STANDARDS OF THE TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION - ‘SEVENTH EDITION 1988 -. TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. 25 North Broadwa! Tarrytown, New,York 10591 Richard C. os Secretary &NO WARRANTY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED ‘The Standards herein are recommended by The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc. to assist users, engineers and designers who specify, design and install tubular exchangers. These standards are based upon sound engineering principles, research and field experience in the manufacture, design, installation and use of tubular exchangers. These standards may be subject to revision as further Investigation or experience may show! ls necessary or desirable, Nothing havain shall conathute a warranty cof any kind, expressed or implied, and warranty responsibilty of any kind is expressly denied. Ya0) 300 © Copyright 1968, 1970, 1972, 1074, 1978, 1986, 1987, 1988 ‘ubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, inc. This document may not be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated, modified or reduced to an lotronie medium machine readable orm in whele orn part, without prior wntten consent ofthe ‘Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED:MEMBERSHIP LIST ‘TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. ‘Comprising Manufacturers of Various Types of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Equipment ‘Walden Avenue Buffalo, NY 14225 1. 1844.N. Garett Road Tulsa, OK 74116 Energy Exchanger Company. Engineers and Fabricators Company... 0. Box 7395 ‘Houston, TX 77248 Fabsco, Inc. snenP.O, BOX 988 ‘Sapulpa, OK 74066 Graham Manufacturing Co., tne. Florence Avenue Batavia, NY 14020 saws 1001 N. Fulton Avenue Tulsa, OK 74115 P.O. Box 1102 Hughes-Anderson Engineering Corporation... ITT Standard, ITT Flukd Technology Corporation... juifalo, NY 14227 Manning and Lewis Engineering Company... 676 Rahway Avenue ‘Union, Nu 07083, Nooter Corporation. P.O. Box 451 Joseph Oat Corporation. ‘Ohmstede, INC... (Old Dominion Fabricators. .--18200 Ramblewood Drive Chester, VA 23813, Slagle Manufacturing Corporation... .909 North Wheel Tulsa, OK 7411 ‘Southern Heat Exchanger Corporation. P.O, Box 2788 “Tuscaloosa, AL 35403 Struthers Industries, Inc... Wiegmann and Rose ‘Subsidiary of Xchanger ‘Yuba Hoat Transfer a ‘ADWvision of Connell Limited Partnership P.O. Box 3158 “Tulsa, OK 74101TECHNICAL COMMITTEE OF THE ‘TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION Engineers and Fabricators Company .--Fabbsco, Ine. Robert C. Mosclekl....nnnnnnnnnnminnnnnnnnnnnemne Graham Manufacturing Co., Inc. .«Hughes-Anderson Engineering Corp. .ITT Standard, ITT Fluid Technology Corporation Manning and Lewis Engineering Co. Nooter Corporation .Joseph Oat Corporation .....Ohmstede, Inc. Harold R. Cooper... ‘Slagle Manufacturing Corp. Cris Smatiey ‘Southern Heat Exchanger Corp. Gary L. Bery.... ‘Struthers Industries, Inc. Jack E. Logan... Sibaiiany Nero Wag Cone. John R. MoCutchen.. Yuba Heat Transfer ‘A Division of Connell Limited PartnershipPREFACE Seventh Edition - 1988. ‘The Seventh Edition of the TEMA Standards is the result of years of work by the Technical Committee, as well as member company and outside consultants. A compilation of previously proven information, along with new paragraphs on Flow Induced Vibration and Flexible Shell Elements is presented for your practical use. ‘The Recommended Good Practice section has been expanded to assist in areas falling outside the scope of the basic Standards, and to provide a greater depth of Information for the user. ‘The Ector acknowledges the contributions to the Seventh Eston by the following past members of the Techrical Gommmee: David Bllngs, A Tim Chose, Wilar L Kimi, Thomas W. Lodes, ‘McWhirter and Dr. Krishna ‘The Seventh Edition of the TEMA Standards was prepared by the Technical Committee of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association Victor J. Stachura. EDITORCONTENTS ‘Symbol & Section Paragraph MEMBERSHIP LIST..... TECHNICAL COMMITTEE... PREFACE. st NOTES TO USERS. 1 ON NOMENCLATURE 1 ‘Size Numbering and Type Designation ~ Recommended Practice.. 2 Nomenclature of Heat Exchanger Components. 2 F FABRICATION TOLERANCES 1 Exteel Dimensions, Nozzle and Support Locations, Recommended Fabrication Tolerances. Tubesheets, Parttions, Covers, and Flanges. 3 G GENERAL FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE INFORMATION Drawings and ASME Code Data Ré Guarantees... Preparation of Heat Exchangers for Shipment General Construction Features of TEMA Standard Heat Exchangers. 4 E INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE Performance of Heat Exchangers... Installation of Heat Exchangers Operation of Heat Exchangers. Maintenance of Heat Exchangers. Si : MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RCB HEAT EXCHANGERS - Scope and General Requirements. Tubes... Shells and Shell Covers, Baffles and Support Plates. Floating End Construction, Noaosune hone 3 ©eranesone 26 End Flanges and Botting. 6 Vv FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION 1 Scope and General 2 Vibration Damage Patterns. 3 Failure Regions.CONTENTS ‘Symbol & Section Paragraph 6 v tseornaae evoersens 9 D 10 RGP a7 RCB-1 RCB2 RCBS RCB4 RCBS RCB.7 RCB9 RCB-10 RCB-11 T2 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION (continued) Dimensionless Numbers.. Natural Frequency... ‘Axial Tube Stress. Effective Tube Mass... ‘Damping. Shell Side Veloctty Distribution... Estimate of Crtical Flow Velocty. Fluid Temperature Relations... ‘Mean Metal Temperatures of Shell and Tubes. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS Fluid Denstty. ‘Spectfic Heat... : Heat Content of Petroleum Fractions. ‘Thermal Conductivity... Viscosity. Critical Properties. Properties of Gas and Vapor Mixtures. Selected References. GENERAL INFORMATION (Gee detailed Table of Contents). RECOMMENDED GOOD PRACTICE General Construction Features of TEMA Standard Heat Exchangers...... ‘Scope and General Requirements. : Plugging Tubes in Tube Bundies.. Shells and Shell Covers... Baffles and Support Plates. 107 161NOTES TO USERS OF THE TEMA STANDARDS Three classes of Mechanical Standards, R,C and B, reflecting acceptable designs for various service applications are presented. The user should refer to the definition of each class and choose the one that best fits the specific ‘Corresponding subject matter in the three Mechanical Standards is covered by paragraphs identically numbered ‘except for the prefix letter. Paragraph numbers preceded by RCB indicates that all three classes are identical. Any reference to a specific paragraph must be preceded by the class designation. ‘The Recommended Good Practice section has been prepared to assist the dasigner in areas outside the scope of the basic Standards. Paragraphs in the Standards having additional information in the RGP section are marked with an asterisk. The reference paragraph In the RGP section has the identical paragraph number, but with an “RGP* pr {ts the intention of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association that this edition of its Standards may be used beginning with the date of issuance, and that its requirements supersede those of the previous edition sic months from such date of issuance, except for heat exchangers contracted for prior to the end of the six month period, For this purpose the date of issuance Is January 1, 1989. Questions on interpretation of the TEMA Standards should be addrassed in writing to the Secretary. Questions requiring development of new or revised technical information will only be answered through an addendum or a ‘new edition of the Standards. vilm ‘The 1991 Errata includes 1886. The 1901 Errata pages shoud be neerted In the fth Ed 1991 ERRATA ages for the | 7th Edition TEMA Standards published in tion and the obsolete pages destroyed. ‘The following 1991 Errata pages apply to the 7th Edition, effective August 1991. 184 185 201 216 217 218 219 Revised re RCB-65 -7.164 RCB-8.11 RCB-8.75 RCB-8.72 and RCB-8.73 RCB-8.73 and RCB-8.74 RCB-B.74 vs V2.7, V3 Sealing Sram Spot Ene, Index Index Index Index This page should be inserted in the 7th Edition TEMA Standard as page x.a 1990 ERRATA The 1990 Errata Includes replacement pages for the original 7th Edition TEMA Standards published in 1988. The 1990 Errata pages should be inserted In the 7th Edition and the obsolete pages destroyed. The following 1990 Errata pages apply to the 7th Ealtion, effective April 1990. 4 Page Revised 26 Table CB 3.13 39 Definition of P and G 41° Gasket G Definition 42 Gasket G and P Defintions 46 RCB 7.1342 48 RCB 7.161 50 RCB 7.163 and RCB 7.164 51 RCB 7.164 64 ~RCB831 65 RCBB31 70 RCB B74 71 RCB B74 93 V.9.211B 183 Table D-10 184 Table D-11, sa 185 Table 192 Table D-14 219 Index This page should also be inserted in the 7th Edition TEMA Standard as page Ix.HEAT EXCHANGER NOMENCLATURE SECTION 1 N-1 SIZE NUMBERING AND TYPE DESIGNATION-RECOMMENDED PRACTICE {tf fecommenced that heat exchanger size and type be designated by numbers and laters as described iow. N11 SIZE ‘Sizes of shells (and tube bundles) shall be designated by numbers describing shell (and tube bundle) diameters and tube lengths, as follows: N-1.11 NOMINAL DIAMETER ‘The nominal diameter shall be the inside diameter of the shell in inches, rounded off to the nearest Integer. For kettle rebollers the nominal diameter shall be the port diameter followed by the shell diameter, each rounded off to the nearest integer. -12 NOMINAL LENGTH ‘The nominal ongth shal be the tube length in Inches, Tube length for straight tubes shal be taken as the actual overall length. For U-tubes the length shall be taken as the straight length from end of tube to bend tangent. N-1.2 TYPE Type designation shall be by letters describing stationary head, shell (omitted for bundles only), and ret hoeel In thet order as Pelosted Equa Net « ” N-1.3 TYPICAL EXAMPLES N-1.31 Split-ring floating head exchanger with removable channel and cover, single pass shell, 23-1/4" Inside diameter with tubes 16' long. SIZE 23-192 TYPE AES. N-1.32 U-tube exchanger with bonnet head, spit flow shell, 19" inside diameter with tubes shaghtiongh, ae Wee YE GU N-4.33 Pull-through floating head Kettle type reboiler having stationary head integral with tubesheet, 23" port damoter and &7" inside shel ammeter wit tubes 16 ong SIZE 23/37-192 TYPE (N-1.34 Fixed tubesheet exchanger with removable channel and cover, bonnet type rear head, two Pass shell, 33-1/8" inside diameter with tubes 8' long. SIZE 33-96 TYPE. (N-1.35, Fixed tubesheet exchanger having stationary and rear heads integral with tubesheets, single pass shell, 17° inside diameter tubes 16" long. SIZE 17-192 TYPE NEN. N-1.4 SPECIAL DESIGNS ‘Special designs are not covered and may be described as best suits the manufacturer. For exam 4 single tube pass, fixed tubesheet exchanger with conical heads may be described as "TYPE BE! with: Heads. pul tirough cating head exchanger with an integral shell cover may be described as "TYPE AET with Integral Shel! . ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 1SECTION 1 HEAT EXCHANGER NOMENCLATURE FRONT END STATIONARY HEAD T1PE5 FIGURE N-1.2 REAR END wean TYPES pg eo unesneer uuee ERPSTATIONATY HEAD xeD Tusesneer uke SP STATIONARY HEAD | CHANNEL INTEGRAL wiry TUBE- SHEET AND REMOVABLE COVER, ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationHEAT EXCHANGER NOMENCLATURE SECTION 1 N-2 NOMENCLATURE OF HEAT EXCHANGER COMPONENTS: For the purpose of estabilshing standard terminology, Figure N-2 litustrates various types of heat Exchangers Typlea parts ond conmesions Torta purposes only, are numbed for Wlicaton in Table N-2. TABLE N-2 4. Stationary Head-Channel 21. Floating Head Cover-External 2 Stationary Head Bonnet 2 22 Floating Tubesheet Sit Head ‘Channel or Bonnet . Packing Box 4 Gard boven 24, Packing 5. Stationary Head Nozzle 25, Packing Gland 6. Stationary Tubesheet 26, Lantern Ri 7. Tubes 27. Tierods and Spacers 8 Shell 28. Transverse Baffles or Shell Range ‘Stationary Head End 29. iinblgemont lato 10. e+ i 11: Sol Flange-Roar Head End 30. Longitudinal Baffle 12, Shall Nozzle 31. Pass Parttion 43. Shell Cover Flange 32. Vent Connection 14. Expansion Joint 33, Drain Connection 16, Floating Tubesheot 34, Instrument Connection 16 Floating Head Cover 35 Suppor Sadcle 17. Floating Head Cover Flange 36. Litting 18. Floating Head Backing Device 37. Support Bracket 49. Split Shear Ring 38. Weir 20. Slip-on Backing Flange 39, Liquid Level Connection FIGURE N-2 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 3SECTION 1 HEAT EXCHANGER NOMENCLATURE FIGURE N-2 (continued) 4 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS RCB-1.311 OTHER LIQUID TESTS Uquids other than water may be used as a testing medium if agreed upon between the Purchaser and the manufacturer. RCB-1.32 PNEUMATIC TEST ‘When liquid cannot be tolerated as a test medium the exchanger may be given a pneumatic test In aecordance with ihe Code must be recognized ‘that lr or gas hazardous when sed as a pressure testing medium. The pneumatic test pressure at room t ture shall 'be 1.25 times the design pressure, corrected for temperature, except where other Code requirements govern. RCB-1.33 SUPPLEMENTARY AIR TEST When a supplementary air or gas test is spectfied by the purchaser, it shall be preceded the hydrostatic tet rexarox by Paragraph HOS 13) he ot pros ro shall be as agrood pon by the purchaser and manufacturer, but shall not exceed that required by Paragraph RCB-1.4 METAL TEMPERATURES. RCB-1.41 METAL TEMPERATURE LIMITATIONS FOR PRESSURE PARTS ‘The metal temperature limitations for various metals are those prescribed by the Code. RCB.1.42 DESIGN TEMPERATURE OF HEAT EXCHANGER PARTS Design temperatures for the shell and tube sides shall be specified separately by the purchaser for parts not in contact with both fluids. The design temperature of heat exchanger Parts subjected to two different fluid temperatures shall be the mean metal temperature of Part under operating conditions, except when the purchaser specties some other design ‘metal temperature. In establishing the metal tamporatures, due consideration shall be given to such factors as the relative heat transfer coefficients of the two fluids contacting the part and the relative heat transfer area of the parts contacted by the two fluids. RCB-1.5 STANDARD CORROSION ALLOWANCES The Standard corrosion allowances used for the various heat exchanger parts are as follows, unless the conditions of service make a different allowance more sultable and such allowance ls speciiod by the purchaser. RCB-1.51 CARBON STEEL PARTS R-1.511 PRESSURE PARTS ‘All carbon steel prescure parts, except as noted below, are to have a corrosion allowance of 1 CB-1.511 PRESSURE PARTS All carbon steel pressure parts, except as noted below, are to have a corrosion allowance of 1/16". RCB-1.512 INTERNAL FLOATING HEAD COVERS. Internal floating head covers are to have the corrosion allowance on all wetted, ‘surfaces except gasket seating surfaces. Corrosion allowance on the outside of the flanged portion may be included in the recommended minimum edge distance. RCB-1.513 TUBESHEETS Tubeshoets ved situa corrason alowance on each side with th provision tha, on the grooved side of a grooved tubesheet, roove Considered as avaiable i corrosion alowance Pee eee RCB-1.514 EXTERNAL COVERS Where fiat external covers are grooved, the depth of the gasketed groove may be considered as avallabe for covrosion allowance. “ blecbauial Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 21SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R C B RCB-1.515 END FLANGES. Corrosion allowance shall be applied only to the inside diameter of flanges where exposed to the fluids. RCB-1.516 NONPRESSURE PARTS Nonpressure parts such as tle-rods, spacers, baffles and support plates are not required to have corrosion allowance. RCB-1.517 TUBES, BOLTING AND FLOATING HEAD BACKING DEVICES ‘Tubes, bolting and floating head backing devices are not required to have corrosion allowance. RCB-1.518 PASS PARTITION PLATES Pass partition plates are not required to have corrosion allowance. RCB-1.52 ALLOY PARTS ‘Alloy parts are not required to have corrosion allowance. R-1.53 CAST IRON PARTS Cast iron pressure parts shall have a corrosion allowance of 1/8". (CB-1.53 CAST IRON PARTS Cast iron pressure parts shall have a corrosion allowance of 1/16". RCB-1.6 SERVICE LIMITATIONS: FB-1.61 CAST IRON PARTS Cast iron shall be used only for water service at pressures not exceeding 150 pst. C-1.61 CAST IRON PARTS Cast iron shall not be used for pressures exceeding 150 psi, or for lethal or flammable fluids at any prossure. RCB-1.62 EXTERNAL PACKED JOINTS Packed Joints shall not be uséd when the purchaser specifies that the fluid in contact with the joint is lethal or flammable. Exchanger Manutacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS *RCB-2 TUBES RCB-2.1 TUBE LENGTH The following tube lengths for both straight and U-tube exchangers are commonly used: 96, 120, 144, 102 and 240 nches. Omer engine ay be used. See ace Paragraph N-1.12. cat RCB-2.2 TUBE DIAMETERS AND GAGES RCB-2,21 BARE TUBES Table RCB-2.21 lists common tube diameters and gages for bare tubes of copper, steal and [ alloy. Other diameters and gages are acceptable. TABLE ACB-2.21 a BARE TUBE DIAMETERS AND GAGES OD. ‘and Copper Alloys [ Carbon Steel, Aluminum ‘Other Alloys rapes | °°PPO | and Wuminum Atoys e BWG. BW.G. BW. 14 27 > a7 24 : 24 22 : 22 as 3/8 22 - 2 20 7 20 ta : 18 ~ 1 20 20 a 18 : 18 5/8 20 18 20 ce 18 16 18 16 4 16 3/4 20 at 16 18 as 18 4 18 16 2 “4 7/8 18 4 16 16 12 4 - 4 10 12 12 7 : 1 18 14 16 fe 16 12 4 14 7 2 11/4 16 14 4 4 12 12 172 16 4 14 14 2 12 as 2 14 14 14 12 12 72 Notes: = 1. Wall thickness tolerance shall be specified as either minimum or average. 2. Characteristics of tubing are shown in Table D-7. RCB-2.22 CIRCUMFERENTIALLY-FINNED TUBES ‘The nominal fin diameter shall not exceed the outside diameter of the unfinned section. ‘Specified wall shall be based on the thickness at the root diameter. - ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 23SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R C B RCB-2.3 U-TUBES RCB-2.31 U-BEND REQUIREMENTS: When U-bends are formed, tis normal for the tube wall atthe outer ralus to thin. The minimum tube wall thickness in the bent portion before bending shall be: coef to= Original tube wall thickness, inches 1, = Minimum tube wall thickness calculated by Code rules for a straight tube subjected to the same pressure and metal temperature, inches do~ Outside tube diameter, inches R= Mean radius of bend, inches More than one tube gage, or dual gage tubes, may be used In a tube bundle. When U-bends are formed from tube materials which are relatively non-workchardaning and (of suitable temper, tube wall thinning in the bends should not exceed @ nominal 17% ‘original tube wall thickness. Flattering at the bend shall not exceed 10% of the nominal tube outside diameter. U-bends formed from tube materials having low ductilty, or materials which are susceptible to ‘work-hardening, may require special consideration. Also refer to Paragraph RCB-2.33. RCB-2.32 BEND SPACING ACB-2.321 CENTER-TO-CENTER DIMENSION The center-to-center dimensions betwoen parallel legs of U-tubes shall be such that they can be inserted into the baffle assembly without damage to the tubes. FCB-2.322 BEND INTERFERENCE ‘The assembly of bends shall be of workmanlike appearance. Metal-to-metal contact ‘between bends in the same plane shall not be permitted. RCB-2.33 HEAT TREATMENT Cold work in forming U-bends may induce embrittlement or susceptibility to stress corrosion in certain materials and/or environments. Heat treatment to alleviate such conditions may be performed by agreement between manufacturer and purchaser. RCB-2.4 TUBE PATTERN ‘Standard tube pattems are shown In Figure RCB-2.4. FIGURE RCB-2.4 wo Triangular fata, Square ead ‘Square Note: Flow arrows are perpendicular to the baffle cut edge. 24 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manutacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 RCB-2.41 SQUARE PATTERN: fe ee eee RCB-2.42 TRIANGULAR PATTERN: Tear mochamnoany naar Pattern should not be used when the shell ado I to be R-2.5 TUBE PITCH ‘Tubes shall be spaced with a minimum center-to-center distance of 1.25 times the outside diameter of the tube. When mechanical cleaning of the tubes is specified by the purchaser, minimum cleaning lanes of 1/4" shall be provided. C-2.5 TUBE PITCH ‘Tubes shall be spaced with a minimum center-to-center distance of 1.25 times the outside diameter of the tube. Where the tube diameters are 5/8” or less and tube-to-tubesheet joints are expanded only, the minimum center-to-center distance may be reduced to 1.20 times the outside diameter. B-2. TUBE PITCH Tubes shall be spaced with a minimum center-to-center distance of 1.25 times the outside diameter of the tube. When mechanical cleaning of the tubes is specified by the purchaser and the nominal shell diameter is 12 inches or less, minimum cleaning lanes of 3/16" shall be provided. For shell diameters greater than 12 inches, minimum cleaning lanes of 1/4" shall be provided. Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 2SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B RCB-3 SHELLS AND SHELL COVERS RCB-3.1 SHELLS RCB-3.11 SHELL DIAMETERS It shall be lett to the discretion of each manufacturer to establish a system of standard shell diameters within the TEMA Mechanical Standards in order to achieve the economies pecullar to his individual design and manufacturing faciltles. RCB-3,12 TOLERANCES: RCB-3.121 PIPE SHELLS Typeinsde dameter of pip shal shal bo in accordance with applicable ASTM (American Sociaty for Testing and Materials) pipe specifications. RCB-3.122 PLATE SHELLS The inside diameter ot 2 shell shall not exceed the design inside diameter by Trot han 1/6" as deterned by crounferentl messuremert *RCB-3.13 MINIMUM SHELL THICKNESS ‘Shell thickness is determined by the Code design formulas, plus corrosion allowance, but in 7o case shall the nominal thickness of shells be less than that shown in the applicable table. ‘The nominal total thickness for clad shells shall be the same as for carbon steel shells. TABLE R-3.13 MINIMUM SHELL THICKNESS {All Dimensions in inches) Minimum Thickness Nominal Shell Diameter Carbon Steot Alloy * Pipe Plate 6 ‘SCH. 40 - 1/8 8-12 SCH. 30 : 1/8 13-29 3/8 3/8 3/16 30-39 + 7/6 1/4 40-60 1/2 5/6 TABLE CB-3.13 MINIMUM SHELL THICKNESS {All Dimensions In inches) Minimum Thickness Nominal Shell Diameter *Schedule 5S is permissible for 6 inch and 8 inch shell diameters, RCB-3.2 SHELL COVER THICKNESS: Nominal thickness of shell cover heads shall be at least equal to the thickness of the shell as shown inthe applicable table. 