FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ARE GROUPS OF ATOMS IN ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CHARACTERISTIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF THOSE MOLECULES.
IN THE GENERAL FORMULAE BELOW, R REPRESENTS A HYDROCARBON GROUP OR HYDROGEN, AND X REPRESENTS ANY HALOGEN ATOM.
HYDROCARBONS

H H
R1 C C R2
H H

ALKANE

R1
R3

R2
R4

ALKeNE

HALOGEN HETEROATOMICS

R1

Naming: -ene
e.g. ethene

ALDEHYDE

Naming: -al
e.g. ethanal

NH2

AMINE

Naming: -amine
e.g. ethanamine

R1

R2

KETONE

Naming: -one
e.g. propanone

NITRILE

Naming: -nitrile
e.g. ethanenitrile

ALCOHOL

Naming: -yne
e.g. ethyne

R1

R1

OH

Naming: -oic acid

e.g. ethanoic acid

Naming: -ol
e.g. ethanol

CARBOXYLIC ACID

CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

R OH

R2

ALKyNE

Naming: -ane
e.g. ethane

SIMPLE OXYGEN HETEROATOMICS

R2

R2

Naming: -oxy -ane

e.g. methoxyethane

R1

ISOCYANaTE

SULFUR BASED

AROMATIC

R2
R4

Epoxide

Naming: -ene oxide

e.g. ethene oxide

OR2

Naming: -yl -oate

e.g. ethyl ethanoate

N N

R2

AZO COMPOUND
Naming: azoe.g. azoethane

Naming: haloe.g. chloroethane

O
NH2

AMIDE

Naming: -amide
e.g. ethanamide

haloalkane

ESTER

R1

Naming: -yl isocyanate

e.g. ethyl isocyanate

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R2

R1 C
R3

Naming: -oic anhydride

e.g. ethanoic anhydride

Naming: -imine
e.g. ethanimine

ETHER

ACID ANHYDRIDE

R3

IMINE

R1

NITROGEN BASED

SH

THIOL

Naming: -thiol
e.g. methanethiol

ACYL HALIDE

Naming: -oyl halide

e.g. ethanoyl chloride

ARENE

Naming: -yl benzene

e.g. ethyl benzene

BY

NC

ND