQO e dG OGaCG H OHEG g e a jdGh
.SGQdG g Ff H NGh
Oe jdG J Ff XCG ,gJG e H hdH j ah
fG (Hotelling's Trace) jJ Jg QNG GSH (MANOVA) HdG SdG
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SdG H FdG fQd (Sidak Test) GS QNG Ffh ,(5bQ) hdG

dO GP ha OLh (1) bQ fdG dGh , (6 bQ) hdG fG HdG
ddGh ,YLG - jdG dG H (0^05=) ddG ie Y FMEG
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,jdG RGdG CG J dG g eh ,(dGh ,HdG) ddG H FMEG
jJ a SSCG GOdG e g dG a IFdG ddGh ,GOdGh
.dG Y dG HdG f gJG
:f dGh ,fdG DhdH dG FdG :fK

? dG gJG J a dG gJG d jdG IQdG e
Y dPh ;(Stepwise Regression) QdG QGfG SG DhdG Y HLEd
bQ hdG Ffh ,gJG e (%100) f e J KdG dG CG q Y
.dP J (7)
(7) bQ hdG
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a ZdG Y dG dG a AcH UdG dEG fOJ dG g eh .dG
g e QX a FdG dGh.dG HdG jQJ f dG gJG Sb
:e ,M dG OGdG SGQO CG Y ,dG id Yh OLh dEG Oj dG
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dG HdG jQJ f gJG
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dG OGdG a Ic LQH j YVdG g H gG CG dEG aVEG ,e
.HOCG VGdH fQe SQdG a
: f dGh ,ddG DhdH dG FdG : dK

gJG a (0^05= ) ddG ie Y FMEG dO GP ha LJ g
a dG HdG jQJ f a a edG SQGdG eh ,e
? H YdGh ,dGh ,dG d ioJ a
J M (2x2) QU MCH FdG jdG J SG DhdG Y HLEd
FdG jdG J Ffh ,HdG SdG (9) h (8) bQ dhdG Ff
. H YdGh ,dGh ,dG d J gJd
(8) hdG
HdG jQJ f a a edG SQGdG eh ,e gJ HdG SdG
dGh ,dG e H e a a dG
G SG
HOCG
dG
G
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232
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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(9) bQ hdG
a a edG SQGdG eh ,e gJG a hdG dd FdG jdG J Ff
H YdGh ,dGh ,dG e H a a dG HdG jQJ f
.(0^05=) ie Y kFMEG GO @
ie Y FMEG dO GP ha LJ fCG (9) bQ hdG e j
f a a edG SQGdG eh ,e gJG a (0^05=)
d ioJ YLG -jdG dG Y a a dG HdG jQJ
ddG Y kFMEG dGO hdG fc H ,H YdGh ,dGh ,dG
.FMEG GO YdG j d dh ,dGh ,dG d J dGh ,HdG
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dG HdG jQJ f gJG
ah ,QcdG dd fEGh ,QcdG H hdG fc dG H j ah

.dG dd HOCGh ,dG H dGO hdG fc dH j
,GOY dEG Oj QcdG ddh ,G d J hdG QH j ah
eh ,Qcd OdG QhdG j dGh ,bT c dG dG dJh
j H , QeCG AdhCG e VGdG e bd YdGh ICGdG cG K
JdG VGdG UdG Lh Yh ,dG Y TdG bh ,dG dG HW
dGh (2000) U SGQO Ff e e dG g e ALh ,dG HdH
H SQGdG a dG HdG jQJ f dG gJG a ha OLh XCG
.dG ddh ,dGh ,dG
dPh ;HOCH fQe dG dd hdG fc ,dG H j ah
VGdG e jdG SGQH ej dG dG UCG e dG C
jQJ N e fCG dEG aVEG ,edG SGQO AKCG dG HdH JdG
dG FdG e jdG aeh UdG j SQGdG a dGh AMCG JOd
VGeCGh ,KdG e ,dG c eh ,G OGaEG d IdGh ,SSCG
,dG H dG bhdGh ,dG Vh ,e jbdGh ,HSCGh ,SdG
dG dG UCG dEGh .QbCG e GhdH JdG KGQdG GQYGh
HdG f HjEG gJG jJ Y Ic LQH j edG g H
QTCG c -M HOCG dG UCH fQe SQGdG a jQJh ,dG
IYdG jh ,gJG jd SSCG adG dG EG - (1976) dG Y
Ff e e SGQdG Ff AL jCGh .gJd iNCG OHCG Y J dG
HdG jQJ f gJG a ha OLh XCG dGh (2000) U SGQO
dG UCG ddh ,HOCGh ,dG dG H SQGdG a dG
.dG
f gJG a gKCH dGh ,dG e H YdH j ah
ZdG Y dPh .FMEG GO YJ g j d SQGdG a dG HdG jQJ
.gJG g e a IOe IQH gKCJ e
234
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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: LSG
: j e MdG j Ffh ,SGQdG GgCG AV a
jQJ f a a edG SQGdG eh ,e gJG EG -1
.jb dh ,Se LQH dh ,HjEG fc dG HdG
SQGdG eh ,e gJG J Y IQb dG cCG EG -2
a M dG dG c dG HdG jQJ f a a edG
Sd OH MU K eh ,dG gJG e (%96^4) f e
.dG HdG jQJ f gJG
dGh dG dc ,fEG e HjEG cCG fc dG gJG EG -3
.HOCG dG e HjEG cCG dG dG a
gJG a dGh ,dG e H YdG KCd cj QhO CG j d -4
.dG HdG jQJ f a a edG SQGdG eh e
: UdG
: j H MdG Uj Ffh ,SGQdG GgCG AV a
jH dG WdG dG a ddG dGh HdG IQGRh b IQhV -1
QYG H NCG e ,dG SQGdG a dG Hd UN e
dEG aVEG ,SQGdG jeh ,dGh ,QeCG AdhC Yd GQhO Y
N e jGdG a j M ,SdG dG ah ,MGe Y FYEG IYGe
j M ,eSEG HdGh ,AMCGh , dG e SGQdG OGdG a edG
.e c jJ
HdH dG fGdG a QeCG AdhCGh ,SQdG QhO H edG IQhV -2
M LCG e FHC QeCG AdhCG b e TdG J IQhVh ,dG
.dG MdH JdG dG a bdG Jh ,LdG
jd dG aCG dEG UdG LCG e dG a dG IQSG IQhV -3
.dG SQGdG a dG HdG e
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dG HdG jQJ f gJG
f jdG LQh ,edG a jOcCG gJG M SGQO AGLEG -4

e e OLh dEG LdG ieh ,SQGdG a dG HdG jQJ
.dH UN
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.SQGdG a dG HdG jQJ f dG
,dGh ,SQGdG jeh ,QeCG AdhCG e c gJG M SGQO AGLEG -6
.dG SQGdG a dG HdG jQJ f dGh
`LGdG
fOQCG edGh ,dG c SQe gJG .(1991). Lf ,M
,(1) 8 ,(fOQCG edG) ,ffEG dG S :SGQO ,dG LdJ f
.162-130
.WCG Y dG HdG LdS .(1985). Se eCG ,TdG
,(QSEG Hh ,eQ e LJ) ,dG HdG .(1999). S ,H
. QdG QGO :e ,jQSEG
,IgdG .(ddG dG) YLG dG Y .(1974). dG Y ,eM ,GgR
. dG dY : e
:HdG e jQL ,IgdG .dG f Y .(1977). dG Y ,eM GgR
.dG dY
jQL ,IgdG .(fdG dG) HdG dG Y .(1972). cR ,MCG ,dU
. HdG dG QGO : HdG e
a edG SQGdG eh e gJG .(2000). jdG U ,U
Le dSQ .edG SQGdG a dG HdG jQJ f a T ae
.a ,Hf ,WdG dG eL ,dG SGQdG c ,IQe Z
236
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
237
bh dG dG a dG SQdGh GdG .(1996). AU ,eW

SdG dSdG e :a ,SdG .IZ
,QJh Oe ,ffEG dG SGQd Ne .(1976). HL ,HL ,dG Y
.HdG dG QGO : e ,IgdG ,HdG dG QGO (fdG dG)
jdG H fdG dG a dG HdG .(1990). dGY GdG Y ,GdGY
.2 (6)dGh
dG),eSEG f Lh e dG HdG de .(1979). dG Y ,GY
. dG QGO : d ,hH ,(dhCG
HG e : FGSEG dhO ,dG .dG HdG .(1992). dG e ,Y
. hN
,hH .(ddG dG) ffEG IdG a dGh dG .(1994). Y ,c
. dGh SGQd HdG SDdG : d
HdG c a dG HdG YVe , (2004) , gGHEG S ,jdG Qf
dG e .LG FSQ e ,jdG H jOGYEG MdH eSEG
. 237 -236 , (1) 5 (jdG eL) dGh jHdG
Antony, T. (1984). Attitudes of Greek parents and teachers toward sex
education via educational television. Dissertation Abstracts International, 46,03A
Croft, C., & Linda A. (1992). Perceptions of mothers , youth and educators :
A path toward dtente regarding sexuality education. (ERIC Document
Reproduction Service No. EJ 454145).
David, E. B. (1984). Selected characteristics of certain Illinois secondary school
health education teachers and the teaching of controversial topics in sex education
programs. Dissertation Abstracts International, 64-03A.
Eghbal, T. (1980). A comparative study of the attitudes of students, and parents
toward sex education in high school in Tahran. Dissertation Abstracts
International, 64, 03A.
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dG HdG jQJ f gJG
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed) New York :

McGraw Hill.
Tapp, M . et al., (1997). Evaluation of trained teachers implementation of sex
education curriculum. (ERIC, Document Reproduction Service No. EJ 546681).
Van-Oast, P. et al., (1994), Principals and teachers views of sexuality education in Flanders. (ERIC, Document Reproduction Service No, EJ, 484311).
West, S. (1972). Comparison of student, counselor and administrator perception
of Texas public high school counselors roles in sex education, Dissertation
Abstracts International, 32, 9A, p 4973.
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jJ a jQJ efH Ya
WCG e ae ie
OH kY bdG
dSCGh dG jJ
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fOQCG edG - dG dG IOY e YH dG Gg f @
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jJ a jQJ efH Ya
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fOQCG edG
G
jJ a UdG Oe cS jQJ efH Ya J dEG SGQdG g ag
QTh .kY bdG WCG S jJ Oeh dSCH dG ae ie
WCH oJ UN HJ SQGeh ,cGe a j eh ke (28) SGQdG a
(16= ) jJ dhCG Ye dEG SGQdG OGaCG J Jh .Y bdG
JQH Y bdG WCG S jJ QNG SGh (12= ) HV fdGh
.fOQCG dG Y IQdG
dG jdG J GSG J SGQdG SCG Y HLEdh
YdG a dG H FMEG dO GP ha OLh dEG FdG QTCGh
;FOeh dG jJ dSCH j a HdG YdG a Gh ,jdG
.dhCG YdG ddh
.(ANCOVA)
2003/12/23 d db jQJ @
2003/9/7 dG J jQJ @
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WCG ae ie jJ a jQJ efH Ya
Effectiveness of a Training Program in

Developing Teachers` Knowledge in Modifying
the Behavior of Children with Mental Retardation
Prof. Jamal Al-Khateeb

Collage of Educational Sciences
The University of Jordon
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a training program in developing teachers` knowledge in modifying behaviors of children
with mental retardation. Twenty-eight special education teachers participated in
the study. A Jordanian version of the Instrument to Measure Knowledge of
Behavioral Principles was used for data collection.
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for the data analysis that leads to
answering the study questions. Results revealed statistically significant differences in teachers` behavior modification knowledge favoring teachers in the
experimental group
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
243
jJ a jQJ efH Ya
OH k Y bdG WCG e ae ie
dSCGh dG jJ
dG L .O.CG
jHdG dG c
fOQCG edG
: SGQd dG QWEG
H J dG gG H j gH bdG WCG S jJ j
,dH Nj UdG HdG OCa 0 UdG HdG e a iNCG jdG e
.(Witzel & Mercer, 2003) dG jH bdG GP eGdGh , dGh dGh
ADa .SCG e d e fe bdG WCG S jJ CGjh
.ddG Z jOcCGh YLG cdG fCG e SGh FW hj WCG
QJ dEG IQhdH OS deh cdG J e jbdG e dG Yh
jJ ie fJ dEG Oj dG eCG ,WCG ADg id dGh NEG Ye
iNCG L e dGh cdG dG e jdG dEGh ,L e jd GdG
fG Y dG e dG J Y Ea dc.(Snell & Brown, 2000)
idG Y Oj b dPh ,dG YdG H OYG dEG H aj b dG
UdG HdG e a dG Y bdG Mh ,dG OSG dEG jdG
dEG Ic LM a ,dP AV ah .(Brownell, Smith, McNellis, & Mller, 1997)
(Hamill & Everington , 2002) dG jJ a UdG HdG e GQe jJ
cCG a ,keY d kU kGeCG cdG fG Y dG c GPGh
(Remington, 1998; Snell & Brown, 2000) kY bdG WCG d HU
j e jd dG dG ge a KDJ WCG ADg id IOLdG bYEa
HJ Y Fdh d U e cCG Y M jJh ,Ic Xh kGOb
GdG a kGJh HU cCG dG g UCG bh 0AGS q M Y gCJh
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dG ADg j a 0 keY dG bYEG hP dG d dH INCG