1990 ERRATA 26 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 RCB-2.41 SQUARE PATTERN In removable bundle units, when mechanical cleaning of the tubes Is spectiéd by the purchaser, tube lanes should be continuous. ; RCB-2.42 TRIANGULAR PATTERN ; ‘Tlangular or rotated triangular pattem should not be used when te shell side is to be cleaned mechanically. “ R-2.6 TUBE PITCH Tubes shall be spaced with a minimum center-to-center distanca of 1.25 times the outside dlamet of the tube. When mechanical cleaning of the tubes is specified by the purchaser, minimum 9 lanes of 1/4" shall be provided. F C-2.6 TUBE PITCH ‘Tubes shall be spaced with a minimum center-to-centey distance of 1.25 times the outside diameter of the tube. Where the tube diameters are 5/8" or lesé and tube-to-tubesheet joints are expanded ‘only, the minimum center-to-center distance may be’ reduced to 1.20 times the outside diameter. 6-2.5 TUBE PITCH + Tubes shall be spaced with a minimum center‘to-center distance of 1.25 times the outside diameter of the tube. When mechanical cleaning of the tubes |s specified by the | rand the nominal shell dlameter is 12 inches or less, minimym cleaning lanes g9/! Ma * shale provided. For shell diameters greater than 12 inches, ‘minimum cleaning lanes of 1, Provided. shall 4 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 25SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B RCB-3 SHELLS AND SHELL COVERS RCB-3.1 SHELLS , RCB-3.11 SHELL DIAMETERS I shall be lft tothe diaeration ofeach rpanufacturer to, eae diameters within the TEMA Mechanical Star camera ‘pocufar 10 his individual design and manufacturing facilities. RCB-3.12 TOLERANCES J \ RCB-3.121 PIPE SHELLS ‘The inside diameter | of pipe shells shall be owt ible ASTM (Amorcan Society fr Festing and Mater) ioe RCB-3,122 PLATE SHELLS The inside. gametes of any plat ‘the design inside diameter by more than 1/8" as. ‘deterred eso) angoronta urement. ‘*RCB-3.13 MINIMUM SHELL THICKNESS = ‘Shell thickness Is determined by the Code design . plus corrosion allowance, but In ‘no case shall the nominal thickness of shells be less thar] that shown in the applicable table. ‘The nominal total thickness for clad shells shall be the samme as for carbon steel shells. 3 Dimensions InJnches) nok if ‘Minimuty Thickness Nominal Shell Diameter Nominal Shell Plameter Carbon Steel Alloy * Pipe Prato ‘SCH. 40 1 SCH. 30 - 1/8 SCH. 20 5/16 1/8 1. 20 ye ae : a |e ‘*Schedule 68 is permissible for 6 Inch and 8 inch shell diameters. RCB‘3.2 SHELL COVER THICKNESS Nominal thickness of shel cover heads shall be at least equal to the thickness of the shell as shown In tho applicable able, 26 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B. SECTIONS RCB-4 BAFFLES AND SUPPORT PLATES RCB-4.1 TYPE OF TRANSVERSE BAFFLES Tho segmental o mult segmental ype of baffle or tube support Is standard. Other type baffles are permissible. Baffle cut Is defined as the segment opening height expressed as a percentage of the shell inside diameter. Baffles shall be cut near the centerline of a row of tubes, of a pass lane, of ‘a tube lane, or outside the tube pattern. Baffies shall have a finish of 250 RMS or better on the ‘outside diameter. Baffle cuts for segmental baffles are Hustrated in Figure RCB-4.1. Figure RCB-4.2 illustrates a vertical cut with multi-segmental batfies, but these baffles may also have h | OF rotated cuts, Baffle cut orientations are shown for horlzontally Installed heat exchangers. FIGURE RCB-4.1 BAFFLE CUTS FOR SEGMENTAL BAFFLES O@S Horizontal Verticat Rotated FIGURE RCB-4,2 BAFFLE CUTS FOR MULTI-SEGMENTAL BAFFLES GD th DOUBLE SEGMENTAL ) ¢) 46 tt TRIPLE SEGMENTAL RCB-4.2 TUBE HOLES Where the maximum unsupported tube length is 36 inches or less, or for tubes larger in diameter than 1-1/4 inches ©.D.., standard tube holes are to be 1/32" over the O.D. of the tubes. Where the unsupported iube Iangih exceeds 36 Inches for tubes 1-1/4 inches diameter and smaller, standard ‘tube holes are to be 1/64” over the O.D. of the tubes. For pulsating conditions, tube holes may be ‘smaller than standard. Any burrs shail be removed and the tube holes given a workmanlike finish. Baffie holes will have an over-tolerance of 0.010 inches except that 4% of the holes are allowed an ‘over-tolerance of 0.015 inches. ‘*RCB-4.3 TRANSVERSE BAFFLE AND SUPPORT CLEARANCE Tha transverse baffle and support plate clearance shall be such thatthe diference between tho shell design inside diameter and the outside diameter of the baffle shall not exceed that indicated in Table RCB-4.3. However, where such clearance has no significant effect on shell skie heat transfer Coefficient or mean temperature difference, these maximum clearances may be Increased to twice the tabulated values. (See Paragraph RCB-4.43.) ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manutacturers Association 27SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B TABLE RCB-4.3 Standard Cross Baffle and Support Plate Clearances (All Dimensions In Inches) ‘Nominal Shell LD. Design LD. of Shell Minus Batfle 0.0. 6-17 1/8 18-99 3/6 40-54 4/4 55-60 5/6 ‘Tho design Inside diameter of a pipe shell is defined as the nominal outside diameter of the pipe, minus twice the nominal wall thickness. The design inside diameter of a plate shell is the spectfied Inside ameter In any case, the design Inside dlameter may be taken a ‘the actual measured shell Inside diameter. RCB-4.4 THICKNESS OF BAFFLES AND SUPPORT PLATES *RCB-4,41 TRANSVERSE BAFFLES AND SUPPORT PLATES The following tables show the minimum thickness of transverse baffles and support plates: applying to all materials for various shell diameters and plate spacings. ‘The thickness of the baffle or support plates for U-tube bundles shall be based on the, unsupported tube In the straight section of the bundle. The U-bend length shall not be ‘considered in determining the unsupported tube length for required plate thickness. TABLE R-4.41 BAFFLE OR SUPPORT PLATE THICKNESS (All Dimensions in inches) Plate Thickness: Distance between adjacent full diameter baffles, sup, Nominal Shell LD. ported tube length between other type 24 and | Over 2410.36 | Over 3610 48 | Over 48t0.60| Over 60 Under Inc. Ine, Ine. 6-14 1, 3/6 1/4 3/8 3/8 15-28 sh is ae fe ve 29-38 1/4 5/16 3/8 1/2 5) 39-60, 4 38 4/2 5/8 5/8 ‘TABLE CB-4.41 ‘BAFFLE OR SUPPORT PLATE THICKNESS (All Dimensions in inches) Plate Thickness Distance between adjacent full diameter baffles, supports or the unsupported tube Nominal Shell .D. eefpngth between other type bates 12 and | Over 12 to 24] Over 24 to 36] Over 36 to 48] Over 48 to 60] Over 60 Under Ino. Ing. Inc. Inc. 6-14 1/16 1 3/16 1/4 3) 3 15-28 y afte ys so se ve 29-98 16 /4 5/16 3/8 1/2 5/8 39-60 /4 1/4 1/8 1/2 5/8 5/8 28 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B. SECTIONS R-4.42 LONGITUDINAL BAFFLES Longitudinal baffles shai! not be less than 1/4" nominal metal thickness. (CB-4.42 LONGITUDINAL BAFFLES Longitudinal carbon steel baffles shall not be less than 1/4" nominal metal thickness. Longitudinal alloy baffles shall not be less than 1/8" nominal metal thickness. ACB-4.43 SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS ‘Special consideration should be given to: (1) Baffles and support plates subjected to pulsations. (2) Baffles and support plates engaging finned tubes. {@) Longitudinal baffles subjected to large diferential pressures due to high shell side luld pressure drop. (4) Suppor of tube bundles when larger clearances allowed by RCB-4.3 are used. RCB-4.5 SPACING OF BAFFLES AND SUPPORT PLATES RCB-4.51 MINIMUM SPACING mental baffles normally should not be spaced closer than 1/5 of the shell I.D, or 2 inches, weiehever reat However, spacial design conacrallons ‘May dictate a closer spacing. RCB-4.52 MAXIMUM SPACING Tube support plates shall be so spaced that the unsupported tube span does not exceed the (alue indicated Sable ROB so torte abe meneae eae a ‘TABLE RCB-4.52 MAXIMUM UNSUPPORTED STRAIGHT TUBE SPANS. (All Dimensions in Inches) ‘Tube Materials and Temperature Limits CF) ‘Carbon Steel & High Alloy Steel (750) Aluminum & Aluminum Alloys, Cop- Low Alloy Stee! (0) =n per & ‘Alloys, Titanium Tube 0.0. | Nickel-Copper (600) ‘Alloys At Code Maximum Allowable Nickel G00) Temperature [Nickel-Chromium-ron (1000) Vat e 6 2 3/8 36 cy 1/2 44 38 5/8 52 45 3/4 oO 52 7/8 69 60 1 4 64 14/4 88 76 14/2 100 87 2 L 125 110 Notes: (1) Above the metal temperature limits shown, maximum spans ‘shall be reduced in direct ‘Proportion to the fourth root of the ratio of elastic modulus at temperature to elastic modulus at tabulated limit tamperatura. (2) In the case of circumferentially finned tubes, the tube O.D. shall be the diameter at the root Fests ourccmetatendis maja manic ome pre to ‘weight per unt tube, Of fins to that of the actual finned tube. (3) The maximum unsuf ted tube spans in Table RCB-4.52 do not consider potential flow induced vibration problems. Refer to Section 6 for vibration criteria. ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 29SECTION 5S MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B RCB-4.63 BAFFLE SPACING Baffles normally shall be spaced uniformly, spanning the effective tube length, When this is ratiasele te bales noaest the onde othe shal 5, shall be located as close as practical to the shell nozzles. The remaining normally shall be spaced RCB-4.54 U-TUBE REAR SUPPORT The support patos or baffles adjacent 0 he bend In U-tube exchangers shall be so located that, for jividual bend, the gum of the bend diameter plus the straight lengths measured thot both fogs from to bend ‘does not exceed the maximum unsupported span determined from FICB-4.52. Where bend diameters prevent compllance, ‘special provisions In addition to the above shall be made for support of the bends. RCB-4.55 SPECIAL CASES ‘When pulsating conditions are specified ‘the purchaser, unsupported spans shalll be as He tert eosropconilche perm ths spa undet these creumslances approach. ‘es the maximum permitted by Paragraph RCB-4.52, consideration should be given to. tema flow arangerent which woud port ‘shorter spans under the same pressure irop restrictions. RCB-4.56 TUBE BUNDLE VIBRATION Se ea et to furan gvon dos wb roo are to ingure that any gi such: He ore fan axchanger to tow Induced Vibration depends on the flow rate, tube and baffle is, unsupported tube spans, tube field layout, shell diameter, and Inet/outlet corsiguation. Section ‘6 of these Standards contains Information which Is Intendad to alert the ‘to potential vibration problems. In any case, and consistent with Paragraph G-5, the |g not responsible or liable for any direct, Indirect, or ‘consequential damages resulting from vibration. RCB-4.6 IMPINGEMENT BAFFLES AND EROSION PROTECTION ‘The following paragraphs provide limitations to prevent or mit mize erosion of tube bundle Components ‘the entrance and axit areas. These Tikations have no correlation to tube vibration and the designer should refer to Section 6 for Information regarding this phenomenon. RCB-4.61 SHELL SIDE IMPINGEMENT PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS An Impingement oF other means to protect the tube bundle against imy fluids, An impingement pate ons asa a ev exceed te elon creconeaNo, non-abrasive, single phase fluids, 1500: all other liquids, Including a liquid at Its bolling point, 500. For all other gases:and vapors, including all nominally saturated vapors, and for liquid roca veirsnarprmmautate wr hoepa scone mae : jam [ised to reduce line velocities at al onrance. ee _ *RCB-4,62 SHELL OR BUNDLE ENTRANCE AND EXIT AREAS Inno case shall the shell or bundle entrance or exit area produce a value of pV? in excess of 4,000 where Vis the lineal velocity ofthe fluid in feet per second and p is its density in pounds per cuble foot. *RCB-4.621 SHELL ENTRANCE OR EXIT AREA WITH IMPINGEMENT PLATE When an impingement plate Is provided, the flow area shall be considered the re aed area Detrdon thesis Garmater ol the she a the nozzle andthe face of ‘the Impingement plate. *RCB-4.622 SHELL ENTRANCE OR EXIT AREA WITHOUT IMPINGEMENT PLATE For determining the area available for flow at the entrance or exit of the shell where there is no ment plate, the flow area between the tubes within the projection of 30 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R C B SECTION 5 the nozzle bore and the actual unrestricted radial flow area from under the nozzle or dome measured between the tube bundle and shel Inskle lameter may be *RCB-4.623 BUNDLE ENTRANCE OR EXIT AREA WITH IMPINGEMENT PLATE When an impingement plate Is provided under a nozzle, the flow area shall be the. \ureatricted sree between the tubes wihin the compertients between bafee and/or *RCB-4.624 BUNDLE ENTRANCE OR EXIT AREA WITHOUT IMPINGEMENT PLATE. For determining the area available for flow at the entrance or exit of the tube bundle ‘where there is no impingement plate, the flow area between the tubes within the compartments between batfles and or tubesheet may be considered. RCB-4.69 TUBE SIDE ‘Consideration shall be given to the need for special devices to prevent erosion of the tube ‘ends under the following conditions: y Use of an axial inlet nozzle. Liquid pV’? is in excess of 6000, where V Is the lineal valoctty In feet per second, and p is {ts density in pounds per cubic foot *RCB-4.7 TIE RODS AND SPACERS Tie rods and spacers, or other equivalent means of tying the baffle system together, shall be Provided to retain all transverse baffies and tube support plates securely in position. R-4.71 NUMBER AND SIZE OF TIE RODS Table R-4.71 shows st tle rod count and diameter for various sizes of heat exchangers. Other ions of tie rod number and diameter with equivalent metal area ars permissible, however no fever than fourte rods, and no ameter ass than 3/6" shal be used. Any baffle segment requires a minimum of three points of support, TABLE R-4.71 TIE ROD STANDARDS (All Dimensions in inches) ‘Nominal Tie Rod Diameter | Minimum Number of ‘Shell Diameter Tle Rods. Zoaoe Table CB-4.71 shows suggested tle rod count and diameter for various sizes of heat exchangers, Other combinations of te rod number and clameter with equivalent metal area, are permissible; however, no fewer than four tie rods, and no diameter less than 3/8" shall be used above 15 inch nominal shell diameter. ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association wnSECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B CB-4.71 NUMBER AND SIZE OF TIE RODS TABLE CB-4,71 TIE ROD STANDARDS. (All Dimensions in Inches) Tie Rod Diameter | Minimum Number of Te Rods RCB-4.8 SEALING DEVICES In addition to the baffles, sealing devices should be installed when necessary to prevent excessive fluid by-passing around or through the tube bundle. Sealing devices may be seal strips, tie rods with Spacate donay tubes Or eomtieatons of thaws. 32 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 RCB-5 FLOATING END CONSTRUCTION RCB-5.1 INTERNAL FLOATING HEADS (Types $ and 7) 5.11 MINIMUM INSIDE DEPTH OF FLOATING HEAD COVERS: For multipass floating head covers the inside depth shall be such that the minimum, cross-over area for flow between successive tube passes is at least equal to 1.3 times the flow area through the tubes of one pass. For single pass floating head covers the depth at nazzle centerline shall be a minimum of one-third the inside diameter of the nozzle. CB-5.11 MINIMUM INSIDE DEPTH OF FLOATING HEAD COVERS For multipass floating head covers the inside depth shall be such that the minimum, cross-over area for flow between successive tube passes is at least equal to the flow area through the tubes of one pass. For single pass floating head covers the depth at nozzle centerline shall be a minimum of one-third the inside. ‘of the nozzle. RCB-5.12 POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT Fabricated floating head covers shall be postweld heat treated when required by the Code or ‘spectfled by the purchaser. RCB-5.13 FLOATING HEAD BACKING DEVICES ‘The material of construction for split rings or other internal fioating head backing devices shall be equivalent in corrosion resistance to the material used for the shell interior. ACB-S.131 INTERNAL BOLTING ‘The materials of construction for intemal boiting for floating heads shall be sultable for the mechanical design and sim In corrosion resistance tothe materials used forthe shelt interior. RCB-5.14 TUBE BUNDLE SUPPORTS. A partial plate, or other suitable means, shall be | fed to support the head Sree ts ne ee ce ea ae ata thickness speoiied in Table R-4.41 or CB-4.41 as applicable for unsupported tube oe RCB-5.15 FLOATING HEAD NOZZLES, ‘The floating head nozzle and packing box for a single pass exchanger shall comply with the Toqulomos of Paragraphs HOSES ROSS 22 ond ROBES lad RCB-5.16 PASS PARTITION PLATES The nominal thickness of floating head pass partitions shall be identical to those shown in RCB-9.13 for channels and bonnets. RCB-5.2 OUTSIDE PACKED FLOATING HEADS (Type P) FICB-5.21 PACKED FLOATING HEADS ‘The cylindrical surface of floating head tubesheets and skirts, where in contact with ae {inducing Siocahes tor en ion), shall be given a fine machine finish equivalent to (or . RCB-5.22 PACKING BOXES ‘A machine finish shall be used on the shell or packing box where the floating tubesheet or nozzle passes through. packing of braided materials is used, thvee ngs of packing shal bo used for 150 PSI maximum design pressure and four rings shall be used Psi maximum design pressure. For pressures less than 150 PSI, temperatures below 300, and non, nazarcous seria fewer rings of packing may be used. Figure RCB‘5.22 and Table RCB-5.22 show typical detalls and dimensions of packing boxes. ‘Standards Ot The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 33SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B FIGURE RCB-5.22 PACKING 80x ‘TABLE RCB-5.22 ‘TYPICAL DIMENSIONS FOR PACKED FLOATING HEADS 180 PSI AND 300 PSI WITH 600 °F MAX. TEMP. {All Dimensions in Inches) BBRBSSSea|5 Note: Nominal size of packing is same as dimension “A CB-5.23 PACKING MATERIAL Purchaser shall specly packing material which Is compatibie withthe shell skle process RCB-5.24 FLOATING TUBESHEET SKIRT The floating tubesheet skirt normally shall extend outward. When the skirt must extend Inward, a suitable method shall be used to prevent stagnant areas between the shell side nozzle and the tubesheet. RCB-5.25 PASS PARTITION PLATES The noming|thickneas of foating head pass pattions shall be Kentical to those shown In Paragraph RCB-9.13 for channels and bonnets. “4 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS FICB-5.3 EXTERNALLY SEALED FLOATING TUBESHEET (Type W) RB-5.31 LANTERN RING The externally sealed tubesheet usi braided trator shel be used ony for wate, sear, luoatng ol or sr sors ag exceed 375°F. Design pressure shal be limited according 10 T ‘TABLE RB-5.31 MAXIMUM DESIGN PRESSURE FOR EXTERNALLY SEALED FLOATING TUBESHEETS: Nominal Sal rake Dlarotor "Maximum Gea Prosure (inches) (Psi 6-28 25-42 150 3-60 75 C-5.31 LANTERN RING The externally sealed floating tubesheet shall be used only for water, steam, alt, lubrloating oll, or similar services. Design temperature, pressure and shell dlameter shall be limited by the service, joint configuration, packing material and number of packing rings, to a maximum, design pressure of 600 PSI RCB-5.32 LEAKAGE PRECAUTIONS ‘The design hal incorporate provisions in the lantern ring eo that any leakage past Jacking wil leak fo atmosphare. When endless packing ings are uses, one tng of packing Shall be used on each side ofthe lantern ring. For braided packing matoriae wit a seam, & minimum oftwo rings of packing shall be used on each side ofthe lantam ing, wih the seams staggered during assem! CB-5.33 PACKING MATERIAL Purchaser shall specify packing material which is compatible with the process conditions. RCB-5.34 SPECIAL DESIGNS. Special d incorporating other sealing devices may be used for the tn Paragraph RB-5.31 and C-5.31 or other special service requirements. Pr for leak detection shall be considered. ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 35SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B RCB-6 GASKETS *RCB-6.1 TYPE OF GASKETS Gaskets shall be selected which have a continuous periphery with no radial laak paths. This shall not gcd gaskets mace cortinuovs by woldng or otor methods which preduce a homogeneous R-6.2 GASKET MATERIALS ‘Motal jacketed or solid metal gaskets shall be used for intamal floating head joints, all joints for [Pressures of 300 psl and over, and for all joints in contact Sian nyaroearoone Ot ter gsaket raters ‘agreement between | special service Condtione and fange design, When two gasketed joints are compressed by the same batting, Broysions shall be made so that both ga ‘seal, but neither gasket is crushed at the required bolt RCB-€.3 PERIPHERAL GASKETS RC-6.31 ‘The minimum width of peripheral ing gaskets for external joints shal be 3/6" fr shel sizes through 23 Inches nominal diameter and 1/2" forall larger shell sizes. B-6.31 ‘The minimum width of peripheral ring gaskets for external joints shall be 3/8" for shell sizes SF Incea noni areear aod fra larger shal Ses. ul fac packets shal bbe used for all cast Iron flanges. R-6.32 Peripheral gasket contact surtaces shall have a flatness tolerance of * 1/32" maximum leyation rom any reference plane, This maximum deviation shall not occur In leas than a arc. CB-6.32 Flatness of porphoral gasket contact surfaces shall be euficint to moot th requroments of Paragraph RCB-1.3. RCB-6.4 PASS ee oo ‘The width. ase pattions of channels, Bonnets, and floating Reads shal be not ess ant ir Sal es veegh Inches nominal dlameter and not less than 3/8” for all larger shell R-6.5 GASKET JOINT DETAILS Gasketed Joints shall be of a confined type. 36 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS (CB-6.5 GASKET JOINT DETAILS Gasket Joints shall be of a confined or unconfined type. FIGURE RCB-6.5 va ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association a7SECTIONS MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B RCB-7 TUBESHEETS: FCB-7.1 TUBESHEET THICKNESS RCB-7.11 APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS AND LIMITATIONS peter en ie ara ‘area following normal design conditions are met and ccrteria contained in ‘Size and pressure are within the scope of the FE Standards, Paragraph RCB-1.4 Lin ; ‘Tube-to-tubesheet joints are expanded, \ onstructed such as to effectively contribute tothe support of ths tub pY U-tube tubesheets) ‘Tubes are uniformly distributed (no ms ‘Abnormal conditions of roa ‘Cases, and are defined in ptakens eal obeerr kr) fot Spec} : Paragraph RCB-7.3 which Injeubdequent paragraphs. RCB-7.12 EFFECTIVE TUBESHEET THICKNESS Except as quid by Paragraph 896.7, 4 ‘effective tubeshest thickness the thickness measured at hot the fubs/eide pass partition groove and/or Sl colonial ae oor ince In excess of the groove hs. RCB-7.121 APPLIED ee The thickness of af Not be included in the minimum or effective tubesheet 9 cress RCB-7.122 INTEGRALLY CLAD TUBESHEETS Tho thickness of lad clad plates and cladding deposited by welding nari inthe Hed *eohtaer tichaeee 95 alowed brie God. RCB-7.13 REQUIRED EFFECTIVE TURESHEET THICKNESS ls groatest. Both tubesheats of fixed tubasheot ‘unless the provisions of Paragraph RCB-7.168 are C-7,131 MINIM BESHIEET THICKNESS WITH EXPANDED TUBE JOINTS no case shail tHe total thickness minus corrosion allowance, in the areas Into which bes.are fo be #xpanced. of any tubesheet be less than three fourths ofthe tube ato eres erfctubes of OD ‘and smaller, 7/8" for 1 1/4" OD, 1" for 1 1/2" OD, B-7.131 MINIMUM 4 ‘THICKNESS WITH EXPANDED TUBE JOINTS tro case bal tho ttl hcknaes minus corsion allowance nthe ares into which / tubes arto be expanded, of any tubeshoet ba lss then tree fourth ot / oust dete ten fae smal, 7/8" for 11/4" OD, 1 fort 72°00, or 1/4 fer 2 OD, In no caso shal re tld tiboshees lease losin ence all fon bo lous thera / / 38 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association | SSnRGEE Geneon: Eel eo PSE | baneMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS (CB-6.5 GASKET JOINT DETAILS Gasket joints shall be of a confined or unconfined type. FIGURE RCB-6.5 a ~ Confined Gasket Uncontined Gasket For dimensions and tolerances, see Figure F-3. 