Republic of the Philippines

Bicol University
GRADUATE SCHOOL
College of Nursing Graduate Program

Module
For
Population

Module Title: Population and related issues

Module Description: The module describes the current population distribution, current Philippine
situation, effects of population explosion and population control. The emphasis of the module is on the
population of the Philippines, its situation and its effects to better understand the trends and changes in
the past years and its implication on the coming future.

General Objective: at the end of the module, the student will have and acquire a deeper understanding
and knowledge about population distribution, current situation of the Philippines, effects, and trends
and changes in population as well as the effects of fertility as related to population.

Module: Population and related issues

Specific Objective: discuss the meaning of population, present the projected population and compare to
actual population and be able to correlate the difference, discuss the current Philippine situation in
regards to population, and discuss fertility and its effect to population explosion and to be to provide
solution through population control.

Lessons:

A. CURRENT POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

B. CURRENT PHILIPPINE SITUATION IN REGARDS TO POPULATION
C. COMPONENTS OF POPULATION TRENDS AND CHANGE
D. FERTILITY
E. EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION
F. POPULATION CONTROL
Lesson I: Current Population Distribution

This lesson shows the Population distribution of the Philippines group according to their respective
regions and subdivided according to their provinces and according to gender. The population
distribution maybe projected or actual depending on the availability of the current census as long as the
source is reliable.

Population

pop·u·la·tion [pop-yuh-ley-shuh n]–noun

1. The total number of persons inhabiting a country, city, or any district or area.
2. The body of inhabitants of a place.
3. The number or body of inhabitants of a particular race or class in a place.
4. Statistics. Any finite or infinite aggregation of individuals, not necessarily animate, subject to a
statistical study.
5. Ecology.
A. the assemblage of a specific type of organism living in a given area.
B. all the individuals of one species in a given area.
6. The act or process of populating.

CURRENT POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

Population distribution 

- means the pattern of where people live.

- the arrangement or spread of living organisms living in a given area;

- how the population of an area is arranged according to variables such as age, race, or sex 

World population distribution is uneven. Places which are sparsely populated contain few people. Places
which are densely populated contain many people. Sparsely populated places tend to be difficult places
to live. Nobody likes to live

It took humanity 200,000 years to reach its first billion mark and due to the agricultural revolution
around 8,000 BC, humans could support more population so the increase started. In a matter of 100
years the population hits its second billion mark; the third in a matter of another 30 years; the fourth in
a matter of another 15 years; the fifth in a matter of another 10 years,; and the sixth in a matter of
another 15 years. Now the population of the world is around 6.7 billion and with a projection of 9 billion
by 2050. The interval between years is shortening and the population is just increasing with this
continuing trend there will be lesser land area to occupy and scarce resources to allocate.
 
By 2050 (Medium variant)

 India will have 1.6 billion people, 

 China 1.4 billion, 
 United States 400 million, 
 Pakistan 309 million, 
 Indonesia 280 million, 
 Nigeria 259 million, 
 Bangladesh 256 million, 
 Brazil 254 million, 
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 187 million, 
 Ethiopia 183 million, 
 Philippines 141 million, 
 Mexico 132 million, 
 Egypt 121 million, 
 Vietnam 120 million,
 Russia 108 million, 
 Japan 103 million, 
 Iran 100 million, 
 Turkey 99 million, 
 Uganda 93 million, 
 Tanzania 85 million, 
 Kenya 85 million and 
 United Kingdom 80 million.

2009

 People’s Republic of China – 1.4 billion ranking no. 1

19.62 % of the world population
 India – 1.2 billion
Ranking no. 2
17.31% of the world population
 USA – 309.1 million
Ranking no. 3
4.53% of the world population
 Indonesia – 231.4 million
Ranking no. 4
3.39% of the world population
 Philippines – 92 million
Ranking no. 12
1.35% of the world population

2050

 Africa - 1.9 billion

 Asia - 5.2 billion
 Europe - 664 million
 Latin America & Caribbean - 769 million
 Northern America - 448 million

STOP
Let’s stop and internalized

Learning Activity

TO DO: Search the internet or research on the current population distribution on your nearest National
Statistics Office of the present year. Compare it to other countries and rank them.