UCG e IjGe f dh ,a e cGe hCG ,SQGe a J j
d jJ Y SQdG g Jh 0 edG CGd kJ jOdG SQGdH J
jOdG dG d dH fEGh ,a UdG HdG d dH
ed d bCG bh aGJ dG e a j eq dG Ea dc0kjCG
J feEG a Vh dG EG dG f a IOjR Y Jj dPh ,jOdG
.(Lewis & Doorlag, 1996) jJh WCG S V K eh ,Vh hdG
Ya VdG KdG OdG a H dG SGQdG e CG cdH jLh
AdhCGh ,G Yeh ,GbCG) gZh ,jNBG Gh dG jQJ
GQdG e SGh FW J ah bdG WCG S jJ a (dEG ,QeCG
,dG GQdGh , IdG dG GOdGh , dG jOcCG GQdG : e
(Remington, 1998) edG JdG GQdGh ,GdH jdGh UGdG GQeh
jJ eGH d ;gZh dG dEG MdG j e kda dP dEG aVEGh
.SdG dH jQJ H dPh ,WCG ADg S
e e Ye jQJ (Hundert, 1982) jfg SG ,dG S a
dOCG GSH dG jd eGH Jh d UdG LdG hP WCG
a e J jQdG efdG Y f bh .LGdG jdGh HdG jQdG
dWCG S a kjCG e Jh ,dG jJ dSC dG GSG
.dG aZ a
Ya H (Hrydowy & Martin, 1994) JQeh hGjGg b ,iNCG SGQO ah
J dG UdG HdG cGe a edG QOGdG GQe J a jQJ efH
T Y gOGYEG J Ye UY Y efdG TGh .kY dG WCH
g Ff H bh .dG jJ dSCG J W kHc VJ jQJ eRQ
dP XCG c ,gL H J jQJ J jdG QOdG AYCG AGOCG CG SGQdG
f QOdG AYCG AGOCG J Ea dc .HdG Me a dGh ,dG dG
.fHQj Gfc jdG kY dG WCG e S a J Y
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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eTh ,Shah ,eTh ,TQg Qbh

dG) ITdG dGh ,HdG dG Ya H ( Hursh, Schumaker,
jLCGh .dG jJ dSCG J Y jQdG a (dG LGdG jdGh
e a e Gfc SjQddG Me e keL kdW Y KG Y SGQdG
,jdG : edG cdG dSCG fch .dG jJ a fGe jQJ
J dG L qJh .HjEG jdG Y AbEGh ,LdGh ,dGh
f Jh ,jNBG HSCG d ITe Jh ,HSCG d ;He
SCG Y cj jQdG ch .f dSCG d ;He J dG
J dEG jCG ITdG dGh ,HG dG OCG bh .SCG c MGh
jJ dSC dG J a dO GP ha J a dHh .dSCG J a
.d edG dG f dEG ioJ dG
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GQe GQOE J UdG UdG HdG OCG Y jS If Ea ,RjEHh

Kehle, Bray, Theodore, Jenson , & Clark, 2000 ) .dG jJ a dG jQJ gCGh
jb Y dOCG j OCG Gg Ea dc (Dunlap et al., 2000; Hirallal & Marteens, 1998;
& Glenn, 2002) .bdG WCG S J a jQdG e dG Gg Ya Y
cCG CG bdG GP dG SGQdG Ff H , Y LHh (Shook, Alai -Rosales,
jQdG dOCGh ,GVdG N e) edG jJ : Ya jQdG dG
jdGh (dEG , cdG SQdGh , QhdG d) MjEGh , (dEG , HdG
(Hursh et al., 2000; Sutton , 1992) LGdG
````bdG WCG S jJ `M SGQdG e O`Y X , H`dG hdG ah
e kGQOf MdG CG SGQdG `g a IdG GAG`LEGh dG J e jh
AdhCG hCG dG HQj dh ,fCH WCG S jJ eGH H ej
,Sj ;2001 , hGH :dG dG S Y fG) eGdG J d QeCG
.(ALl-Khateeb,1989; ,1993
d dPh ;kGL IOhe VdG Gg M IaGdG HdG SGQdG dh
a dG iNCG jdG eh .dG jM k fGe UdG HdG Ge c kLe
jJ eGH d ;eRdG jdG dEG bdG WG e QaG CdG Gg
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ae ie jJ H SGQO (1993) dG iLCG a .ddG dG

,dG Gg dh .dSCGh dG jJ Oe kY dG WCG e
,jOhCG Vh dG dG jH adG QNG e He IQU OGYEH MdG b
e dG Hh (O`Dell, Tarler-Benlolo, & Flynn, 1979) ah ,dH - dQJh
cGe S a j keh e (74) Y J J JKh QNG U
dG ae ie CG FdG Hh .kY dG WCd UN SQGeh
hCG ,c QNG Y dG idG dEG j d dSCGh dG jJ Oe
dO GP ha OLh Y FdG XCG dc .KdG FGLCG e AL CG Y
.dG LQdG hCG jQdG a IdG d kJ dG ae ie a FMEG
jJ CG dEG ddG hO e f c OY a dG SGQdG QTCG , dHh
dG CG dEG SGQdG g QTCGh .d dH jdhCG j dG dG
i``d cdG ``dG dd J edG b jQdG eGH CG hj
.(O'Neill et al.,2001) ``à `H dG
G deh Jh dG J a JGQeh dG ae jJ gC kcGQOEGh
dEG HhQhCG h jeCG eL IY QOH bdG WCG id cdG G
UdG HdG bCG N e dG jJ a Y SGQO eGH W
.(O'Neill et al.,2001)
IUdG UdG HdG HOCG a SGh f Y kYLEG K CG S e j

g ,dG cdG dG dSCH jCG ahdG dG jJ dSCG CG Y
N ah ,bG WCd SdG cdG IOjR a Ya dSCG cCG
.(Schoen, 2003; Schreibman, 2000; Rosenwasser jCG SdG Z JcS
& Axelrod, 2002; Laties & Mace, 1993)
SGQdG e
J Z cS WfCG hj Y dG WCG CG J e Mj
g jd ;eRdG GQdG cG dEG Lj WCG ADg e CGh ,Ye
eOh ,WCG e dG d YLG dG MG IOjd cdG fCG
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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kGQOf edG b jQdG eGH CG hj dG dh .dG ah ,SQG a

jQJ eGH gjhJ j ddh .jQhdG GQdG cG Y gYJ e
S , dP Y AHh .QX Y dG dG de e d ;edG AKCG
a Ya e dGh ,UdG Oe cS jQJ efH jJ dEG SGQdG g
.Y bdG WCG S jJ dSCG dG ae ie J
: ddG FdG GDdG Y HLEG ddG SGQdG dhM , jdG Lh Yh
YdG a dG ae ie a dG SdG a ha LJ g
?Y bdG WCG S jH HdG YdG a dGh ,jdG
: ddG FMEG VdG ZU J a , HdG GDdG Y HLEdh
a dG ae ie H ( 0^05=) FMEG dO GP ha LJ
dSCGh AiOH HdG YdG a dG ae ieh ,jdG YdG
.Y bdG WCG S jJ
SGQdG g
ie jd ;UdG Oe jQJ efH J dEG ddG SGQdG ag
kjJ dGh ,dSCGh dG jJ AiOH Y bdG WCG e ae
.efdG Gg Ya e
SGQdG gCG
gh ,Y bdG WCG d e LM hJ a SGQdG g gCG J
fCG dd ;f dH dG d Hbh da GQe cG dEG LdG
J ddG SGQdG Ea dc .WCG ADg gj dG dG dG dG
,HdG hdG a WCG e dG g e M dG edG IYb jJ a
jGe gH j dG dG Gg a He SGQO AGLEG Y MdG Jh
.gGdG bdG a
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SGQdG GOe
Se g edG d IMGh IGOCG GSG Y SGQdG g bG (1)
FdH SGQdG g Ff OJ ,dP AV ah .dG jJ
.dG ae ie Sb Y JQHh Sd jedG
a SQGe S e eh ke jYh fK Y SGQdG g bG (2)
.qY je
dG jJ
gCG P dG J H dG fGd dG dG dG : dG jJ
.dG J AGQh edG SCG Y bKdG dG dOCG jJh YLG
cdG jdG AiOd Y J g dG ja ,jdG Lh Yh
Y cdH : J dG FGLEG GTEG geh AiOe UHh ,geh
UHh ,dG hdG J IOYEG hCG Jh ,TdG Sd HdG gdG dG
edGh ,a j dG dG dG a dG jJh , dG H j e e
b ,SGQdG g ah .(Alberto & Troutman, 2002) è `ÙH dG `````è
dG jJ dSCHh , edG FGLEG GTEG AiOH ,dG jJ J
.SdG Z dG VEG dSCGh ,SdG
e Y J dG SCGh VGaG L :dG jd edG OdG
,jdH : AiOdG g Jh .dG dG Ff dEG IdGh dG jJ
.(2003,dG) dGh ,dGh ,LdGh ,(dG) AWEGh ,dGh
a edG OdH dG YdG QNG Y LQdG SGQdG g a Jh
.dG jJ Se
e IOjR Y J dG GAGLEGh dG :SdG dG jJ dSCG
,cdG bdGh ,LGdG jdGh jdG :e YOh a ZdG HSG
QNG Y LQdG SGQdG g a Jh . (2003,G) dEG , dG Vh
.dG jJ Se a SdG dG jJ dSCH dG YdG
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dG N dEG ODJ dG GAGLEGh dG : SdG Z dG VEG dSCG

dh ,NBG d VdG jdGh ,gdG : e ,ajEG hCG a ZdG Z
a Jh .(2003, dG ) dEG ,FGdG dGh ,HSG Jh ,jdG
SdG Z dG VEG dSCH dG YdG QNG Y LQdG SGQdG g
. dG jJ Se a
a Yh ,dG dG AGOCG a e VfG jd WCG : Y bdG WCG
J jdG WCG g , SGQdG g ah .(Baroff & Baroff,1999 ) dG dG
jOa AcP GQNG GSH SQGe b e kY be fCG Y J
a cQdG WCG id dG bYEG fc bh .dG dG jeh ,e
dEG ij e eh ,dG he Z g e e e fCG GP SGQdG g
HGVGh ,jjdG edG aGJ Yh ,iNCG L HGVGh hGO eRe
.iNCG eGYh ,HdGh ,Ye jCG HGVGh ,IOdGh dG
GAGLEGh jdG
SGQdG OGaCG
S e jb jH gQNG J eh e (28) SGQdG g a QT

kKfEG SGQdG OGaCG e (19) ch .Y bdG WCG H oJ SQGe/cGe
.S (29) SH S (42 - 24 ) H e gQYCG MhGJh ,QcP (9)h
,S 17 dEG S H e d dG bYEG e a jQdG IdG MhGJh
ke (16) HdG LQO T a dG JgDe eCG .GS (4) SH
dGh dG L ch .eh ke (12) SjQddG LQOh ,eh
e 7) e kb GOY dh ,edG b dG jJ a kGMGh kbe GSQO b
jJ M VdG KdG GYG a jQJ GQhO a GcTG (a eh
ADg J J bh .YS H iqJ Ib GQhdG J fch ;dG
dG j dh .HV fdGh ,jJ gGMEG Ye a dGh dG
dG Y hd dH dP Y j dG dG Hd Gf ;kFGY
OGaCG OYh ,eh ke (16) jdG YdG OGaCG OY H bh .SQGe a
.eh ke (12) HdG YdG
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SGQdG IGOCG
250
IQdG GSG J , dG jJ dG ae ie Y edG d

b b (1993) dG c dG WCG S jH adG QNG e HdG
:g AGLCG KK J Ia (42) e QNG Gg jh .HS SGQO a gjH
WCG S jd edG AiOdG (CG
SdG Z dG N dSCG (
SdG dG jJ dSCG (
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
dG L .O .CG
4:22 PM
.e d Y VY jW Y QNd dG dG e dG J bh
K O eCG .SdG dH QNd dG dG e dG J dc
H M NGdG Jd dCG fhc dOe GSH LGSG J a , QNG
.(0Q75) dG ee
J M a IMGh LQO QNG Ga e Ia d dG HLEG Jh
CG M a (42) QNG Y idG LQdG Ea dHh . GU WdG HLEG
.U fdG LQdG
jQdG efdG
jQJ dO GSH dSCGh dG jJ Oe J Y dG jQJ J

,(2001) dGh ,(2003) dG dEG kGOSG OGYEH MdG b e
OH jJ Y ddG TG bh .(Foxx, 1982b) cah (Foxx, 1982a) cah
Lh Yh .dG aZ a d Hb Y jH VYh ,edG dG jJ
,dEG j dG SCd kMjEG q bh ,dG jd kjJ ddG J ,jdG
.Y bdG WCG e dG jJ eGH J Y j dG GdGh
QdG SdGh , d XdG dG : ddG a VY dG OdG gCG eh
S jJ bNCGh dG Ff J gCGh ,dG d TdGh
. kY bdG WCG
jdG : gCG eh ,YOh SdG dG J dSCG kjCG ddG VYh
OdGh ,jH CGeh ,LGdG jdGh ,LdGh ,dGh ,HjEG
NewsLetter No.
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dc .VdG jdGh , ANEGh ,dGh ,LdGh ,edG jdG h ,cdG

jJ h ,(AWEG ) gdG : ddG SdG Z dG VEG dSCG ddG qH
.HSG Jh , FGdG dGh , dG dG jJh ,dG Z
dG dSCGh OdH dG GP jdG e c OY Y ddG TGh
eh , VdG ddG SGQO Hh , d dG HLCGh ,j
MhGJ ,L N a jQdG efdG J Jh .bY GP Y d
.MGdG SCG a L bGH ,YSh fh YS H e e IMGdG Ie
a dG Jh .dG a j dG cGdGh SQGdG a jQdG fh
Ye c AYCG OY hGJ ,IU Ye V jQdG jdG YdG
dP Y YSh ,f MdG jQdG H bh . e (7 - 4) H e e
.UdG HdG a dG SGQdG W MCG
c ,dG AKCGh .dG jJ Se J J jQdG efdG H AdG bh
ddG dG a J S dG ddG e AdG IAGb Y j dG
dEG aVEHh .dG J a bd j dG jdG Y HLEG dch
bdGh , IVdG :e ,jQJ dSCG IY eSG ,dG jQdG ddG
J YCG jQdG efdG J e AfG Hh .adGh , ddG SGQOh ,
kb f SdG J J bh .jdG YdG OGaCG Y dG jJ Se
OGaCG Y a J J dG f bdG a HdG YdG OGaCG Y kjHh
.kjJ jdG YdG
FMEG dGh SGQdG J

dG QNG EG M ;M jJ dh ,jJ T SGQO SGQdG g
dG dG ch .kFGY j d HdGh ,jdG ,YdG a Jh
.adG Z HdG YdG J eGSG J
J a HdG dG eCG .jQdG efdG H SGQdG g a dG dG Jh
jdG J GSH FdG J Jh .dG jH dG ae ie a
Se a hdG jJ Y j FMEG SCG Gg C ;(ANCOVA) G
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Se J Y QYG H gNCjh ,gOLh dM a dG QNG Y AGOCG

.dG QNG Y AGOCG
SGQdG Ff
SdG a FMEG dO GP ha OLh Y J dG SGQdG Va QN
,jdG YdG a dG H dG jH adG id dG
H NCj fC ;dG jdG J GSG , HdG YdG a dGh
Ff (1) bQ hdG Vjh 0dG QNG Y YdG H hdG QYG
.dG Gg
(1) bQ hdG
HdGh jdG YdG a dG ae ie H dG jdG J Ff
dG QNGh dG QNG H jdH Se dG jH
```Y FMEG dO GP hà OLh (1) bQ h`dG à fdG è `j

