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Emission Standards in Europe: Heavy-Duty Truck and Bus Engines
Emission Standards in Europe: Heavy-Duty Truck and Bus Engines
EmissionStandards:Europe:HeavyDutyTruckandBusEngines
DieselNet:EmissionStandardsEuropeanUnion
HeavyDutyTruckandBusEngines
RegulatoryFramework
EmissionStandards
RegulatoryFramework
EuropeanemissionregulationsfornewheavydutydieselenginesarecommonlyreferredtoasEuroI...VI.
SometimesArabicnumeralsarealsoused(Euro1...6).WewilluseRomannumeralswhenreferencing
standardsforheavydutyengines,andreserveArabicnumeralsforlightdutyvehiclestandards.
Theemissionstandardsapplytoallmotorvehicleswithatechnicallypermissiblemaximumladenmassover
3,500kg,equippedwithcompressionignitionenginesorpositiveignitionnaturalgas(NG)orLPGengines.
TheregulationswereoriginallyintroducedbytheDirective88/77/EEC,followedbyanumberofamendments.
In2005,theregulationswererecastandconsolidatedbytheDirective05/55/EC.BeginningwiththeEuroVI
stage,thelegislationbecamesimplified,asdirectiveswhichneedtobetransposedintoallofthenational
legislationswerereplacedbyregulationswhicharedirectlyapplicable.Thefollowingaresomeofthemost
importantrulemakingstepsintheheavydutyengineregulations:
EuroIstandardswereintroducedin1992,followedbytheintroductionofEuroIIregulationsin1996.
Thesestandardsappliedtobothtruckenginesandurbanbuses,theurbanbusstandards,however,
werevoluntary.
In1999,theEUadoptedDirective1999/96/EC,whichintroducedEuroIIIstandards(2000),aswellas
EuroIV/Vstandards(2005/2008).Thisrulealsosetvoluntary,stricteremissionlimitsforextralow
emissionvehicles,knownasenhancedenvironmentallyfriendlyvehiclesorEEVs.
In2001,theEuropeanCommissionadoptedDirective2001/27/ECwhichprohibitstheuseofemission
defeatdevicesandirrationalemissioncontrolstrategies,whichwouldbereducingtheefficiencyof
emissioncontrolsystemswhenvehiclesoperateundernormaldrivingconditionstolevelsbelowthose
determinedduringtheemissiontestingprocedure.
Directive2005/55/ECadoptedin2005introduceddurabilityandonboarddiagnostic(OBD)
requirements,aswellasrestatedtheemissionlimitsforEuroIVandEuroVwhichwereoriginally
publishedin1999/96/EC.Inasplitlevelregulatoryapproach,thetechnicalrequirementspertainingto
durabilityandOBDincludingprovisionsforemissionsystemsthatuseconsumablereagentshave
beendescribedbytheCommissioninDirective2005/78/EC.
EuroVIemissionstandardswereintroducedbyRegulation595/2009,withtechnicaldetailsspecifiedin
thecomitologyRegulation582/2011.Thenewemissionlimits,comparableinstringencytotheUS2010
standards,becomeeffectivefrom2013/2014.TheEuroVIstandardsalsointroducedparticlenumber
(PN)emissionlimits,stricterOBDrequirementsandanumberofnewtestingrequirementsincluding
offcycleandinusetesting.
EmissionStandards
Thefollowingtablescontainasummaryoftheemissionstandardsandtheirimplementationdates.Datesinthe
tablesrefertonewtypeapprovalsthedatesforallvehiclesareinmostcasesoneyearlater.
Therearetwosetsofemissionstandards,withdifferenttypeoftestingrequirements:
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EmissionStandards:Europe:HeavyDutyTruckandBusEngines
SteadyStateTesting:Table1listsemissionstandardsapplicabletodiesel(compressionignition,CI)
enginesonly,withsteadystateemissiontestingrequirements.
TransientTesting:Table2liststandardsapplicabletobothdieselandgas(positiveignition,PI)engines,
withtransienttestingrequirements.
