05.1 Heat Flux Calculations Wind Free

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
Division of Systems Safety and Analysis

Plant Systems Branch
Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section
CHAPTER 5. ESTIMATING RADIANT HEAT FLUX FROM FIRE TO A TARGET

FUEL AT GROUND LEVEL UNDER WIND-FREE CONDITION
POINT SOURCE RADIATION MODEL
Version 1805.0
The following calculations estimate the radiative heat flux from a pool fire to a target fuel.
The purpose of this calculation is to estimate the radiation transmitted from a burning fuel array to a target
fuel positioned some distance from the fire at ground level to determine if secondary ignitions are likely with no wind.
Parameters in YELLOW CELLS are Entered by the User.
Parameters in GREEN CELLS are Automatically Selected from the DROP DOWN MENU for the Fuel Selected.
All subsequent output values are calculated by the spreadsheet and based on values specified in the input
parameters. This spreadsheet is protected and secure to avoid errors due to a wrong entry in a cell(s).
The chapter in the NUREG should be read before an analysis is made.
INPUT PARAMETERS
Mass Burning Rate of Fuel (m")
Effective Heat of Combustion of Fuel (Hc,eff)
Empirical Constant (k)
Heat Release Rate (Q)
Fuel Area or Dike Area (Adike)
0.039 kg/m2-sec
0
46000 kJ/kg
0.7 m-1
771.52 kW
9.00 ft2
Distance between Fire and Target (L)

Radiative Fraction r)
10.00 ft
0.84 m2
3.048 m
0.30
OPTIONAL CALCULATION FOR GIVEN HEAT RELEASE RATE

Select "User Specified Value" from Fuel Type Menu and Enter Your HRR here
kW
Calculate
THERMAL PROPERTIES DATA
BURNING RATE DATA FOR FUELS
Fuel
Mass Burning Rate Heat of Combustion
Empirical Constant Select Fuel Type
m" (kg/m2-sec)
Hc,eff (kJ/kg)
km
Methanol
0.017
20,000
100
Ethanol
Butane
Benzene
Hexane
Heptane
Xylene
Acetone
Dioxane
Diethy Ether
Benzine
Gasoline
Kerosine
Diesel
JP-4
JP-5
Transformer Oil, Hydrocarbon
561 Silicon Transformer Fluid
Fuel Oil, Heavy
Crude Oil
Lube Oil
Douglas Fir Plywood
User Specified Value
0.015
0.078
0.085
0.074
0.101
0.09
0.041
0.018
0.085
0.048
0.055
0.039
0.045
0.051
0.054
0.039
0.005
0.035
0.0335
0.039
0.01082
Enter Value
26,800
45,700
40,100
44,700
44,600
40,800
25,800
26,200
34,200
44,700
43,700
43,200
44,400
43,500
43,000
46,000
28,100
39,700
42,600
46,000
10,900
Enter Value
100
2.7
2.7
1.9
1.1
1.4
1.9
5.4
0.7
3.6
2.1
3.5
2.1
3.6
1.6
0.7
100
1.7
2.8
0.7
100
Enter Value
Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3rd Edition, 2002, Page 3-26.
ESTIMATING RADIATIVE HEAT FLUX TO A TARGET FUEL

POINT SOURCE RADIATION MODEL

q" = Q r / 4 R2
Where
q" = incident radiative heat flux on the target (kW/m2)

Q = pool fire heat release rate (kW)
r = radiative fraction
R = distance from center of the pool fire to edge of the target (m)
Pool Fire Diameter Calculation

Adike =D2/4
D = (4Adike/)
Where
Adike = surface area of pool fire (m2)
D=
D = pool fire diamter (m)

1.03 m
Scroll to desired fuel type then

Click on selection

Heat Release Rate Calculation

Q = m"Hc,eff (1 - e-kD) Af
Where

m" = mass burning rate of fuel per unit surface area (kg/m 2-sec)
Hc = effective heat of combustion of fuel (kJ/kg)
Af = surface area of pool fire (area involved in vaporization) (m2)
k= empirical constant (m-1)
D = diameter of pool fire (diameter involved in vaporization, circular pool is assumed) (m)
Q=
771.52 kW
Distance from Center of the Fire to Edge of the Target Calculation