1991 ERRATA Standards Ot The Tubular Exchanger Manutacturers Association 7SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B RCB-7 TUBESHEETS RCB-7.1 TUBESHEET THICKNESS ROB-7.11 at ene AND LIMITATIONS tha caquirements ofthe Code, the formulas and design criteria contained in Paragraphs Bos! *frough RCB-728 ar applatte ‘with limitations noted, when the following normal design conditions are met: 2g and pressure are within the scope ofthe TEMA Mechanical Standards, Paragraph ‘Tube-to-tubeshest | expanded, constructed such. Fee nae fo rn aapbon ote tloahootsfoxcopt Utube tubeahees| ‘Tubes are uniformly distributed (no large untubed areas) Abnormal cantons of suppor or loading are coneldered Spec Casas and are defied In Paragraph RCB-7.3 which is referenced, when pertinent, In subsequent paragraphs. RCB-7.12 EFFECTIVE TUBESHEET THICKNESS Excopt as qualiled by Paragraphs RCB7.121 and 7.122, ho afectvetubeshoa hcknoss ‘thickness measured at the bottom of the tube side pass partion groove and/or fhe islonhia ae oor mr carson aloance ces ote oo RCB-7.121 APPLIED TUBESHEET FACINGS The thickness of applied facing material shall not be included In the minimum or effect tubecheet th RCB-7,122 INTEGRALLY CLAD TUBESHEETS 1d The thickness of material in integrally clad deposited by welding may be included in the effective tubesheet 1 ioneae 05 awe by ho God. RCB-7.13 REQUIRED EFFECTIVE TUBESHEET THICKNESS ‘The required effective tubesheet thickness for any type of heat shall be determined or uncorraded, using wht thickness is greatest. Both tubesheets of fhxed tubeshost exchangers shal ‘the same thickness, unless the provisions of Paragraph RCB-7.166 are £27)494 MINIMUM TUBESHEET THICKNESS WITH EXPANDED TUBE JOINTS 7 inno case shall the total thickness minus corrosion allowance, n tilreas Into which tubes are to be expanded, of any tubesheet be less than the outside dlameter of tubes. Ine cae tal baa tibet tron Including corrosion allowance, be less -7.131 MINIMUM TUBESHEET THICKNESS WITH EXPANDED TUBE JOINTS Inno cae shal he otal thicknese minus corrosion alowance, nthe areas rt which ‘tubes are to be: ‘tubesheet be less than three-fourths of the tube a a scrotor ib iaos of OD end eran 7/8" for OD, Sor Ay00, or 11/4" for 2" OD. 8-7.131 MINIMUM TUBESHEET THICKNESS WITH EXPANDED TUBE JOINTS Inno case shall the total tleriese miu Corosion alowance, the ara it wich tubes are to be expanded, ‘tubesheet be less than three-fourths of the tube eae ras er iubos ot OD ond seater, efor t 17 OO, for 1/2100, (0F11/4" for 2" OD. In no case shall the total tubesheet th , Including corrosion allowance, be less than 3/4". 38 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 RCB-7.132 TUBESHEET FORMULA - BENDING where Cc Pp Tees T= Effective tubesheet thickness, inches. S= Code allowable stress in tension, psi, for tu ‘metal temperatures. (See Paragraph RCB-1.42). | |For outside packed floating head exchar (pe ]defined in Paragraph RCB-7.141. leg |For packed floating end exchar lantern ). P shall be |as defined in Paragraph RCB-7.1: ype w) For fixed tubesheet exchar , P shall de In in ROB-7 163, RCE-7. 164 or ROB? 168, ea |For other exchangers, P shall t In pressure, shell side or Ee ‘on the opposite side, or r. For U-tube tubeshegts U), ange tor bangs hose For float e (Type 7), where the tubesheet Is extended for | bolt go with ring type gaskets, the effect of the moment acting upon the extension is defined In paragraph RCB-7,162 in terms of valent tube side and shell side bolting pressures. P is given the greatest absolute value of the following: i P=P.+Py, for P= Pe Pay orP =P, orP =P, shall be olther in the corroded or uncorroded condition, dependent For fixed tubesheet exchangers, G shall be the shell inside diameter. For any floating tubesheet (except divided), G shail be the G used for the Siatlonarytubestoet G = | For a divided floating tubesheet, G shall be 1.41 (s) where s Is the length |of the shortest span measured over centerlines of gaskets. For other type exchangers, G shall be the dlameter, inches, over which the resus unger covadovaion necting: (0.g:: Pressure acting on the ‘sted side of a tubesheet, G = the diameter at the location of the ‘load reaction as defined in the Code. Pressure acting on an integral side of a tubeshoet, C= the inside diameter of the ‘pressure part.) J upon which condition is under consideration. Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 39SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B i 1- mae for square or rotated square tube patterns n=) (sess) | - 1- far tub patterns ( mi For unsur ted tubesheets (2. gasketed both sacar oe 7 For supported tubeshoets (6.9: wots ard floating type “ For uni tubesheots (e.g: Yue t Integral wth ether Jorboth skles, ined bythe eave Un a Shall bo ho valve as “ y i. A 5 a a PEEHIEEHet =~ o.a6|- —}——|— 0.80 th [I 0-76. 0.02 0.09 /0.04 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 10. Rao For val wth Doth the be se a apd shel side se aps arto be bas upon te she that woud ‘S00 Table ROB-7.132 for, 40 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS RCB-7.132 TUBESHEET FORMULA - BENDING where Te Se peer Ee. 3Vas Effective tubesheet thickness, inches. Code allowable stress in tension, psi, for tubesheet material at design ‘metal temperatures. (See Paragraph RCB-1.42). For outside packed floating head exchangers (Type P), P shall be as [defined in Paragraph RCB-7.141. For packed floating end exchangers with lantern ring (Type W), Pshall bo as defined in Paragraph RCB-7.142, For fixed tubesheet exchangers, P shall be as defined in Paragraph RCB-7.163, RCB-7.164 or RCB-7.165 For other type exchangers, P shall be the design pressure, shell side or {tube side, corrected for vacuum when present on the opposite side, or Gifferentia! pressure when specttied by the purchaser. For Utube tubesheets (Type U), where the tubesheet is extended as a flange for bolting to heads or shells with ting type gaskets, P=P,*P, of P,+ P,depending upon the side under consideration. where 6.2 Mt FG? and M *Is defined in Paragraph RCB-7.1342 For floating tubesheets (Type T), where the tubesheet Is extended for bolting to heads with ring type gaskets, the effect of the moment acting uupon the extension is detined in Paragraph RCB-7.162 in terms of ‘equivalent tube side and shell side bolting pressures except G shall be the gasket G of the floating tubesheet. Pis given by the greatest absolute value of the following: P=Pt Pa P, OP = Py Pa oP =P, orP=P, |G shall be etther in the corroded or uncorroded condition, dependent ‘upon which condition Is under consideration. For fixed tubesheet exchangers, G shall be the shell inside diameter. For any floating tubeshest (except divided), C shall be the C used for the stationary tubesheet using the Pas defined for other type exchangers. Type T tubesheets shall also be checked using the pressure P defined Jabove with bolting and using the actual gasket G of the floating tube- sheet For a divided floating tubesheet, G shall be 1.41 (s) where s is the length of the shortest span measured over centerlines of gaskets. For other type exchangers, G shall be the diameter, inches, over which the pressure under consideration Is acting. (e.g.: Pressure acting on the | gasketed side of a tubesheet, G = the diameter at the location of the ‘gasket load reaction as defined in the Code. Pressure acting on an integral side of a tubesheet, G = the inside dlameter of the integral pressure part) 1990 ERRATA ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 39SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B | 0-785 n= | (ste5)" 0.907 Pack) {or square or rotated square tube patterns 1- for triangular or rotated triangular tube patterns (sis) For ungupported tubesheets (e.g.: U-tube tubesheets) gasketed both Oe 25. “or supported tubesheats: {xed tubgeheets and floating type cette askotog both idea's 1-0 For unsuy ted tubesheets (e.9.: U-tube tubesheets) Integral with either or bath sides, F shall be the value as determined by the curve U in FS copported ubesheets (e.g: hed tubesheets and floating cs (0.9: xed t fubesteet) intogral with elthet or both sies,F shal be the value as | determined by the curve H in Figure RCB-7.132. FIGURE RCB-7.132 1.30 126 1:20 148 1.10 1108. 1.00 0.96 0.90 loss lo.80 7 lo.76 — 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.08 006 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 ‘Wal Thickness/L.D. Ratio For integral Tubeshests NOTE: the tubgsheetsintagral wih both the tubo side ard shel si ‘Wall Thickness and I.D. are to be based upon the side that would yield the smaller value of F. See Table RCB-7.132 for illustration of the application of the above equations. 40 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS TABLE RCB - 7.192 TUBESHEET THICKNESS FOR BENDING a oT Note: Mit be lola dg ele sprue whi Hy ro For Tube pat” "=| 3 Ribena ot -[ torn tn FE G P Sel Sao [Tube Side ~ Sreoure Pressre 10 Gasket [GaskarG* | Design presoure, pe he sae shelisite —trberide | or ubw nce, por ROS 192 Sonected fo¢wecuvm when _ conto oppoate ge ot Eifrera proses when ‘pected by customer = 135 fGasket* [caster | Design pressure st, se ide hellside tube side | ocube sie, per ACBT 132 Covad noun hen = Stora prosaure wen Speoted by sasomer | s+» Bowe ncB.7.122 [Gaskerc | Cnannetio | besign prosuwre, pa spol ae [ir-100()) feretsise or tube sido, per ACB 192 - poli to0lis)] orev to vacusm wen 5 Present on cppoate side or Eternal presaure when Note: F Max = 1.0 Spedtied by customer, o fixed Mn 08 tubeshoet ype unt, a8 = detnedn peragr See Shel Gasket > net Ditteed ube. = raat po un n etd hanno 0 ek Bird tbe sheet ype unt Table RCB - 7.132 continued next page 1990 ERRATA a Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association alSECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B TABLE ROB - 7.132 (Continued) F é P Shot Side [Tube Side Prowse’ __[Presure ‘See Figure RCB-7.132 | Gasket G* ‘Channel 10 Design pressure, pel, shell side, Shel side ori sige, por RCS? 2 Satan spat Siterental pressure when Specied by customer. [Gasket G* ‘Shellid ube side sanees |s [Shei 1O (Channel [Design pressure, ps, shel side, ‘Same G a8 used for stationary | or tube side, per RCB-7.132 ‘ubeshest corrected for vacuum when present on opposie side, or Eiterentat pressure when Specified by customer. ‘Same G as used for stationary | Sse Paragraph RCB7. 132 ‘ubesheet ‘Aso check using G* of the floating tubesheet = 1.41¢S) ‘Design pressure, pal, shel sce, |S = Shortest span measured over | or tube side, per RCB-7.132 ‘canter ines of gaskets. Corrected forvacuurn when ‘resent on opposite side, or Giforenial pressure when ‘poctiod by custerner. 19 ‘Same G as used for stationary | Design pressure, pl, tube side tuboshoet per ROB. 132 corected for Yacuum when present on. shell side, ¥ +0 ‘Samne G-as used for stationary | Defined in Paragraph ‘tubsshoot * Gasket G = the diameter at he location of the gasket load reaction as defined inthe Code. 1990 ERRATA 42 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 ’ 5 TABLE RCB - 7.132 ‘TUBESHEET THICKNESS FOR BENDING t comes nee frsconton oppose tse ot Br Spent by eustomer asker mae lempior// emees 2s om tube mm when Channel iD 1, pal, shel side ote dap Reb 718 present cn copoate ae ce Biteronalproaure wen specting by customer, of fixed ubesheet ype unit 3 / rc paltae HES 60 7 Shen ry { Stamefer ret {thaed uechont ‘spe unit ‘Shot 1D (Channel iD (shel IDI ted ubyahest type / unt) / J / Tablo ROB -7.132 cofinued next page / / / /Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association aiSECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B TABLE RCB - 7.132 (Continued) | [ameter shall sce F G P ‘Shot Side Tube sige Pressure Pressure Soe Figure ROB 132 [Mean gasket di. [Channel sere a a x ltonay \ Customer a8) Shortest epan meaaured over "Cantar tes ot gaskets. Detign pressure, pel, shell ede, oe tube sie, per ACB. 132 corrected for vacuum wien retort on oppone sie, of Sitorenda pressure wen speotied by custome ‘Same G as used for stationary ‘ubesheet, ° pal, ube side er RCB-7. 132 corrected for fecuum when present on the hell ice, ‘Same Cas used fr stationary tubesheet’ 42 Dxtraain Parag RCB-7.1411 al ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 RCB.-7.133 TUBESHEET FORMULA - SHEAR (iz (8) where T = Effective tubesheet thickness, inches D,~ 44 Equvalont ciameter ofthe tube center mt perimeter, Inches fee C= Perimeter of the tube layout measured stepwise in increments of one {tube pitch from center-to-center of the outermost tubes, Inches. Figure RCB-7. 133 shows the application to typical triangular and squaro tut Patterns FIGURE RCB-7.133 “o* CPERIMETER) 18. THE LENGTH OF HEAVY LIME. ‘A~ Total area enclosed by perimeter C, square inches d.= Outside tube diameter, inches Puch» Tube center-to-center spacing, Inches For outside packed floating head exchangers (Type P), P shall be as Sehnod in Phragrape ROSY Tat (Type). P = | For fixed tubeshest exchangers, P shall be as defined in Paragraphs RCB-7.163, RCB-7.164 or RCB-7.165 For other type exct P shall be the design pressure, psi, shell So orig so, cores for vaca wvhn proper onthe opposko side, or differential pressure when spectfled by the purchaser $= Code allowable stress in tension, psi for tubesheet material at design metal temperature. (See Paragraph RCB-1.42,) NOTE: Shear will not control when P Zero d, \? natn) ‘See Table RCB-7.133 for illustration of the application of the above equations. Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 43SECTIONS MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B ‘TABLE RCB-7.133 ~ TUBESHEET THICKNESS FOR SHEAR jet be calculated for shel side or ) ube se pressure, whichever is con - [pticn= Tube spacing, con- | 5~ Code allowable stress in tn ter-to-center, inches. Design pressure, psl, shell side or tube side, ‘corrected for vacuurn when present on opposite “Ys Sho’ or forontal pressure when spocited by = loustomer A p,-4{4 “ A (2) Dasign pressure, psl, shel side or tube side, Perimeter of tube layout [corrected for vacuum when ‘on opposite ‘moaaured stepwise in in- ~ ile or dvforontal pressure when speciieg by ‘erements of one [customer ‘ube-lo-tube pitch con- ‘twro-contar of the outer- rmoettubes, in Inches. See | ay ‘igure ROB7.193 A= Sola area enclosed by Cin square inches. See figure R087 135, - [Design pressure, psi, shal side or tube side, ‘corrected for vacuum when present on opposite . side, or differential pressure when specified by ‘customer, or for fixed tubesheet type units, as ‘defined In paragraphs RCB-7.163 thru |—————-—— —|RCB-7.165 TABLE RCB-7.199 Continued next page a4 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS ‘TABLE RCB-7.133 Continued P [Design pressure, psi, shell side or tube side, [corrected for vacuum when prasent on opposite sido, or aferentia pressure when spectied by customer Design pressure, psi. Shell side or tube side, corrected for vacuum when present on opposite side, or differential pressure when specified by customer ‘Design pressure, psi, shell side or tube side, ‘corrected for vacuurn when present on opposite side, or differential pressure when spectfied by customer [Design pressure, psi, tube side, corrected for By ]vacuum when present on the shell side gy |Petined In Paragraph RCB-7.1412 & y vo(2) Perimeter of tube tayout ‘measured stepwise in in- ‘orements of ane tube to-tubs pitch cen- ter-to-conter of the outer- ‘most tubes n inches. Seo ‘igure ROB7.133 A= ‘lal area enclosed by ¢in square inches, See igure RCB7.133, Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 45SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B ACB.7.134 TUBESHEET FORMULA - TUBESHEET FLANGED EXTENSION This paragraph is applicable only when bolt loads are transmitted, at the bolt circle, to the extended portion of a tubesheet. The peripheral portion extended to form a flange {or bolting to heads or shells with ring type gaskets may differ in thickness from that portion Inside the shell calculated In hh RCB-7.132. The minimum thickness of the extended portion may be calculated from the following paragraphs. RCB-7.1341 FIXED TUBESHEET OR FLOATING TUBESHEET EXCHANGERS +, M_(r?-1+3,72¥In_r) |! A atauned « ~0.98) MO Srey in 2 as bY one rose ae Fa where 7, = Minimum thickness of the extended portion, Inches A= Outside diameter of the tubesheet, Inches A ree -M-= the larger of M , or M, as defined in Paragraph RCB-7.162 NOTE: ‘The moments may dif from the moments acting on the attached lange. Sand Gare defined in Paragraph RCB-7.132 1342 U-TUBE TUBESHEET EXCHANGERS M*+M+0.39 PG? uy" T, = 1.38) ———_—_.——_ 7 { (4-6) S$ RB. T = Effective tubesheet thickness calculated from Paragraph RCB-7.132, inches (A-6) (M = the larger of M , or Mas defined in Paragraph RCB-7.162 NOTE: The moments may dfer from the moments acting onthe attached lange. FG and nare defined in Paragraph RCB-7.132 P= P,orP, or maximum differential pressure, as applicable. 1990 ERRATA 46 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 ‘TABLE ACB-7.133 Continued = P Di a Design pressure, ‘shell side or tube side, Oe te re oe, Vl - side, or diferetial pressure when spectied by \ f A D,-4(F PN Design pressure, psi. Shell C= Perieneter of ube layout ‘Corrected for vacuurn whén present on measured stepwise inin- side, or differential preggure when spactied by | srments of re - ‘customer : ) | tibottotube ph con ) 7 terso-canter ofthe 0 ‘moet tubes in inch figure ROB7.133 total area enclosed by C in ‘square inches. Soe figure RCB7.139, Dean ressure, psi, tube side, corrected for Fen present onthe shel side Defined In Paragraph RCB-7.1412 “Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 45SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B RCB-7.134 TUBESHEET FORMULA - TUBESHEET FLANGED EXTENSIC ) Tis paragraph is applicable only when bot oad ar ranambje atthe bot cri, the extended portion of a tubesheet. The peripheral portion eftended to form a flaige for bolting to heads or shells with ring type gaskets may dif ness from portion Inside the shell calculated in Paragraph RCB-7. 132/ The minimum thickness of the extended portion may be calculated from the following paragraphs. | RCB-7.1341 FIXED TUBESHEET OR FLOATING TUBESHEET EXCHANGERS: ro no.90| Meta 443.72_ Im ry)” \ eieea S (A-G)(1+1.8 r?} . T,= Minimum thickness of the extended port}, \ ‘A~ Outside diameter of the tubeshest, inches ae Me i cai eri sennGine ph ROB-7.162 NOTE: The moments may dite fei acting on the attached ftange. i a, ‘S and G are defined in Paragraph RCB-7,132 " / RCB-7.1342 U-TUBE TUBESHEET EXCHANGERS _/ /. 2 fe 1, =1.00{ M2 M+0.39 PLC a where T= Minighum thickn che {ed portion, Inches (the final calculated value of T bhai be greater value of T) hu rdt(! WFP PG Me 39wPG? Mee 7 7 ony) f- exectve Nbahee ness calculated from Paragraph RCB-7.132, inches / Gre) / w z / or M 2 a6 defined In Paragraph RCB-7.162 ‘M= the NOTE!'Tha/moments may differ from the moments acting on the attached flange. FP. and afe defined in Paragraph RCB-7.132 46 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association SSMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 ‘\ \ RCB-7.14 PACKED FLOATING TUBESHEET TYPE EXCHANGERS EFFECTIVE PRESSURE. RCB-7.141 OUTSIDE PACKED FLOATING HEAD (TYPE P) The thickness of tubesheets In exchangers whose floating heads are packed at the outside clamor ofthe tubashoet ofa cylindrical extension theta shal be calculated tke stationary tubesheets using the formulas for P as defined, RCB-7.1411 EFFECTIVE DESIGN PRESSURE -BEKDING =| ‘The effective design presur o be d yane forn ‘shown in Paragraph RCB-7.132 Is given by: reper LPP) \ DF?G? where J P,= Design 5, psi, tube sh (For vacuunydesign, P's aye) P,= Design fressure, pal shell side (For ydcuum design, P, is négative) 7 Kase diameter ofthe floating tubesheet, inches *4 -equyatent dlameter ofthe tube centr limit perimeter, Inches, using as defined in Paragraph RCB-7.199 A and dros. ined in Paragraph RCB-7.132 Rce-7.1442 EFFECTIVE poe PRESSURE - SHEAR elon preseure tobe used vith the formula shown n Paragraph sissp oven ty (? 3- pes Dee AP a 2 ( / terms s defined In Paragraph RCB-7.1411. 'B-7.142 PACKED FLOATING TUBESHEET WITH LANTERN RING (TYPE W) ro mee wih etry bannato chanel btod ith ha ab 3s for gasketed stationary tubasheet exchangers, using P defined as \ fesign pressure, pol, corracted for vacuum when present isooptros 1o utilize the shell side pressure. ross. 48 Sounle ‘WOESHEETS Doub tusesheots may bo used where operating conditions Indicate thelr desirabilty, The erst construction types makes k impractical o apecty design rules which are ie. It may be stated that the mutual support contributed by each arene through the tubes connecting them Is a generally recognized design / © Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association Thelthicknesg/of tubeshests In exchangers gers whose floating ubesheets are Backed at nge, resent on the shell side a7SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R C B RCB-7.151 MINIMUM THICKNESS Neither ‘of a double tubesheet shall have a thickness legs than required Paragraph RGB7. 