,jdG YdG a dG H dG jH adG ie a (0^05=)
(28^1) jM LQH () b H M HdG YdG a dGh
jdG YdG dd fc hdG CG (2) bQ hdG e jh .11^40
a 22^39 dG QNG Y YdG g OGaCG AGOC dG SdG H M
efdG CG j Ggh .16^89 HdG YdG OGaCG AGOC dG SdG H M
jH jdG YdG a dG ae ie J a a c jQdG
.c dG
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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(2) bQ hdG
e c a dG id dG LQdH Se dG jH adG id ddG SdG
dG QNG Y HdG YdGh ,jdG YdG
a dG ae ie a dG jdG J Ff (3) bQ hdG jh

dG jH adG QNG OHCG e hCG d HdGh jdG YdG
.(edG AiOdG)
(3) bQ hdG
HdGh jdG YdG a dG ae ie a dG jdG J Ff
dG jd edG AiOdG
FMEG dO GP kbha g CG EG ,(3) bQ hdG a fdG J ch

dG id dG jd edG AiOdH adG ie a (0^05=) ``````Y
() b H M ,HdG YdG a dGh ,jdG ``YdG a
.5^29 (28,1) jM LQH
H M jdG YdG dd fc hdG CG (4) bQ hdG e jh
H M a ,5^56 dG QNG Y YdG g OGaCG AGOC dG SdG
jQdG efdG CG j Ggh .3^67 HdG YdG OGaCG AGOC dG SdG
jd edG AiOdG jdG YdG a dG ae ie J Y Y
.dG
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(4) bQ hdG
dG jd edG AiOdH adG id ddG SdG
dG jJ dSCG dG ae ie a jQdG efdG KCG jdh

OGaCG LQd HdG Sd dG jdG J SG ,SdG
jH adG QNG OHCG e fdG dG Y ,HdGh ,jdG YdG
.dG Gg Ff (5) bQ hdG Vjh .(SdG dG jJ dSCG) dG
(5) bQ hdG
SdG dG jJ dSCH adG ie a dG jdG J Ff
``Y `FMEG `dO GP ha O``Lh (5) bQ hdG a fdG e j

a dG H SdG dG jJ dSCH adG ie a (0^05=)
() b H M ,HdG YdG a dGh ,jdG YdG
dd fc hdG CG (6) bQ hdG e jh . 8^94 (28,1) jM LQH
AGOCG Se H M a ,8^38 FGOCG Se H M jdG YdG OGaCG
ae ie IOjR Y Y efdG CG j Ggh .6^66 HdG YdG
.SdG dG jJ dSCH jdG YdG a dG
254
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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(6) bQ hdG
SdG dG jJ dSCH adG id ddG SdG
dG VEG dSCG dG ae ie a jQdG efdG KCG jdh

OGaCG LQd HdG Sd dG HdG J SG ,SdG Z
jH adG QNG OHCG e ddG dG Y HdGh ,jdG YdG
Gg Ff Vj (7) bQ hdGh .(SG Z dG VEG dSCG) dG
.dG
(7) bQ hdG
HdGh jdG YdG a dG ae ie a dG jdG J Ff
dG VEG dSCG
a (0^05=) Y FMEG dO GP ha OLh (7) bQ hdG e j

YdG a dG H SdG Z dG VEG dSCH adG ie
jM LQH () b H M ,HdG YdG a dGh ,jdG
YdG OGaCG dd fc hdG CG (8) bQ hdG e jh .13^61 (28,1)
jH adG QNG OHCG e ddG dG Y FGOCG Se H M ,jdG
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WCG id dG dG N a cS efH Ya .(2001) . WY , hGH
. fOQCG edG :jHdG dG c . IQe Z Le dSQ . Y bdG
WCG id FdG dG Z cdG gdG .(1988) .L , G
.185 - 163 , 15 , SGQO .Y dG
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OQCG : Y ,M
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dG dG a edG dO :ffEG dG jJ .(2003 ) . L , dG
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Z cdG H N a eQ jJ efH Ya .(1993) .e , Sj
edG :jHdG dG c .IQe Z Le dSQ .Y dG id dG
.fOQCG
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Factors Contributing to the Refusal of Psychotherapy

as Perceived by a Sample of Patients
Fahad Abdullah Addelaim

Department of Psychology-College of Education
King Saud University
Abstract
The present study aims at revealing the factors contributing to the refusal of
psychotherapy as perceived by a sample of 143 patients in seven mental health
hospitals in Saudi cities. A 23 item questionnaire was designed and various statistical analysis techniques were implemented to test the hypotheses of the study.
The findings showed that the psychopharmacological treatment, the frequent
visits to hospitals and length of psychological sessions contributed the most to
the underutilization of psychotherapy. Several suggestions were drawn from the
results, which the researcher hopes to be considered by the psychologists, psychiatrists and top officials as part of their real effort to encourage patients to use
psychotherapy.
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. (1997 e ;1984,OGQdG)
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? VdG Ieh ,GVG
a dG jdGh ,dG VdG H FMEG dO GP ha LJ g .3
k ah ,dG dG Y bEG Y dEG jODdG HQCG OHCG eGY GQOEG
Ieh ,GVG Wh ,dG idGh ,YLG ddGh ,dG Gd
? VdG
: SGQdG gCG
: ddG fGdG a ddG SGQdG gCG J
OdG dG H j dGh ,jdG adGh ,YLG dG dCG .1

OGR Gd ;SdG e dG id dG dG fGL ea ,dG JYGH
LdG Y J Yf f eN dEG J dG VdG dG OGYCG
e gad feEG g CGh UN ,dG LdG e J H ,jhdG
H JdG eGdG Y dH EG j d dG eCG gh ,Y dG OGORG
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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. dG dG LdG g Y bEG
eJh ,VdG cGQOE bY OLh Y dG GdG HOCG c d .2

dG VdG H bEG H GVG Yfh ,dG SCGh ,ddG
e ddG SGQdG hS g e ,Jda a QGSG hCG ,dG dG Y
edG j M ,OdG dG Y dP fG ie e dG Ff N
. Yh YVe SCG ah eGdG g e
,aGZdG GdG H QhO Y J fc e gCG SGQdG g J .3
,dG dG Y VdG bEG Y a gZh ,dGh ,YLG ddc
a adG OHCGh ,jQdG hd bY Y j b a dG CGh UN
.dG edG e dG Gg QSG Yh ,VG dG hY IgX
,dG IQGRh a ddG J b JMeh Ff AV ah SGQdG g .4
GAGLEG PJG gCG dEG gZh ,gCGh ,jdGh ,eG dGh
,dG edG e Jh aJ dCG RJ CG fCT e Y HGJh
.LdG SDdG GgCG Jh ,jdG LMH J IQH Jh
a XdG IQdG e gCG J SGQdG g EG :dG e H GNCG .5
aJ jGH J CG MdG eCj dGh ,dG Gg a fGdGh jdG SGQdG
SGQdGh HCG e jdH GdG Gg AGKEG dEG MdGh dG
.dG dG YVdG g e dEG J dGh ,SdG
: SGQdG e
d jdG jdG e OY ddG SGQdG ee a OQh d : dG dG .1
T bY gJ YJ Y fCH jJ M QJ dGh ,dG dG
VH dPh ;f HGVG e fj jeh , de H dOe e
jW Y dG f Jh ,aGG Z dG Jh ,dG IfdG J
eCG (Vinogradov & Yalom 1989;1969 ,OjdG) ```d Zh `d NJ
dG GAGLEGh dSCG J :a SGQdG g a dG d FGLEG jdG
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dGh dG e kGOY ee dG AWCGh ,dG G H j

HGVG e Y VH ;aGh ,ffEGh ,cdGh ,dG
J IOe YLGh L N e fgdGh ,HdGh ,cdGh ,dfG
e gZ hCG ,dG UdG hCG ,jhOCd GSG fhO jdGh ddG H
. FjdG hCG ,FHdG hCG ,jhdG LdG
e fj jdG VdG dhCG SGQdG g a H jh : dG VdG .2
jd LJ h ,QSG e Ic LQO Y d ,f HGVGh e
gh ,Y j dh ,dG dG ge aj fCG c .fgP VGYCG
Y GfG K ,Ib Id LdG e dG Gg GSG d S e kjCG
ej dGj e fCG dEG aVEH. LY S ;LGdGh HdG
. Y Me jd dh ,LdG e dG Gg
,dG dG Y dG VdG hY H jh : dG dG Y bG Y .3
a fG Y hCG ,dG ddG e QGbEG H JTe Y hCG ,Y dG hCG
. Jda hCG ,JL H QM a AdG H Y fGh
:HdG SGQdG
dG HCGh SGQdG e c OY UQ J LddG GdG LGH
Y dG LdGh ,Y H dG edG Y VdG bEG Y dhJ
. dG idG Y hCG ,LCG dG a AGS ,UdG Lh
fGe SGQO AGLEH (Angermeyer, Held & Gortler,1993) DheRh jefCG b d
SGQdG Y fc M ,VQdGh jCdG H FGhdG dGh dG dG GH
CG SGQO c bh ,jOJG fdCG a SdG eY e CGOa21-18 e fe
bh ,edG VdG d dH M dG SCG g dG dG SCG
a bdGh QGdG feEG :e ,GQe IH dG LdG J SdG QH
e dG dEG aVEH ,dG dd dG IAdGh ,LdG dG
.VGYCG EG dJ Fe a ;fG gQKCG IQd FGhdG LdG Y OdG
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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SdG eY e Ye AGQB Ke SGQO a Lh a (Schulte ,1993) dT eCG

ij a ,dG dG d gDe dG G CG hj e 93 CG
cHh jGdEG Lh M a ,`dG H `d gDdG g dG AWCG CG 7
,jeCG dG CG (Sydow & Reimer,1998 a ```dEG Q``dG) f`S dch
fQe dG G SGH LY Y J CG j jaCG dGh
. YLG G hCG dG AWCH
c a ,dG LdG Y bEG Y dEG jODdG eGdG U Y eCG
a m je134 Y J dG (Axelrod & Wetzeler,1989) djhh OhcEG SGQO
Y Y de FQ eGY HQCG g CG Qjf jH dG dG
dG IdG (1) :g ,VG ADg b e dG a fGh hdG
dG dEG LdG Gf (3) ,G dG e dG bdG (2) ,d
. GhLh dG dG b GQOEG Y(4) ,dG
vnf m je 142 Y(Sweet & Noons,1989) ffh jS H b SGQO ah
H :g ,dG LdG Y bEG Y a IKDe eGY HQCG OLh FdG XCG
dEG aVEG ,dG SQ JQGh ,dG eCdG OLh Yh ,dG Y dG
V AL dG (Chen,1991) J he c d . YLG hdG H
LdG eGH e hdG Y CH dG Gd LGe J J SGQO
V e e eY dG W GQOEG Yh ,VG OLh QfEG CG IQdG dG
al.,2000) DheRh fdOEG eCG .LdG dH GdG Y Y de eGY Ye
Hh ,jdG jQfhCG We a FHh e SGQO a GhLh a (Edlund et
dG Ld HSG d jDdG GTDdG jJ VH ;jeCG jdG
d jLCG S 45-G5 H e gQYCG hGJ ,Oa 431 e fJ Y Y
,dG LdG UGe Y YfG cCG Gfc QdG jTGdG CG ,T He
kLY) LhOe kLY j jdG OGaCG CG GhLh c ,QdG jTGdH fQe
Y S gJG jd jdG OGaCG CG dEG aVEG ,CefG cCG g (kFGhOh kf
He Y dGh YLG dG e fjh ,dG edGh ,dG da
AeRh SQc CG `c .d IQdG LdG Y Gj h ,dG dG e
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be ae H Ke e SGQH Geb b (Coursey, Farrell, & Zahniser, 1991)