R = L+D/2
Where
L = distance between pool fire and target (m)
D = pool fire diameter (m)
R=
3.56 m
Radiative Heat Flux Calculation

q" = Q r / 4 R2
q" =
1.45 kW/m2
0.13 Btu/ft2-sec
NOTE
The above calculations are based on principles developed in the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection
Engineering, 3rd Edition, 2002.
Calculations are based on certain assumptions and have inherent limitations. The results of such
calculations may or may not have reasonable predictive capabilities for a given situation, and
should only be interpreted by an informed user.
Although each calculation in the spreadsheet has been verified with the results of hand calculation,
there is no absolute guarantee of the accuracy of these calculations.
Any questions, comments, concerns, and suggestions, or to report an error(s) in the spreadsheet,
please send an email to nxi@nrc.gov or mxs3@nrc.gov.
Prepared by:
Date
Organization
Checked by:
Date
Organization
Additional Information
Revision Log
Description of Revision
1805.0
Original issue with final text.
Date
January 2005
Answer



FUEL AT GROUND LEVEL UNDER WIND-FREE CONDITION
SOLID FLAME RADIATION MODEL
Version 1805.0
The following calculations estimate the radiative heat flux from a pool fire to a target fuel.
fuel positioned some distance from the fire at ground level to determine if secondary ignitions are likely with no wind.
INPUT PARAMETERS
0.055 kg/m2-sec
0
17100 kJ/kg
100 m-1
470253.91 kW
5382.00 ft2
46.00 ft
500.00 m2
14.0208 m

kW
Calculate
Fuel
Methanol
Ethanol
Butane
Benzene
Hexane
Heptane
Xylene
Acetone
Dioxane
Diethy Ether
Benzine
Gasoline
Kerosine
Diesel
JP-4
JP-5
Fuel Oil, Heavy
Crude Oil
Lube Oil
Douglas Fir Plywood
Empirical
Constant

Hc,eff (kJ/kg)
m" (kg/m2-sec)
km
0.017
0.015
0.078
0.085
0.074
0.101
0.09
0.041
0.018
0.085
0.048
0.055
0.039
0.045
0.051
0.054
0.039
0.005
0.035
0.0335
0.039
0.01082
Enter Value
100
100
2.7
2.7
1.9
1.1
1.4
1.9
5.4
0.7
3.6
2.1
3.5
2.1
3.6
1.6
0.7
100
1.7
2.8
0.7
100
Enter Value
20,000
26,800
45,700
40,100
44,700
44,600
40,800
25,800
26,200
34,200
44,700
43,700
43,200
44,400
43,500
43,000
46,000
28,100
39,700
42,600
46,000
10,900
Enter Value
Select Fuel Type

Click on selection


q" = EF1->2
Where
q" = incident radiative heat flux on the target (kW/m2)

E = emissive power of the pool fire flame (kW/m 2)
F1->2 = view factor between target and the flame

Adike =D2/4
D = (4Adike/)
Where
D=
Emissive Power Calculation
E=
Where
E=
Adike = surface area of pool fire (m 2)

25.23 m
58 (10-0.00823 D)
D = diameter of the pool fire (m)
35.96 kW/m2
View Factor Calculation

F1->2,H =
(B-1/S)/(B2-1)1/2 tan-1 ((B+1) (S-1)/(B-1)(S+1))1/2-(A-1/S)/((A2-1)1/2) tan-1 ((A+1)(S-1)/(A-1)(S+1))1/2
F1->2,V =
1/(S) tan-1(h/(S2-1)1/2)-(h/S) tan-1 ((S-1)/(S+1))1/2 + Ah/S(A2-1)1/2 tan-1 ((A+1)(S-1)/(A-1)(S+1))1/2
A=
B=
S=
(h2+S2+1)/2S
(1+S2)/2S
2R/D
2Hf/D
h=
F1->2,max =
Where
(F21->2,H + F21->2,V)
F1->2,H = horizontal view factor
F1->2,V = vertical view factor
F1->2,max = maximum view factor
Hf = height of the pool fire flame (m)
Distance from Center of the Pool Fire to Edge of the Target Calculation

R = L + D/2
Where

R = L + D/2 =

26.637 m

Q = m"Hc,eff (1 - e-kD) Adike
Where

m" = mass burning rate of fuel per unit surface area (kg/m2-sec)
Adike = surface area of pool fire (area involved in vaporization) (m 2)
470253.91 kW
Q=
Pool Fire Flame Height Calculation

Hf = 0.235 Q2/5-1.02 D
Hf = flame height (m)
Where
Q = heat release rate of fire (kW)

