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Retrieval of Color Image Using Color Correlogram and Wavelet Filters
Retrieval of Color Image Using Color Correlogram and Wavelet Filters
I. INTRODUCTION
Content Based Image Retrieval is one of the most
powerful research areas nowadays. Searching a database of
millions of images is a difficult task and lots of time is required
for that. To reduce the search time one can use indexes like
the indexes to search in the book. Different features are used
for indexing and retrieval of images. Color, texture and shape
are the most powerful features. Feature vectors of various
types of images are calculated and stored as indexes of the
images. Feature vector of the query image is calculated and
compared with those index values for nearest image matching.
Still any of the existing method can not give complete
accuracy. This work tries to improve the accuracy of the
existing method. For color images with irregular texture color
is the most important feature used for indexing and retrieval.
There are different method for color feature based image
retrieval. Pixel to pixel comparison was initially used as color
based image retrieval. But this approach was computation
expensive and very sensitive to camera and light position.
Global histogram processing [1] is a popular approach. A
histogram is a plot of the number of pixels belonging to each
specific set of colors. If the difference between global
histogram of query image and same of database image falls
below certain threshold, the images are considered to be
similar. Major drawback of global histogram processing is it
does not give any information about spatial distribution of
colors. Local histogram processing [2] gives information
about spatial distribution of colors. Images are partitioned
into fixed number of rectangular cells containing fixed number
2011 ACEEE
DOI: 02.ACE.2011.02.123
A. Color Correlogram
Correlogram can be stored as a table indexed by pairs of
colors (i,j) where d-th entry shows the probability of finding
a pixel j from pixel i at distance d. Whereas an auto-correlogram
can be stored as a table indexed by color i where d-th entry
shows the probability of finding a pixel i from the same pixel
at distance d. Hence auto-correlogram shows the spatial
correlation between identical colors only. Experiment shows
that correlogram and auto-correlogram both are computational
expensive. Hence we use correlogram with small number of
color and distance value which still yields very good result
without increasing the computational cost.
Let [D] denote a set of D fixed distances {d1,,, dD}. Then
d
the correlogram c c ( I ) of the image I is defined for color
i, j
Poster Paper
Proc. of Int. Conf. on Advances in Computer Engineering 2011
The auto-correlogram
color Ci at a distance d.
The image is divided into 4 subbands by applying
Daubechies 4 Filter. These subbands are labeled LL1(LowLow), LH1(Low-High), HL1(High-Low) and HH1(High-High).
LH1, HL1, and HH1 are mostly sparse as the most of the
images are low-frequency oriented. LL1 band further
decomposed to get next level of wavelet coefficients. This
results into two level wavelet decomposition as shown in
Fig.2. This process is continued until some final scale is
reached. Energy of all subbands at multiple resolutions
combined to calculate feature vector of the image.
Example: Two sample images of size 4x4 are shown in Fig.1. 2color 2-distance correlogram matrix for image1 and image 2 is
shown in Table I. Though histograms of both images are
same, due to different spatial distribution correlogram of two
images are different.
C.
Rotated Wavelet
Rotated wavelet filters can be constructed by rotating
Daubechies 4 wavelet filters. Low-High and High-Low
subbands of Rotated Wavelet Filters contain diagonal
information. This diagonal information along with horizontal
and vertical characteristics obtained from standard
Daubechies 4 wavelets give higher retrieval rate in texture
recognition application. Energy of these two subbands at
multiple resolutions has been considered.
B.
Daubechies Wavelet
Wavelet is used for detecting texture of an image. The
most known family of orthogonal wavelets is a family of
Daubechies. Daubechies wavelets are more popular due to
their relations to multiresolution analysis (MRA). Coarse
texture patterns manifests peaks at the lower frequencies.
The fine texture patterns manifest peaks at the higher
frequencies of the spectrum. The spectrum also indicates the
directionality of the textures. The implementation of a wavelet
is possible using two kinds of filters-g(high pass) and h(low
pass). A pair of filters is used to divide the frequency in
subbands. This is repeated recursively till the lowest
frequency band of the image is reached. Downsampling is
used to ensure that the size of the input image remain same.
The basis vectors of Daubechies 4 wavelet are
2011 ACEEE
DOI: 02.ACE.2011.02.123
Poster Paper
Proc. of Int. Conf. on Advances in Computer Engineering 2011
F[(Distance-1)*m*m+Val1*m+Val2+1)
= F[(Distance-1)*m*m+Val1*m+Val2+1)+1
B.
Query Phase
The feature vector of the query image is compared with
the feature vector of the database image. Let x and y are ddimensional Feature vectors of two images.
x = [x1 x2 x3 xd]
y = [y1 y2 y3 .yd]
Distance between x, y is calculated using Canberra distance
[12]. Canberra distance is given by,
}
}
}
};
For Distance= 1 to d{
For Val1=0 to m{
For Val2=0 to m{
F[(Distance-1)*m*m+Val1*m+Val2+1)
= F[(Distance-1)*m*m+Val1*m+Val2+1)
/count(Val1+1);
}
}
}
For texture feature intensity values I of the pixels are calculated using red r , green g and blue b values of pixels using
following formula,
Discrete Wavelet Transform of each image is performed with
the intensity values up to 5 th level. Energy of each subbands
(LL, LH, HL, HH) are calculated and stored in feature vector.
Similarly Rotated Wavelet Transform of each image is
performed up to 5 th level. Energy of LH and HL subbands
are calculated and stored in the feature vector. Hence length
of the feature vector is 5x4 (For DWT) + 5x2 (For RWF) = 30.
The formula of calculating energy of a subband is,
2011 ACEEE
DOI: 02.ACE.2011.02. 123
153
Poster Paper
Proc. of Int. Conf. on Advances in Computer Engineering 2011
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
REFERENCES
TABLE II.
ACCURACY TABLE FOR DIFFERENT METHOD
TABLE III.
ACCURACY TABLE FOR DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
IMAGES
V. CONCLUSION
In this work combination of color and texture feature are
used for image recognition. This work proves that combined
features (color, texture) gives better result than single features
to capture individual properties of single object in image. For
color based recognition color correlogram is used and for
texture based recognition energy feature of standard
Daubechies 4 wavelet and rotated wavelet are used. Color
correlogram considers spatial relationship of colors which is
the major drawback of histogram method. Rotated Wavelet
Filter is used to extract directional texture information along
with horizontal and vertical texture extracted by standard
Daubechies 4 wavelets. Further research can be done by
incorporating extra features. Also different distance measures
can be compared to improve accuracy of this approach.
2011 ACEEE
DOI: 02.ACE.2011.02.123
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