fc ddG g CG GhOaCG bh ,dG dG e ,f je 240 e fe Y
,dG ddG SQj dG dG CH JQG Y GhHCG dh ,d Ie
H jNBG e fhj dG GdGh ,GMG bh ,fEG Y Y IhY
.dG Ve
e SGQO a (Coursey, Keller, & Fattell, 1995) AeRh SQc Ea dc
GhLh b ,fjQe jh a kgCJ kLY kGce Y KG am je 212 T iNCG
GhcCG fCG c ,ddG e a ZdG dhCG UdG g dG LdG bdG CG
ADg e %60 Ea dc ,dG ddG H dG dG dG fdG g jdG CG
FGhdG SCGh ,dG SCG H (Combination) LhGdG CG dEG GhQTCG VdG
.LdG cGdG LGe a QGSGh ,fG f e ad no
r dG jdG g
SdG GOY VGh QhO Y J HdG SGQdG Ea S e Y AHh
Y dEG jODdG eGdG H j a UN dG VdG cGQOEGh ,eY
JdG dG IdGh ,dG d cGQOEG Y :e ,dG dG Y bEG
,SdGh ,dG GOdG beh ,edG Yc ,dG dG fGL H
. dG ddG ee ah ,G Gg a edGh
a ,LdG dG f a c QhO d FY e dd dG edG EG
HQCGh d SGQO a (Chung, Pardeck, & Murpgy, 1995) DheRh J Lh
e c dd cGQOEH JQG dG dG a jQGSG CG kHT
,LdG N Vh dEG aVEG ,JH Xe jY jh ,H j ,e
SG a f dG ah kjCG ,dG da a AdG b Jh ,bH MTh
cCGh ,kWe dG ddG iJ CG a ZJ SdG CG (Schneider,1978) QjT
ge H b SGQO Ff c a dc ,FY e eJ N jMh ffEG
fCG kje 96 Y (Mohl, Marinez, Ticknor, Hung, & Cardell, 1991) DheRh
,VG VhC ddG J Y dEG dG a efG Y SCG hj
d LdG a Gdh ;fhQj h fj ddG CH gQdh ;ahXh
. d je hCG ,da J
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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j eh ,dG dG ed Jfh ,VG cGQOEH j a Gg

,eGdG g Y bEG Y J SGQdG CG EG ,ddG UN ,jJ Y
Ff XCG a ,UdG Gg a ke kGQhO J aGZjdG eGdG CG iJ H
,dG Y fG fCG H kWJQG g CG (Wise & Rinn, 1983) jQ h jGh SGQO
b (2002) FeRh fdOEG SGQO CG c ,IdG jdG dG hP e VdGh
g QdG jTGdG a a j jdG VdG CG JG M Ke H LN
idG Y eCG .QdG jTGdH fQe dG ,LdG UGe Y kYfG cCG
Y J dGh (Daradkeh & Zayer, 1993) jGdGh cOGQdG SGQO c a dG
M e fj %80 q CG GdH eGQCG H dG dG IOd LGe 445
dEG ... .94 dGh dG ASh ,77 dGh ,43 YdG cc ,HY
jdG CG Lh ,JLGe a ej jdG VdG FN Y dG VHh
QWEG ah kjCG . KdGh edG S gQYCG RhJ jdG OGaCG e g j
je 260 Y J dGh (1992) ch a SGQO Ff XCG a ,f
jdG CG FdH dG dG H LQdG GOdG LGQ f
. d IQdG dG LdG SGh ,QG Y kYfG cCG g jdG
a dEG QdG) cd SGQO c a ,dG idG U Y eCG
dG j ddG dG jdG hP e OGaCG CG (Sydow & Reimer, 1998
Y j bCG dG e M c jdG OGaCG CG M a ,dG ddG id
cCG g eCG jdG CG GLh a (1992) ch a eCG . dG AWCG
. LdG LGdG a kefG
jQh jJec SGQO XCG a ,NBG fL eh
JS jH bHQg M a dG cdH LQdG GOdG a J dGh
YdH dG Y AdG bEG CG ,ICGeG 121h m LQ 217 Y jeCG
.ddG g Y kbEG bCG g fdG CG X c ,LdG e bCG c LdG
a ,dG idG Y dh ,YLG ddH UdG f dG ah kjCG
kbG cCG g dGh ,eGQCG CG (1993) ch à SGQO Ff XCG
f Y c b (1993) jGdGh cOGQdG SGQO CG c . dG Y kefGh
(Comtois & Reis 1995)
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LhdG a e Gfc LdG LGdG Y dG CG a J Ke

.LhdGh
egh a SGQO XCG à HG`VG H `j à eCG
`dG Y`f H WJQG bY OLh Y (Fink & Heakerman,1981)
FeRh jaS SGQO CG M a .LdG efdG e h`dGh
bCG g YLG gdG Ve CG Y c b (Safren,Heimberg, & Juster, 1987)
Y fe bJ j e edG VdG CG c ,dG a fd kJ
a ,f dG ah kjCG . adG cdG dG GdHh dG dG da
,eOEGh ,jdG HGVG Ve CG (1993) jGdGh cOGQdG SGQO XCG
dG eCG .dG dG a efG bCG g dG aCG OhOQh ,dG ASh
a dG GOdG LGe H Y YSG SGQO a Lh a (1994)
g Hcc GTo jdG LdGh ,dG e fj JdG AdG CG bdG dG
. dG a efG cCG OGaCG
LJ fCG XCG b (Axelrod & Wetzler, 1989) djh h OhcG SGQO CG c
hdG Y Hh ,YLG IfdGh ,dGh ,aGZdG eGdG H bY
Y c b HdG SGQdG sGE :dG j PEG .MdG dG jYdG efH e
c LdG SCH j e e ,eGY IH dG dG Y bEG Y JQG
dG e eJ jWh ,dG H U de eh ,dG VdG cQj
JdG aGZjdG GdGh FdG H dEG aVEG ,gXj dG VdG
H VdG dhJ b SGQdG J e kH CG MdG e fCG EG . VdH
b dG dG Y bEG Y CG XCG c ,LdG dSCG H J hO Y
He Y Ge fG hCG ,fG Y hCG ,hdG Y e ,eGdG e OH JQG
Y bG b dG idG Y J dG SGQdG Ea kjCG . LdG efdG
S QdH Gj d jdG VdG J dG aGZjdG FdG hJ
e YCG IQH VdG H hJ d SGQdG g d ,dG JLY
f Lh e dG dG Y bEG Y IgH JdG eGdG SGQO N
gh ,cCG Ge eh jOS jeh e e cCG a fCG dG VdG
. a dG dEG ddG SGQdG J dG eCG
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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: SGQdG Vha
QWEd VY N e Md JG e Y AHh ,SGQdG GgCG AV
ZUh jH MdG b HdG SGQdG Ff Y c e dEG kGOSGh ,dG
: ddG dG Y SGQdG Vha
dG Y bEG Y dEG ODJ dG eGdG e Ye LJ : hCG VdG @
. dG VdG e Y cQJ c ,dG
eGd cGQOEG a dG OGaCG H FMEG dO GP ha LJ : fdG VdG @
Ge NG dEG iJ CG j dG dG Y bEG Y dEG jODdG
Ieh ,GVG Wh ,dG idGh ,YLG ddGh ,dGh ,dG
. VdG
a fEG hCG ,QcdG VdG H FMEG dO GP ha LJ : ddG VdG @
,dG dG Y bEG Y dEG jODdG jdG cGQOEG oH eGd cGQOEG
,dG idGh ,YLG ddGh ,dG Ge NG dEG J CG j
. VdG Ieh ,GVG Wh
a fEG hCG ,QcdG VdG H FMEG dO GP ha LJ : HGdG VdG @
dG Y bEG Y dEG jODdG LdG SCG W Ho eGd cGQOEG
idGh ,YLG ddGh ,dG Ge NG dEG iJ CG j dG
. VdG Ieh ,GVG Wh ,dG
a fEG hCG ,QcdG VdG H FMEG dO GP ha LJ : edG VdG @
j dG dG Y bEG Y dEG jODdG ddG ee oH eGd cGQOEG
Wh ,dG idGh ,YLG ddGh ,dG Ge NG dEG iJ CG
. VdG Ieh ,GVG
a fEG hCG ,QcdG VdG H FMEG dO GP ha LJ : SOdG VdG @
j dG dG Y bEG Y dEG jODdG FGhdG dG Ho eGd cGQOEG
Wh ,dG idGh ,YLG ddGh ,dG Ge NG dEG iJ CG
. VdG Ieh ,GVG
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SGQdG GAGLEG
: SGQdG Y :
k hCG
LGe e f jeh m je Feh HQCGh KK FdG SGQdG Y H
dH IdG WdG e S a eM e S a LQdG GOdG
.2002 Y e hCG dG N jOdG HdG
dG VdG a gOM dG d UGeh hT VH MdG b bh
jdG dhCG hCG ,Y j d ,dG dG W aj jdG jdG
d fej GdGRe fCG hCG ,Jda Y GfG d dG Gg GSG d S
. JJ Y Me jd
(1) bQ hG
SGQdG Y FN
280
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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: SGQdG IGOCG : k fK
,zdG dG Y bEG fSG{ gS SGQdG d IMGh IGOCG MdG U
: ddG GAGLEH gjJh gOGYEG Ie N e bh
dG jH a dG kf kW KKh fd e GDS LJ J -1
eH dG Y H dG edG IMhh ,WdG SdH dG jdG Y
LGdG e f jeh kje Y S dEG aVEG ,VjdH OS dG
cP ,dG GDdG J bh ,WdG SdGh ,FdH LQdG GOd
H MdG b dP H .dG dG Y bEG Y dEG ODJ dG eGdG
sY bh kGOa Nh HQCG gOY H jdG VdGh ,G HLEG d
JdG eGdG e keY cCG hCG ,UTCG KK Y JG dG edG CG MdG
Fe bGh e eGdG g OY Uh a dHh ,dG dG Y bEG H
.keY Y fK dEG cQdG ADg
jdGh SGQdGh dG e a LddG Gd LGH dG J -2
c j ,kGH KK e J dhCG fSG J a MdG YS HOCGh
a ZU J ,dG dG Y bEG Y dEG jODdG eGdG e keY e
,dG Y H jQdG g AYCG e S Y VY K eh . jjJ IQU
H dG AWCG e KGh ,OS dG eH dG dG bh
eAe iH dG FdGh MdG H d fc bh ,WdG SdG
aGh CG H OH N M dP Y JJ bh ,jJ hCG ,MVh hCG ,OdG
. dG e cCG hCG ,KG Y
e Nh ,WdG SdG IOd kLGe kje Y S Y fSG J J -3
,OS dG eH dG Y H dG edG IMd LGdG dG
K ee CG Lh ,jedG FN Sbh ,dG g fH J Hh
X a UN ,ke ke j fCG EG kJe kee j d EGh gh 0^68 IGOCG
LQdH WJQG d IMGh IQY M J c ,YSG dG M U
. jjJ IQY 24 FdG JQU a fSG GQY OY d ;dG
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J dGh ,dG HSG a iMEG QNH fSG GQY Y HLEG J -4

,aGd LQO K M J bh ,VQe hCG ,je hCG ,aGH gjJ
. IQdG e Y VQd IMGh LQOh ,IjdG HSd LQOh
: IGOCG K : k dK
: g jH IGOCG K M Y J
N e IGOCG K M J M ,NGdG Jd fhc dCG jW -1
gh 0^84 H bh (kjJ dG f) dG OGaCG e Sh MGh HSG
. ddG SGQdG eGS IGOCG FH dG RJ Seh dY f
e Sh S HSG N e dG M J M dG FdG jW -2
dG ee Uh bh hGH ` eS dOe GSH dPh ,SGQdG Y OGaCG
IGOCG g GSH Md j
k eh
k e
k e j kjCG gh 0^81 EG
. SGQdG g VGZC Ic H
: IGOCG U : k HGQ
SGQdG fSG OGYEG GAGLEG V e c dGh dG U Y IhY
dG jWh ,NGdG JG U SCG GSH IGOCG U M J a
. edG
Y H c JQG ie e d ;dG Gg M J : NGdG JG U -1
,dG LQdH dG Gg JQG ee b dch ,dEG j dG dH M
jdGh ,(3)h , (2) bQ dhG fH e j c ,NBH H c JQGh
ie Y dGO gOHCGh OdG H JQG ee b CG Vj
Y dGO AL dGh ,dG LQdH OdG JQ dH dG dch0^01
Y dO ie c M SOdGh ,eG jdG GY e 0^01 ie
LQdH WJQG ee b C ;OSG J a hdGh OdG dG eCG 0^05
eGY e eY CG Y j d fCG c 0^20 RhJ d M V fc dG
a UCG dGh ,fSG g Od edG dG M H HQCG OHCG
. kGH jYh KK FdG FMEG Jde
282
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dGh jHdG dG
(2) bQ hdG
NGdG JG U ee
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
283
(3) bQ hdG
dG LQdGh HQCG OHCG H JQG ee
^05 ie Y dGO *
^01ie Y dGO **
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J Gdh ,dG dG Y VdG bEG d eY H LJ : edG dG -2