D = fire diameter (m)
Hf =
17.916 m
S = 2R/D =
h = 2Hf/D =
1.420
A = (h +S +1)/2S =
1.770
B = (1+S2)/2S =
1.293
F1->2,H =
0.089
F1->2,V =
0.203
F1->2, max = (F21->2,H + F21->2,V) =
0.222
2.111
FH1
FH2
FH3
0.318
FV1
1.032
FV2
FH4
0.283
FV3
0.098
0.115
FV4
0.259

q" = EF1->2
q" =
7.97 kW/m2
0.70 Btu/ft2-sec
Answer
NOTE
calculations may or may not have reasonable predictive capabilities for a given situation, and should
only be interpreted by an informed user.
Prepared by:
Date
Organization
Checked by:
Date
Organization
Revision Log
1805.0
Date
January 2005
F1->2,H
0.848
0.089
F1->2,V
0.848
0.203


FUEL ABOVE GROUND LEVEL UNDER WIND-FREE CONDITION
Version 1805.0
The following calculations estimate the radiative heat flux from pool fire to a target fuel.
fuel positioned some distance from the fire above ground level to determine if secondary ignitions are likely with no wind.
INPUT PARAMETERS
0.039
0
46000
0.7
841.15
9.60
10.00

Vertical Distance of Target from Ground (H1 = Hf1)
8.00
kg/m2-sec
kJ/kg
m-1
kW
ft2
0.89 m2
ft
3.048 m
ft
2.4384 m

kW
Calculate
Fuel

Hc,eff (kJ/kg)
m" (kg/m2-sec)
Empirical Constant
Methanol
Ethanol
Butane
Benzene
Hexane
Heptane
Xylene
Acetone
Dioxane
Diethy Ether
Benzine
Gasoline
Kerosine
Diesel
JP-4
JP-5
Fuel Oil, Heavy
Crude Oil
Lube Oil
Douglas Fir Plywood
0.017
0.015
0.078
0.085
0.074
0.101
0.09
0.041
0.018
0.085
0.048
0.055
0.039
0.045
0.051
0.054
0.039
0.005
0.035
0.0335
0.039
0.01082
Enter Value
100
100
2.7
2.7
1.9
1.1
1.4
1.9
5.4
0.7
3.6
2.1
3.5
2.1
3.6
1.6
0.7
100
1.7
2.8
0.7
100
Enter Value
20,000
26,800
45,700
40,100
44,700
44,600
40,800
25,800
26,200
34,200
44,700
43,700
43,200
44,400
43,500
43,000
46,000
28,100
39,700
42,600
46,000
10,900
Enter Value


q" = EF1->2
Where
q" = incident radiative heat flux on the target (kW/m 2)

F1->2 = view factor between target and the flame

Adike =D2/4
D = (4Adike/)
Where
Adike = surface area of pool fire (m2)
D=

1.07 m
Select Fuel Type
km

Click on selection

Emissive Power Calculation

E = 58 (10-0.00823 D)
Where
E=

D = diameter of the pool fire (m)
56.84 (kW/m2)
View Factor Calculation

F1->2,V1 =
1/(S)tan-1(h1/(S2-1)1/2)-(h1/S)tan-1((S-1)/(S+1))1/2+A1h1/S(A12-1)1/2tan-1((A1+1)(S-1)/(A1-1)(S+1))1/2
F1->2,V2 =
1/(S)tan-1(h2/(S2-1)1/2)-(h2/S)tan-1((S-1)/(S+1))1/2+A2h2/S(A22-1)1/2tan-1((A2+1)(S-1)/(A2-1)(S+1))1/2
A1 =
(h12+S2+1)/2S
A2 =
(h22+S2+1)/2S
B=
S=
h1 =
(1+S2)/2S
2R/D
2Hf1/D
h2 =
2Hf2/D
F1->2,V=
F1->2,V1 + F1->2,V2
Where
F1->2,V = total vertical view factor

Hf = height of the pool fire flame (m)
Distance from Center of the Pool Fire to Edge of the Target Calculation
R = L + D/2
Where
R = L+D/2 =

3.581 m

Q = m"Hc,eff (1 - e-kD) Adike
Where

m" = mass burning rate of fuel per unit surface area (kg/m 2-sec)
Adike = surface area of pool fire (area involved in vaporization) (m 2)
Q=