131. baceckeal RCB-7.152 VENTS AND DRAINS Double tubeshaets of the exige welded type shall be pr ee wit ‘vent ad drain ‘connections at the high and fow points ofthe enclosed s RCB-7.153 SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS When double tubeshests are used, special atten is to} paity ote ihstand, without damage, the mechanicdl and thermal loads imposed on ne ce e thickness, unless the fertoctve design pressures RCB- 4 4 Popout specified by the purchaser. (See Paragraph RESSURE i6n.psi, Is given by: for usin Paragraphs RCB-7.163 through RCB.7 16, \eskvandon joints for shells with expansion joints. See Note (1) y f / ayia / 300 t. E, F70.28-(F-0.6)| 900 te Fe LE (gy { (Use'the calculated value of F , or 1.0, whichever is greater.) / F and are 8s defined in Paragraph RCB-7.132 48 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS RCB-7.14 PACKED FLOATING TUBESHEET TYPE EXCHANGERS EFFECTIVE PRESSURE RCB-7.141 OUTSIDE PACKED FLOATING HEAD (TYPE P) ‘The thickness of tubesheets in exchangers whose floating heads are packed at the ‘outside diameter of the tubesheet or a cylindrical extension thereof shall be calculated like stationary tubeshests using the formulas for P as defined below. RCB-7.1411 EFFECTIVE DESIGN PRESSURE - BENDING ‘The effective design pressure to be used with the formula shown in Paragray RCB*7.192 fs gle by: . 1.25(D?-D,3\(D-D,) pope [Oe eal] Pr= Design pressure, psi, tube side (For vacuum design, P, is negative) Design pressure, psi, shell side (For vacuum design, P, is negative.) D= Outside diameter ofthe floating tubesheet, inches 1D.» 4) *4 equivatnt diameter of the tube conter iit perimeter, inches, using A as defined in Paragraph RCB-7.133 F and are as defined in Paragraph RCB-7.132 RCB-7.1412 EFFECTIVE DESIGN PRESSURE - SHEAR The effective design pressure to be used with the formula shown In Paragraph RCB-7.133 is given by: 2p? P=P,+P, PP De using terms as defined in Paragraph RCB-7.1411 RCB-7.142 PACKED FLOATING TUBESHEET WITH LANTERN RING (TYPE W) ‘The thickness of tubesheets in exchangers whose floating tubesheets are packed at the outside diameter with return ‘or channel to the shell fange, shail be calculated as for gasketed stationary tubesheet exchangers, using P defined as the {ube skle desion pressure, ps corrected for vacuum when present onthe shel side. Its incorrect to utiize the shell side pressure. RCB-7.15 DOUBLE TUBESHEETS Double tubesheets may be used where operating conditions indicate thelr desirability. The diversity of construction types makes it impractical to specify design rules which are Universally applicable. it may be stated thatthe mutual support contributed by each component tubesheet through the tubes connecting them ls a generally recognized design inciple. Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 47SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R C B RCB-7.151 MINIMUM THICKNESS Neither component of a double tubesheet shall have a thickness less than required by Paragraph ROB-7.131 RCB-7.152 VENTS AND DRAINS Double tubesheets ofthe edge welded type shall be provided with vent and drain ‘connections at the high and low points of the enclosed space. RCB-7.153 SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS ‘When double tubeshoets are used, special attention shail be given to the ability of the tubes to whhstand, without damage, the mechanical and thermal loads imposed on ‘them by this construction. RCB-7.16 FIXED TUBESHEET EFFECTIVE PRESSURE ‘This paragraph shall apply to exchangers having tubesheets fixed to both ends of the shll, wth of without a shell expansion joint except as required or permitted by Paragraph RCB-7.3. Both tubesheets of fixed tubesheet exchangers shall have the same thickness, unless the provisions of Paragraph RCB-7. 166 are satisfied. For fixed tubesheet exchangers, the mutually interdependent loads exerted on the tubesheets, tubes, and shell are defined in terms of equlvalent and effactive design pressures i {1 through RCB-7. 165 for uso in Paragraphs ACB.7.132 and Te ete taut) Sige be used (with — i) tie En cane RCS 2, RCB-7.23 and RCB-7.25 to assess the need for an expansion joint. The designer shall con- aide the most adverse operating cortions ‘spactied by the purchaser, (See Paragraph RCB-7.161 EQUIVALENT DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION PRESSURE ‘The pressure due to differential thermal expansion. psi, is given by: ase. t (#) “(D=3t,) (1+ IKF,) (Algebraic sign must be retained for use in Paragraphs RCB-7.163 through RCB-7.166, 1CB-7.22 and RCB-7.23.) Pa where J = 1.0 for shells without expansion joints Sik Y" SRD, for shells with expansion joints. See Note (1) S,= Spring rate of the expansion joint, Ibs /inch , .-t) “Et N (d=) 300 t, E.(G\ ie F,=0.25+(F-0.6)| 2-4 F(Z) | (Use the calculated value of F , or 1.0, whichever is greater.) F and Gare as defined in Paragraph RCB-7.132 K 1990 ERRATA 48 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS T = Tubesheet thickness used, but not less than 98.5% of the greater of the values defined by Paragraph RCB-7.122 or RCB-7.133. (The value assumed in evalu- ing Fg Must match the fnal computed value within a tolerance of +1 5%.) See = Tube length between inner tubesheet faces, Inches Differential thermal growth (shell - tubes) inches (See Section 7, Paragraph T-4.6) Tube length between outer tubesheet faces, inches Elastic modulus of the shell material at mean metal temperature, psi Elastic modulus of the tube materlal at mean metal temperature, psi Elastic modulus of the tubesheet material at metal temperature, psi N= Number of tubes in the shell D.™ Outside diameter of the shell, inches. d,= Outside diameter of the tubes, inches 4, Tube wall thickness, inches £,= Shell wall thickness, inches tae ms (1) J can be assumed equal to zero for shells with expansion joints where (D.-t JE. Si< 10L (2) Tubesheets thicker than computed are permissible provided nelther shell nor tubes are. overloaded. See Paragraph RCB-7.2. RCB-7.162 EQUIVALENT BOLTING PRESSURE When fixed tubesheets are extended for bolting to heads with fing type gaskets, the extension and that portion of the tubesheets inside the shell may differ in thickness. The extension shall 'be designed in accordance with paragraph RCB-7.134. The effect of the moment acting upon the tubesheet extension shall be accounted for in subsequent Paragraphs in terms of ‘equivalent tube side and shell side bolting pressures which are defined as: 6.2 M, F? G? 6.2 Mz Or G3 where F Is defined in Paragraph RCB-7.192 G = Inside diameter of the shell, inches M1 = Total moment acting upon the extension under operating conditions, defined by the Code as M , under flange design, inch-pounds ‘M2= Total moment acting upon the extension under bolting-up conditions, defined by the ‘Code as Mf, under flange design, inch-pounds ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 49SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B 4,= Equivalent bolting pressure when tube side pressure is acting, psi. Py, Equivalent bolting pressure when tube side pressure is not acting, psi. RCB-7.163 EFFECTIVE SHELL SIDE DESIGN PRESSURE ‘The effective shell side design pressure is to be taken as the greatest absolute value of the following PenPa Pe or or P=Pa Py Pa- Pn or Pe 3 or or ‘where pr) ot yo.s+ ka.s+ fl-[ Teo K Fy P, = Shell side design pressure, psi (For vacuum design, P , is negative.) perl) G~ Inside diameter of the shell, Inches. D, = Maximum expansion joint inside diameter, inches (D , = G when no expansion joint is present.) ‘Other symbols are as defined under Paragraphs RCB-7.161 and RCB-7.162 Notes: (1) Algebraic sign of P,, “must be used above, and must be retained for use in Paragraphs RCB-7.164, RCB-7.165, RCB-7.166, ROB-7.22 and RCB-7.23. (2) When J = 0, formulas containing P « will not control (8) Delete the term P », in the above formulas for use in Paragraph RCB-7.133. RCB-7.164 EFFECTIVE TUBE SIDE DESIGN PRESSURE The effective tube side design pressure is to be taken as the greatest absolute value of the following: 1990 ERRATA 50 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS T = Tubesheet thickness usad, but not less than 98.5% of the greater of the values defined by Paragraph RCB-7.132 or RCB-7.133. (The value a: in evalu- et ating F., must match the final computed value within a toler 41.5%.) See Note (2) ie L= Tube length between inner tubesheet faces, inches AL = Differential thermal growth (shell - tubes) inches (See 7/ Paragraph T-4.5) L,= Tube length between outer tubesheet fagés, inches + E,= Elastic modulus of the shell material at fnean metal temperatuire, psi E,= Elastic modulus of the tube material &t mean ture, pst E = Elastic modulus of the tubesheet material at njbtal re, sl N= Number of tubes in the shell 7 D.™ Outside diameter of the shell, inct | d.~ Outside diameter of the tubés, {= Tube wall thickness, inchés t,™= Shell wall thickness, inghes. a Notes: (1) J can be assumed alipze 9 shellg with expansion joints where 2) Tuboshoots hiker than conputy are pormisible provided nolthar shell nor tubes ar Ons Paragraph nea 2, i nded for bolting to heads with ring type gaskets, the extension s inside the shell may differ in thickness, The extension shall paragraph RCB-7.134. The effect of the moment acting upon extenisitn shall be actounted for in subsequent paragraphs In terms of tube side aiid shell sidé bolting pressures which are defined as: \ Eis detined in Paragraph ROB-7.132 = Insid diameter of the shell, inches = f Wy = ‘otal moment acting upon the extension under operating conditions, defined by the ; 1 Code as under fange design, Inch-pounds - ‘M.= Total moment acting upon the extension under bolting-up conditions, defined by the ‘Code as M , under flange design, inch-pounds / ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 49SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B = Equivalent bolting pressure when tube side pressure is acting, psi. P = Equivalent boting pressure when tube side pressure Is not acting, pst ROB-7.163 oe ‘SHELL SIDE DESIGN PRESSURE Troost effective shell side design pressure Is to be taken as the greatest absolute value of the r - : a cm | or vacuum design, PIs negative.) mh fe diameter, Inches (D , = G when no expansion joint is Other are Under Paragraphs RCB-7.161 and RCB-7.162 Notes: 1) Al sign of Ry’ thust be retained for use in Paragraphs RCB-7. 164, RCB-7.165, On Ros, RCB-7.23. . 2, = 0, formulas eqntalning P «will not control. Delete the tofn P\, in the above formulas for use In Paragraph RCB-7.133. RCB-7. sph EFFECTIVE TUBE SIDE DESIGN PRESSURE The ffectve tube side design prossura into be taken os the greatest absolute valuo ofthe ing: when P,, ’ is positive: / 50 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS o+ Pat Pa ; 2 “oN baa OrP= Py + Pa PU~Py'+ Pat Pa i feeeereeeeere eee OrP= Py Py + Py P where pra p | LLOAIKUS +f) \ eo 1+ IKF, - P, = Tube side design pressuser sl (Per vacuum design, PIs negative.) G= Inside dleametpr of shell, inches ang (ther symbols ae sé defined unde\ Paragraph RCB-7.161, ROB-7.162, and RCB-7.1 Notes: oa (1) Algebraic , must be wed ove, and must be retained for use in Paragraphs# Ch & SR 166, RCB-7.22 and RCB-7.23. (2) When J 0: ; ni — ot control. and ‘ both a the following formula is controlling: =p Bl ( 2) Poa Jere RCB-7.165 ok om IAL DESIGN PRESSURE - Under c ea the Cod an athar reguatorybodtos permit sign on f a preumegees he Co ae gs esa ecto ‘iron odor prssure for heed ebeshoes under such ereumctances sto be /’{ahens the grout absolute valve of he felloning “+ Pat Pa Aas 2 oO P=Py 1990 ERRATA aut Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 51SECTIONS MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B where PasP aes P n+ Pe” and P,’ are as defined in RCB-7.163 and RCB-7.164. Notes: dsGraph R097. 161, RCB-7.162, (1) Itis not permissible to use | P, - P,) If’place of Pto calculate Pin Paragraph RCB-7. 163, and it is not pérmissible to uke (,- P| in place of to calculate P,” in Paragraph RGB-7.164. (@) When J = 0, the formulas containing Ry wil not epntrol. (9) Delete the terms P and P on te above formulas for use in Paragra ORE ¢ 2 " y re RCB-7.166 FIXED TUBESHEETS OF DIFFERING THIC! The rules presented in paragraph AGB.7.161 thi -7.165 and RCB-7.2 are intended for fied tubeshoet exchangors Ir tubeshgéts are the samo thickness. Conditions Coan exist where ts a 1. dffring thicknesses. These conditions tray result ror significantly, and/or allowable stresses. The following procedure may be used for: such cases: \, / (1) the design parameters as in 1s para, hs for each erga tegen seis ne TasT,and Vr a LasL,andf wtigre hy + byt. 2L Fask, aN Note: The values of M) , M >. 5G,AL Li DertesdystsE «,EyeN and 5 ;must remain ‘constant th jitere ial, ta fas tibesheet exchanger has dferant bolting the designer should use the values of M’, and M2 that produce iphs RCB-7.161 through RCB-7. 165 assuming that both ties of subscript A and L = Z graphs RCB-7.161 through RCB-7.165 assuming that both ve tha properties of subscript B and L 5 = £. 52 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS Pris Pat? 2 When P, “Is posttve P= freee negative orP= Py Py +P where vp [LA O4dKC.S+ fF. Pr =f 1+JKF, } P= Tube side design pressure, psi (For vacuum design, P ls negative.) d,-2te}* pr-n[ 24) G = Inside dlameter of the shell, inches thor symbols are as defined under Paragraphs RCB.7.161, RCB-7.162, and 163. Notes: (1) Algebraic sign of P,” must be used above, and must be retained for use Paragraphs RCB-7.165, ROB-7.166, RCB-7.22 and RCB-7.23. (2) When J = 0 8) Formulas containing P ,will not control. b) When P, and P ,are both positive the following formula is controlling: PL (D,)* =P+ oy <1 |+P. - on tel(2 ae 3) Delete the term P g, in the above formulas for use in Paragraph RCB-7.133, RCB-7.165 EFFECTIVE DIFFERENTIAL DESIGN PRESSURE {Jefor certain circumstances the Code ard other regulatory bodies pert design on the basis of simultaneous action of both shell and tube side pressures. The effective dferetiel design pressure fr fed tubesheots under such ereumstances ls 10 bo, taken as the greatest absolute value of the following: PoP Py + Pm 1991 ERRATA Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 51SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B where PaPaesP m.P” and P,’ areas defined in Paragraphs ROB-7.161, RCB-7.162, RCB-7.163 and RCB-7.164, iris Notes: (1) It is not permissible to use P, - P,) in place of P, to calculate P ,’ in rae RCB. ance) ia ible to use (P, - P,) in place of Py to: 1” In Paragraph RCB-7, 164. (2) When J = 0, the formulas containing P « will not control. 8) Delete the terms Ps, and P s, In the above formulas for use In Paragraph RCB-7.133. RCB-7.166 FIXED TUBESHEETS OF DIFFERING THICKNESSES The rules presented In RCB-7.161 through RCB-7.166 and ACB-7.2 are Intended for fixed tubeshoet exc! ‘where both tubesheets are the same thickness. Conditions can exist where It Is to use tubesheets of thicknesses. These conditions may result from differing elastic modull and/or allowable stresses. The following procedure may be used for such cages: (1) Separate the design parameters as defined in previ for each ” SBRec elem By Bsclgring albscrpto ar to ecch a te ening terms: TesT ,andTs LasLy and LswhereL 4+ Ly=2L FasE,andFs F ,asF aandF g Note: The values of MM 2,F .G,AL,Li,De,terdestiE«,E1,N and S, must remain constant throughout this analysis. if fixed tibeshoet exchanger has different batting fmotments at eaah tubsehee re signer shou Use te valls Of an W otha produce the conservative design. Coloulate 7 2 pet Paragraphs RACB-7.161 through ACB-7165 assuming that both ©) beckett have the properies les of subscript A and Z 4 = (3) Calculate T , Paragraphs RCB-7.161 through RCB-7.165 assuming that both: © Gacchoets have the pioportos of subscript 3 and fe 1. a (4) Calculate £ , and Ls as follows: LeL,-Ta-T, 52 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS (6) Recalculate T , per Paragraphs RCB-7.161 through RCB-7.165 using the properties of subscript A and L , from step 4. (© Recalculate T . per Paragraphs RCB-7.161 through RCB-7.165 using the properties, of subscript B and L » from step 4. Rey steps 4 through 6 until values assumed In. 4 are within 1.5% of the (7 Rice calcuatod instep tor sane stopetarTro. (8) Round T , and T » up to an appropriate Increment and recalculate L« and Ls per step (@) Calculate the shell and tube stresses and the tube-to-tubesheet joint loads per Paragraph RCB-7.2for each tubesheet system using the appropriate subscripted properties. Note: The shell and tube stresses and tube-to-tubesheet Joint loads for each tubesheet 3m should theoretically be identical. Small diflerences may exist, however, because rounding the calculated tubesheet thicknesses In step 8. The tube stress and the tube -to-tubeshest joint loads from the two systems should be averaged before comparing these values to the allowable values as calculated in Paragraphs RCB-7.2. * RCB-7.2 SHELL AND TUBE LONGITUDINAL STRESSES - FIXED TUBESHEET EXCHANGERS Shall an tubo longitudinal strosges, which dapend upon the equtvalent and effective pressures determined by Paragraphs RCB-7.161 through RCB-7, 164, shall be calculated for fixed tubesheet ‘exchangers with or without shell expansion joints by using the following paragraphs. The designer ghal constr the most averse operating conations specified by the purchaser. (See Paragraph Note:The formulas and dosign criteria prosorted in paragraphs ACB. 7.23 though RCB 7.25, consider only the tubes at the periphery of the ), which are normally the most highly stressed tubes. Addtlonal consideration of the tube stress distribution throughout the bundle ‘ay be of interest to the designer under certain conditions of loading and/or |. See the "Recommended Good Practice" saction of these Standards for additional informat RCB-7.21 HYDROSTATIC TEST Hydrostatic test conions can impose excesshe shel and/or tube stresses. These stresses can be calculated by substituting the pressures and temperatures at hydrostatic test for the appropriate design pressures and metal temperatures in the 1s that follow and in Paragraphs RCB-7.161 through RCB-7.164 where applicable. AACB-7.22 SHELL LONGITUDINAL STRESS ‘The effective longitudinal shell stress is given by: 5-218 ~ty)P.* at, where C.-1.0 except as noted below P.x=P, note (2) orP.* =P,” note (2) orPt=-Pa note (1) orP,*= Py +P," Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 53- SECTIONS MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B 4 orP,*=P\-Pa notes (1) and (2) orP.*=P notes (1) and (2) “= OrP.*=P\+P,’-P, note(t) where o PiaP,- Py is are as defined in Paragraphs RCB.7.161, RCB-7.163 and RCB-7.164, sous land tubesheet thicknesses and retaining algebralc signs. basbe ba Notes: (1) Ifthe algebraic sign of P ,* Is positive,C,= 0.5. ad (@) This formula is not applicable for diferenttal pressure design per Paragraph RCB-7.165. O.e2ede the CON Sioa rae Fane eal aa Sasa 90% of eae rostatic test, or when the great value ofS sce he Code Slows sass in comprowslon at dssigntomparaere, an RCB-7.23 TUBE LONGITUDINAL STRESS - PERIPHERY OF BUNDLE ‘The maximum effective longus! tube stress, ps, at the periphery ofthe bundle ls given by: g,-ot Fe Pit Gt “aN tlde= th) : “ where C,=1.0 ‘except as noted below a P.t=P, note (2) a orPt=-Ps note (2) oP Pa notes (1) and (2) or P.* = Po~ P. a oP t= Po Py notes (1) and (2) orP,*=-Ps+P4 notes (1) and (2) - orP)*=P2-P3+ Pq note (1) Where ol -(#) Fa ef Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 Put Put Pa 2 OP = Py +P when P,” Is negative: PutPy'+ Put Pa 2 orP= Py +P, +P P= Pe where ce Tube ste dog ras, (For vacuuryGesign, Ps negative.) -a[ fey \ j vA rr wil fot contr. P ae both positive the fllowing formula is controling: DESIGN PRESSURE the Code and other regulatory bodies permit design an the ‘action of both shell and tube side pressures. The differential fixed tubeshoats under such circumstances Is to be taken as the greatest ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 51SECTIONS MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B . P.” and P,” are as defined in Paragraphs RCB-7.161, RCB-7.162, RCB-7:163 and RCB-7.164. ine Notes: Ce (1) Itis not permissible to use(P, ~ P,) in place of P,, to pdfculsts P,” in Paragraph RCB-7.163, and It is not le to ya6(P,~“P, ) In place of Prto calculate P,” in Paragraph 164. . Z (2) When J = 0, the formulas y Pa wat not (3) Delete the terms P » and P a, inthe above forfulas for use n Paragraph ORCS 88, oo RCB-7.166 FIXED TUBESHEETS OF DIFF] ‘The rules presented in , h RCB-7.165 and RCB-7.2 are Intended for fixed tubesheet where tg are the same thickness. Conditions can exist where It Is. of fering thicknesses. These conditions tay rau om sgn fest modul and/or elowable sresses. The folowing ()s rin paragon ras aphs for each t eyetom By pacirhag scosonpis 1 ond aan ‘the following terms: TasThandT LasL,and Ls whore La+Ly=2L EasE,andE, Fas F qaand F oo Note:The values of Ms. Ma, F..G AL: Li DerturdentiFs.E.N and $ must remain , constant throughout this ar ita fied tubesheet exchanger has diferent bolting / froments at eat tuboshoe te designe shou te he vals OW an Ws tat frokuce the conservative design. (2) Calculate « per Paragraphs RCB-7.161 through ACB-7.165 assuming that both ‘ ubosheets Have the proportes of eubecript A an = id (8) Calculate 7’, per Paragraphs RCB-7.161 through RCB-7.165 assuming that both ‘tubesheets have the properties of subscript B and Ly = L. (4) Calculate Z , and L » as follows: Le LT 4- 52 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association L tc & 1S t_MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 (ther symbols areas defined in Paragraphs RCB.7 161, RGB-7. 163 and ROB.7.164, us dal shell and tubesheet thicknesses abd retaining algebralc signe. aud Note: (1) Ifthe algebraic sign of P;* Is positive, C. = (2) This formula Is not applicable for differential pressure design per Paragraph RCB-7.165. Sess ta Ss Savas ete Sn aa el ‘90% of yield stress at hydrostatic test, or when tt tive value of 3, exceeds the allowable comprosshe srocsas determined in accordance wih Paragraph RCB-T 24 RCB-7.24 ALLOWABLE TUBE COMPRESSIVE STRESS - PERIPHERY OF BUNDLE The allowable tube compressive stress, psi, for the tubes at the periphery of the bundle is given by: 2 kl eee when C,$ F. (%) or " 5,52 1- (@) when c.