kGjhJ gjhJ J K eh ,SSCG fdG jW GSH keY OdG J
f YSG eGY fK jhdG Y e f bh ,cjQdG jH kGee
eh ,a eH EG JJ d eGY HQCG OLd kGfh 61^8 dEG Uh jJ
LdS O d jh ,QGSH J jY eY H dEG UdG LCG
FdG J K eh ,FMEG ddG AGLEG J Seh VGh
: ddG dG Y J eGY HQCG Y AHEG J a ,beh
. U MGh e cCG gdG ed edG QdG .CG
0^30 RhJ dEG j dG edG Y d jgdG dG .
. bCG Y OH KK J ed jgdG dG .
J f gh %43^5 dEG jd dG dG Uh a S e Y AHh
, jdG e Se Qb S J LdG eGdG CG VJ de b
,H c T bh H JQG dG OdGh eGdG ae (4) bQ hdG jh
eGdG e eY CG Y J d ;jdGh OdG dG M J b fCG kY
a eCG .kGH jYh KK FdG JQU a fSG OH J dHh ;LG
: ddG dG Y VY a IGOCd edG IQdG H j
:jdG fh 5^73: edG QLh JYbh jdG cGQOEG : hCG edG
aVEG (%23^9) jdG e fcCG HS ;eY keY ,edG Gg tnojhn %23^9
kjgL kJ c 22 ,8 ,17 ,15 ,23 ,20 ,5 ,1 ,9dG OH J CG dEG
. 0^77 h 0^41 H e MhGJ Hh ,kLeh
284
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(4) bQ hdG
k eY J H OdGh eGdG ae
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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ddG GQH VdG K Y M LdG edG Gg OH QJ d

e ,H Lh dG HjE VdG GQOEG Yh ,LdG SDdGh
g e J CG H Y j h ,dG Gg Y aj VdG ADg L
. JYbh jdG cGQOEH edG Gg J J a Gdh ;jd dG YdG
Uh a :1^9 edG QL H bh ,Jeh dG dG W : fdG edG
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,12 ,7 ,6 ,4 , 2 :g OH S edG Gg Y J bh %7^9dEG :jdG f

d .0^72 , 0^42 H e MhGJ Hh ,kLe kjgL J c bh 18 ,16
GQjdG Ich ,Je Wh dG dG Ic M edG Gg OH cJ
j VdG J dG eGdG e gZh ,d HjEG FdG QX NCJh
S ;GOdG LGe a j h ,dG LdG e dG Gg Y
.Jeh dG dG H edG Gg J J bh ,d IQdG JLY
%6^2 a jdG f eCG 1^5 QL H bh ,ddG eJ jW : ddG edG
,kLe kjgL J ch 24 ,19 ,11 ,3 :g OH HQCG edG GH JQG bh
IN b M gcJ edG Gg OH Jh (0^23-0^64) H e MhGJ Hh
da Y JSh ,Vd ee ASh ,gCJ ie Vh ddG
,dG dG Y bEG Y VdG j dG eCG gh ,LdG dG
.ddG eJ jW edG Gg J J a dd ;Je SGh
f Y PSGh 1^3 :edG QL H M ,FGhdG dG J : HGdG edG
kjgL J ch 14 ,13 ,10 :g OH KK Y J c %5^6 H jJ
QJ b edG Gg OH CG Hh 0^73 , 0^35 H e MhGJ Hh ,kLe
Ye OLh H OYGh ,Y OdGh ,FGhdG d HjEG FdG M
. FGhdG dG J J J a ,dG Gd
: gJh FdG VY
,h jdGh dG VhdG a Fd kVY SGQdG e AdG Gg j
.FdG d eY UN hCG ,LSG jJ b beh ,M Y Va c Jh
Y bEG Y dEG ODJ dG eGdG e Ye OLh Y jh : hCG VdG
VdG Gg U e dh . dG VdG e Y cQJ c dG dG
e FdG a N e cCG Y LCG dG OdG hCG ,GQdG MdG snY dG
Y dG VdG bEG Y Y a eh IKDe eGY ,aGH SGQdG Y
MhGJ
k eY Y MCG Y S eCG Gg be Ea g eh ,dG LdG
.(5) bQ hdG fH dP J c %78- %58 H e Y aGdG f
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d HjEG FdG CG (5) bQ hdG a VhdG fdG e j 1

dG dG Y bEG H WJQG a gCG cCG hCG edG J hdG
Oh`cEG Lh è e J dG `g .SGQ`dG Y è (Oa 110) %78 cQJ c
(2001) `dG `L dEG Nh (Axelrod & Wetzler, 1989) djhh
H LhGdG SCG H Oj H L e g Gg dh ;(1991)S`gdGh
FèRh gè `SGQO `Ff e `j `c ,`dGh ,h`dG LdG
2002) FeRh fdOEGh (Coursey, et al., 1995) FeRh SQch (Mohl,et al., 1991)
. (Edlund, et al.,
(5) bQ hdG
k JJ Je dG OGaCG HS jQdG aGfGh ,SGh ,jG dGh ,GQGdG
eGdG gCG M k dRJ
hdG) FGhdG d HjEG Fd jdGh VdG jDhQ EG

GOYG CG dEG Lj b jd dhCG fdG j eh KDe ec (bdGh
,e aCG hCG ,K jH Lj h ,d MdG dG g Gj AGhdG CG VdG
bdG a LdG dG a QhOh jdG de j FGhdG dG c CG c
Jde Jh ,LdG dG a cQdG jdG e dG dG j dG
ADg H d NBG kS j b ,M Y dGh ,Je LGe a dG
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.HSCG H LhGdH dG M hCG ,iNCG FGH hCG ,GQN Y VdG
CG hj (kGOa98) dG OGaCG e %70 CG (5) bQ hdG fH J -2

Y dbEG Y a gCG M e fdG edG j LdG dG Oe W
e J dG g .CdG Gg a dG H kGc kHJ g EG H ,dG dG
J SGQO Ff e j c ddGh dG e dG H Oj e
J VH SGQOh H dCG e cC eT LGe J dGh (Tillett, 1996)
g eCG Ib LdG CG Lh M dG dG a edG LdG dG
SCH kah kjQJ LdG GAdG OYh ,G Oe W JQG d .fCG
adG cdG SCc ,iNCG LdG dSCH aO e ,ejOdG
dG L L dEG J dG dGh gJG jJ dEG cdG SCGh
jDhQ J b kjCG . kYSCG IMGh L Hh L 12-10 SdG a RhJ
,dG jdG CG dEG Oj gCG g d ec dG Oe d dG VdG
e Z a IfdG g j k jS k LY jj dG VdG e Jfe W eh
j aGgCG j d ;dG dG CG M a ,HdGh BG e je d
,GgCG Th ,Gh VGYCG jJh ,dG SGQH ddG a j bh dEG
JN N e GhOJ b SdG CG dEG IQTEG e H g . LdG dG Jh
Jj dG dG d j dG dG LGe Y jdGh fdG VGeCG e
j dG dG dG a j dG eCG gh ,jdGh dG dG Y
.OdG dG j M jW bh dEG jdG a
a dG dG Y VdG bEG H Jj dG ddG edG eCG -3
Y e (kje95) %67 cQj c LQdG GOd bdG GQ`jdG IH
dEG j AdG e %71 CG Mj (5) bQ hdG fd eCdG CG EG ,SGQdG
j M a ,d dH gCG M e fdG JdG j M edG Gg gCG
ICGdG Va ,be f MdG OYG a gh ,LdG Y edG JdG EG
Y IhY ,QGJh dH hdG Y Y Vj OdG dG a YLG
e e J dG g . YLG LGMEG e dG GOd LGe j e
e kH J YLG SCG OLh e (1993) ch a SGQO dEG UJ
.JLY S GOdG LGe a j hCG ,j jOdG jdG
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%65 `f Lh e dG dG CG (5) bQ hdG fH XCG d -4

a ,Y j a ddh ;kjW k eRh Gk c Gk L j VdG e (kGOa 91)
fc dh M ,dG Gd jQa hCG jS Ff j h bh e kGc kGAL NCj
a d MdGh ,FGhdG LdG H e dG g c ,VGYCd dGREG HH
dG a Ic T dd jdG J gCH cd IOdG dEG LM
J d dGh deCdG HjEG FdG J LCG e dGh IHdG J dG
.gVh Y H
e a dG dG Y bEG Y dEG ODj dGh edG edG eCG -5
ij c QdG a dG d HjEG FdG NCH j SGQdG Y f Lh
JdG edG H ITe JCj edG Gg CG MdGh ,dG e (kGOa 89) %63dP
dh ,deCdG FdG dEG UdG b Ie e dP c j eh ,jdG edGh dH
c ,SGQdG fSG Od HSG Y QeCH dG OGaCG Yhh bGe j Gg
dG LdG Ff SG EG . dG GAGLEG Seh bO dP dEG aVEG j
,LdGh ,YdG CG Y GJGh ,SQGh dG e dG M Ve
Wh OHCG cQj d fCG SCG g gVd ddG b e dGh
(Chen, 1991) J SGQO LSG dP J c ,dG dG
e (kje 87) %61 CG (5) bQ hdG a VhdG fdG XCG -6
gCG M e SOdG edG j FGhdG LdG Y gOJ CG hj VdG
Rhj kGc kba g CG MdG CG EG ,dG dG Y bEG H JQG
Ga ,gCG LQO jJ a (%57) AdGh ,(%67) LdG H FdG a IdG
,AdG CGQ a SdG JdG EG j M a ,LdG id HGdG JdG j edG
fH J M ,VdH HUEG IH Jj jdG Gd dG dG dh
HQC dG HGVG e fj QcdG Y e %50 e cCG CG (1) bQ hdG
dG HGVG e Jfe CGJ d AdG Y e %50 CG M a ,cCG hCG GS
,dGh FGhdG LdG e e HJ Ea Gdh ;GS K dEG S e EG
. eCG Gg Y dH d J b ,kf Ib HJ J dGh
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Y dbEG Y a gCG j fCG VdG Y iJ dGh HdG edG eCG -7

86)%61 dP ij c ,eG dG dSCG Se Y a dG dG
kf kba g CG j (5) bQ hdG fd dG CG EG ,VdG e (kGOa
SOdG JdG j dG (%61) AdGh ,edG Gd Jf a (%55) LdG H
,ANSc ,dG dG dSCG CG g dd dG dG dh ,jd
Ic dSCG e H g ,fH SdG dGREG hCG ,dG YGdG hCG jdGh ,dGh
,YLGh ,dG hdG W e SJ b gh ,eGSG j
dG ddG f CG aY GPEG UN ,jOdG ICGd dG dGh
dG GOdG a edG dG ddG e %86^5 He %13^5 RhJ
. (2001, ddG) edG
dG QM a fG HU CG (5) bQ hdG fH XCG d -8
dG Y bEG Y dEG jODdG eGdG ee a edG edG J dG
e `c `M dEG J f `gh ,SGQdG Y e %60 f Lh e dG
a cDJ fCG c ,(Sweet & Noones, 1989) f`fh `j`S e c ``dEG U`Jè
dPh ;iG Ib f LY dSCG GSG a dGh dG gCG f bdG
J SGQO Ff Y c dG eCG gh , dY bEG e V LCG e
. dG LdG dSCG Gd dG (Tillett, 1996)
(%59) dG OGaCG e 84 CG (5) bQ hG a VhdG fdG J -9
dEG jODdG eGdG MCG j jGeh dG dG HjE cGQOEG Y CH aj
1989) djh h OhcCG e c Gj e e J f gh ,dG dG Y bEG Y
a dG Ea kjCG (1991). SgdGh (Chen, 1991) Jh (Axelrod & Wetzler,
M ,eCd Jf a AdGh ,LdG H kGc kba g CG Mj dG Gg fH
cGQOEG H dG dG Y dbEG Y AdG e %51 He LdG e %67 j
edG Gg gCG GQOEG a dG H SdG dG Ggh . jGeh dG Gg HjE
;HdG eGdG Ff a d IOdG dEG MdH GM e gh ,fG Yj eCG
CG cQj ,kjCG LdG e %67 CG dEG J SOdG edG f CG JG M
c QHh ,dG LdG Y bEG Y dEG ODj FGhdG LdG Y gOJ
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e aNh LJ j d EG LdG Yh J f hj e Y gh ,AdG Y

SMEG CGh UN ,jbdGh jhdG FGhdG LdG Y OdG IQN
dG OGaCG e %60 jTGdGh dG gPCG a JJ eOEG e e dGh
LQO aj e ,fEG e eCG Gd SMh kGQSG cCG fCG H S35 e bCG
. jH f LY d ICe gPh f VhCG a jh ,bh j
dG QeCG Y jdG CG (5) bQ hG a VhdG fdG J -10
eGdG Ye V TdG edG J dG dG da J dG
SGQdG Y OGaCG e %56 f Lh e dG dG Y bEG Y dEG jODdG
AdGh ,(%62) LdG H kXe kjJ g CG fdG g a d LdG dh
j dh ,kGc MdG bSG dG eCG gh ,edG Gg gC cGQOEG a (%51)
UCG a j (%86^5) LdG e dZ jdGh ,G H EG d Gk J
a ICGd adG UdGh ,YLG hd kGjJ ,AdG e jM Y
a ddG b e be J jdG LdG e dG Y ,OdG dG
jdG ga keY .OOJ hCG M fhOh cCG jH Ye T QeCG
fEG H ,adG HdG dG T W a VGh c hJ UdGh
Yh ,dH j c OdG dEG hj gZh ddG j M dEG RJ b
jc J M dEG QeCG J HQh (1996 ,dGh G) jNBH dG
.SGSdG hCG AGdG HGVG e fj
c ,dG dG Y bEG Y dEG jODdG eGdG Fb a NCG edG eCG -11
è J f gh ,dG dG H L a VdG Y e %58 cQJ
c .(Chen, 1991) Jh (Axelrod & Wetzler, 1989) djh h OhcEG dEG ÙJe
fQe ,jDhdG g a (%62) LdG d`d f à O`Lh g g MdG CG
Mj M ,VdH HUEG Id Oj HQ dP CG j MdGh ,(%54) AdH
Ie RhJ d AdG e %49 `H fQe ,LdG e %38 CG (1) bQ hG fH e
e dG Gg e JN CG j e ,dG GdG dG HGVH HUEG
gh ,Y dGh dG Gg eH dEd gDJ b IN GJ LdG
M fCH VdG Jh YJ Y dGh ,H gG dd j dG eCG
.Seh e FGHh GQN eeCG hj
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CGQ a j aGJh JG e fSG OH Y VdG HSG JXCG e EG