The current population of the Philippines as projected by the National Statistics Office for 2010 is
between 93. 5 million to 94.5 million and will be able to reach an estimated 147 million on 2040/50. An
estimated of 47.5 million for the male population and 47 million for the female population. The
Philippine population would continue to grow as stated above until 2040 reaching the staggering
amount of 147 million. As of May 2000 census the country has 76.5 million and the population had
grown 18 million in just a matter of 10 years. On 2009, the Philippines is ranked 12 th most densely
populated country in the world with the population of over 92 million until today we hold that record. It
is estimated that half of the population resides in the island of Luzon with Manila considered to be the
eleventh most populous metropolitan in the world. The population of the Greater Manila Area is around
20 million which compromise an estimated 20% of the total population. Life expectancy is 71.09 years,
with 74.15 years for females and 68.17 years for males. Population growth rate between 1995 to 2000
was 3.21% but has decreased to an estimated 1.95% for the 2005 to 2010 period with this growth rate
though decreased still stands the 5th fastest growing in the world. 2005 to 2010 period, the birth rate is
24.89/ 1000 population, death rate of 5.41deaths/ 1000, net migration rate of -1.48 migrant(s)/ 1000
population, sex ratio of 1 male/ female for the total population but at birth there is 1.05 male/ female,
infant mortality rate of a total of 22.81 deaths/ 1000 live births with 25.59 deaths/ 1000 live births for
females and 19.89 deaths/ 1000 live births for male.

As indicated in Table 1 of the projected population index the median for the population for 2010 is
around 94 million. Table 2 projected to have 141 million by 2040. The other tables also show the
different regions population distribution. Among the population distribution of the region let us focus
locally on Bicol region. Bicol region alone has an estimated of 5.7 million residents, whom an estimated
of 2.9 million are male and 2.8 million are female, in which Camarines Sur has the most population of an
estimated 1.9 million, with 970,400 male and 933,800 female, followed by Albay of 1.3 million.

Attached is the population distribution of the Philippines as of 2010 as projected by the NSO

Lesson II: Current Philippine Situation as regards to population

This lesson shows the current population situation of the Philippines noting the status of the Philippines
and how the Philippine adapt to the increasing population.

CURRENT PHILIPPINE SITUATION IN REGARDS TO POPULATION

The rapid increase in human population over the course of the 20th century has raised concerns
about the Earth's ability to sustain a large number of inhabitants. In 2009, the estimated annual growth
rate was 1.10%, and the world population stood at roughly 6.7 billion. Current projections show a steady
decline in the growth rate, and a population of around 9 billion by the year 2050. The scientific
consensus is that the current population expansion and accompanying increase in usage of resources is
linked to threats to the ecosystem. With this current situation of the world the one that is most affected
by these changes are the less developed country in which most of the increase of population would
possibly occur. We are included in these because according from population projection the increase
would occur in the less developed countries in which proper family planning is not fully practiced. The
Philippines is already experiencing the effects of overpopulation especially in the Manila area where it is
densely crowded in that particular land area.
 The Philippines is ranked 12th of the most densely populated country in the world with Manila to be
the eleventh most populous metropolitan in the world and we are considered to be the 5 th fastest
growing population in the world in terms of growth rate. The Philippine population would continue to
grow, increasing from 76.5 million, as of the latest population census conducted in May 2000, to 141.7
million in 2040, according to the Medium Series of the 2000 Census-based population projections. This
means that 65 million people would be added to the nation's population between 2000 and 2040, which
is a span of 40 years, even if the average annual growth rate is projected to drastically decline from 2.34
percent during the 1990-2000 period to around 1.0 percent during the 2030-2040 period. The
population is projected to grow by 1.95 percent in the 2005-2010 periods, from 85.3 million in 2005 to
94.0 million in 2010.

Among the regions, CALABARZON is projected to have the largest population by 2010, surpassing
the NCR which currently has the largest population. In 2010, CALABARZON would have 11.9 million
people, while the NCR, 11.6 million. By 2040, CALABARZON would have 18.5 million, and Central Luzon,
by then the second largest region, would have 15.0 million. Cordillera Administrative Region would
continue to have the smallest population with 2.7 million by year 2040. Meanwhile, MIMAROPA would
remain as the fastest growing region, as it is expected to have an annual growth rate of 2.6 percent in
2005-2010 and 1.6 percent in 2035-2040.

Within the metropolitan of Manila, Quezon City ranked first in terms of population in highly
urbanized cities followed by Manila and Caloocan City and Davao City outside of the NCR area. Half of
the population, around 55%, reside in the island of Luzon, followed by Mindanao with an estimated 24%
and the Visayas with an estimated of 21% of the total population. The age median is at 22.5 years old;
meaning half of the population is below 22.5 years old. As of 2010, we have an estimated 94 million
residents in the Philippines which is continually growing giving our resources a tight stretch. With the
recent issues of rice shortage, water shortage, and power outage, increasing number of families below
the poverty line, increasing number of out of school youth, increasing number of crime rate due to
poverty, the country is struggling to get by.