Table1
EUEmissionStandardsforHeavyDutyDieselEngines:SteadyStateTesting
Stage
EuroI
Date
1992,85kW
EuroII
EuroIII
Test
HC
NOx
PM
g/kWh
PN
Smoke
1/kWh
1/m
4.5
1.1
8.0
0.612
1992,>85kW
4.5
1.1
8.0
0.36
1996.10
4.0
1.1
7.0
0.25
1998.10
4.0
1.1
7.0
0.15
1.5
0.25
2.0
0.02
0.15
0.8
1999.10EEVonly
ECER49
CO
ESC&ELR
2000.10
2.1
0.66
5.0
0.10a
EuroIV
2005.10
1.5
0.46
3.5
0.02
0.5
EuroV
2008.10
1.5
0.46
2.0
0.02
0.5
EuroVI
2013.01
1.5
0.13
0.40
0.01
WHSC
8.01011
aPM=0.13g/kWhforengines<0.75dm3sweptvolumepercylinderandaratedpowerspeed>3000min1
Table2
EUEmissionStandardsforHeavyDutyDieselandGasEngines:TransientTesting
Stage
EuroIII
Date
NMHC
CH4 a
NOx
PMb
g/kWh
0.65
2.0
0.02
2000.10
5.45
0.78
1.6
5.0
0.16c
EuroIV
2005.10
4.0
0.55
1.1
3.5
0.03
EuroV
2008.10
4.0
0.55
1.1
2.0
0.03
4.0
0.16d
0.5
0.46
0.01
WHTC
PNe
1/kWh
0.40
2013.01
ETC
CO
3.0
EuroVI
1999.10EEVonly
Test
6.01011
aforgasenginesonly(EuroIIIV:NGonlyEuroVI:NG+LPG)
bnotapplicableforgasfueledenginesattheEuroIIIIVstages
cPM=0.21g/kWhforengines<0.75dm3sweptvolumepercylinderandaratedpowerspeed>3000min1
dTHCfordieselengines
efordieselenginesPNlimitforpositiveignitionenginesTBD
AdditionalprovisionsoftheEuroVIregulationinclude:
Anammonia(NH3)concentrationlimitof10ppmappliestodiesel(WHSC+WHTC)andgas(WHTC)
engines.
AmaximumlimitfortheNO2componentofNOxemissionsmaybedefinedatalaterstage.
SomeEuroVIprovisions,includingOBDandcertaintestingrequirementsarephasedinby2016/2017(new
types/allvehicles).
TestCycles.Theregulatoryemissiontestcycleshavebeenchangedseveraltimes,asindicatedinTable1
andTable2.SincetheEuroIIIstage(2000),theearliersteadystateenginetestECER49hasbeenreplaced
bytwocycles:theEuropeanStationaryCycle(ESC)andtheEuropeanTransientCycle(ETC).Smokeopacity
wasmeasuredovertheEuropeanLoadResponse(ELR)test.Thefollowingtestingrequirementsapplied:
EuroIII:(1)ESC/ELRtestforconventionaldieselengines,(2)ESC/ELR+ETCtestingfordiesel
engineswithadvancedaftertreatment(NOxaftertreatmentorDPFs)andforEEVs,and(3)ETCtest
forpositiveignition(NG,LPG)engines.
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EuroIVV:(1)ESC/ELR+ETCtestingfordieselengines,and(2)ETCtestforpositiveignitionengines.
SincetheEuroVIstage,dieselenginesaretestedovertheWHSC+WHTCtests,whilepositiveignition
enginesaretestedovertheWHTConly.
OffCycleTesting.EuroVIregulationintroducedoffcycleemissions(OCE)testingrequirements.OCE
measurements,performedduringthetypeapprovaltesting,followtheNTE(nottoexceed)limitapproach.A
controlareaisdefinedontheenginemap(therearetwodefinitions,oneforengineswitharatedspeed<3000
rpm,andanotherforengineswitharatedspeed3000rpm).Thecontrolareaisdividedintoagrid.Thetesting
involvesrandomselectionofthreegridcellsandemissionmeasurementat5pointspercell.
InServiceConformityTesting.EuroVIregulationalsointroducedinusetestingrequirementsthatinvolve
fieldmeasurementsusingPEMS.Thetestingisconductedoveramixofurban(050km/h),rural(5075km/h)
andmotorway(>75km/h)conditions,withexactpercentagesoftheseconditionsdependingonvehicle
category.Firstinusetestshouldbeconductedatthetimeoftypeapprovaltesting.
EmissionDurability.Effective2005.10/2006.10,manufacturersshoulddemonstratethatenginescomplywith
theemissionlimitvaluesforusefullifeperiodswhichdependonthevehiclecategory,asshowninthefollowing
table.
Table3
EmissionDurabilityPeriods
Period*
VehicleCategory
EuroIVV
EuroVI
N1andM2
100000km/5years
160000km/5years
N2
N316ton
M3ClassI,ClassII,ClassA,andClassB7.5ton
200000km/6years
300000km/6years
N3>16ton
M3ClassIII,andClassB>7.5ton
500000km/7years
700000km/7years
Massdesignations(inmetrictons)aremaximumtechnicallypermissiblemass
*kmoryearperiod,whicheveristhesooner
Effective2005.10/2006.10,typeapprovalsalsorequireconfirmationofthecorrectoperationoftheemission
controldevicesduringthenormallifeofthevehicleundernormalconditionsofuse(conformityofinservice
vehiclesproperlymaintainedandused).