NCG Ea Gd ;cQG b e gCH Yhh HSG a jLh bGe MdG
j e b e gGh jdH jL eC Ic O d GTDc eGdG H
e jdG M hCG ,dG hCG ,MdG e Gfc AGS ,dG dG CT
.dG dG LdG edG
a dG OGaCG L H FMEG dO GP ha OLh Y Y j : fdG VdG
NG dEG iJ CG j dG dG Y bEG Y dEG jODdG eGd cGQOEG
,GVG Wh ,dG idGh ,YLG ddGh ,dGh ,dG Ge
jdG J HSCG GSH MdG b a VdG U e dh .VdG Ieh
,dG Gd OMCG jdG J f XCG bh ,() QNGh ,OMCG
(6) bQ hG a VhdGh ,VdG Ieh ,GVG Wh dG idGh
(7) bQ hG a VhdG YLG ddGh ,G d () QNG fh
Y bEG Y dEG jODdG eGd Jf a dG OGaCG H dGO ha OLh Y
.dG VdG aQ Y K eh dG dG
(6) bQ hdG
cGQOEG a SGQdG Y OGaCG H hdG Y d OMCG jdG J
dG dG Y bEG Y dEG jODdG eGd
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(7) bQ hdG
Y bEG Y dEG jODdG eGd cGQOEG a dG OGaCG H hdG Sd () GQNG
YLG ddGh dG e NH dG dG
VdG H FMEG dO GP ha LJ fCG Y jh : ddG VdG

