444 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY A 3-phase squirrel-cage induction motor has a ratio of maximum torque to full-load torque as 2.5 : 1. Determine the ratio of actual starting torque to full-load torque for : (@ direct starting ; di) star-delta starting : Gii) auto-transformer starting with tapping of 60%. ‘The rotor resistance and standstill reactance per phase are 0.4.0 and 4 Qrespectively. (Ans. 0.495, 0.165, 0.179] SINGLE PHASE MOTORS HIGHLIGHTS 1, Thereare two basic types of single-phase induction motors whieh start on the split-phase principle, namely resistance-start induetion-run motor and the capacitor-start induetion-run motor. 2. The resistance-start induetion-run motor has a relatively poor starting torque because the phase angle between the running winding current and the starting winding current is only from 30 to 50 electrical degrees. 3. The copacitor.start induction.run motor has a relatively good starting torque because the phase angle between the running winding current and the starting current is practically 90 electrical degrees. 4. The capacitor-start, eapacitor-ren induction motor has relatively good starting torque and operates at a comparatively high power factor. The main winding and auxiliary windings are both energized at all times the motor is in operation. 5. A resistance-start induction-run motor or a capacitor-start induction-run motor may be reversed by interchanging the leads of the starting winding cireuit. The direction of rotatian of either type of mator ean also be reversed by interchanging the leads of the running winding cireuit. However, never attempt to change the rotation of either type of motor by reversing the line wires. 6. The repulsion motor operates on the repulsion principles at all times. It has excellent starting torque and a relatively wide range of speeds. 1. The repulsion-start induction-ran motor starts as a repulsion motor and after it reaches 75 per cent of rated speed, operates as.an induction motor, It has excellent starting torque and very good speed regulation. 8. There are two types of brush mechanism used with repulsion-start induction-run motors : The brush-Hift- ing type and brush-riding type. 9. Tochange the direction of rotation of either a repulsion motor or a repulsion-start induction-run motor, ‘move the brushes to the other side of stator field poles so that there is an angle of 15 electrical degrees in. the new position. between the brushes and the stator field pole centres. 10. The A.C. series motor has excellent starting torqueand.ean be used in those applications requiringdifferent speeds. It has characteristics comparable ta those of the D.C. series motor. Ll. The direction of rotation of an A.C. series mator can be reversed by interchanging the connections to the armature, 12, The shaded-pole induction motor is usually made in fractional horsepower sizes in excess of 1/10 horsepower. This type of motor has no centrifugal starting device or mechanism which requires main- tenance. However, the starting torque for this type of motor is small. 13. A stepper motor is an ineremental motion machine. It does not rotate continuously as a conventional motor does. 14. The stepper motor is used in digitally controlled position control system in open loop mode. 15. Various typos of stepper motors are: (i) Permanent-magnet stepper motor (ii) Variable-reluctance stepper motor ; ii) Hybrid stepper motor.ROTATING MACHINES 445 16. aU 10. iu. D.C. servo-motors are proferred for very high power systems. A.C, servo-motors are best suited for low power applications. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS (A) Choose the Correct Answer : In a split-phase motor, the running winding should have (a) high resistance and low inductance (6) low resistance and high induetance (c)high resistance as well as high inductance (d) low resistance as well as low inductance. If the eapacitor of a single-phase motor is short-circuited (a) the motor will not start (©) the motor will burn (e) the motor will run in reverse direction (d) the motor will run in the same direction at reduced r.p.m. In capacitor-start single-phase motors (a) current in the starting winding leads the voltage (6) current in the starting winding lags the voltage (©) current in the starting winding is in phase with voltage in running winding. (d) none of the above. In a capacitorstart and run motors the function of the running capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding is to (a) improve power factor (6) increase overload capacity (c) reduce fluctuations in torque (d) to improve torque, In acapacitor-start motor, the