EarlyIntroductionofCleanEngines.EUMemberStatesareallowedtousetaxincentivesinordertospeed
upthemarketingofvehiclesmeetingnewstandardsaheadoftheregulatorydeadlines.Suchincentiveshave
tocomplywiththefollowingconditions:
theyapplytoallnewvehiclesofferedforsaleonthemarketofaMemberStatewhichcomplyinadvance
withthemandatorylimitvaluessetoutbytheDirective,
theyceasewhenthenewlimitvaluescomeintoeffect
foreachtypeofvehicletheydonotexceedtheadditionalcostofthetechnicalsolutionsintroducedto
ensurecompliancewiththelimitvalues.
EuroVItypeapprovals,ifrequested,musthavebeengrantedfrom7August2009,andincentivescouldbe
givenfromthesamedate.EuroVIincentivescanalsobegivenforscrappingexistingvehiclesorretrofitting
themwithemissioncontrolsinordertomeetEuroVIlimits.
Earlyintroductionofcleanerenginescanbealsostimulatedbysuchfinancialinstrumentsaspreferentialroad
tollrates.InGermany,roadtolldiscountswereintroducedin2005whichstimulatedearlylaunchofEuroV
trucks.
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DefeatStrategies.ForEuroIVandVheavydutyengines,anauxiliaryemissioncontrolstrategy(AECS)is
definedas
anemissioncontrolstrategythatbecomesactiveorthatmodifiesthebaseemissioncontrolstrategy
foraspecificpurposeorpurposesandinresponsetoaspecificsetofambientand/oroperating
conditions,e.g.vehiclespeed,enginespeed,gearused,intaketemperature,orintakepressure
Alsoabaseemissioncontrolstrategy(BECS)isdefinedas
anemissioncontrolstrategythatisactivethroughoutthespeedandloadoperatingrangeofthe
engineunlessanAECSisactivated.
AnAECScanbeactivatedtoprotecttheengineorvehiclefromdamage,operationalsafety,toprevent
excessiveemissionsandtotradeoffthecontrolofoneregulatedpollutantforanother.AnAECSshouldnotbe
usedunderthefollowingconditionsunlessthereisacriticalneedtodoso:
altitudebelow1,000meters(orequivalentatmosphericpressureof90kPa)and
anambienttemperaturebetween2Cto30Cand
enginecoolanttemperaturebetween70Cto100C.
Adefeatstrategyisdefinedas:
anAECSthatreducestheeffectivenessoftheemissioncontrolrelativetotheBECSunder
conditionsthatmayreasonablybeexpectedtobeencounteredinnormalvehicleoperationanduse,
aBECSthatdiscriminatesbetweenoperationonastandardizedtypeapprovaltestandother
operationsandprovidesalesserlevelofemissioncontrolunderconditionsnotsubstantiallyincluded
intheapplicabletypeapprovaltestprocedures,or
anOBDoranemissioncontrolmonitoringstrategythatdiscriminatesbetweenoperationona
standardizedtypeapprovaltestandotheroperationsandprovidesalowerlevelofmonitoring
capability(timelyandaccurately)underconditionsnotsubstantiallyincludedintheapplicabletype
approvaltestprocedures
Notethatthetermemissioncontrolsystemisnotusedinthedefinitionofdefeatdeviceasisthecaseforlight
dutyvehicles.
FulldocumentationofAECSandBECSdetailsarerequiredtobesubmitteduponapplicationforcertification.
ForEuroVIheavydutyengines,thetermsAuxiliaryEmissionStrategy(AES)andBaseEmissionStrategy
(BES)areadoptedwithsimilardefinitionstoAECSandBECS.Thedefinitionfordefeatstrategywaschanged
to:
anemissionstrategythatdoesnotmeettheperformancerequirementsforabaseand/orauxiliary
emissionstrategy.
ThereasonsforusingaAESremainedsimilartothoseforEuroIVandVvehicles.However,theenvelopeof
conditionsunderwhichanAESshouldnotbeusedarenotclearlyspelledout.Rather,thevehicleisrequired
tomeetOCEandinusePEMStestingrequirements.FulldocumentationofAESandBESdetailsarerequired
tobesubmitteduponapplicationforcertification.
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