Y bEG Y dEG jODdG jdG cGQOEG H eGd cGQOEG a fEG hCG ,QcdG
,YLG ddGh ,dG Ge NG dEG iJ CG j dG dG
a VdG U e dh . VdG Ieh ,GVG Wh ,dG idGh
bh ,VdG d () QNGh OMCG jdG J HSCG GSH MdG b
,dGO ha OLh Y (9)h , (8) bQ dhdG a IOLdG dG f XCG
Y dEG jODdG jdG cGQOEG H eGd Jf a fEG hCG ,QcdG H AGS
ddGh ,dG Ge N J CG j dG dG Y bEG
ke j d Gdh ;VG Ieh ,GVG Wh ,dG idGh ,YLG
. dG VdG aQ
,QcdG VdG H FMEG dO GP ha LJ fCG Y jh : HGdG VdG
Y bEG Y dEG jODdG LdG SCG W H eGd cGQOEG a fEG hCG
idGh ,YLG ddGh ,dG Ge NG dEG iJ CG j dG dG
MdG b a VdG Gg a LCG eh ,VdG Ieh ,GVG Wh ,dG
f XCG bh ,VdG d ;z{ QNGh ,OMCG jdG J HSCG GSH
O d ha OLh Y (9)h , (8) bQ dhdG a VhdG FMEG ddG
LdG SCG W H eGd fEG hCG ,QcdG VdG cGQOEG a jgL
Ge NG dEG iJ CG j dGh ,dG dG Y bEG Y dEG jODdGh
. VdG Ieh ,GVG Wh ,dG idGh ,YLG ddGh ,dG
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(8) bQ hdG
jODdG eGd cGQOEG a fEGh ,QcdG VdG H hdG Y d OMCG jdG J
(OHCGh dG LQdG) dG dG Y bEG Y dEG
````j
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(8) bQ hG HJ
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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(9) bQ hdG
Y dEG jODdG eGd cGQOEG a fEGh ,QcdG dG VdG H hd () QNG
YLG ddG NH dG dG Y bEG
VdG H FMEG dO GP ha OLh Y Y jh : edG VdG

Y bEG Y dEG jODdG ddG ee H eGd cGQOEG a fEG hCG ,QcdG
,YLG ddGh ,dG Ge NG dEG iJ CG j dG dG
GSH MdG b dh .VdG Ieh ,GVG Wh ,dG idGh
hdG fH XCG bh ,VdG d SQNGh ,OMCG jdG J HSCG
H eGd cGQOEG a QcdG VdG H FMEG dO GP ha OLh (8) bQ
e NG dEG iJ dG dG Y bEG Y dEG jODdG ddG ee
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Y (2^67h 3^55) b H M ,GVG Wh ,dG idG

MdG b a jdG Qe Y dG LCG eh 0^05 dO ie Y dGdG
bh ,dG jdG Se H IOdG fQd T QNG GSH
edG a dd SdG a dGO ha OLh (10) bQ hdG fH XCG
jdG VdG CG g dd dG dG dh (5^72) FGHG H fQe (8^60)
J ee ,ddG e aCG ee bj cCG hCG ,eL gDe j
eJh egG J IQH dG ahX dEG dGh ,jdGh ,AGQBG GMH
FeRh geh (Schneider,1987) QjT e c dEG UJ e e J f gh ,G
SQch (Chung, Pardeck & Murpgy, 1995)FeRh `Jh (Mohl, et al.,1991)
e j e CG dEG IQTEG SdG e j b kjCG (Coursey, et al., 1995) FeRh
dG SQH dG jM dGj e kH CG dEG Oj b JeJ a ddG
H aj MCG H a j e ,IOhe dGRe JGN CGh ,dG
Y FdG SGh JGQeh JGQb QXEGh ,JGhP KEG he J
VdG j b eCG hj e Y gh ,dG e FdG dG edG M
cGQOEH j a eCG ,JFe hCG ,gf Ld ddG jJ H dP hj
(9) , (8) bQ dhdG fH J a ,ddG ee H eGd jdG
ddGh ,dG Ge NG dEG iJ CG j FMEG dO d ha OLh
. VdG Ieh ,GVG Wh ,d G idGh ,YLG
fhfH QNG GSH MdG b a ,GVG W H j a eCG
bh ,dG VdG dG H jdG Qe Y d IOdG fQd
a dd SdG a jgL ha OLh (11) bQ hdG fH XCG
dP J jh ,(5^9) cG VH fQe (8^5) YLG gdG Ve
hCG ,dG cdH J dGh ,YLG gdG GVG VGYCG a N e
HcG CG M a ,AHdG e jdG jdG Nh ,SdG LGe e HhdG
,jNBd GOfGh dG MdG LJ e cCG gLh ,GdG d dEG j
dG g c ,edG AS hCG ,dH dG ddG Gj d fCG j e
. YLG gdG M e
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(10) bQ hdG
ddG ee H eGd cGQOEG a QcdG VdG H hdG Y d T QNG Ff
dG idG NH bEG Y dEG jODdG
(11) bQ hdG
QcdG VdG Se H hdG Y d fhfH QNG Ff
dG NH bEG Y dEG jODdG ddG H eGd cGQOEG a
VdG H FMEG dO GP ha OLh Y Y jh : SOdG VdG

Y bEG d jODdG FGhdG SCG H eGd cGQOEG a fEG hCG ,QcdG
hCG ,YLG ddG hCG ,dG Ge NG dEG iJ CG j dG dG
. VdG Ie hCG ,GVG W hCG ,dG idG
d ;z{ QNGh ,OMCG jdG J HSCG GSH MdG b dh
eGd JcGQOEG a dGO ha J d M QcdH j a db J dGh VdG
,YLG ddGh ,dG Ge dEG J CG j FGhdG SCG H
dhdG fH e j c ,VdG Ieh ,GVG Wh dG idGh
a FGhdG SCG H eGd jdG cGQOEH j a eCG .(9)h , (8) bQ
a dGO ha OLh Y (8) bQ hdG fH XCG M ,kFL VdG J
fH dh ,VdG Ie hCG ,GVG W hCG ,dG idG hCG ,dG Ge
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jdG a H FMEG dO GP ha OLh XCG (9) bQ hdG

dEG jODdG FGhdG SCG H eGd cGQOEG a LhdG Z ah ,LhG
SH fQe ,(7^44) LhdG Z a dd ,dG `dG Y `bEG `Y
AdG e f OLd Oj gdG dG Gg CG MdG ijh (6^52) LhdG
Yh jdh ,SGh WG d e ,LhG Z a a dG QU e dG
iNCG GfCGh dSCG OLH ae dEG aVEG ,FGhdG Ld fdG QKBH Y
.FGhdG Z LdG e
UG
e a cDd Vhah SGQdG SC FMEG dG Ff AL d
CG e dG dG H dG H idh ,SdG eY ShCG a FdG OYG
e VdG Ife H J HjEGh jQa Ff e jhdG LdG J e
jH hCG ,QN Y j VdG ADg J ,dG HGVG VGYCGh BG
jh ,Gh dG e dG gS jdG dG Gg c GPEG UN ,NBG
fdG eGdG a j c ,IOe f L a jW bhCG Abh ,Ic GQjR
. dG dG Y bEG Y eGY e HGdGh ,ddGh
IQhV e J eh ,dG a HU e dG dG Y j e EG
IhY ,edGh ,HGdG edG a j c ,jdG b e ddG Jh ,IHG
jOMCGh ,JGP H e J e dEG aVEG ,Jch ,G Oe W Y cP e Y
e SJ b ah dSCG e dG g a j eh ,T QeCG Y UN
a bdG NCdG Y IhY ,TdGh ,HdG edG a X c ,VdG H aK
H e Zeh Se eGY ee J c ,Se HjEG Ff QX
QKBG QX X a UN ,dG LdG Y j VdG ADg J ,kH
EG . SOdG edG a dH hj c ,Y gOJh ,jhdG Ld HjEG
d j b dGh ,H Yh Yh ,dG LdG d VdG GQOEG Y
eGY c ,Y OdGh ,SdG edG e j c ,gQfG jOhH bY
JQG bh UN ,e jdG H Qhj jH Y Y dG hCG ,dG eCG J
298
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YdGh IKDdG LdG CG dG e jW OY ie Yh ,SdG dZ gPCG a

.jhdGh ,jbdG FGhdG jdG LdG g
dG ch ,fG VGYCH JJ HdG dG a dG aK EG
jJ hCG ,BG J dGh ,jbdGh ,jhdG jdG LdG GSH e
ie Y dG H Y GhOJh SdG dCG e gh ,e hCG AY fhO b bh a
f sEG : kLEG dG j g e . dG idG Y GhL hCG ,dG Gg Ya
d FQ eGY KK g CG XCG b SGQdG g fd FMEG ddG
HjEH J eGY gh ,dG dG Y dG VdG bEG Y a KDe QhO
FNh GAGLEH JJ iNCG eGYh ,Y SdG OJh ,jhdG LdG
IHeh L e J eh ,gOe Wh ,dG Ic :e ,JGP dG LdG
e dG dc ,b bh a Se HjEG Ff dEG aVEG ,QX Y dEG fGh
J eh ,dG LdG d a Yh ,VG cGQOEH JdG eGdG
e SJ b ah d Jh ,dG dd Jh ,JGP fG e
. dG dG aK
dG eGdG e OY OLh e SGQdG g Ff Y J e AV ah kGNCGh
YGfCG H dG LdG Y dG VdG bEG H bY d
VdG J Y YJ CG j dG GAGLEG H MdG j ,dSCGh
: g ,gGdG
LdG CG Y dGh dG LdG ihH YJh VdG J -1
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Ge a cEG dG Y .(1999). dG Y ,Yh QdGY ,gGHEG
. jdG fCG e : IgdG .(fdG dG) dG dG
.HdG dG a JJh dG dG .(1996). a ,dGh b ,dG
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. dG dY : IgdG . dG dGh dG dG .(2001). eM ,GgR
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cG M e cdG adG dG dG Ya .(1987). jOa ,HT
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Y dG VdG fH dG eGdG .(1993). OS ,ch OY ,a
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Z GQcO dSQ . dG M e eSEG efH SQe .(1997). Re ,dG

. VjdG ,d YLG edG c .IQe
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. 37-6 U U ,(fj ,je ,jHEG). HQCGh SOdG
HdG SDdG : hH . k jMh k jb dG dG .(1994). Y ,c
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jdG Y dG dG IGOe : YLG f jb .(2002). e ,HdG
Ceps50@hotmail.com . be a 2003 ,jGa 9 jQH Oe .HdG
cT :hH .dG dG a IUe gJG .(1998). jc ,Qf
. dGh jRd YdG
d edG IQGOEd dG FMEG jdG .(2001). jOdG dG IQGRh
.jOdG dG IQGRh : VjdG . YLGh dG
edG e . IQhdGh dG H dG dG .(1991). S ,SgdG
. 37 U 1397 OdG . jOdG YSCG
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To What Extent Techers in Al-Balqa Applied University

Practice/ Implement Empowerment as Perceived by Them
Dr. Dalal Mohamad Diab AL Zoubi
University of Balqa
Irbid - Jordan
Abstract
This study aims at investigating the degree of teachers practicing the process of
empowerment as perceived by them. The study population consisted of 128 persons; 60 have responded to the questionaire making 47%. The study covered
five independent variables: sex, years of experience in teaching, specialization,
academic rank, and nature of work; and one dependent variable which is the
degree of teachers practicing the process of empowerment in Al-Balqa Applied
University.
The scale built by Short & Rinehart (1992) was adopted and modified to suit universities in Jordan in order to be used as a questionnaire in this study. It includes
32 items covering five fields: decision making, professional development, position, self-value, and effect. Analysis was carried out through calculating means,
standard deviations and multiple anova analysis. The results were as follows:
1. Low levels of empowerment in the above mentioned fields; the empowerment
levels ranged in a decending order as follows: decision making, professional
development, self-value, effect, and position.
2. Most items that contain the higher empowerment level are in the field of decision making.
3. There are statistical significant differences at (=0.05) in the effect of work
nature in favor of staff members.
4. There are statistical significant differences at (=0.05) in the effect of the academic rank in favor of the associate professor, assistant professor, and the
assistant teacher as compared with the professor; and in favor of the assistant
teacher as compared with the teacher, and in favor of the assistant teacher as
compared with the teacher.
5. There are nonstatistically significant differences at (=0.05) in the effect of
sex, experience, and specialization.
In light of the above conclusions, the researcher recommends that:
- More empowerment should be given to faculty members in Al-Balqa Applied
University and other academic institutions and in all fields in an equal and comparable way that fits to the teachers academic rank.
- More studies should be carried out in this field.
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. (Netzer, Lanore,Eye,Stevens,& Benson, 1979) e
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1986) `j Uh `bh (Maeroff,1988). JSDe a dG Jde IOjR
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`j``Jh ,XdGh ,fRGdG :e ,dG dG a SQdG GTE jHdG
& Rappaport,1988) Q`H`HGQh e`jR Uhh ,(White,1992) g``dG
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CG j dG ee AYEGh ,jdG S a SdG J VdG dGh
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: OQ``f`Hh `S`g ``j . (Hack, Ramseyer, Gephart, & Heck, N.D)
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,KCGh ,dSGh ,fdGh ,dG QdGh ,GQGdG PJG : e j
jd GdG Ye H jb bY OLh FdG cCGh .GdG dah
Veh ,YLG HPdG e kc CG J a ,YLG KCdG jfh ,dG
hCG ,YH ee jjdG CG j Ggh ,jdG e dO GP kWJQG kJe dG
kHjEG Je jdG OHCG c CG dEG FdG QTCG c .jd dG Y J
m c e kS Je fc a IdG eCG . YLG KCdG jd KdG fdG e
.dSGh ,QGdG PJG e
dG a jdG Y Ve a HdG SGQdG VY N eh
jdG qY dEG j SGQdG g H kbJG g CG dEG MdG N ,dG
f dEG dP iOCG c Gk c jdG c a ,IQGOEG d eRdG gdG MCG
e c GQGdG PJG e CG c .eJh SDdG a dG f dEGh ,IQGOEG
314
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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kWJQG Jj jdG CG dEG dP Lj HQh ,jdG Y a kGRhH dG cCG

Y dM hO QGb CG j CG j SQdG C ;GQGdG PJH kGTe
dG gLh d q J GQGdG PJG Y CG dEG aVEG ,dd RdG jdG
c AGS ,IQGOEH JdG cdG e S c aGJ dGh ,Y H jQGOEG
hJ SGQdG g a Gd .Y H dG IQGOEG hCG ,dG IQGOEG Y jdG
.jdG Ve M HdG SGQdG a OQh e dEG IjL ee aVEG MdG
SGQdG e
dG jQGOEG dG gCG e ddG Qc jCG a dG cJ IgX t oJ
YCH gGh ,dG IQGOEG dEG dP Oj M ,edG GdG LGJ
Heh ,jdGh ,dG :e ,dG jQGOEG YCG Y H fGh ,JhdG
e Mh e Ac edGh .(Burke, 1970) SdG SQh ,SDdG J
MdG SMEh . Jhe LQH dG g e fJ YdG dG SDe
eh FQ aGQ fEG M ,iNCG SDdG e gZ Y J edG CG
QGOEG jdG Y EG Mh ;YdG e a dG edG id
AdG J MdG CJQCG a . jdG d dG FSdG iMEG qj cQdGh
dG fEG M ,d edG a jQdG g AYCG SQe ieh ,dG g Y
,edG g GgCG a KGMEG OGj J CG EGh ,edG g Y J dG
,ed jQdG g AYCG SQe c QYG H NCj CG j JSS hCG
.dG g RfE RdG jdGh
Ve a J dGh ,JQf HQh ,SGQdG b e SGQdG e Jh
RfEG a gYJ CG j dG dG edG a jQdG g AYCG jJ
hO j dG GMEG EG PEG .dG Y dG IYeh ,dG jJh ,ee
Z e fCG dEG VdG Gg a SGQdG b a dG Oj HQh .jdG GMEG
Gg EG PEG ;Jde e d Vj CG jOcCG JdG Zd j e keJ VGdG
jdG Y j e ,JdG hCG ,dG Zd dG jd kdZ j eCG
a jOcCG N ;SQdG a dG e H J QWEG Gg a
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g e Ea Gd .MGdG adG GdG a JGNh ,JJh ,JT

AdG eL a jQdG g AYCG id jdG OLh ie a QJ SGQdG
.jd jdG d dG bGdG Y dG a e IOSd dG
SGQdG GgCG
eL a jQdG g AYCG SQe LQO Y dG dEG SGQdG g J
AYCG f Lh e ,dG dG a jdG d OQCG a dG AdG
.FQ dGDS Y HLEG N e ,fCG jQdG g
SGQdG SCG
a jdG d dG AdG eL a jQdG g AYCG SQe LQO e ?dG dG
LQO a (0^05= ) ddG ie Y FMEG dO GP ha LJ g a jdG d dG AdG eL a jQdG g AYCG SQe
JdGh ,jQdG a IdG GSh ,dG dEG LJ dG dG
?H FdG YdGh ,dG Wh ,dGh ,dG
SGQdG gCG
e j dG ,jG jQGOEG VGdG MCG Y cJ fCH SGQdG g gCG J
j Gfc kjb ddG EG PEG .dG SDdG a IQGOEG Ya IOjR dN
H jJ hCG ,jNBG cQe hO jdG jdH IQGOEG de
a MdG Y Mh SGQdG cQ bh Gg .YCG g SQd MdG
,edG IQGOEG b SDe a QGOEG jdG Y Y dG Gg
eh ,edG UNh ,dG b a dG g Y cQ e dGh ,YCGh
SDdG Y JQGOEG ch ,Yfh ,W a J edG CG cdH jdG
a MGdG dG a M H a J fCG c ,gZh ,YdGh ,edG
d CG dEG H gjh ,jQGOEGh jOcCG Ue e ej eh ,Jh ,g
316
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2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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e j HQ fCG MdG CJQG Gd .QeCG RfEG a IjdG FGW eL SDe

d ;AdG eL a jQdG g AYCG id jdG Y hJ SGQO AGLEG dG
d edG jOcCG SQe Ve M IN e SGQdG g J b
edGh ,a jQdG g AYCGh ,AdG eL IQGOEG IOSG feEGh ,jdG
iMEG a jdG Y M Y bdG N e ,SGQdG g Ff e iNCG
.fOQCG edG
:SGQdG Ge
:(G) dG GG @
(fCG ,cP) je dh : dG ,GS 10-5 ,GS 5-1) je KK dh : jQdG a IdG GS .(GS 10 e cCG
,SQe ,Ye PSCG ,Qe PSCG ,PSCG) je N dh : dG JdG .(Ye SQe
.(Y ,ffEG) Yf dh : dG .(SQe ,b FQ) je dh :dG W d dG AdG eL a jQdG g AYCG SQe LQO :HdG dG @
.dG dG a jdG
SGQdG e
AdG eL a jQdG g AYCG L e SGQdG e dCj :SGQdG e
.jQJ g Y (128) gOY ddGh (cdG) dG
SG dh ,SGQdG e OGaCG L J CG dEG SGQdG S :SGQdG Y
OGaCG jRJ j ah ,(%47) gQGe je Hh ,jQJ g Y 60 e
.dG JdG M SGQdG Yh ,e
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%46
