176 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY 8. Service reliability is improved. 9, Earthing provides improved lighting protection. ‘The earthing of systems should be done at the noutral of the supply transformers and generators. If the supply transformers and generators are delta connected, separate earthing transformers may be used, HIGHLIGHTS E, dna star-connected system, Ey = 72 lah. P= NT ByJy cos 6. Ina delta-connected system, P= VBE tly cos 0. ‘Two-wattmeter method is generally used to measure 3-phase power. In this method, the current coils of the two wattmeters are connected in any two lines and their potential coils to the remaining third line. ‘The sum of the two wattmetors readings gives the total power in the circuit. If the load is balanced, then its power factor can also be calculated from these two readings. The readings of the two wattmeters are: o W, = Ef, cos (30-4) Wy= Bip, cos (80° + 9) Lagging power factor tan 9 =25Wi- Wa) oF is We ro) Wy = Eyfz cos (30° + 9) W, = Ez}, cos (30°— 0) Leading power factor tan 92 2-H) Wy + We) Ina single-phase as well us in a three-phase system, the kVA is directly proportional to the current I. ‘The disadvantage of a lower power factor is that the current required for a given power is very high, which fact leads to many undesirable results. The power factor may be improved by the following : — Static capacitors — Phase advancers — Synchronous capacitors — Capacitor boosters — High power factor motors. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS ‘Choose the Correct Answer . ‘The power in a 5-phase system is given by Y3V,d, cos ® where @ is the phase angle between (a) line-voltage and line current (8) phase voltage and phase current (c) Tine voltage and phase current (d) phase voltage and tine current,THREE-PHASE AC. NETWORK v7 a 2 9 10, mL 12, 13, 14, ‘Which of the following statements associated with 3-phase delta connected circuits is true? {a) Line voltage is equal to phase voltage (b) Line current is equal to phase current {c) Line voltage is V3 time of phase voltage (d) Line currents are 60° apart. Tn a 3-phase supply, floating neutral is undesirable because it nay result in ..... across the load. (a) unequal line voltages (O) high voltage (c) low voltage. Phase reversal in a 4-wire unbalanced load supplied from a balanced 3-phase supply causes change in (a) the power consumed (6) magnitude of phase currents (c) only the magnitude of the neutral current {d) magnitude as well as phase angle of the neutral current. A 3-phase star connected symmetrical load consumes P watts of power from a balanced supply. If the same load is connected in delta ta the same supply, the power consumption will be (@)P (b) BP (e)3P () not determined from the given data. ‘Three unequal impedances are connected in star to a 3-phase system. The sum of three line currents will be (a) equal to the each line current () zero fe) none of these. ‘Three equal impedances are first connected in delta across.a3-@balanced supply. Ifthe sanieimpedances are connected in star across the same supply (q) phase currents will be ono-third (b) line currents will be one-third (c) power consumed will be one-third (d) none of the above. ‘Which of the following is a four wire system ? (a) Delta (b) Star (c) Both delta and star (d) Neither delta nor star. In a 3-phase balanced star-connected load, neutral current is equal to @rero Oly Oh (d) unpredictable. ‘Which of the following equations is valid for a 3-phase 4-wire balanced star-connected load ? fa [n+ fy + In =1y=0 Int ly= In = ly (pay + in zy @ ed, = ly. ‘Three unequal impedances are connected in delta to a.3-phase, 3-wire system. (a) The voltages across the three phases will be different (b) Both of the phase currents and line currents will be unbalanced (c) Phase currents will be unbalanced but the line currents will be balanced {d) None of the above, ‘The relationship between the line and phase voltages of a delta-connected circuit is given by @)V,=¥p OV, = Vp OV ¢ (a) ¥, 22 vp. x In case of a delta connected load, if one resistor is removed, the power will became (a) vero (6) one-third (ce) two-third (d) none of the above. ‘Readings of 1154 and 577 watts are obtained when two wattmeters method was.used on a balanced load. ‘The delta connected load impedance for a system of 100 V will be fa) 18 24 30° (6) 15 4+30" (©) 15 2-30" (d) 15 2+ 90.178 15. 16, 1% 18, 19, 20. 25. ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY Which of the following statements is true about two-wattmeters mothod for power measurement in S-phase cireuit? (a) Power can be measured using two wattmeters method only for star-connected 3-phase cireuits (b) When two wattmeters show identical readings, the power factor is 0.5 (c) When power factor is unity, one of the wattmeter reads zero (2) When the readings of the two wattmeters are equal but of opposite sign, the power factor is zero. ‘The minimum number of wattmeters to measure power in a 3-phase unbalanced star-connected load is (adone tb) wo () three (d) four. While measuring power in a three phase load by two-wattmeters method, the readings of two wattmeters will be equal and opposite when. (a) pfis unity {b) load is balanced (©) phase angle is between 60° and 90° (a) the load is purely inductive. In the measurement of d-phase power by two-wattmeters method, if the two wattmeter readings are equal the power factor of the circuit is (a) 0.8 lagging 40) 0.8 leading (©) zero «d) unity. Which of the fotlowing are the necessary conditions for an entire 3-9 system to be balanced ? 1. The lino voltages are equal in magnitude 2. The phase differences between successive line voltages are equal ‘3. The impedances in each of the phases are identical. Sclect the correct answer using the codes given below : Codes: (a) 1, 2and3 (b) Land 3 (c) Land 2 (d) 2and 3. ‘The power delivered to a S-phase load can be measured by the use of 2 wattmeters only when the (@) loud is balanced (@) load is unbalanced (c) 3-phaso load is eonnceted to the source through 3-wires (d) 3-phase load is connected to the source through 4-wires. ‘The ratio of the readings of two wattmeters connected to measure power in a balanced 3-phase load is 5:3. and the load is inductive. The power factor of the load is (0.917 lead (6) 0.917 lag (©) 0.6 lead (d) 0.6 lag, In two phase system phase voltages differ by (@ 6 (&) 90" fe) 190° (d) 180°, W, and W, are the readings of two wattmeters used to measure power of a 3-phase balanced load. The reactive power drawn by the load is GW, + Wy (b) W, ~ Wy BWW, + Wy) (a) VW, - Wo) Tnatwo wattmeters method of measuring power in a.3-phasa system oneof the wattmeters reads negative implying (a) wattmeter connection is faulty (8) load is unbalanced (e) power flow is in the reverse direction (@) power factor is less than 0.5. Pes By and Vg aro the instantancous line to neutral voltages and ig, iy and ip are instantancous line currents in a balanced three phase circuit, the computation vq lly —ip)~(0yy—Ppy)ig Will yiold a quantity proportional to theTHREE-PHASE A.C. NETWORK 179, 26, 29, 30, 31. (a) active power {b) power factor (c) reactive power (d) complex power. If the R-phase of a 3-phase star connected alternator becomes reversely connected by mistake affect (a) Eyy and Eyn (b) Eyn and Eye (Egy and Bag (d) Egy, Byn and Eng When phase sequence at the d-phase load is reversed (a) phase currents are changed in magnitude (b) phase currents change in phase angle but not in magnitude {c) total power consumed is changed (d) phase powers are changed. Lamp load is being supplied from a 3-phase, 4-wire, 280/400 V ac supply system. Ifa 3-phase motor is now switched on across the same supply, then neutral current will (a) increase (b) decrease (remain unchanged (d) unpredictable. Lamps of 40 W, 100 Wand 200 W ratings are connected in different phases of a 3-phase, 4-wire supply Ifthe neutral wire breaks, then the lamp likely to fuse first will be {01200 W «100 eaow (d)all lamps. ‘The instantancous values of currents in phases K and ¥ of a 3-phaso system are 25 A each. Fora phase sequence of BRY, the instantancous value of current in phase B is, twill (@)25A (b) 504 (12.5. (243.3 A, ‘The power measurement in balanced 3-9 circuit can be done by (a)one-wattmeter methed only (b) two-wattmeter method only (c) three-wattmeter method only (d) any one of the above ANSWERS ib) 24a) Ba) ad Bee) 6.10) te) 8b) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11.00) 12. (a) ( 14. (b) 15. (d) 16, (6) 174d) 18. (d) (a) 20, (eb 21, (b) 22, (by 234d) 24. (d) ) 26. (ed 27. (b) 28. (c) 29, (0) 80. (b) (a, ‘THEORETICAL QUESTIONS State the advantages of A.C. polyphase supply aystem over single-phase system. Why is the number of phases in a polyphase system always three rather than any other number? Explain clearly what is meant by ‘phase sequence’ of S-phase voltages, What are the two systems in which three-phases ean be connected ? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each system? What are the advantages of inter-connecting the Sephases ? Derive an expression for power in a 3-phase star-connected system in terms of (i) phase values and (ti) line values of voltages and currents. Derive thenumericalrelationshipbetweenlineand phase currents for abalanced 3-phasedelta-connected load.