> KE ovr, 2C, it whore C. Yield stress, psi, of the tube material atthe design metal temperature. (See Paragraph RCB-1.42) r= Radius of gyration of the tube, Inches, glven by: 0.25, *[a,-21,) (See Table 0-7) k:L= Equivalent unsupported buckling length of the tube, inches. The largest value considering unsupported tube spans shall be used L= Unsupported tube span, inches 0.6 for unsupported spans between two tubesheets 0.8 for unsupported spans between a tubesheet and a tube support 1.0 for unsupported spans between two tube supports F,= Factor of safety given by: F,~3.28-0.5F, Note: F , shall not be less than 1.25 and need not be taken greater than 2.0. Other symbols are as defined in Paragraph RCB-7.161. Note: The allowable tube compressive stress shall be limited to the smaller of the Code ‘allowable stress in tension for the tube material at the design metal temperature (see Paragraph RCB-1.42) or the calculated value of S- ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 55SECTIONS MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B ol RCB-7.28 TUBE-TO-TUBESHEET JOINT LOADS - PERIPHERY OF BUNDLE The maxirum oflocive nub t-subeshoet jot ond he. a the papery ofthe bund ie J given by: wat Fe Pet G? aa 4 oN a where Pit=P2 Note(1) ~ orP\t=-P3 Note(1) orP,*=P2-Ps a P. and Pare as defined in Paragraph RC8-7.23. Other: are.as defined in Paragraphs RCB-7.161, RCB-7.163 and RCB-7, 164, using the actual shell and tubesheet i thicknesses. ei Note (1): This formula is not applicable for cereal pressure deelgn per Paragraph The allowable tube-to-tubesheet joint loads as calculated by the Code or other means maybe Used as a guide in evaluating ly. ‘The tube-to-tubesheet joint loads calculated above consider only the effects of pressure | Ibaulhgs. The tuber sobeshoot Joint loads caused by restrained differential thermal expan- | /. | sion between shell and tubes are considered to be within acceptable limits lf the requirer of Paragraph RCB-7.23 are mat. RCB-7.3 SPECIAL CASES “ ‘Special consideration must be given to tubesheet designs with abnormal conditions of support or icading Folowing are some hplcal ecamplos seit ‘Tubesheets with portions not adequately stayed by tubes, or with wide untubed rims | Exchangers with large diferences in sho and head Ine clametor; .9. flxed tubesheets: with kettle type shell The adequacy of the staying action of the tubes during hydrostatic test; e.9,, with test ri | {ertyoes Sant pee Bond W 7 pee tt Vertical exchangers where weight and/or pressure drop loadings produce significant effects relative to the design pressures Extreme interpass temperature differentials. a Consideration may also be given to special design configurations and /or methods of analysis which may justly reduction of he fabosheet Tricks acuraborts is RCB-7.4 TUBE HOLES IN TUBESHEETS RCB-7.41 TUBE HOLE DIAMETERS AND TOLERANCES: ‘Tube holes in tubesheets shall be finished to the diameters and tolerances shown in Table =~ RCB-7.41, column (a). ‘To minimize work hardening, a closer fit betwaen tube OD and tube ID ‘as shown in column (b) may be provided when specified by the purchaser, 56 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manutacturers Association agMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B TABLE RCB-7.41 ‘TUBE HOLE DIAMETERS AND TOLERANCES {All Dimensions in Inches) SECTION 5 Trina Tbe Hole Gamer and Under Ttoanon ‘Standard Ft specalQoert | noeermustmnetvacets column @) ©) ©). Se ce may nog one Nominal | Under I Diameter Tolerance ©) @) 257 ‘one 008 | aor o2e2 one ‘2002 | aor 0800 0.002 ‘oon 000 008 0633 (0.002 0.002 ‘010 006 0788 0.002 ‘002 0010 008 0.89 0.002 0.002 2010 coe 010 | 0002 ‘one 0010 cos 1.261 0.08 0.008 2010 ie ‘0.007 7514 (0.005, 10.008 oa te ‘2022 | cor 203 0008 0.08 0010 RCB-7.42 TUBESHEET LIGAMENTS: ‘Table RCB-7.42 gives permissibie tubesheet ligaments, dril drift and recommended maximum tube wall thicknesses. Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 87SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B TABLE RCB-7.42 ~ ‘TABLE OF TUBESHEET LIGAMENTS AND RECOMMENDED HEAVIEST TUBE GAGES: {All Dimensions in inches) ‘Minimums 5d, garents (98% of fgarei mont equal snob vanes tabulated Dolo) il a Tube | Tube Dia | Pach |p d,| P| gq, Po 4 . ~“ 1 | we] - lees [| we | ve |e | BEARS [im | 72 | see | 125 280 fae | 13h oe | 139 2 3 [6/16] 125 i Wee : 130 88 iB 138 ~ 13 13 : 138 E J 125 [5/16 FI 125 | 3/6 125 [12 2.002 Notas: The above table of rinimum standard tolerance plus 0.020" for tubes leas than Bill det toirance » 0.0016 thickness of *RCB.-7.43 TUBE HOLE FINISH The inside of tube holes In tubesheets shall be free of burrs to prevent cutting of the tubes. Intemal surfaces shall be given a workmanlike finish. J RB-7.44 TUBE HOLE GROOVING {ltube nals for expanded fle shal be machined wh at eat two grooves fot adional tudinal load resistance, each approximately 1/8" wide by 1/64" deep. When abled behets acge tse a rooves shoud bo nih bane meen = €-7.44 TUBE HOLE GROOVING i For design pressures over 300 pel and/or amperaturs In excos of 360 dogroosF, the tubo oles for ewpanded forts for tubes § at {f00ve8, for adtionallongtudina 1a reitance, each approximately 1/8" wide by 1/64" jeep. When intogrally led tubesheet facings are used, all grooves should bein = = the base mata uigesetheres specie by te puchasst, RCB-7.5 TUBE-TO-TUBESHEET JOINTS: 58 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS ‘*RCB-7.51 EXPANDED TUBE-TO-TUBESHEET JOINTS Expanded tube-to-tubesheet joints are standard. RB-7.511 LENGTH OF EXPANSION ‘Tubes shall be expanded into the tubesheet for a length no less than 2 inches or the: {Ubeshoetthicknoss minus 1/6" whichever's smaler, In no case shall the expanded portion extend beyond the shell side face of the tubesheet. specified by the Seses Ste Seca: es ray ss oped ra ict tubesheet. ©-7.511 LENGTH OF EXPANSION ‘Tubes shall be expanded into the tubesheet for a length no less than two tube tut RCB-7.512 CONTOUR OF THE EXPANDED TUBE ‘The expanding procedure shall be such as to provide substantially uniform expansion throughout ing expanded porlon ofthe tube, without a sharp transtion tothe unexpanded portion. RB-7.513 TUBE PROJECTION ‘Tubes shall be flush with or extend by no more than one half of a tube dlameter beyond the face of each tubeshest, except that tubes shall be flush with the top {ulleshoat in vrical exchanger to factias dranage uriess ofmerwiseepectied by purchaser. * RCB-7.62 WELDED TUBE-TO-TUBESHEET JOINTS ‘When both tubes and tubesheets, or tubesheet facing, are of suitable materials, the tube Joints may be welded. RCB-7.521 SEAL WELDED JOINTS ‘When welded tube joints are used for additional leak tightness only, and tube loads Penis the expanded Joint, the tube joints shall be subject to the rules of| faragraphis ACB-7 4 through RGB? 51. RCB-7.522 STRENGTH WELDED JOINTS When welded tube jlns are used to canythe longitudinal tube loads, consideration tnay be given to moafcation f the Tequirements of Paragraphs ROB.7.4 through RCB-7.523 FABRICATION AND TESTING PROCEDURES Ing procedures and testing techniques for elther seal welded or strenath welded tube fobs chat beby Meant ‘between the manufacturer and the purchaser. ACB-7.3 EXPLOSIVE BONDED TUBE-TO-TUBESHEET JOINTS Exposte Bonding and/or explosive expancing aye usd ota tubes 1 the {ubeshoms whorcappropre, Constisation hove ing the relevant parameters (0.9. tube-to-tubesheet hole clearances: Sal “igamont widens ‘widths) to obtain an effective joint. R-7.6 TUBESHEET PASS PARTITION GROOVES: ‘Tubesheets shall be provided with approximately 3/16" deep grooves for pass partition gaskets. cB.7, sree PASS PARTITION GROOVES ‘design pressures over 300 psi, tubesheets shall be provided with pass partition grooves Sopenioely 3/10" deep, oF ther sutable moans for retaining the gaskets place ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 59SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B RCB-7.7 TUBESHEET PULLING EYES purchaser. RB-7.8 CLAD AND FACED TUBESHEETS ‘The nominal cladding thickness at the tube sie face of a tubesheet shail not be less than 5/16" ‘hen tubes are expancied only, and 1 /&” when tubes are welded to the tubesheet. The nominal cladding thickness on the ‘side face shall not be less than 3/8". Gad surfaces, other than inthe area into which tubes are expanded, shall have atleast 1/8" nominel thickness of cladding. C-7.8 CLAD AND FACED TUBESHEETS ‘The nominal cladding thickness at the tube skie face of a tubesheet shell not be less than 3/16" When tubea are expanded ony, and | /8°when tubes are welded tothe tubeaheet. The nominal cladding thickness on the shell side face shall not be less than 3/8". Ciad surfaces, other than in the area Into which tubes are expanded, shall have at least 1/8" nominal thickness of cladding. 60 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R C B SECTIONS RCB-8 FLEXIBLE SHELL ELEMENTS This paragraph shal apply to fed tubesheet exchangers which require flexible elements to reduce shall and t ite eh vanal Sireaaos andor tube to-tibeshet Jot Toads ads. Light nsion ‘of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers. sealer are not hae wii he Dardow ttle garage ‘contained within these 's upon the equivalent geometry used in’ tarston Joris tor oat f Koppand M.F, Sayer however, the formulas have bean derived based upon the uso of pa a iy and Land fved types of expansion ota wo oxropice of foto shal eleront combinations, The geslgrer shat ‘the most adverse operating conditions specified by the purchaser. (See Paragraph RCB-8.1 APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS AND LIMITATIONS ‘The formulas contained in the following paragraphs are applicable based upon the following assumptions: ‘Applied loadings are axial Torsional loads are negligible. ‘The flexible elements are sufficiently thick to avold instabilty. ‘The flexible elements are axisymmetric, ‘All dimensions are in inches and all forces are in pounds. RCB-8.11 CALCULATION SEQUENCE The sequence of calculation shall be as follows: (1) Select a geometry for the fiexible element per RCB-8.21. (2) Determine the effective geometry constants per RCB-8.22. {@) Caloulate the fexibity factors por RCB-8.3. (4) Calculate the flexible element geometry factors per RCB-8.4. (6) Calculate the overall shell spring rate with all contributions from flexible shell ‘elaments per RCB-8.5. (6) Calculate F ,.. for each condition as shown in Table RCB-8.6. (7) Calculate the flexible element stresses per RCB-8.7. Compare the flexible element stresses to the appropriate allowable stresses per the © Sie Foe ne load eoncllons ae noted In top: a (0) Repeat steps 1 through & as necessary. RCB-8.12 CORROSION ALLOWANCE ‘The shell flexible elements shall be analyzed in both the corroded and uncorroded conditions. RCB-8.13 HYDROTEST CONDITIONS The shell flexible elements shall be evaluated for the hydrotest conditions, RCB-8.2 GEOMETRY DEFINITION ‘The geometry may be made up of any combination of cylinders and annular plates with or without radllat ther junctions” law RCB-8.21 PHYSICAL GEOMETRY CONSTANTS Figure RCB-8.21 defines the nomenclature used In the following paragraphs based upon actual nominal dimensions of the flexible elements. ee 1991 ERRATA ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 61SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B FIGURE RCB-8.21 ~ “ ~ where a . and J, are the tengths of the cylinders welded to the flexible shell elements, where two flexible osha slomants are Joined wih a cylinder between them, {- or {as applicable shal be taken as half the cylinder length. If no cylinder Is used, /. and {, shall be taken as 0. wl NOTE: All dimensions shown in Figure RCB-8.21 are In inches. RCB-6.22 EFFECTIVE GEOMETRY CONSTANTS FRCB;28.22 defines the nomenclature used Inthe following paragraphs based upon the etielont henbis slemont veal ato RCB-8.22 +X 62 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association oMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 RCB-8 FLEXIBLE SHELL ELEMENTS: This paragraph shal apply to fixed tubeshoot exchanger which require te flexible al - and tube longtucinal tresses and/or tube, otubosheat ot oad joints within the scope of the win ihe Expansion Joint Miautrts os luded within in to uv of this Pret ‘analysis contained within these, lupon the eat ‘geometry used in Fanelon Jeli tor oat Exchangers ~ ewrover, to torus have Boon oy upon the use of plate -and-flued types of expansion oxgasion ots are examples of foxes dlsiger shal conde the most acvers operating conditions 3. RCB-8.1 APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS AND LIMITATIONS ‘The formulas contained in the following paragraphs are applh oo assumptions: Applied loadings are axial. 4 Torsional loads are negligible. / \ , = The flexible elements are sufficiently thfck to aybid inst “The flexible elements are axisymmettic. {All dimensions are in inches and afl forces(aie in pounds. RCB-8.11 CALCULATION SEQUENCE, The sequence of calculation shall be ds fll - (1) Select a geometry (2) Determine the @) Calculate the t nent er piven 2 (68) Calculate the overall shell spring rate/with all contributions from flexible shell elerionts perRCB-8.5. (6) Calculate F ...Jfor each conditig (catcul rf stresses per RCB-87. - 8) Comp stresses to the allowable stresses per the Code, for each § ‘as noted in step 6. - RCB-8.12 CORROSION A ‘The shell flexi le /shall be analyzed in both the corroded and uncorroded conditions. ras RCB-$.13 HYDROT! s * The shell flexi jerhents shall be evaluated for the hydrotest conditions. RCB-8,2 GEOMETRY DEFINITIS ¢ The: e/fnade up of any combination of cylinders and annular plates with or without RCB-8.21 PHYSICAL GEOMETRY CONSTANTS jure RCB-8.21 defines the nomenclature used in the following paragraphs based Eisj Romina dimensions ofthe foxse slements, pret ete a 7 / Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 61SECTIONS MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B FIGURE RCB-8.21 1. and J, are the lengths of the cyil tothe hexdbie nts except, where ‘two flexible shell elements are joined with a cylinder betwee! ‘2 or , as applicable shall be taken as half the cylinder length. no cylinder ls used, /. a4 taken as 0. RCB-8.22 EFFECTIVE GEOMETRY STANTS | NOTE: All dimensions shown in F} BR21 are in inches, Figure RCB.8.22 defines the nomencisture used Wythe equivalent flexible element model. ‘Standards OfMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 Where tif the flexible element has a knuckle radius at the Inside junction "the flexible element does not have @ knuckle radius at the inside junction |¢« if the flexible element has a knuckle radius at the outside Junction ot ten ¢. Ifthe flexible elament does not have @ knuckle radius at the outside junction C+ty Hea (OD-ty)_(4-n)[ratr 2 4 Kote bon feraraed Beal nm t be fot Grets Ya™latl, Note: y4(max)=2/at, lindrical sections beyond this limit need only meet aed requirements for cylinders.) om ~ Yor ly tle Note: ye(max) = 2Vb%, lindrical sections beyond this limit need only meet (Re Gos ‘tequirements for cylinders.) 7 cS GOD rales far fy. land L, are indicated In Figure RCB-8.21. RCB-8.3 ELEMENT FLEXIBILITY FACTORS = ta a be at The effective flexibility factors are given by: 1.285 Ba- a Jat 1.285, ic Pom ee D,=0.0916E,t,? iat D,=0.0916F yt, * Dz 0.0916F gt, ? 2-28. forthe inner cylinder, radians, Q=28,¥» forthe outer cylinder, radians ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 63SECTIONS MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B real 22 05{ 2 cosn( 2) Zrii tde These values must be k= sinn.+ sin calculated for Dat the coshO+ cos inner cylinder as well as Freee Mat the outer cylinder. _sinha- sind a7 ee iey= osm cos Ke where FE, Modulus of elasticity of the inner cylinder, psi F,= Modulus of elasticity of the outer cylinder, ps! F,= Modulus of elasticity ofthe flexible shell element, psi ip, = [Zale exile element has a knuckle radius atthe insice junction ‘= |. ifthe flexible element does not have a knuckle radius at the inside junction E ifthe flexible element has a knuckle radius at the outside junction. E,, ifthe flexible element does not have a knuckle radius at the outside junction Buta torteryaand y,are defined in Paragraph RCB-8.22. RCB-8.31 CYLINDER-TO-CYLINDER FLEXIBILITY FACTORS: The cylinder-to-cylinder flexibilty factors, ¢ ,and ¢, are given by: e=2.718" where = 4 Noe |e at the inside junction atthe outside junction _If there is no outer cylinder eney ene, el 1990 ERRATA 64 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R CB SECTIONS where ti the flexible element has a knuckle radius at the Ing = 4." ]t, ifthe flexible element does not have a knuckle radids Wt the lAside junction __ |¢ if the flexible element has a knuckle radiyé at the én ‘o™ |t. ithe flexible element does not have a Cat Grty 2 \) io ’ te teeters iynction the outside junction mts ba fet tryed we TAD / / ; Yarlatl Note: yofinax)= 2fage jf this limit need only meet Code raqiirements for cylinders.) Indicated in Figure RCB-8.21. / DE= 0.0918 E,t, le o.osigeaut bp CoN Ge gte* N= 2B,'¥. forthe lnner cylinder, radians 2-2 Bey» forthe outer cylinder, radians Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 63SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B jy=sin(2)sinn( 2) / J ¢0o( 2 )eosn( 2) i aria eal These values must bo J ko=sinha+singd ‘calculated for 0 at the / cosh N+ cos Inner cylinder as well as / ky | atthe outer cylinder. JX x, = 2iahaaain br 5 cosh Q- cos. Pa i: where E ,= Modulus of elasticty of the flexible shell dement, pl E , the flexible element has a knuckig radius 8 the insige junction Ea |E , H the flexible element does not fat the inside junction Es hameasseesh AbitartesterYa and Jara dotiged in Pale ph RCB-8.22. RCB-8,31 CYLINDER-TO-CYLINDER FLEXIBILITY FACTORS, ‘The cylinder-to-cylinder Aoxpty rae) es fre given by: e= 2.718 where / Note: atthe Ini junction / ‘Gr the outside jufction _ there is no outer cylinder pea ol 64 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS when C. is less than 1.0 C,==0.36466) + 2338172 _ 0.036351 ce c C,+~1.06871 + 191164 _ 0.122607 Ce C2? C4 0.0696709+ 1.76415C,-5.46103C, ? Cz = 0.142734 + 0.918656C,~ 2.00749, * when Cis greater than or equal to 1.0 3.37310 - 1,707962C 2+ 0.226216C,? 1000 Cs = 0.403287 + 0.320037 C,~0.0307508C, * Cy C4~ - 0.684978 + 0.582549, - 0.0547812C, ? C7," 0.201334 + 0.168201 C,-0.0157280C, ? and Notes: (1) When © is less than 0.4, C; shall be set equal to 0.4 (2) When C, and C. are both equal to 1.0, eshall be set equal to 1.0. RCB-8.4 ELEMENT GEOMETRY FACTORS Calculations forthe stfness and stresses are dependent upon the flexible element geometry factors given by: e ka? nape. -) ‘Note: k values are evaluated using © for the inner cylinder. ke? Ye= Da ks- ) Note: k-values are evaluated using © for the outer cylinder. 1990 ERRATA Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 65MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B -a?(1.538+ In(dy{2+e (2+3.71d?))] fais 4D; De _rab(1 538 +8.714etn(d)) q,20.385a7+1 429cb*In(d) -0.385- 1.429cln(d))b* ia ~0.25a04{! 269.5 niaccincay??} c m,=0.51-0.635g7+g* m,=0.635(1-g?)+9* my = 2.-35797+3.714g* Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B when C ; is less than 1.0 i C4=~0.364661 + 0:338!72_0.0366351 Ca C2? 1.01164 0.122627 Jet C5 =~ 1.0687] + == - Sef co C.? when C 2 is greater than or equal to 1.0 3731 Sree rere al ACB-8.4 ELEM! oe VF Hons forte pitted Lc ed anon ix) Note: k values are evaluated using 2 for the inner cylinder. e, dee 2" 5p (6 ) Note: k values are evaluated using (forthe outer cylinder. Be 1 cas Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 65SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R C B -a7[1.538+in(dy(2+e (2+3 4D; 14?)}) Xst =2.2be De bc(0.769d?+ 1.428) De xan Xs" 74 b(1 538 +8.714eln(d)) 4D; Xa (x yi )(%54¥2)- X2%- Xe XaXo7XaXs~ X32 Seg ee ge eg NOMAD Ret HON : x gq) = 0.385a?+1.429cb7 In(d) a= (-0.385~1.429cIn(d))b? 1.269 cd? @3*0.25ab+{ a.7r4ecincayy*) m,=0.51-0.6359?+9* m,~0.638(1-97)+9* m= 2.357g7+3.714g* 66 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association io tc.MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS where ‘and b are defined in Paragraph RCB-6.22 and Bas Bo: Da:Dy:De.€q.0ysk,,k2and ky are defined in Paragraph RCB-8.3. RCB-8.5 EQUIVALENT FLEXIBLE ELEMENT STIFFNESSES ‘When there is only one flexible shell element (See paragraph RCB-8.2) in a shell, the spring rate (lb/Inch), is given by: 2naD, Sg = X71 *Xedat de where ‘The terms are defined in Paragraph RCB-8.22, RCB-8.3 and RCB-8.4. ‘When two or more flexibie elements are used In a shell, the overall effective spring rate of the system Of flexible elements Is given by: ve 1 si geet Spe Spe Sen where S, = Overall etfoctive spring rate, Ibs/inch, as used in Paragraph RCB-7.161 = Respective spring rates of each flexible shell element, calculated Sieve 5 pe2--5 sen Individually from the above formula, Ibs/inch i Note: A single convolute consists of two flexible shell elements. RCB-8.6 INDUCED AXIAL FORCE Thacalclaton of tha textbie shal slement stress i contingent upon calculating an Induced axel force acting on each element. This axial force: ‘inch of Inner shell circumference) shall be calculated for each condition as described In| 1-8.11 through RCB-8.13 and Is gi by: aP.