phase displacement between starting and running winding can be nearly {a) 10° (6) 30° {c) 60° id) 90°, Ina split-phase motor (a) the starting winding is connected through a centrifugal switch (®) the running winding is connected through a centrifugal switch {(¢) both starting and running windings are connected through a centrifugal switch, (d) centrifugal switch is used to control supply voltage. ‘The torque developed by a single-phase motor at starting is (c) more than the rated torque (6) rated torque ()less than tho rated torque (d) zero. ‘Which of the following motors will give relatively high starting torque? (@)Capacitor-start motor (8) Capacitor run motor (c) Split-phase motor (d) Shaded-pole motor. ‘Which type of eapacitor is preferred for eapacitor-start and run motor ? (a) Electrolyte capacitor (6) Paper capacitor (oil filled) (c) Ceramic capacitor (d) Air enpacitor. ‘Which of the following motors will have relatively higher power factor ? (a) Capaeitor-run motor (6) Shaded-pole motor (c)Capacitor-start motor (d) Split-phase motor. Inashaded-pole motor, the shading coil usually consist of (a). single tum of heavy wire which is in parallel with running winding (6) a single turn of heavy eopper wire which is short-circuited and carries only induced current (©) a multilayer fine gauge copper wire in parallel with running winding (d) none of the abave.446 12, 13, 14, 15. 16. 11. 19, ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY In a shaded-pole single-phase motor, the revolving field is produced by the use of (a) inductor (b) capacitor (©) resistor (d) shading coils. Acentrifugal switch is used to disconnect starting winding when motor has (@) run for about 1 minute (6) run for about 5 minutes (©) picked up about 60 to 70 per cont of rated speed (d) picked up about 10 to 25 per cent of rated speed. Ifa particular application needs high speed and high starting torque, then which of the following motors will be preferred ? (a) Universal motor (b) Shaded-pole type motor (c) Capacitor-start motor (d) Capacitor-start and run moter. Which motor has the highest power to weight ratio? (a) Capacitor-run motor (b) Capacitor-start motor (c) Universal motor (d) None of the above. Ina universal motor the width of the brush is nearly (a) half the width ofeommutator segment —_—_(b) equal to width of the commutator segment (c) equal to width oftwo commutator segment (d) equal to width of four commutator segment. ‘The range of efficiency for shaded-pole motors is (a) 95% to 99% (b) 80% or 90% (e) 50% to 75% (d) 5% to 35%. In a capacitor-start single-phase motor, when capacitor is replaced by a resistance (a) torque will increase (8) the motor will consume less power (e) motor will run in reverse direction (@) motor will continuo to run in same dirvetion. ‘The power factor of a single-phase induction motor is usually (a) lagging (Od always leading () unity (a) unity to 0.8 leading. Ashaded-pole motor can be used for (a) toys (oo hair dryers (©) cireulators (d) any of the above, Ahysteresis motor works on the principle of (a) hysteresis loss (6) magnetisation of rotor (6) eddy current loss (d) electromagnetic induction. Which of the following motors will give the highest starting torque’? (a) D.C, shunt motor (b) Schrage motor {c) Repulsion-start and induction-ran motor (d) Universal motor. In repulsion motors by shifting the position of brushes, (a) only speed can be controlled (b) speed and direction of rotation can be controlled (c) speed, direction of rotation and torque can be controlled (d) none of the above. Which of the following single-phase motors is reversible ? (a) Capacitor-start split-phase motor (b) Resistance-start split-phase motor (c) Reluctance motor (d) None of the abave. of the applications a reluctance motor is preferred ? (b) Refrigerators (©) Signalling and timing devices (@) Lifts and hoists. In repulsion motors (a) speed remains constant (c) speed varies with load (d) speed varies only with change in applied voltage.ROTATING MACHINES 447 27. 31. 