841.15 kW
Pool Fire Flame Height Calculation

Hf = 0.235 Q2/5-1.02 D
Where
Hf = flame height (m)

Q = heat release rate of fire (kW)
D = fire diameter (m)
Hf =
2.389 m
S = 2R/D =
h1 = 2Hf1/D =
6.721
h2 = 2Hf2/D =
4.576
2(Hf-Hf1)/D =
-0.094
A1 = (h12+S2+1)/2S =
A2 = (h22+S2+1)/2S =
4.993
3.435
B = (1+S2)/2S =
3.435
FV1
F1->2,V1 =
0.054
F1->2,V2 =
-0.002
F1->2, V = F1->2,V1 + F1->2,V2 =
FV2
0.029
FV1
0.053
FV3
0.154
FV2
-0.001
FV3
-0.003
2.99 kW/m2
0.26 Btu/ft2-sec
NOTE
calculations may or may not have reasonable predictive capabilities for a given situation, and should
only be interpreted by an informed user.
7
Answer
0.812
FV4
-0.005

q" = EF1->2
q" =
FV4
0.221
0.860
F1->2,V1
0.054
F1->2,V2
-0.002

Prepared by:
Date
Organization
Checked by:
Date
Organization
Revision Log
1805.0
Date
January 2005


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Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation

Division of Systems Safety and Analysis

CHAPTER 5. ESTIMATING RADIANT HEAT FLUX FROM FIRE TO A TARGET

Distance between Fire and Target (L)

OPTIONAL CALCULATION FOR GIVEN HEAT RELEASE RATE

Mass Burning Rate Heat of Combustion

Empirical Constant Select Fuel Type

ESTIMATING RADIATIVE HEAT FLUX TO A TARGET FUEL

POINT SOURCE RADIATION MODEL

q" = incident radiative heat flux on the target (kW/m2)

Pool Fire Diameter Calculation

Adike = surface area of pool fire (m2)

D = pool fire diamter (m)

Scroll to desired fuel type then

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation

Heat Release Rate Calculation

Q = pool fire heat release rate (kW)

Distance from Center of the Fire to Edge of the Target Calculation

Radiative Heat Flux Calculation

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation

CHAPTER 5. ESTIMATING RADIANT HEAT FLUX FROM FIRE TO A TARGET

OPTIONAL CALCULATION FOR GIVEN HEAT RELEASE RATE

Mass Burning Rate Heat of Combustion

Select Fuel Type

ESTIMATING RADIATIVE HEAT FLUX TO A TARGET FUEL

SOLID FLAME RADIATION MODEL

q" = incident radiative heat flux on the target (kW/m2)

Pool Fire Diameter Calculation

Adike = surface area of pool fire (m 2)

View Factor Calculation

(B-1/S)/(B2-1)1/2 tan-1 ((B+1) (S-1)/(B-1)(S+1))1/2-(A-1/S)/((A2-1)1/2) tan-1 ((A+1)(S-1)/(A-1)(S+1))1/2

1/(S) tan-1(h/(S2-1)1/2)-(h/S) tan-1 ((S-1)/(S+1))1/2 + Ah/S(A2-1)1/2 tan-1 ((A+1)(S-1)/(A-1)(S+1))1/2

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation

L = distance between pool fire and target (m)

D = pool fire diameter (m)

Heat Release Rate Calculation

Q = pool fire heat release rate (kW)

Pool Fire Flame Height Calculation

Q = heat release rate of fire (kW)

F1->2, max = (F21->2,H + F21->2,V) =

Radiative Heat Flux Calculation

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation

CHAPTER 5. ESTIMATING RADIANT HEAT FLUX FROM FIRE TO A TARGET

Distance between Fire and Target (L)

OPTIONAL CALCULATION FOR GIVEN HEAT RELEASE RATE

Mass Burning Rate Heat of Combustion

ESTIMATING RADIATIVE HEAT FLUX TO A TARGET FUEL

SOLID FLAME RADIATION MODEL

q" = incident radiative heat flux on the target (kW/m 2)

Pool Fire Diameter Calculation

Adike = surface area of pool fire (m2)

D = pool fire diamter (m)

Select Fuel Type

Scroll to desired fuel type then

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation

Emissive Power Calculation

E = emissive power of the pool fire flame (kW/m 2)

View Factor Calculation

F1->2,V = total vertical view factor

D = pool fire diameter (m)

Heat Release Rate Calculation

Q = pool fire heat release rate (kW)