* Fast 2 where P,*= P, +P,” and P)=P,~P," Pa TABLE RCB-8.6 F a: PARAMETER VARIATIONS: LL conomion ‘Shell side Pressure Only, Note (1) ‘Tube side Pressure Only, Note (1) Shell side + Tube side Pressure Only ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manutacturers Association 67SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R CB Notes: (1) This condition is not applicable for differential pressure design per Paragraph RCB-7.165, (2) cals defined in paragraph RCB-8.22 (3) Other: are as defined in Paragraphs RCB-7.161, RCB-7.163 and RCB-7.164, using ‘actual shell and tubesheet thicknesses for each condition under consideration per RCB-8.11 through RCB-8.13. ALGEBRAIC SIGNS MUST BE RETAINED RCB-8,7 FLEXIBLE ELEMENT MOMENTS AND STRESSES The following 19 provide the formulas to calculate the predicted stress levels in each flexible Samer Caters oon contgrson Kae aun arene och craton lyzed. RCB-8.71 MOMENTS AT THE JUNCTIONS: ‘The strasses in the annular flat plate and the cylindrical portions of a flexible element aro ‘spine pone nora eros or ‘outside functions. The moments ere gWen (Xo ¥2(-84~FaeXs-BaZa)* Xa( FaeXet O Maa (y17 1) 004 FanXe~ SE) + x4 Fact at Oat BoZ a) P= Shell pressure, psi, for the condition under consideration (Including 0 or nogative value if vacuum, as applicable) = The term as calculated in Paragraph RCB-8.6 dependent upon the condition under consideration ke and k 2 = The terms as calculated in Paragraph RCB-8.3, using © at the outer cylinder The remaining terms are as defined In Paragraphs RCB-8.22, RCB-8.3 and RCB-8.4. RCB-8,72 ANNULAR PLATE ELEMENT STRESSES The annular plate meridional bending stress (ps!) shall be calculated for each condition specified in RCB-8.11, RCB-8.12 and RCB-8.13 from the following formula: 1991 ERRATA 68 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B ; tek / | TA and are defined in Paragraph RCB-8.22 and ae Y at BarBo DaiDy.D5€as0nsk; +k2 and k; are defingd In Paragraph REB-8.9” Yea 7 RCB-8.5 EQUIVALENT FLEXIBLE ELEMENT STIFFNESSES / a eg rere) 2) in. ne (tb/incty, is given by: 2naDd, 7 Sy X7di+Xeda* da where ee osrmany teed norm a B84. When two or more flexible elements are ead Ings ‘effective spring rate of the system of fiexible elements is given by: p ae L Ss where SyeisSyenefh spring rates of each flexible shell element, calculated eve See ually rom i above formu, eines ic Note: A single coryolute con: lwo Foxe shall elements. RCB-8.6 INDUCED shell \sdort stresses is contingent rare ah be exdal This force (Ib/inch of inner circumference) shall be Sebel Ageia ti trough ROSS TSandie Quon by ‘TABLE RCB-8.6 F ax PARAMETER VARIATIONS CONDITION Differential Expansion Only is Shell side Presgure Only, Note (1) ofr. | o |r, ‘Tube side Préssure Only, Note (1) Pi} 0 | 0 Jo 7 Shell side + Tube side Pressure Only PilP.| 0 |P, Shell sidé Only Pressure + Diferential Expansion, Note (1) | 0 | P.“| Pu [Ps = Tube side Only Pressure + Differential Expansion, Note (1) |P1| 0 | Pa | 0 Shell side + Tube side Pressure + Differential Expansion “[Pa|Ps / a ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 67SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B / Notes: / (1) This condition fs not applicable for diferential pressure agian ver Perego XCB7165 (@) 2s defined in paragraph RCB-8.22 Other defined in Paragraph RCB-7.961, RCB-7.163 and én 7.164, Oo er a ca RS aaah coco unser ccedaraifn por RCSB through ROB-6.13. ALGEBRAIC SIGNS MUST BE RETAIN RCB-8.7 FLEXIBLE ELEMENT MOMENTS AND STRESSES The followin provide the formulas to calct 2 stress levels n each flexible Sonor Cobh tae a Fist srosses tor eat condition RCB-8.71 MOMENTS AT THE JUNCTIONS ‘The stresses in the annular flat plate and Glpendert upon th moment he ‘The moments are given My- 9 ~Re Cag “iaca)) -m3+0.S-g?) P.= Shell 8, sk, for the condition under consideration (including 0 or negative valué if vacuum, as applicable) Faé ‘ag/calculated In Paragraph RCB-8.6 dependent upon the condition consideration fhe remaining terms are as defined In Paragraphs RCB-8.22 and RCB-8.4. Rt an PLATE ELEMENT STRESSES uta ato meri sfal be cacfatd for gat condton Speatiod nC A, ACoe rand ACES 68 standards Ot The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association tMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 sin (a, + Be Agr? agta( 5)} te? r 6. where A, =~cM,*cd*My+0.65acF .,In(g)~ P,(0.325m,b" + 0.41254") cM, -0.65acF ,,1n(g)*+ 0.0875m,P,b*) A,~b*(cMy y= 0.206P, Aq=0.65a(F .,-0.5aP,) F .<™ The term as calculated in Paragraph RCB-8.6 dependent upon the condition under consideration P= Shell pressure, psi, for the condition under consideration {including 0 or ‘negative value vacuum, as applicable) r= Radial distance, from the shell cantertine to the point under consideration, inches The remaining terms are as defined in Paragraphs RCB-8.22, RCB-8.4 and RCB-8.71 Note: (1) Smo» = S calculated for the shell side pressure only condition (2) Snsa = Scalculated for the differential expansion only or tube side pressure only condition (3) S.~ Sycalculated for all conditions as specified In Table RCB-8.6 4) Simp + Smmp 200 S nna 28 defined by the code, are negligible for the annular plate element within the scope of RCB-8. (6) The maximum annular plate stress will be located where: = (when P, is not 0) Le 445 or=a orr=b RCB-6.73 CYLINDRICAL ELEMENT STRESSES ‘The circumferential membrana stresses (psi) in the cylinders shall be calculated for each condition specified in RCB-8.11, RCB-8.12 and RCB-8.13 from the following formula: E(b+u2) Sat r where uy Bly-x) vq B, sin(v,)sinh(v,)+B,cos(v, )cosh(v,) = Fl Pr 0.3F 3] 1991 ERRATA Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 69SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B X= The distance under consideration, as shown in Figure RCB-8.22, Inches ‘The remaining terms are as defined in Paragraphs RCB-8.21, RCB-8.22, RCB-8.3 and RCBB6. where For the inner cylinder For the outer cylinder rea r= tat, for(ya x) la t= emaller oft, oF t,for(ye~x)™ bi t= smaller of fy oF tf0r (ye x) EwE, Ene, M=M, M=M, a), (o? Fae Fe Fal)( 2 yr ene, exe, D=D, D=D, B=By Bmp, ynYa yrye Simp Sn Calculated for the shell side pressure only condition Sema * Sq Calculated for the differential expansion only or tube side pressure only conditlon Scmpa ™ Sn calculated for the combined pressure and differential expansion condition ‘The maximum value of S »,will be located where x = yor x = 1. for the inner cylinder and where x = ¥s,0rx = [, for the outer cylinder RCB-8.74 MAXIMUM CYLINDER STRESS FOR CYCLE LIFE CALCULATIONS The maximum stress (ps)) for a particular set of conditions, for use In the evaluation of We is given by: kant oe OM | t Sun||t where F 2 is defined In Paragraph RCB-8.73 1991 ERRATA 70 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS ia A,=-cM,+cd?M,+0.6SacF g.tn(g)— pio. Perec 4125a?) A,=07(cM,~cM,-0. osac.,tn(gyo0. 087! Ay~0.206P, A,70,65a(F,,-0.5aP,) ” 4 | F.= The term as caloulatod in Paragraph RCB-8.6 a si sermon under consideration 4 P= Shel pressure, pl, forthe cond under consideration (ncludingO or Nnogative value f vacuum, a ey / r= Radial distance, fromthe ‘shell centertiye tothe péint under consideration, inches / — f The remaining terms are as cafes i Reragraph| 1B-8.22, RCB-8.4 and RCB-8.71 Note: (1) Snap = So call jatod ire only condition OQ) Smaa™ So chao en srentigexpansion only condition (8) Sa S» cflculater/for the bined pressure and differential expansion condition @, Sear he soon and S\yeie as dled by ‘the code, are negligible for the annular plate S oa stress will be located where: 2 [Ais 16 AgAz (when Pls not 0) 4A, RCB-8.73 CYLINDRICAL EI | STRESSES ‘The circufnterential membfane stresses (psi) in the cylinders shall be calculated for each condition specified in RCB-8.11, RCB-8.12 and RCB-8. 13 from the following formula: ! v= BY-x) / b= 8, sin(v,)sinn(v,)+ B,c0s(v, }cosh(v,) P.(b-9'a) 6+ Ef par 0.3{ Fang” Teor) ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 69SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B 8, -2( 24-8) 2\2B7eD 1f =iiM By Hea 136) ; x =The distance under consideration, as shown In Figure RCB-8.22, inches / ‘The remaining terms are as defined in Paragraphs RCB-8.21, ACB-8.22, RCB-8.3 and RCB8E. i where 7 For the inner cylinder For the outer cylinder rea rao/ ts tforcya- xX)

b Jb boboolry-x)> be 2 eho smaller oft, or tsfor(ye-x)= te ,//t= Smalecdh ty oF tforCye-x)= to Fk, Nene, M=M, g=1.0 one, D=D. B=B. Yr Va / NOTE: f $ cna ~ 8 m Calgltated for the iferential expansion only condition forthe Sombined pressure and ciferentl ‘expatsign condition im value of S be I where x = 70° x = J, forthe inner cylinder and where/x = y» orx = |, forthe oujer cylinder RCB-8.74 MAXIMUM CYLINDER STRESS FOR CYCLE LIFE CALCULATIONS. ‘stress (ps!) Barticuaroet ‘of conditions, for use in the evaluation of cycle ea [fx oA where / /F axis defined in Paragraph RCB-8.6 | 1990 ERRATA 70 Standards Of The Tubuilar Exchanger Manufacturers Association /MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS Pet : seejilaettearean(’)} where ie za A, =-cM,+cd?M,+0.6SacF,,1n(g)-P, (0. 325m,b7+0.4125a’) Lata 875m, Pb?) / / Ay=0.206P, ay A4~0.65a(F,,- 0.50%) ia Fax* The termas cal in Paragraph RCB-8.6 dependent upon the condition i 7 under jn psi, for tha| condition under considération (including 0 or vacuum, a¢appifabie) nce, s! ine to the point under consideration, ‘The remaining terr in Poon RCB-8.22, RCB-8.4 and RCB-8.71 cafculated forthe pressyfe only condition Iculated for the dif{érential expansion only condition forthe covhibined pressure and differential expansion condition ) S emp: 5 nmp ahd nna ag/defined by the code, are negligible for the annular plate /eloment within the scope of ACB-. annulaylate stress wil be located where: = Ayk [Ai# 16AyAq (when P Is not o) 7 4A3 eraa/ oe EVEMENT a brane strosses (psn the cylinders shall be calculated for each fed in RGBB.11, RCB-B.12 and RCE-S.19 from the folowing forma: LE (0+ 22) r i /v,=BO-20) LT »,= 8, sin(v,)sinn(v,)* B,¢08(v, Jeosh(v,) \ ie “\ iA bE par-0.0( Fags He al ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 69SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R C B a Hf aMiel °) / 2pted | yas je fe X= The distance under consideration, as shown in Figure RCB-8/22, inches Thgremaining terms areas defined In Paragraphs Ve ROB-§.22, RCB-.3 and where For the inner cylinder ‘the outer as r-a b t= beforlye—x) h \! a Yo-K)> be C= smaller of fq oF t, for(ys— x= ee smgHler oft oF ts for(yy-x)= te E-E, MM, oa : oc oe g’=1.0 ) Aynbla / aaee / ome D=D, _ NE B=B, YrVe yrYs NOTE: \ iS {for the’pressure only condition = Sm calculated Yor the differential expansion only condition ae ulated the combined pressure and diferential ‘S qwill be located where X= Yq OF X = L4 for the inner cylinder aawneore eof =, for the outer cyinder RCB.8.74 MAXIMOM CYLINDER Fines FOR CYCLE LIFE CALCULATIONS un etrecs (pA fore particular set of ondtions, for use in the evaluation of cycle / Ne OM / stele |i where F aes gofined in Paragraph RCB-26 ” T fe is gi Fe mf ‘Standai oh Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS and For the inner Junction, M=M, =the smaller oft ort, For the outer junction M=M, t= the small of port, (1) A ‘value of M establishes a compressive stress in the outer fiber of the (1) Sindee under oSeadsration (2) S<1i8.a possible outer limit for establishing a stress range. @) S.for the cylindrical elament is equal to S «. RCB-8.8 ALLOWABLE STRESSES: ‘The allowable flexible element stresses shall be as defined by the Code, using an appropriate stress concentration factor for the geometry under conedotion. RCB-$.9 MINIMUM THICKNESS ‘The minimum thickness of flexible shell elements shall be as determined by the rules of Paragray RCB8.1 ICB-8.8, however, in n0 case shall the thickness in the uncorroded condition Jess than 1/8" for nominal diameters 18" and smaller, 3/16" for nominal diameters 19° through 30", or 1/4" for nominal diameters greater than 30 1991 ERRATA ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 71SECTIONS MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B RCB-9 CHANNELS, COVERS, AND BONNETS: RCB-9.1 CHANNELS AND BONNETS 9.11 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF CHANNELS AND BONNETS: ‘Channel and bonnet thickness Is determined by the Code design formulas, plus corrosion allowance, but in no case shall the nominal thickness of channels and bonnets be less than the minimum shell thicknesses shown In Table R-3.13. The nominal total thickness for clad channels and bonnets shall be the same as for carbon steel channels. CB-9.11 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF CHANNELS AND BONNETS Channel ang bonnet thickness is determined by the Code design formulas, lus corrosion allowance, but in no case shall the nominal th ‘channels and bonnets be less than Arora hol tncenosoes shown In Table GB-a'o. The nomi toa thletness for dad channels and bonnets shall be the same as for carbon steel channels. RCB-9,12 MINIMUM INSIDE DEPTH For mutipass channels and bonnet the inakde depth shal be such that the minimum ‘cross-over area for flow betwaen successlve tube passes Is at least equal to 1.3 times the flow area through the tubes of one pass. When an: annus nazoele Is usd the depth atthe nozzle centerline shall be a minimum of one-third the inside diameter of the nozzle. *RCB-9.13 PASS PARTITION PLATES ‘*RCB-9.131 MINIMUM THICKNESS FR a a er ay monn " tapered to gasket width at the contact surface. 7 TABLE RCB-9.131 NOMINAL PASS PARTITION PLATE THICKNESS (All Dimensions are in Inches) ‘Nominal Size | Carbon Steel Alloy Material 3/8 1/4 12 3/8 RICB-9.132 PASS PARTITION PLATE FORMULA, = Minimum pass partition plate thickness, inches B = Table value (linear Interpolation may be used) = Pressure drop across plate, psl ‘5 = Code allowable stress in tension, at design metal temperature, ps! b= Plate dimension. See Table RCB-9.132, Inches 72 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA class cB SECTIONS g ‘is defined in Paragraph RCB-8.73, and For the inner junction M=M, t= the smaller oft -ort, For the outer junction f M=M, Note: (1) A posttive value: oylinder under (8) Saforthe, RCB-8.8 ALLOWABLE STRESS! The allowable flexible as defined by the Code, using an appropriate stress ‘concentration factor fof the geometry undef consideration ACB-8.9 MINIMUM THIC! ‘The minimum thi ‘elements shall be as determined by the rules of Paragraphs RCB-8.1 throu 'no case shall the thickness in the uncorroded condition be less than 1/8" 18" and smaller, 3/16" for nominal diameters 19° through 30”, or 1/4" for nomingl diameters Yreateythan 30". 1990 ERRATA ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 7SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R C B RCB-9 CHANNELS, COVERS, AND BONNETS : } RCB-9.1 CHANNELS AND BONNETS -9.11 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF CHANNELS AND BONNETS Ghannel and bonnet thickness is determined by the Code design formas, plus borrosion allowance, but In no case shall the nominal thickness of channels arkd bonnets be less than the minimum shell thicknesses shown in Table R-3.13. The nominal total thickness for clad channels and bonnets shall be the same as for carbon steel channels. CB-9,11 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF CHANNELS AND BONNETS / ‘Channel and bonnet thickness is determined by the Code, formulas, plus corrosion allowance, but in no case shall the nominal t of ‘and bonnets be less than the minimum shell thicknesses shown in Table CB-3.13. The nominal total thickness for clad channels and bonnets shall be the same as for garbon steal channels. RCB-9.12 MINIMUM INSIDE DEPTH , 7 For muftipass channels and bonnets the inside depth shal be sfich that the minimum. Crose-over area for flow between successive tube passes i at fast oqual 191.3 tes the flow area through the tubes of one pass. When an axial n {the depth at the nozzle cantertine shall be a minimum of one-third the inside, ofthe ‘*RCB-9.13 PASS PARTITION PLATES *RCB-9.131 MINIMUM THICKNESS: The thickness of pass pattions shal¥@t bo lena than th proator ofthat shown in Table RCB-9.131 or odlculated in Paragkaph RCB-9.132. Pass partition plates may be tapered to gasket width at the contact altace. TABLE RCB-2.131 \TE THICKNESS: in Inches) ‘Alloy Material 7/4 | 2108 1/2 3/8 RCB-9.132 PABS.PARTITION FATE FORMULA c | [ab elt ss where t= Mi partition plate thickness, inches B = Table value (Inlpar interpolation may be used) @= Pressure drop across plate, ps! 5 = Code allowable stress in tension, at design metal temperature, psi b= Plate dimension. See Table RCB-9.132, inches 72 a Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 F ars defined in Paragraph RCB-8.6 tA \2 4g” is defined in Paragraph RCB-8.73 : ., ls an appropriate stress concentratlontactor at th under: and “ - For the inner junction : ’ M=M, SL ( < =the smalloroftgoft, é é } For the outer junction nee 7 MeM, ff © / t= the smaller oft sort, Note: ” / M r Inthe outer fiber of the (epee a compressive stress @)5-1i¥a possible it for detablishing a stress range. (8) 5 ¢for the cylindrical dlemept Is equal to S. RCB-8.8 ALLOWABLE a7hess 7 The all hall be. the Code stress he allowable ible lam a 28 defined by the Code, using an propriate CB-£.9 MINIMUM ZHIC! The. th Of fiexibig hell elements shall be as determined by the rules of ICBB.1 h RCB-8.8, 7 In.nO case shall the thickness in the uncorroded 4, 18" and smaller, 3/16" for nominal diameters 19° through 30", or 17a top nofninal la ‘grater than 30". ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association nSECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R C B. RCB-9 CHANNELS, COVERS, AND BONNETS ‘yf RCB-9.1 CHANNELS AND BONNETS R-0.11 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF CHANNELS AND BONNETS _* ‘Channel and bonnet thickness is determined iy the Cove peign wae corrosion allowance, but in no case shall the crema tckaas of operate elihcmese or dad ‘the minimum shell thicknesses shown in Table R-3.13. T} el snes for cad channels and bonnets shall be the same as for carbon, ‘channe ‘se (CB-0.11 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF CHANNELS AND BONNETS. ‘Channel and bonnet thickness is determined by thé Cade desiyn formulas, plus corrosion allowance, but In no case shall the nominal thickyless of channel and bonnets be fess than the minimum shell thicknesses shown in Table ©8-3.13. The nominal total thickness for clad channels and bonnets shall be the same as for steal RCB-9.12 MINIMUM INSIDE DEPTH For multipass channels and bonnets the sist ‘¢foss-over area for flow between successive tut I at Iéast aqual to 1.3 times the flow area through the tubes of one pass. Wherl an Is sed, the depth atthe nozzle ontarine shal be a minimum of one-third the inside clatate ofthe that the minimum *RCB-9.13 PASS PARTITION PLATES 7 / *RCB-9.131 MINIMUM THICKNESS The thickness of than the ‘of that shown in Jala KOB'S stor eadlated a Parag uch BORE 192. Pass partion plates may be tapered to gasket wlth at the.co : cape (31 "AS Nowit LATE THICKNESS er ininches} cE ‘Aloy Material ace 1/4 410 1/2 3/8 ACE-9.132P, — t wher “(ie 7 / t= Minimum pass pation plate thickness, inches, B= Table value (linear interpolation may be used) / _ q= Pressure drop across plate, ps! f ‘5 = Code allowable stress In tension, at design metal temperature, psi i = Plate dimension. See Table RCB-9.132, Inches 72 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTION 5 TABLE RCB-9.132 PASS PARTITION DIMENSION FACTORS RCB-0.133 PASS PARTITION WELD SIZE ‘The pass partition plate shall be attached with filat welds on each side with a minimum log of 3/41, Other types of attachments are alowed but shal be of equivalent strengt RCB-9.134 SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS ‘Special consideration must be given to reinforcement or thickness requirements for internal partitions subjected to pulsating flulds, extreme differential pressures and/or ‘temperatures, undue restraints or detrimental deflections under spectiied operating conditions or unusual start-up or maintenance conditions specified by the purchaser. Consideration may also be glven to special urations and/or methods of analysis which may ustty reduction of pass pido iiSevaee fquremorts ‘Also, consideration should be given to potential bypass of tubeside fuid where the pase partion might pul away kom he gasket due to detection RCB-9.14 POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT Fabricated channels and bonnets shall be postweld heat treated when required by the Code ‘or specified by the purchaser. RCB-9.2 FLAT CHANNEL COVER *RCB-9.21 FLAT CHANNEL COVER DEFLECTION ‘The effective thickness of a flat channel cover shall be the thickness at the bottom of the pation groove (orth lace there sno groove) minus corrosion alowance in excess groove depth. The thickness is to be at least that required by the appropriate Code formula ‘and thicker if required to meet proper deflection criteria. ‘The recommended limit for channel cover deflection Is: 0.03" for nominal diameters thru 24" (0.125% of nominal diameter (nominal diameter /800) for larger sizes, ‘A method for calculation of channal cover deftection is: c ¥ = £75 (0-04956°P +0.55 ,Aghy) where Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 73SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B Y= Channel cover deflection at the center, Inches G = Gasket load reaction diameter as defined by the Code, inches = Modulus of elasticity at design temperature, ps! T= Thickness under consideration, inches. P= Design pressure,ps! 52™ Allowable bolting stress at design temperature, psi ‘Aa™ Actual total cross-sectional root area of bolts, square inches ‘hy Radial distance from diameter G to bolt circle, Inches Ifthe calculated deflection is greater than the recommended limit, the deflection may be teduced by acceptable methods such as: Increase channel cover thickness by the cube root of the ratio of calculated deflection to the recommended lim. Use of strong backs. ‘Change type of construction, NOTE: For single pass channels, or others In which there Is no pass partition gasket seal Sualt the caved ever no celocton ettera ness be ‘considered. 9.22 CHANNEL COVER PASS PARTITION GROOVES ‘Channel covers shall be provided with approximately 3/16" dé for titions. Inclad or applied facings, al surfaces exposed tothe Rud, Includhig gasket seeing surfaces, shall have atleast 1/8" nominal thickness of cladding, CB-9.22 — COVER PASS PARTITION GROOVES ‘design pressures over 300 psi, channel covers shall be provided with approximately 3/16" sepgnee rane pas pare, or atl rae iy tng he in place. tn ‘oF appli ‘all surfaces exposed to fluid, including surfaces, shall Feo at eat neoal terces cladding. 74 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B SECTIONS RCB-10 NOZZLES RCB-10.1 NOZZLE CONSTRUCTION Nozzle construction shall be In accordance with Code requirements. Shell nozzies shall not protrude bayond the Inside contour of the shell if they interfere with bundle insertion or removal. Shell or channel nozzles which protrude the inside contour of the main cylinder wall must be self ‘onting or daiing by retching at tet itrageton wit the high or low pot ofthe onder. separate vent and drain connections are used, they shall be flush with the inside contour ofthe shel! ‘or channel wail. Flange dlenenaione and tack ‘shall comply with ANS! 816.5. Bolt holes shall reese cated coterie! Flanges outside the scope of ANS! B16.5 shail be in accordance with ie. RCB-10.2 NOZZLE INSTALLATION Radial nozzles shall be considered as standard. Other types of nozzles may be used, by agreement between manufacturer and purchaser. 