%45
%46
%43
%47
Page 318
SGQdG Y
9
6
9
11
22
30
60
SGQdG e
dG JdG
20
PSCG
13
Qe PSCG
20
Ye PSCG
24
SQe
51
Ye SQe
hCG AdG e IOe HLEG
128
dG
d dG AdG eL a jQdG g AYCG SQe Y d :SGQdG IGOCG

J SH fSH MdG eb ,gf Lh e dG dG a jdG
YRe ,Ia 38 e e .(Short& Rinehart, 1992) QjQh QT b e DhH
Wh ,fOQCG dG aKh Zd SdG jJh jJ Jh ,e S Y
e JGa H Y jdG AGLEG H IGOCG U e dG Jh .edG dG
,YCG IQGOEG e a UNG hP e (1)e IY Y VY N
jJh ,SdG Z GdG H AdEGh ,G AGQBG NCG Jh . jHdG IQGOEGh
d ;S e
k H e N d dG eOh ,iNCG GdG H
.(dG fG) jCGL e fe fSG T Y IGOCG
.SGQd dG GdG M ee Y jh : hCG AdG
dEG J ,jdG VH J Ia (32) Y j Se : fdG AdG
bh .jdG d dG AdG eL a jQdG g AYCG SQe LQO Sb
:j c ,FQ e N Y JGa YRJ
.Ia (12) JGa OY H : QGdG PJG e -1
.Ga (5) JGa OY H : dG dG e -2
.Ga (5) JGa OY H : (dG) fdG e -3
.edG eL a jQdG g AYCG e e HQCG
.dG SGQd HdG Y eL a jQdG g AYCG e e
.dG AdG eL a jQdG g AYCG e e
.dG SGQd HdG Y eL a GQcdG W e e
318
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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.Ga (6) JGa OY H : GdG b e -4

.Ga (4) JGa OY H : KCG e -5
Ga e Ia c AYEH AdG Gg Y HLEG dG OGaCG e dG J bh
.dG JLQO H e IMGh LQO SdG
LQO dh) aGhCG ,(LQO dh) aGhCG ,(LQO K dh) IH aGhCG
.(IMGh
VGZCGh GgCG VJ H VGh J fSG e f c e aQCGh
fdG AdG Y HLEG dEG aVEH dG OGaCG e Wh .HLEG jWh ,SGQdG
.GdG d jQhV fH Y j dGh ,hCG AdG J
ee Mh ,IMGh Ie dG IGOCG J J IGOCG K GS :IGOCG K
bh ,IGOCG Ga H NGdG JG d dCG fhc dOe GSH dG
.(0^845) dG IGOCG K ee H
IcGP a dG OGaCG e Y dG J dG fdG jJ H :FMEG dG
YLG d FMEG RdG GSH fdG g M ,fhdEG SdG
,HdG SdG GSH dG FMEG ddG jLCGh ,(SPSS)
GDdG Y HLEd fSG Ga e Ia dh ,e d jQdG aGfGh
GDdG Y HLEd 2x2x5x3x2 edG dG M jdG J QNGh ,hCG
.fdG
:SGQdG Ff
eL a jQdG g AYCG SQe LQO Y dG dEG SGQdG g ag
Ge Y SGQdG TGh ,gf Lh e jdG d dG AdG
,dGh ,dG JdGh ,jQdG a IdG GSh ,dG :g ,e
AdG eL a jQdG g AYCG SQe LQO :g MGh HJ eh ,dG Wh
:j c ,SGQdG M dG FdG J J bh ,jdG d dG
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:hCG GDdG Y HLEH dG FdG :

k hCG
jdG d dG AdG eL a jQdG g AYCG SQe LQO e .?dG dG a

Y OGaCG HLE HdG SdG GSG J GDdG Gg Y HLEdh
jh .dG fSG e e e c ah ,fSG Ga Y SGQdG
.dG d jQdG aGfGh ,HdG SdG (1) bQ hdG
(1) bQ hdG
k dRJ Je dG SGQdG d HdG SdG
e fc dG d HdG SdG CG Y FdG c bh

ddGh ,VdG SdG e bCG gh (1^26-1^91) H e MhGJ bh ,kf
e Mh ,(1^91) HM Se YCG Y QGdG PJG e M bh ,(2)
SdG e MdG eh .(1^26) HM Se bCG Y (dG) fdG
a HQe LQO J a Gd ;HQe J d fCG dG d HdG
.dG OGaC jdG Y
e Ga fK YC HdG SdH dG Fd VY j ah
.(2 bQ hdG) kdRJ Je dG dG
320
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dGh jHdG dG
(2) bQ hdG
k dRJ Je dG dG e Ga fK YCG Y dG OGaCG HLE HdG SdG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
321
Se Y M dG GdG ZCG Ea (2) bQ hdG e VGh g c

e Ga S M M ,GQGdG PJG e a IQe fc dY HM
Iah (1^82-2^95) H a J dY HM Se Y dG Gg
e IMGh Iah (2^00) m Y HM Se Y M KCG e e IMGh
.(1^75) m Y HM Se Y M GdG b e
:fdG GDdG Y HLEH dG FdG : k fK
LQO a (0^05=) ddG ie Y FMEG dO GP ha LJ g a jdG d dG AdG eL a jQdG g AYCG SQe
JdGh ,jQdG a IdG GSh ,dG dEG LGQ dG dG
?H FdG YdGh dG Wh ,dGh ,dG
Y dG OGaCG HLE HdG SdG GSG J GDdG Gg Y HLEd
kJ jdG d dG AdG eL a jQdG g AYCG SQe LQO Se
ah jdG J SGh .(3) bQ hdG a Ve g c ,SGQdG Gd
.(4) bQ hdG a Ve g c ,2x2x5x3x2 edG dG
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(3) bQ hdG
Gd k J jdG SQe LQO Se Y dG OGaCG HLE HdG SdG
(dG Wh ,dGh ,dG JdGh ,jQdG a IdG GSh ,dG) SGQdG
dEG HQe fc GdG ad HdG SdG CG (3) bQ hdG j

Jd HM Se YCG c M ,dG JdG e ASH H a e M
j e LQO (15^6) H VGh QH PSCG Jd gfOCGh ,YdG PSCG
.dG Je N kJ jdG d dG OGaCG SQe LQO a NG
322
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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(4) bQ hdG
Gd k J jdG d jQdG g AYCG SQe LQO Se Y jdG J Ff
(dG Wh ,dGh ,dG JdGh ,jQdG a IdG GSh ,dG) SGQdG
(0^05=) ie Y FMEG dO GP @
FMEG dO GP kbha g CG (4) bQ dG a jdG J Ff XCG

LQO Se Y dG OGaCG LQO Se H (0^05=) ddG ie Y
(SQe ,b FQ) dG W dEG iJ jdG d jQdG g AYCG SQe
H (3) bQ hdG a j c d HdG SdG EG M SQdG dd
c .(49^66) H dGh ,bCG ASDhd HdG SdG e YCG gh (51^88)
ddG ie Y FMEG dO GP mha OLh (4) bQ hdG XCG
g jdh . dG JdG dEG iJ dG OGaCG LQO Se H (0^05=)
dc -ef QNG GSG J dG Jd dG jdG H hdG
.(5)bQ hdG a Ff dGh ,jdG fQd
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(5) bQ hdG
Se Y dG Jd jdG fQd dc - ef QNG Ff
jdG d jQdG g AYCG SQe LQO
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
324
(0.05=)
H ha OLh (3) bQ hdG dEG LdHh (5) bQ hdG e j

e OGaCG dd ;Qe PSCG Jeh ,PSCG Je e dG OGaCG HLEG Se
,PSCG Je e dG OGaCG HLEG Se H ha OLhh .Qe PSCG Je
Se H ha OLhh .Ye PSCG Je e OGaCG dd ;Ye PSCG Jeh
Je e OGaCG dd ;Ye SQe Jeh ,PSCG Je e dG OGaCG HLEG
,Ye PSCG Je e dG OGaCG HLEG Se H ha OLhh .Ye SQe
Se H ha OLhh .Ye PSCG Je e OGaCG dd ;SQe Jeh
Je e OGaCG dd ;Ye SQe Jeh ,SQe Je e dG OGaCG HLEG
JdG NH J jdG Y SQe LQO CG j e .Ye SQe
.kM be S dGh ,SGQdG Y OGaCG id dG
UdGh FdG be
g AYCG SQe LQO a H dG SGQdG Ff be AdG Gg j
e SGQdG dEG eJ e AV a .jdG d dG AdG eL a jQdG
NewsLetter No.
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
325
dGh ddG H SQe e jQdG g AYCG J ie Y dG

S FdG e OY dEG SGQdG N bh .jTdG FSDhQ b e jQGOEG
.IM Y GDS c Ff bH fCH UdG GbGh be
:hCG GDdG Y HLEH dG FdG be :
k hCG
jdG d dG AdG eL a jQdG g AYCG SQe LQO e .?dG dG a

Y M b dG SGQdG e CG Y GDdG GH dG FdG dO
H e SdG MhGJ bh ,(1 bQ hdG fG) (@)2 e bCG HM Se
,e M dEG e LQO dG OGaC jdG LQO CG dEG j Ggh (1^26-1^91)
e bCG d SdG c M (fGh ,KCGh ,GdG b) e a UNh
HM Se Y M M QGdG PJG e a Se YCG ch .(1^5)
QGe HM Se Y M dG dG dG e j (1^91) QGe
Ggh ,HQe J d dG d SdG CG dEG IQTEG e Gg .(1^61)
,dG dG H e LQdG a HQe J d jdG Y CG Y kGTDe qj
HQh ,IQGOEG b e f gCG J dG g CG dEG dP Oj HQh
HQh (1^91) HM Se YCG Y M dGh ,QGdG PJG e gCG gcCG
NGJ dGh ,IQGOEG a IdG dG e GQGdG PJG Y CG dEG dP Oj
a ,H j IN c a .jQdG g Y Ljh ,iNCG jQGOEG dG e
.dG IM a H IdG MGf ac a fEG SQj Y QGdG PJG CG bGdG
e CG dEG HM Se YCG Y QGdG PJG e M Oj bh
Y cJ e cCG GQGdG PJG a cQdG Y c Hh cj jdG
d SSCG IcdGh dG GQGdG PJG a jdG q j PEG ,iNCG dG
SGQO Ff e GQGdG PJG e a SGQdG g Ff fG bh .dG
(Rinehart & Short, 1991) QTh QjQ SGQOh (Honsinger, 1989) fg
dQc SGQOh (Acker, 1995) jCG SGQOh (Jablonski, 1992) fHL SGQOh
QTCG dGh .(Rinehart et al., 1998) jNBGh QjQ SGQOh (Carlson, 1995)
3 hJ dG edG (@)
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Gg a gCG dEGh ,jdG d SSCc GQGdG PJG Y dEG L

.GQGdG PJG a cQdG OGR jdG OGR a ,dG
Y M PEG ;jdG LQO M e fdG JdG a dG dG e AL bh
,G dG Y cQ jdG e CG dEG dP Oj bh ,(1^61) HM Se
QjQh QT q`Y `à ,`j```dG ``Y a `dG fG`dG `MC`c
dG dG OHCG MCG (Short & Greer 1997) jLh QTh (Short & Rinehart,1992)
b MCG (Dunst, 1991) fO q Y c .jdG d dG dG J
jc Jh ,IaGdG jdG VH Od J H jdG e j
e dG dG e a SGQdG g Ff JG bh .AGOCG Jh RJ IjL
GhLh dG CG XCG dGh (Rinehart & Short, 1991) QTh QjQ SGQO
jNBGh QjQ SGQO eh .d jJ c ,QdGh d kUa
jdG e c H HjEG JQG Y c dGh (Rinehart et. al. 1998)
.jd YLG KCGh ,dG QdG a H
,HGdGh ,ddG JGdG a AL dGh ,fdGh ,KCGh ,GdG b e eCG
HM Se Y Mh ,jdG LQO M e HdG Y edGh
dG Gg a jdG Y CG j dP Ea (1^26)h (1^41)h (1^47) gQGe
e cJ Y dEG dP Oj HQh . e M dEG e LQH dh ,IOLe
GQGdG PJG e e fQe b gCG FYEG hCG ,gdG g Y jdG
d dG dG J dG OHCG e qJ L CG e ZdG Y ,dG dGh
CG dEG aVEG ,dG g a f gCH d fCG hj e Y CG ifh ,jdG
,cdG e edG Oj dG QGOEG dG j bGdG VQCG Y SQdG
gCGh jdhCG M IFdG GOYG dEG Oj dGh ,Z e cCG H gGh
KdG dH dGh SGQdG g Ff JG bh .dG g e e c
jNBGh QjQ SGQO Ff e (fdGh ,KCGh ,GdG b) HdG
jdG Y OHCG H HjEG JQG OLh dEG QTCG dGh (Rinehart et. al.,, 1998)
(GdG dah ,KCGh ,dSGh ,fdGh ,dG QdGh ,GQGdG PJG)
c Gk c SQdG Y jdG KCG c c fCG j e .jd YLG KCGh
.Ic dG g a jdG LQO fc
326
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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dGh jHdG dG
2004 S 3 OdG 5 G
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b dG dG a GdG H g CG FdG VY N e jh
LQO CG j e ,(2 bQ hdG fG) dY HM Se Y M
.dY fc a jdG
,dY H jdG LQO fc dGh ,GQGdG PJG e a GdG dEG dHh
,VdG GH bY ed NGdG FGdGh fCd c HQ fEG :dG j
ej jdG dG SQe e j dG e CG hdG e EG M
Wh ,d OdG SQdG QNH dG GQGdH dG e dEG dH
j c ,VdG GH ITe e SQdG EG PEG ;gJh IjdG eGdG
e L fEG PEG ;SGQdG hdG jJh ,SGQdG eGdG a dG Y dP
Oj a dEG QdG SOdGh ,eG IdG eCG ,dG d cdG dG
Hh ,dG AYCG H dedG CG dEG dY jJ LQO Y dM a dG
j a H UdG IQSG dEG kfMCG YJ HQ ,dGh dG FQ Hh
gJG aeh ,SdG GQGdG YO H ,SdG Y kGH dG H
.SdG QeCG H a dG
a dG j a KCG e a dY jJ LQO Y M dG IdG eCG
QOdG jJ a KCG d j HQ edG a jQJ g Y c CG dEG Lj dP
eh ,NB T e J d dGh dG GdG C dPh ;b a XdG
.kYh kY e bCG g e jJ YCG gDdGh IdG MU KDj CG VhdG
dY jJ LQO Y M dG IMdG IdG Ea ,GdG b e a eCG
eGdG e hj hCG ,j fCH YbG ieh ,dH SQdG bH J
j Y dhCG MQdH
k e q j SQdG CG dEG dP Oj HQh .d edG
XJh Jh ,edG e IOSG Me dEG dG jEG Y QOdG a ;dG
SQd dY jdG LQO fc ch ,dGh e dG IdG e T a
d dGh ,dG edG j CGh ,aCG H dG qj CG SG c
.efH ITe bY
a fc dY jJ LQO Y M dG GdG ZCG CG Mf S eh
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PJG e Y M dG jdG LQO e j Ggh ,GQGdG PJG e

.iNCG dG a Y fc Y ,LQO YCG fc M GQGdG
fc dG ac a jdG LQO CG dEG FdG QTCG a Y Hh
hO a (edG a H) SDdG CG dP J jh ,e M dEG e
,jcedG dEG e e cCG SDdG T J a jcdG dEG J ddG ddG
dh ,jcedG dEG IYdGh ,a IQGOEG f H kjM SDdG g CGH bh
Gd ;MdG jJ e dfG Iq H J dGR e SDdG H e e edG
HQh ,dG hCG ,QeCG H a UNh ,fe GJ e jdG Y CG f
H QeCG cJ H e dG a ,edG g jJ dG IQGOEG f dEG dP Oj
e H OCG H gh .IOLe GJ e jNBd dG e jJ hCG ,dG IQGOEG
a hCG OQCG a c AGS ,iNCG edG a Gk OLe j HQ ,Ggh .QLh
iNCG SGQO AGLEG aCG e j HQ ,eCG Gg e dh .HdG GdG
.jdG Y W dEG Ud He
:fdG GDdG Y HLEH dG FdG be : k fK
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````LG``dG
.(1992). e ,Ieeh eCG ,gdGh OjR ,eQh dG OGDa ,dS
.fOQCG dG ce :Y .(HGdG dG) jdG jQGOEG gdG
. IUdG JJh dUCG :dG IQGOEG .(1999). e MCG ,dG
.jdG edG dG :jQSEG
adG e :Y .(edG dG) jQGOEG IOdG .(1995). Gf ,c
.jRdGh d
Acker, E. E. (1995). Faculty moral and satisfaction in the academic workplace
of the Penssylvania State system at higher education universities. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, Temple University - 1994. Dissertation Abstracts
International, 55/08-A, p.228.
Burke, S.H. (1970). Strengthening administration through effective delegation. Pakistan Administrative Staff College Journal, 8 (1), 21-31.
Carlson, G. E. (1995). An analysis of Illinois teachers perceptions of empowerment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University - 1994.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 55/07-A, p.1754.
Hack , W. G., Ramseyer, J. A., Gephart, W. J.,& Heck, J. B. (N.D)
Educational Administration-Selected Readings, 270-271.
Hosinger, R. W. (1989). A secondary school model of teacher empowerment.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Coloumbia University Teachers College,
1989. Dissertation Abstracts International,49/ 09-A, p.2471.
Hoy, W. K., & Miskel, C. G. (1991). Educational administration theory,
research and practice (fourth edition). New York: McGrow-Hill, Inc.
Husband, R. E. (1994). Teachers perceived levels of empowerment in
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programs. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.
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Jablonski, M. A. (1992). Leadership styles of women college presidents.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Boston University-1992. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 53/03-A, p.676.
Johnson, P. E., & Short, P. M. (1998). Principals leader power, teacher
empowerment, teacher compliance, and conflict. Educational Management &
Administration, 26(2), 147-159. London.
Lightfoot, S. L.(1986). On goodness in schools: Themes of empowerment.
Peabody Journal of Education, 63 (3), 9-28.
Maeroff, G. I. (1988). A blueprint for empowerment teachers. Phi Delta
Kappan, 69, 472-477.
Netzer , L. A . , Eye, G. G. , Stevens, D. M . ,& Benston, W.W.(1979).
Strategies for instructional management. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
Rinehart, J. S., & Short, P. M. (1991). Viewing reading recovery as arestructing phenomenon. Journal of School Leadership, 1(4), 379-399.
Rinehart, J. S.,Short,P.M., Short ,R.J., & Eckley,M. R. (1998). Teacher
empowerment and principal leadership: Understanding the influence.
Educational Administration, 34, 630-649.
Short, P. M. , & Greer, J. T. (1997). Leadership in empowerment schools
: Themes from innovative efforts. Columbus, OH. : Prentice Hall.
Short, P. M., & Rinehart, J. S. (1992). School participant empowerment scale:
Assessement of level of empowerment within the school environment.
Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 951-960.
White, P. A. (1992). Teacher empowerment under ideal school site autonomy. Educational Evaluation, 14 (1), 69-83.
Zimmerman, M. A., & Rappaport, J. (1988). Citizen participation, perceived
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NewsLetter No.
S28540
12/5/04
4:24 PM
Page 350
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NewsLetter No.

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Prof. V.A McClelland

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