41. In single-phase repulsion motors power factor is (q)always leading () high at low speeds (c) always unity (d) high at high speeds. ‘The motor used on small lathes is usually (a) universal motor (b) d.c. shunt motor (c) single-phase capacitor run motor (d) 3-phase synchronous motor, ‘Which of the following motors is preferred for tape recorders ? (a) Shaded-pole motor (}) Hysteresis motor (c) Two value capacitor motor {d) Universal motor. A single-phase induction motor is (a) inherently self-starting with high torque _(b) inherently self-starting with lew torque (@) inherently non-self-starting with low torque (d) inherently non-self-starting with high torque. Aschrage motor can run on (a) xero alip (b) nogative slip (e) positive slip (d) all of the above. A universal inotor can run on (@)AC. only (®) DC. only (e) either A.C. or D.C. (d) none of the above. ‘Which of the following single-phase motors is suitable for timing and control purposes ? (a) Reluctance motor (b) Series motor (c) Repulsion motor (d) Universal motor. Incase of a shaded-pole motor the direction of rotation of the motor is (q) from main-pole to shaded-pole (6) from shaded-pole to main pole (C)either of the above depending on voltage —_(d) either of the above depending on power factor, ‘In case of high speed universal motor which of the following needs more attention ? (q) End play (6) Air gap (©) Insulation in rotor (d) Balancing of rotor. ‘The wattage rating for a ceiling fan motor will be in the range (a) 50 to 250W (©) 250 to 500 W (c) 50 to 150 W (d) 10 20 W. ‘The wattage of motor for driving domestic sewing machine will be around {a) 100 to 150 W (6) 40075 W ©)10t030W (d) Sto 10 W. ‘Which of the following single-phase motors has relatively poor starting torque? (a) Universal motor (6) Repulsion motor (c) Capacitor motor (qd) All single phase motors have zero starting torque. ‘Which type of load is offered by cranes and hoists ? (q) gradually varying load (6) non-reversing, no-load start (©) reversing, light start (d) reversing, heavy start. ‘The speed of a universal motor is generally reduced by using (q) gear trains (6) V-belts (c) brakes (d) chains. ‘Which of the following motors can be used for unity power factor ? (q) Capacitor run motor (6) Shaded-pole motor (c) Hysteresis motor (d) Schrage motor. When a D.C. series motor is connected to A.C. supply, the power factor will be low because of (a) high inductance of field and armature circuits (©) induced current in rotor due to variations of flux (c) fine copper wire winding (d) none of the above.ROTATING MACHINES 449 7. Ahysteresis motor works on the principle of eddy current loss. 8. Capacitor-start split-phase motor is reversible. 9 A reluctance motor is preferred for signalling and timing devices. 10. The wattage rating for a ceiling fan motor varies from 50 to 150 W. 1. A... motoris an incremental motion machine, 12, A stepper motor rotates continuously, 13, The stepper motor is used in digitally controlled position control system in apen laop mode. 14. In stepper motors no sensors are needed for position and speed sensing. 18. A stepper motor cannot be readily interfaced with microprocessor. 16. _In...... stepper motor the rotor is made of ferite or rare earth material which is permanently magnetised. 17, Ina... stepped motor the stator has only one set of winding-excited poles which interact with the two rotor stacks, servo-motors are preferred for very high power systems. 19, A.C. servo-motors are best suited for low power applications. 20. construction is used for very low inertia applications. ANSWERS: 1. Yes 2. Yes 3.No 4. Yes 5.No 6. Yes 1.No 8 9. Yes 10. Yes LL stepper =—-12.. No 18. Yes 14. Yes 15. No 16. Permanent-magnet 17. hybrid 18.DC. 19. Yes 20. Drag-cup. THEORETICAL QUESTIONS 1, Explain what is meant by the split-phase method of motor starting. 2 Explain why the starting torque of a capacitor-start induction run motor is better than that of resistance-start induction-run mator, 8, How is the direction of rotation reversed for each of the following ? (i) Resistance-start induetion-run motor, and Gi) Capacitor-start induction-run motor. 4, (a) Compare operating characteristics ofa resistance-startinduction-run motor with those of capacitor- start induction-run motor. (6) List three applications for = (i) Aresistance-start induetion-run motor (ii) A eapacitor-start induction-run motor. Explain how a repulsion motor operates Explain how a repulsion-start induetion-run motor operates. How is the direetion of rotation of each of the following motors reversed ? (®) The repulsion motor, and (i) The repulsion-start induetion-run motor. ‘What is the differenee between A.C. and D.C. series motor? ‘Why are small fractional horsepower A.C. series motors called universal motors ? ‘Whatis the difference between aconductively compensated series motor and an inductively compensated series motor? LL, Describe the construction and operation of a shaded-pole motor. 12, Write a short note on a sub-synchronous motor and a hysteresis motor. 13, Whatis a stepper motor ? Enumerate its advantages and applications. 14. Explain briefly permanent-magnet stepper motor briefly, How does ‘motor ? 15. What is a stepper motor? 16. States the advantages of stepper motors. nee See