10.3 PIPE TAP CONNECTIONS ‘Al pipe tap connections shal be a minimum of 6000 psi standard couplings or equlvalont, Each Connection shal be fied with a ound head bar stock plug conforming to ANSI B16.11 of the. same material as the connection. Alternate materials may be used when galling Is anticipated, except cast ron plugs shal not be used. een C-10.3 PIPE TAP CONNECTIONS: All pipe tap connections shall be a minimum of 3000 psi standard couplings or equivalent. B-10.3 PIPE TAP CONNECTIONS ‘Al pipe tap connections shail be a minimum of 2000 ps! standard couplings or equivalent. Each connection shall be fitted with a bar stock plug of the same material as the connection. Alternate plug materials may be used when galing is anticipated, except cast iron plugs shall not be used. RCB-10.31 VENT AND DRAIN CONNECTIONS. ‘All high and ow points on shell and tube sides of an exchanger not otherwise vented or rained by nozzles shall be provided with 3/4" minimum IPS connections for vant and drai -10.32 PRESSURE GAGE CONNECTIONS Allflanged nozzles 2" IPS or larger shall be provided with one connection of 3/4" minimum Irs. fore esate 'Ja9e unless Special considerations allow ft fo be omifted. See Paragraph C-10.32 PRESSURE GAGE CONNECTIONS. Pressure gage connections shall be as specified by the purchaser. See Paragraph C-10.4. 8-10.92 PRESSURE GAGE CONNECTIONS ‘Al. fanged nozzles 2” IPS or arger shall be provided with one connection of 1/2° minimum IPS fora preseure gage unless special consideration allow K to be omited. See Paragraph RB-10.33 THERMOMETER CONNECTIONS All flanged nozzles 4” IPS or larger shail be provided with one connection of 1° minimum IPS. for a thermometer unless special considerations allow fo be omted. See Paragraph C-10.33 THERMOMETER CONNECTIONS ‘Thermometer connections shall be as spectfied by the purchaser. See Paragraph C-10.4, Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 75SECTIONS MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B RB-10.4 STACKED UNITS: Intermediate nozzles between unlts shall have flat or ralsed face flanges. Pressure gage and thermometer connections may be celed In ane cf the fwo mating connections of uns connected in serles. Botting In flanges of mating connections between stacked exchangers shall be removable C-10.4 STACKED UNITS: Intermediate nozzles between units shall have flat or raised face flanges. Pressure gage and {thermometer connections may be omited In one of the two mating connections of Uns connected in serles. RCB-10.5 SPLIT FLANGE DESIGN Chroumstances of tbrioation, Inalation, oF maintenance may prctude the usa f the normal ‘oF loose: ‘nozzle flanges. Under these ns, dou flanges ma Tnaccordance wih tha Goce a *RCB-10.6 NOZZLES LOADINGS Hegtexchanges f9 not tended o sre as anchor pons for ping: therefore, for purposes of loads are assumed to be unless the purchaser specifically d loads in his inquiry as indicated in Figure RGP-RCB-10.6. The ‘and any modifications in the design or construction of the exchanger to cope with these loads shall be to the purchaser's. account. ‘The ‘Recommended Good Practice” section of these standards provides the designer with additional Information regarding Imposed piping loads. 76 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationMECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS R C B SECTION 5 RCB-11 END FLANGES AND BOLTING Flanges and botting for extemal joints shall be in accordance with Code design rules, subject to the Trnttione sot ons thefollowhg paragrapte. i 7 -14.1 MINIMUM BOLT SIZE ‘The minimum permissible bolt dlameter is 3/4". Sizes 1" and smaller shall be Coarse Thread Series, and lager sizes shal be -Ptch Thread Sores, Ofmonsional standards are Included In Section 8, oD-5. C-11.1 MINIMUM BOLT SIZE ‘The minimum recommended bolt diameter Is 1/2". If bolting smaller than 1/2" Is used, precautions anal be taken to avo everetreeeng the boing. Dimenelealstaelands are noted in Section 9, B-11.1 MINIMUM BOLT SIZE The minimum permissible bot clameter shal be §/". Dimensional standards are Included n Section , Tat 7 RCB-11.2 BOLT CIRCLE LAYOUT RCB-11.21 MINIMUM RECOMMENDED BOLT SPACING The minimum recommended spacing between bolt centers is glven in Section 9, Table D-5. RCB-11.22 MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED BOLT SPACING ‘The maximum recommended spacing between bolt centers is: ot (m+0.5) Byyax~ 2d 9* where B= Bolt spacing, centertine to centettine, inches d4~ Nominal bott diameter, inches = Flange thickness, inches m= Gasket factor used in Code flange calculations RCB-11,23 LOAD CONCENTRATION FACTOR ‘When the distance between bolt centerlines exceeds recommended B nsx, the total flange ‘moment determined by Code design methods shall be mutiplied by a Correction factor equel ‘where B Is the actual bolt spacing as defined by Paragraph RCB-11.22. RCB-11.24 BOLT ORIENTATION Bolts shall be overly spaced and normally shall straddle both natural centerlines of the ‘exchanger. For ‘nts, the natural centertines shall be consklered to be the horizontal and vertical centartines of the exchanger. In special cases, the bolt count may be ‘changed from a muitiple of four. RCB-11.3 MINIMUM RECOMMENDED WRENCH AND NUT CLEARANCES Minimum recommended wrench and nut clearances are given in Section 9, Tabie D-5. Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger 7SECTION 5 MECHANICAL STANDARDS TEMA CLASS RC B RCB-11.4 BOLT TYPE Except for special design considerations anges shal be through- bolted with std bots, igth Temovable nut on each end. One ful stu thread shall extend beyond each nut to Indicate ful engagement *RCB-11.5 LARGE DIAMETER LOW PRESSURE FLANGES: See "Recommended Good Practice" section. *RCB-11.6 BOLTING-ASSEMBLY AND MAINTENANCE See "Recommended Good Practice" section. “78 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationFLOW INDUCED VIBRATION SECTIONG V-4 SCOPE AND GENERAL V-1.1 SCOPE Fluid flow, inter-related with heat exchanger geometry, can cause heat exchanger tubes to vibrate. This enon is highly ‘and the. state-of-the-art is such that the solution to this {s difficult to define. This section defines the basic data which should be considered when Induced vibration is are requested to be evaluated, the hips presented Rte section andor other methos may Be used V-1.2 GENERAL Damaging tube vibration can occur under certain conditions of shell skie flow relative to baffle ‘configuration and unsupported tube span. The maximum unsuy ‘tube spans in Table RCB-4.52 do not consider potentlal flow induced vibration ms. In those cases, where the analysis Indicates the probability of destructive vibration, the user should refer to Paragraph V-12. V-2 VIBRATION DAMAGE PATTERNS Mechanical fallure of tubes resulting from flow induced vibration may occur In various forms. Damage can result from any of the following independent conditions, or combinations thereof. V-2.1 COLLISION DAMAGE Impact of the tubes against each other or against the vessel wall, due to large amplitudes of the vibrating tube, Gan rosa in fare The impacted area of th tube dovsk sels charactors , boat shape spot, generally at the mid-span of the unsupported length. The tube wail eventually wears thn, eausiogfalure V-2.2 BAFFLE DAMAGE ao Baffle tube holes require a manufacturing clearance (see Paragraph RCB-4.2) over the tube outer diameter to facilitate fabrication. on large fad fossee aro poten he uco cae tro tet ‘hole causing thinning of the tube wall in a circumferential, uneven manner, usually the width of the baffle thickness. Continuous thinning over a period of time results In tube fallure. \V-2.3 TUBESHEET CLAMPING EFFECT Tubes may be. fed into the tubesheet to minimize the crevice between the outer tube wall and the tubesheet | ci renatra frequency of the tube span adjacent othe tubesheet i increased by the clamping effect. However, the stresses due to any lateral tion of the tube are also faaximur af the location where the tube emerges from the tubesheet, contributing to possible tube 98. \V-2.4 MATERIAL DEFECT PROPAGATION Designs which were determined to be free of harmful vibrations will contain tubes that vibrate with very small amplitude due to the baffle tube hole clearances and the flexibility of the tube span. such mraterel ncaa ‘ted wate 7 stress field, an ready repost ork to i, can te. and actuate {ube faire. Corrosion and erosion can edd to such falure mochantore \V-2.5 ACOUSTIC VIBRATION Acoustic resonance is due to gas column oscillation and Is excited by phased vortex shedding. The oscillation creates : acoustic vibration of a standing wave type. The sound wave will not fiect the tube bundle unless the acoustic resonant frequency ee frequency, ‘exchanger shell and the aftached ibrate, accom, ww foud hlse thon res rostho Jone {he acoustic resonant frequency approaches the tube nat I frequency, ar ‘tendency toward tube vibration will be accentuated with possible tube failure. Merete V-3 FAILURE REGIONS: Tube fallures have been reported in nearty all locations within a heat exchanger. Locations of relatlvely flexible tube spans and/or high flow velocties are regions of primary concer. Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 79SECTION 6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION V-3.1 U-BENDS: (Outer rows of U-bends have a lower natural frequency of vibration and, therefore, are more ‘susceptible to flow induced vibration fallures than the inner rows. \V-3.2 NOZZLE ENTRANCE AND EXIT AREA Ut plates, large outer tube limits and small nozzle diameters can contribute to restricted and exit areas. These restricied areas usually create high local veloctties which can result in producing damaging flow Induced vibration. \V.3.3 TUBESHEET REGION Unsupported tube: ins adjacent to the tubesheet are frequently ‘than those in the baffled regior of ihe heat exch ,, and result In lower natural frequencies. Entrance and exit areas are ‘common to this region. The possible high local velocttes, n conjunction with the lower natural frequency, make this a region of primary concer in preventing damaging vibrations. \V-9.4 BAFFLE REGION ‘Tubes located in baffle windows have unsupported spans equal to multiples of the baffle spacing. Teas sartorial fognny on oe hw ro ter ‘to vibrate. -3.8 OBSTRUCTIONS ‘Any obstruction to flow such as tle rods, sealing strips and jement plates may cause high localized veloctias which can Intiate vibration In the immediate vicinity of the obstruction. \V-4 DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS: ‘V-4.1 STROUHAL NUMBER Shedding of vortices from Isolated tubes in a fluid medium is correlated by the Strouhal Number, which is given by: ad, where J.* Vortex shedding frequency, cycles/sec V-= Crossflow velocity of the fluid relative to the tube, ft/sec d™ Outside diameter of tube, Inches: For finned tubes: do™ Fin root diameter, inches NOTE: In closely spaced tube arrays, the rhythmic shedding of vortices degenerates into a broad ‘turbulence and « domaaion aed ‘Strouhal Number alone is Inadequate. ‘V-4,2 FLUID ELASTIC PARAMETER ‘Adimensloniess parameter used in the correlations to predict flow induced vibration is given by: 144095 Pode” 80 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationFLOW INDUCED VIBRATION SECTION 6 We = effective weight of the tube per unit length, defined in Paragraph V-7.1, lb/ft 6= Total logarithmic decrement in the tube unsupported span (see Paragraph V-8) Po Density of the shell side fluid at its local bulk temperature, Ib/ft? do= Outside diameter of tube, inches For finned tubes: do= Fin root dlameter, inches \V-5 NATURAL FREQUENCY V-5.1 GENERAL Most heat exchangers have multiple baffle supports and varied individual unsupported spans. Ceuimion ol the Satural requoncy ole hast oxchangor tube ls an esserial stop In oslinating Rs Potential for flow induced vibration failure. The current state-of-the-art flow Induced vibration Correlations are not sophisticated enough to warrant treating the mult-span tube vibration problem {6x mode shapes othe than the fundamental) In one comprehensive analysis, Therefore, the ental for vibration Is evaluated for each Individual unsupported span, with the velocity and natural luency considered being that of the unsupported span under examination. For more complex mode shapes and multi-spans of unequal lengths, see Reference 10. V-5.2 FACTORS AFFECTING NATURAL FREQUENCY The individual unsupported span natural frequency Is affected by: Tube elastic and inertial properties and tube geometry, ‘Span shape. ‘Type of support at each end of the unsupported span. ‘Axial loading on the tube unsupported span. (see Paragraph V-6) V-5.21 SPAN SHAPES ‘The basle span shapes are the straight span and the U-bend span. \V-5.22 SPAN SUPPORTS ‘The common support conditions are: Fixed at the tubesheet and simply supported at the baffle. ‘Simply supported at each baffle, The baffle supports have clearances which render them non-linear when analyzed as a support. The tubesheet Is not rigid and, therefore, the "bult-in’ assumption is only approxi- mate, These approximations are known to have minor effects on the calculated natural frequency. \V-5.3 FUNDAMENTAL NATURAL FREQUENCY CALCULATION ‘The value of the fundamental natural frequency of a tube unsupported span can be calculated for the combinations of span shape and end support conditions using Table V-5.3 where f.7> Fundamental natural frequency of the tube unsupported span, cycles/sec [= Tube unsupported span as shown in Table V-5.3, Inches = Elastic modulus of tube material at the tube metal temperature, psl (see Paragraph RCB-1.42) Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 81SECTION 6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION wo = Effective weight of the tube per unit length, defined in paragraph V-7.1, lb/ft 1 = Moment of inertia of the tube cross section, Inches *, given by: “a pane 4a Im galdo as) J d= Tube inside diameter, inches y= Outside diameter of tube, inches: a | For finned tubes: do= Fin root diameter, inches | F aa so a | + 82 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationFLOW INDUCED VIBRATION SECTION 6 FIGURE V-5.3 U-BEND MODE CONSTANT, C, r— | LI L ole Spo ‘ | LU LEE 7 4 | a i At + 8 8 4 g 8 8 3 ° ° 3 °o : oO ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 2.0 BAFFLE spactne/mantus (Ap/r ) Reproduced By Permission Of Hottec International 83SECTION 6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION FIGURE V-5.3.1 U-BEND MODE CONSTANT, C, ole 0.25 84 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manutacturers Association sarFLe spactne/papius (Xp/r ) ‘Reproduced By Permiesion Of Hottec internationalFLOW INDUCED VIBRATION FIGURE V-5.3.2 U-BEND MODE CONSTANT, C,, al | {ff | 8 8 8 ° ° ° SECTION 6 6.0 4 BAFFLE SPACING/RADIUS (Lb/r ) I 2 | ! | tay } Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 85SECTION 6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION FIGURE V-5.3.3 U-BEND MODE CONSTANT, C, Ps 0.00 a 0.0 2 & o ° Cu 0.40 86 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association sarrLe spactnosnaorus (Xp/r) Reproduced @y Permission Ot Holtec internationalFLOW INDUCED VIBRATION SECTIONG TABLE V-5.3 FUNDAMENTAL NATURAL FREQUENCY ‘Span Geometry Equation’ Nomenclature ‘Tube axial stress multiplier. See 4 par. V6 i= CB ro 10.80846/ £2)" Wo. ‘Constant depending on Conaion geometne 999° Edge condition: both ends fixed Cy 2 4H 3) R= Mean Bend radius, inches Edge condition: both ends simply supported qo £5 Edge condition: both ends simply ‘supported Caf ery"? 27 68.06—) =! f alin] Edge condition: both ends simply 4 * Hf S ge conan: both ade imply supported mt ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 87SECTION6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION V-6 AXIAL TUBE STRESS V-8.1 AXIAL TUBE STRESS MULTIPLIER By the very function of a heat exchanger, the tubee are subjected 10 axa oats Compressive axial loads decrease the tube natural frequency, and tensile loads tend to increase it. The resutting tube axial stress multiplier for a given tube unsupported span ls determined by the tube end support conditions. p\? a-(1-75) where FeSAy 5+ Tubs longtudinal stress, psi (for fixed tubesheet exchanger, S,~ may be calculated from RCB-7.28) ‘A, Tube metal cross sectional area, Inches? (see Table D-7) REL cn K= for both ends simply supported K= 4.49 for one end fixed, other end simply supported K= 2. forboth ends fixed = Elastic modulus of tube material atthe tube metal temperature, psi (02 paragraph RCB-1.42) [= Tube unsupported span, inches T= Moment of inertia of the tube cross-section, inches * (see Paragraph V-5.3 and Table 0-7) V-6.2 U-TUBES For some applications U-tubes may develop high levels of axial stress. A method to compute the Foo eect the lege of ULube exchangers ls given in Rel. (1), Paragraph V-13. \V-7 EFFECTIVE TUBE MASS Tosimpl ‘the application of the formulas, the constants have been modified to enable the use of weight mass. \V-7.1 EFFECTIVE TUBE WEIGHT Effective tube weight is defined as: Won w, + wy tHe where w,= Total metal weight per unit length of tube, Ib/t (refer to Table D-7) w= 0.00845 pd. ?= Weight of fluid Inside the tube per unit length of tube, lb/ft H,™ Hydrodynamic mass from Paragraph V-7.11 88 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationFLOW INDUCED VIBRATION SECTIONG where P= Density of fluid inside the tube at the local tube side fluid bulk temperature, lb/ft” d,= Inside diameter of tube, inches V-7.11 HYDRODYNAMIC MASS: Hydrod) ‘mass is an effect which Increases the apparent weight of the vibrating body due to the displacement of the shell side flu resulting from: Motion of the vibrating tube. The proximity of other tubes within the bundle. ‘The relative location of the shell wall Him = Cm yo where Cm * Added mass coefficient from Figure V-7.11 19" 0.00545 py, *= Weight of fluid displaced by the tube per unit length of tube, lb/ft where Po= Density of fluid outside the tube at the local shell side fluld bulk temperature, Ib/ft® do~ Outside diameter of tube, inches For finned tubes: dy= Fin root diameter, inches Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 89SECTION6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION FIGURE V-7.11 TRI TTTMTTTTEETTT TT] ADDED MASS COEFFICIENT -C, spect: Ww enu uD 7 bl ! TTT r Tt TT F c Tn iM TE ql TEE reat i | j | aR 7 = t Tk i | N | : a | | tI ‘TRIANGULAR PITCH ps i a ! Ob a PITCH“) ETT | 1.2. feb L if Pree re ! Pet + a a ? Se ppt a 1.6 rel P (Tube Pitch) (Tube 0.0.) Adapted from Reference (1) 90 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationFLOW INDUCED VIBRATION SECTIONG V-6 DAMPING The mechanisms Involved In damping are numerous, and the various effects are not readily measured or ‘quantified. The following expressions for logarithmic damping, 6, are based strictly on experimental Observations and idealized models For shel side liquids, 61s equal to the greater of 6 , or 5.2 oleae]! B4Aldo Ate we LiFe t Wofn or 8 here . 1» = Shell side fluid viscoshty, at the average shell side fluid bulk temperature, centipoise Ao = Outside diameter of tube, Inches. For finned tubes, Cl ~ Fin root diameter, inches o =Density of shell side fluid at the local bulk temperature, Ib/ft? F x = Fundamental natural frequency of the tube span, cycles/sec Wo = Effective welght of the tube as defined In V-7.1, lb/ft For shell side vapors N-1(t.)? sroaiat (42) where N= Number of spans tt, = Baffle or support plate thickness, inches 4 -=Tube unsupported span, inches For two phase media, see Ret. 13. \V-9 SHELL SIDE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION V-9.1 GENERAL One of the most im and least predictable fers of flow induced vibration is fluid /. ‘Focealclate the loca ud velooty a'a cular pont inte host exchanger is a difficult task Won complex flow patterns are present in a heat exchanger shell. Various amounts of fluid bypass the ‘tube bundle or leak through clearances between ‘and shell, or tube and baffle tube holes, Until methods ara: to accurately calculate local fluid velocities, the designer may use average crossfiow velocities based on available empirical methods. V-9.2 REFERENCE CROSSFLOW VELOCITY ‘The crossflow velocity in the bundle varies from span to span, from row to row within a span, and {from tube to tube within @ row. The determination of the potential for destructive vibrations Is made by comparing a “reference crossfiow velocity’ with the critical crossfiow velocity. This "reference ctvestiow valoetys calculated for each region of intrast (200 Paragrapye Va)and is bseed oh average velocity across a representative tube row In that region, The presence of pase parttion lanes aligned in the crosstiow dlrection, clearance between the bundle ‘and the shell, tube-to- baffle hole annular clearances, etc. reduce the net flow rate of the shell side fluid in crossfiow. This should be considered in computing the “reference crossfiow velocity’. \V-9.21 REFERENCE CROSSFLOW VELOCITY CALCULATIONS. ‘The following method of calculating a reference crossflow velocity takes into account fluid bypass and eakage which are related to heat oxchangor goomatry. The mathod is valk for j@ phase shell side fluid with single segmental batifes in TEMA E shells. Other methods may be Used to evaluate reference crossfiow velocities. 1991 ERRATA ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 91SECTION 6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION Reference crosstiow velocity is given by: (Fal) v-——LFalW) __ (M)(ax)(90)(3600) ft/sec V-9.211 CALCULATION OF CONSTANTS ‘The constants used in the calculation of the reference crossfiow volocity are given by: Da Ds a c.=0.00674(# 2) p crre(atz) TABLE V-9.211A TUBE PATTERN 45 090 0.56 117 m 0.85 | 0.87 0.93 0.80 92 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manutacturers AssociationFLOW INDUCED VIBRATION SECTION6 \V-8 DAMPING. The mechanisms involved in damy are numerous, and the various effects are not readily quantified. The following ions for logarithmic damping, 6, are based strict) experi ‘observations and idealized modets, iby 7 6 is equal to the greater of 5, oF 2. \/ Kado Z ; a | Wofn : Otte pot” é = Wo fe 6,-2318 Pad and two} average shal side fluid bulk temperature, centipoise K q= 0.00147 For shell side li K a= 0.00515 For shel sid v= Shell side fluid - do™ Outside diameteyof tube, | For finned tubps: d= Finroot diameter, Po Density of shel sidg fuid at the loca bulk temperature, Ib/tt? f= Fundante aNrequency of the tube span, cycles/sec Wom Efe wdignt the as defined in V-7.1,ib/ft V-9 SHELL SIDE oo ‘V-9.1 GENERAL / \ int and Ieat predicate parameters of flow induced vibration is fluid velocity. ‘the local fiyid velocity af a particular point in the heat exchanger is a difficult task. Very resent in a heat exchar ‘shell. Various amounts of fluid ‘the io of jak krojgh clearances between bafies and shell. or tube and baffle 3. Unt ‘are devol ‘accurately calculate local fluid velocities, the designer may use average ‘veloctties babell on avaliable empirical methods. ty inthe bundle vats trom span to span, om row to row within a span, an ow. The determination of the potential for destructive vibrations is made ‘crossfiow velocity” with the critical crossflow velocity. This “reference iculated for each region of interest (see Paragraph V-3) and is based on the 2 representative tube row in that region. 8 partition lanes aligned in the crossfiow direction, clearance between the i, tube-to- baffle hole annular clearances, etc. reduce the net flow rate of the shell f side fluid In crossffow. This should be consklered in computing the "reference crossflow velocity’ \V-9.21 REFERENCE CROSSFLOW VELOCITY CALCULATIONS ‘The following method of calculating a reference crossfiow velocity takes into account fluid sand Teekage which are ralaled to heat exchanger peometry. The method a vad for phase shell side fluid with single segmental bafifes In TEMA E shells. Other methods. be used to evaluate referance or veloctties. ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 91SECTION6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION Reference crossfiow velocity Is given by: (FJO) ’ Ve ny Gia, )(r0) 3000)" °° V-9.211 CALCULATION OF CONSTANTS: ‘The constants used In the calculation of the referengé crossfiow Yalocity are given by: 92 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationFLOW INDUCED VIBRATION SECTION6 TABLE V-9.2118, he Cavscuttodiameter ratio D, h 10 | 0.48 | 020 | 0.25 [ 00 | 035 | 040 | 048 | 050 Dd Ce 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.85 feo 10% 0.68 [0% 054 | 0.49 1 rN, Man (VC, er - (=z 4 y= (15(D3)(Cu) where D = Shell inside diameter, inches D2 = Baflle diameter, inches Da = Outer tube limit (OTL), inches d, = Tube hole diameter in baffle, inches do = Outside diameter of tube, inches For finned tubes: do = Findiameter, inches P= Tube pitch, inches Ly = Baffle spacing, inches 1990 ERRATA Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 93SECTION 6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION ‘po= Density of shal side fluid atthe local bulk temperature, Ib/‘t® W = Shell fluid flow rate, Ib/hr h= Height from baffle cut to shell inside diameter, Inches V-9.3 SEAL STRIPS eal strips are often used to help blook the circumferential bypass space between a tube bundle and shell, or other lanes. Seal strips force fluid from the bypass stream back into the bundle. ‘This increases the reference crassflow veloctty and should be considered In a vibration analysts. Local ud velo inthe int of seal sips may be stnifcanty higher than the average crossflow velocity. (See Paragraph V-13, Reference 6.) V-0.31 REFERENCE CROSSFLOW VELOCITY WITH SEAL STRIPS ‘The reference crossfiow veloctty is calculated by using a modified value for C in the ‘equations in Paragraph V-9.211. Cri (a) +(1.8)(C3) V-9.4 PASS LANES PARALLEL TO FLOW When pass lanes are oriented parallel to flow (at 90° to the baffle cut) they create a relatively low resistance path for fluid to follow. The net effect Is for less fluld to cross the tube bundle, resulting in {lower average crossfiow velocity. However, tubes adjacent to these lanes may be fed to high local veloctties. ‘The number and width of these lanes should be considered when the reference crossfiow velocity is calculated. V-9.41 REFERENCE CROSSFLOW VELOCITY WITH PASS LANES PARALLEL TO FLOW To account for pass lanes parallel to flow, f they are not blocked by some type of special Eerie: a modified value of Dean be used t where D5= Outer tube limit minus (number of parallel pass lanes x width of pass lanes) inches V-9.5 BUNDLE ENTRANCE REGION AND IMPINGEMENT PLATES: ‘Tubes directly beneath inlet nozzles and Impingement plates canbe subjected o local fuld veoctios eater than those In other parts of the bundle. A number of documented vibration problems have ron caused by high inlet fluid velocities. These standards provide guidelines for maximum velocity inthis region and set criteria for the use of Impingement plates. The pV’ limits in Paragraph ca. are furnished for protection against tube erosion, but do not necessarly prevent vibration image. V-9.6 FINNED TUBES: In computing the reference crossfiow velocity, the presence of fins shall be taken into account. For the ‘of using the equations n Paragraph '¥-9.2 10 calculate a reference crossfiow velocity, the fin diameter 'be used in place of the nominal tube O.D. for integral low fin tubes. \V-10 ESTIMATE OF CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY ‘The critical flow veloctty, V ¢ , for a tube span Is the minimum cross-flow velocity at which that span may vibrate with unacceptably large amplituctes. The critical flow velocity for tube spans in the window, overlap, - inet and outlet regione, U-bands, and all atypical locations should be calculated. The critical velocty, Vc, _ is defined by: 94 Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationFLOW INDUCED VIBRATION SECTION 6 ‘TABLE V-9,9211B Fe Cevs.cut to diameter ratio al | 050 0.10 qa ae 0.25 | 090 [0 A.) 0.45 ve Di c [os pen | 96 0.80 | @: o62 | 054 | 6.49 Linear interpolation Is permitted ; weed \() (2) \\ : saa E)O a ; - mee(renelaicol rs (0,701(¢5) / Slap f inside diameter, inches: le diameter, inches Outer tube limit (OTL), inches Tube hole diameter in baffle, inches ‘Outside diameter of tube, inches For finned tubes: do= Findiameter, inches Tube pitch, Inches Baffle spacing, inches a Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 93SECTION 6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION = Density of shell skde fluid at the local bulk W = Shell uid low rate, lb/hr = Height from baffle cut to shell Inside V-9.3 SEAL STRIPS Sea string are chton used to help block te okaurferetie ther bypass lanes. Seal spe force fud fram the This incoases reference crossfiow velocity and should, Local fluid vel in the vicinity of seal. may be ooaty. (oe Paragraph 18 Retorence 8) The reference crosstiow velocity Is. for Cin the ‘equations in Paragraph V-9.211. ? Dy / "|. sxe Cyei+| 4PASS oe PARALLEL TO FLOW When pass tanes are orlanted pai create a relatively low reslnea enh or ale ‘tube bundle, resulting in erage crossfiow velockty tubes ad these lanes may be to fighocel veloctios The /should be considered when the reference crossflow velocity is calculated. V-9.41 REFERENCE. ‘To account for: nes | ‘are not blocked by some type of special baffle, a modified wylue of ee V-9.5 BUNDLE Tubes direct nozzles. ent plates can be subjected to loca uid velocties pater than ‘A number of documented vibration problems have caused standards provide guldelines for maximum velocity inthis region Plates. The eV * limits in Paragraph CB-4.8 are funishod for inst tube erosion, but do not necessarily prevent vibration lamage. / V-9.6 FINNED TUBES In comping the referanoe. ‘velocity, locity the progence of ‘fins shall be taken into account. For thep In ph V9.2 to calculate a reference crossfiow velocity, nator Shoda be fed Nace ofthe Romina ube OD. for ogra ow fos v-t0 coms CRITICAL FLOW VE! how vlc «fr ‘8 tybe span Is the minimum cross-flow veloctty at which that span may ie eda et 94 Standards Sng Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationFLOW INDUCED VIBRATION SECTION 6 Ver Pade East ptrsec. D= Value obtained from Table V-10.1 J, Fundamental natural frequency, cycles /sec (see Paragraph V-5.3) dy= Outside diameter of tube, inches For finned tubes: d= Fin outer diameter, inches TABLE V-10.4 FORMULAS FOR CRITICAL FLOW VELOCITY FACTOR, O Tube Patter Parameter Range for Dimensionless Critical Flow Veloctty Factor, D x Triangular O1tot - (30°) 8. 36 F-0.9)x a 0 over # 0.800 8. eo( F —-0. ox Rotated Trangular 0.01 to1 0.17 too") 2.80% ‘over 1 to 300 2.80x°° ‘Square 0.03 to 7 0.18 a0") 2.10%! over 7 to. 300 2.357°° Rotated Square 10.1 10800 P (45°) 4 1o(2-0.8)x ° {In the above table, P= Tube pitch, inches. do= Tube 0.D. or fin diameter for low-fin tubes, inches 144w 6 Bae (Bee Paragraph V-4.2) oo x ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 95SECTION6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION where Po™ Shell side fluld density at the corresponding local shel side bulk temperature, lb/ft? 5 Logarithmic decrement (See Paragraph V-8) Wo = Effective weight of the tube per unit length, Ib/ft (See Paragraph V-7.1) The user should ensure that the reference crosstow velocity Vat every location, sess than V« for that location, Y-11 ACOUSTIC VIBRATION Becuaile resonance is dueto a gas coun oscliatlon, Gre column cecmation can be exoted by phased vortex shedding or turbulent being. Osctlation normally occurs perpendieuar to Both {ube ex's and Row direction i When the natural acoustic frequency ofthe shell approaches the exciting frequency ofthe tubes, a coupling may occur and kinetic energy in the low stream ls converted Into acoustic pressure Waves. Acoustic resonance may occur Independently of mechanical tube vibration. \V-11.1 ACOUSTIC FREQUENCY OF SHELL Acoustic frequency is given by: ive P= Operating shell skle pressure, pela Po= Shell side fluid density at local shell side fluid bulk temperature, Ib/tt? w= Distance between the reflecting walls, Inches V-11.2 VORTEX SHEDDING FREQUENCY The vortex shedding frequency Is given by: 1.7 BEY eyls/sec where V = Reference crossfiow velocity, t/sec (see Paragraph V-0.2) 5 _ Strouhal number (see Figures V-11.28 and V-11.28) do™ Outside diameter of tube, Inches For finned tubes: do= Fin outer diameter, inches \V-11.3 TURBULENT BUFFETING FREQUENCY ‘The turbulent buffeting frequency Is given by: fae et [ .08(1 2) +028] » cycles/sec oXi%| p 96 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationFLOW INDUCED VIBRATION SECTION 6 where d= Outside diameter of tube, inches For finned tubes: do= Fin outer diameter, inches x, Pt a x2 Pt do .= Longtudinal pitch, inches P= Transverse pitch, inches V = Reference crossflow velocty, ft/sec (see Paragraph V9.2) V-11.4 ACOUSTIC RESONANCE Incidence of acoustic resonance Is possible If any one of the following conditions Is satisfied at any operating condition. 11.41 CONDITION A PARAMETER 0.8f. fedal Xi 0.5) 6 11.43 CONDITION C PARAMETER: fade 12S v v> and Red Sx, 4x.) > 2000 7.= Acoustic frequency, cycles /sec (see Paragraph V-11.1) $= Strouhal number R, = Reynolds number, evaluated at the reference cross flow velocity 124.13d0V po . v ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 97SECTION 6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION ‘V-11.5 CORRECTIVE ACTION tect on exchanger porton oe, The snplest method i eal sree ir cae 0 sonal ets) the teochanget io rok iho waa (6) ator naar the antinode(s) Thi ‘can Ge don without significantly ow pater in shel and gers the standing wave forms ane ke ts tho fret of he aosond mei. Fale chock Goh modes Gan roedh in socowleroeonance, von wth detesonstng Dates. 98 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationFLOW INDUCED VIBRATION SECTION6 FIGURE 11.24 STROUHAL NUMBER FOR 90° TUBE PATTERNS 0.5 FLOW | 1.25 Pe —T_ 0.4 + * 4.5: Ie 0.3 2.0 2.5 0.2] Py /do = 3.0 0.4 | Pt /dy oF 2 3 4 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manutacturers Association 99SECTION 6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION FIGURE 11.28 ‘STROUHAL NUMBER FOR 30°, 45° AND 60° TUBE PATTERNS. Pe 2m d FLOW Ss 315 2.625 Py /do = 3.95 100 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers AssociationFLOW INDUCED VIBRATION SECTION 6 ‘V-12 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. Many parameters acing ndepende or In conjunction with each other can affect the flow induced vibration analysis. One Sopneane of hase ‘ these parameters and thelr effects should be accounted for in the overall heat exchanger design. V-12.1 TUBE DIAMETER {Ysa ofthe largest reasonable tube dlameter consistent with practical thermal and hycratile GFecvay werescing the slfnoss fhe Me tube tora von lorgih V-12.2 UNSUPPORTED TUBE SPAN The unsupported tube span i the most slgnifcant facto affecting Induced vibrations. The shorter the tube span, the greater ts resistance to’ - Theshermal and hydrate dasion of an exchanger le in determining the type of shel, batfie the unsupported tube senat, For eample, to single pass Shela, a diiGoc How shel wll rant n approximately one-half he Span Span ong or an ated valocty, TEMA type X shells provide the opportunity 10 us support jpported ube span, without apprecebyaffacting the crosstiow ow tect ‘conventional seg ‘arrangement, multl-segmental ager ped ar sal ston sss {Ne tubes in window flow errangement bales prove support foal ues at al bafe tooations and lso permit the use of mufpla ne rtermodiat supports wihoutafecting the ‘velocity while reducing the unsupported tube V-12.3 TUBE PITCH ‘Larger pitch-to-tube diameter ratios provide Increased ligament areas which result in a reduced crossfiow volocty for a glen unsupported tube span, ora reduced unsupported {tbe span fora gion orossiow veloty. cee « Thalgaroened tubo to ulbe spacing reds the likelihood of mid-span collision dar and the hyerodyriamic mass cooficlent ghon Figure 7. \V-12.4 ENTRANCE/EXIT AREAS Fata prene ovchongers ral red to be partici ‘to. damage In ‘generally recogniz particularly susceptible ge owes ext valocti should be calulated and compared to crtcal vot to avokd ina uetose amc ompllance with Para RCB-4.62 alone Is | to insure protection from flow induced vibration at the Surance ent regione of (Consideration may be given othe use of part supports to reduce unsupported tubo Gert gn se parte may have to be provided at the inveoult connections to reduce entrance/ext veloctles’ Impact plates should be sized ostloned 8928 ot to overly retrit tho area avalable ot fow, The use of dstibulon belts can be an effective means of lowering entrance/exit velocties by allowing the shel sido ud 19 enter/exlt the burile at severa) locations. V-12.6 U-BEND REGIONS: ‘Susceptibility of U-bends to damaging vibration may be reduced by optimum focation of sdjecent bates nine straight tube igs argon at pend support cece, may also be given to protecting the bends from flow Induced vibration by Sppropratelyocalng the shell conection ar /or adjacent bas. Al ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 101SECTION6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION rT V-12.7 BAFFLE THICKNESS AND TUBE HOLE SIZE Increasing the alle thickness and reducing te tuo ele dearance crease th m (s00 Paragraph ces the magnitude of the forces acting on Bote batme nc erase 2 “The formulas in tis section may not quantitatively account forthe effects of increasing the buf thickness, or ightening ol he bal le clearance. V-12.8 OMISSION OF TUBES ‘Omission of tubes at predetermined critical locations within the bundle may be employedto ‘educe vibration potential. For instance, tubes located on baffle cut ines sometimes ‘experience excessive damage in vibration prone units; therefore, selective removal of tubes.“ along baffie cut lines may be advantageous. V-12.9 TUBE AXIAL LOADING ‘The heat exchanger designer must recognize the potential adverse impact on vibration | ‘compressive axial loading of tubes due to pressure and /or temperature conditions. nos petit slonifcant or tubes in single pass, xed tubesheet exchangers where the hot uid Inthe tube side, and in all multiple tube pass fixed tubesheet exchangers, The use ofan af expansion (lt n such cases may eau In reduction of he tube compressive sess, (See aragray ~ t_ V-13 SELECTED REFERENCES wr (1) Singh, K. P., and Soler, A |., “Mechanical Design Of Heat Exchangers And Pressure Vessel Components’, Arcturus Publishers, Cherry Hil, N.J., (1964) (2) Pakdoussis, M. P., “Flow Induced Vibration Of Cylindrical Structures: A Review Of The a State-OF-The-Art, McGill University, Merl ‘No. 82-1 (1982) Barrington, E. A., "Experience With Acoustic Vibrations In Tubular Exchan, *, Chemical ©) Brginsernig Progreas Va 6a,No. 7 (1979) - (4) Bartington, E. A, “Cure Exchanger Acoustic Vibration’, Hydrocarbon Processing, (July, 1978) (5) Chen, S. S., and Chung, Ho, “De Guide For Calculating Hydrod) Mass, Part |: Circular ©) Sinaiical Stuctree Argonne Nelonal Laboratory, Ropar Nox ARL-CT 76-96 Chung, H. and Chen. SS. "Deslon Guide Fer Calculating Hydrodynamic Mase, Pat I Ee N lar Cylindrical Structures’, Ibid, Report No. ANL- eS (©) Kissa JH. “Faw Induced Vibration In A Heat Exchanger With Seal Strips’ ASME HTD, Vo. 9 ‘Singh, K. P., "Theory And Practice Of Heat Exchanger Design’, Chapter 14, Springer oy fag/Areturvs Pubishers (1987) ie (8) Chen, S. S., "Flow Induced Vibration Of Circular Cylindrical Structures", Argonne National ~ Laboratory, Report No. ANL-CT-85-51 (9) Tinker, T., “General Discussion Of Heat Transfer’, Instution Of Mechanical Engineers, pp 97-116, London (1951) J (10) Gorman, Daniel J, *Free Vibration Analysis Of Beams & Shafts", John Wiley & Sons, (1975) (11) Singh, K. P., “Th ‘And Practice Of Heat Exct yer Design”, Publication Pending; (Feiss (860)” crbertitehtl a (12) Pettigrew, MJ., Goyder, H.G.D., Qiao, Z. L., Axisa, F., “Damping of Multispan Heat Exchanger (2 Ea Partin Goaes, Pow indueed Vbaion ‘iBde) ASMESPVP Val 10s, (0800) Pp BRST Kim, BS. "Vibration of Tube Bundles in Two-Phase Cross Flow: “ (13) Pettigrew, Mul., Taylor, C. Part T= Hs ke Mass and "1988 International Symposium on Flow-induced Vibtation and ise - Volume 2, ‘The Precare ‘Vessel and Piping ‘Divaion "ASME, Pp 79-103 ~ 1991 ERRATA 102 ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association -FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION =” V-12 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Many parameters acting Independent oh conjunction wh each the floy/Induced oa bration anaysie. One must of ese earn effects shoud courted for nthe overal heat ‘exchanger design. V-12.1 TUBE DIAMETER Use of the largest reasonable tube diameteyConsistent palo and hyd design economics is destable. Ls Increase the moment 6t inertia, thereby effectively increasing the stiiness of the he V-12.2 UNSUPPORTED TUBE SPAN ‘The unsupported tube span is the rigéant ctr affectipg Induced vibrations. The short tle tube span ie greater he rst ration. ‘The thermal and hydraulic desigh of an nt In determining the type of shell, baffle design and the uny 10 single pass shells, a divided flow shell wifresult In the span longth for an-equal ~ crossfiow velocity. TEMA ‘to use multiple ‘to reduce the ur ly affecting the crossflow ' ‘Compared to the ‘arrangement, muitl-segmental battles signi ‘the same shell side flow rate and pressure - drop. rovide support to all tubes at all baffle locations and alsg"permt te use of multipié ntrmediats suppor witout aectng te crossf ho ted tube span. 1e increased ligament areas which result in a unsupported tube span, oa reduced unsupported loc! ing reduces the likelihood of mid-span collision damage and fnic mass costicsont guen in Figure UTA, /Enty ft vetocities should be calculated and compared to critical velocties to avold s In question. It should be noted that compliance with Paragraph not to insure protection from flow Induced vibretion af the tothe ys of patel supports to reduce unsuppan fed tube spans rogone, Sufi Sufficient unfubed spsee may have fo be proces et the shel lone o reduce entrance/ext velocties’ impact patos snus bo Sod oats en ergata nek ‘The use of distribution ‘caf be an effective means of lowering entrance /exk veloctties by allowing the shell side fer /exit the bundle at several locations, [e 12.8 UYEND REGIONS SyScoptoilty of U-bends to damaging vibration may bo reduced imum location of, sulecent petica nine crane ed eee thd suppon device Borseraton fay also be glen to protecting the bends from flow induc vibration by Sec Tocatng the shell conection are/oracjacnt bls ‘V-92.6 TUBING MATERIAL AND THICKNESS. / ‘The natural frequency of an unsupported tube span is affected by the elastic modulus of the / tuber High values of elastic modi Inherent inforc steels and austontle starvose alloys Provide resistance to vibratory flexing than materials such as aluminum and brass with low elastic moduli. Tube metallurgy and wall thickness also affect the damping characteristic of the tube. fe ‘Standards Of The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 101SECTION 6 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION ~) \V-42.7 BAFFLE THICKNESS AND TUBE HOLE SIZE / Increasing the yn thickness and reducing ne tube-o-bafe hole edearahce Increases tho ‘system damping (see Paragraph V-8) and reduces the magnitude of the foroes actin tube-to-baffe hole Interface. aia Tha formas inthis section do not quanttatvely account forthe effegts of inredsing the baffle thickness, or tightening of the baffle hole clearance. / i V-12.8 OMISSION OF TUBES / iw ‘Omission of tubes at predetermined critical locations within ae may be employed to feduce vibration potential. For inslance, tubes located fe cu}ines sometimes ed ergtare, ‘experience excessive damage in vibration prone ve removal of tubes ‘along baffle cut lines may be advantageous. V-12.9 TUBE AXIAL LOADING “The hoat exchanger designer must recognize the ree Impact on vibration So ogc aoe Ngeaspe excrangorsunorth hot f 8 In singlo exch ul Pettchs Sao an i all muliplo tbe pase hood ‘exchangers, The use of an expansion [oint In such cases may resuif in redul @ tube compressive stress. (See Paragraph V-6.) \V-19 SELECTED REFERENCES (1) Singh, K.P., And Soler, A. |, “Mechanical Design pa eee Pressure Vessel ‘Components", Arcturus Publishers Cheryl NJ, (1984) Nibration OF Cylindrical Structures: A Review Of The , Mert Ri ‘82-1 (1982) Acoustic Vibations in Tubular Exchangers", Chemical j,No. 7 (1873) naalewe ‘State-OF-The-Art’, Megil Uni (@) Barrington, E. A., "Ex ” Engineainy Progress, (4) Barrington, E. A., “Cure E (6) Chen, S. 8., and Chung, n*, Hydrocarbon Processing, (July, 1978) In Gide For Calculating Hyd lc Mass, Part |: Circular ‘Cylindrical Structures,” fiona! Laboratory, Report No. Ari-Ct-76-45. Chung, H., and Chen,é, S., Guide For Calculating Hydrodynamic Mass, Part I! None ‘indcturasetbid Report No. AN-CE 7849, © fess JH," ‘A Heat Exchanger With Seal Strips", ASME Htd, Vol. 9 (7) Singh, K. P.. ‘And Of Heat Exchanger Design”, Chapter 14, Springer jon Of Circular Cylindrical Structures", Argonne National Discussion ‘Of Heat Transfer’, Institution Of Mechanical Engineers, pp. 1 Vibration Analysis Of Beams & Shafts* Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ctice Of Heat Exchanger Design’, Publication Pending; Hemi- 102 stanaarg6 ot The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association