Review and Self test yourself!!!

Quiz:

What is the ranking of the Philippines in the most densely populated country?

What is the ranking to the Philippines in terms of growth rate?

What is the densely populated city in the metropolitan of manila?

What is the estimated population of the Philippines as of this year?

Lesson V: Effects of Population Explosion

This lesson shows the effects of population explosion the country and the world. This lesson provides
the meaning of population explosion and show an overview of what may happen if population explosion
is not prevented nor solved.

EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION

Population explosion (population eruption). A sudden rapid increase in size of the population of a
species or genus. The most violent explosions occur when a species is introduced into a new locality
where it finds unexploited resources of suitable food, shelter, etc., and a lack of negative controls such
as predators or parasites

What makes the population explosion a problem? This splurge of growth gives jitters to state
economists and policy makers for the reason that human beings need resources in order to survive.
Since these resources have their limits, a continuous snowballing of the human population would be
difficult to sustain and would eventually reach a point where it could no longer be sustained.

EFFECTS OF HUMAN OVERPOPULATION

We may just take a look at the more basic needs of food, water, shelter and air. As the population
increases, agricultural lands are converted to residential use, which entails a reduction of food
production. Converting the forest reserves into agricultural lands in order to meet the rising demand for
food would not be a wise option because this would cut into the oxygen and water cycles that the same
growing population needs.

Some problems associated with or exacerbated by human overpopulation:

 Inadequate fresh water for drinking water use as well as sewage

treatment and effluent discharge. Some countries, like Saudi Arabia, use energy-
expensive desalination to solve the problem of water shortages.
 Depletion of natural resources, especially fossil fuels
 Increased levels of air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination and noise pollution. Once a
country has industrialized and become wealthy, a combination of government regulation and
technological innovation causes pollution to decline substantially, even as the population continues
to grow.
 Deforestation and loss of ecosystems that sustain global atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide
balance; about eight million hectares of forest are lost each year.
 Changes in atmospheric composition and consequent global warming
 Irreversible loss of arable land and increases in desertification Deforestation and desertification
can be reversed by adopting property rights, and this policy is successful even while the human
population continues to grow.
 Mass species extinctions from reduced habitat in tropical forests due to slash-and-
burn techniques that sometimes are practiced by shifting cultivators, especially in countries with
rapidly expanding rural populations; present extinction rates may be as high as 140,000 species lost
per year. As of 2008, the IUCN Red List lists a total of 717 animal species having gone extinct during
recorded human history.
 High infant and child mortality. High rates of infant mortality are caused by poverty. Rich
countries with high population densities have low rates of infant mortality. [176]
 Intensive factory farming to support large populations. It results in human threats including the
evolution and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria diseases, excessive air and water pollution, and
new virus that infect humans.
 Increased chance of the emergence of new epidemics and pandemics For many environmental
and social reasons, including overcrowded living conditions, malnutrition and inadequate,
inaccessible, or non-existent health care, the poor are more likely to be exposed to infectious
diseases.
 Starvation, malnutrition or poor diet with ill health and diet-deficiency diseases (e.g. rickets).
However, rich countries with high population densities do not have famine.
 Poverty coupled with inflation in some regions and a resulting low level of capital formation.
Poverty and inflation are aggravated by bad government and bad economic policies. Many countries
with high population densities have eliminated absolute poverty and keep their inflation rates very
low.
 Low life expectancy in countries with fastest growing populations
 Unhygienic living conditions for many based upon water resource depletion, discharge of raw
sewage and solid waste disposal. However, this problem can be reduced with the adoption of
sewers. For example, after Karachi, Pakistan installed sewers, its infant mortality rate fell
substantially.
 Elevated crime rate due to drug cartels and increased theft by people stealing resources to
survive
 Conflict over scarce resources and crowding, leading to increased levels of warfare
 Less Personal Freedom / More Restrictive Laws. Laws regulate interactions between humans.
Law "serves as a primary social mediator of relations between people." Law the higher the
population density, the more frequent such interactions become, and thus there develops a need
for more laws and/or more restrictive laws to regulate these interactions.
Learning Activity:

Go to your nearest slum area. Assess and observe the status of living, way of life and culture most
dominant. Make a reaction paper based on your experience from the activity.
This activity aims to provide the student an overview of what will happen if no intervention is done if
population continues to explode.

Lesson VI: Population Control

This lesson shows the method of population control and measures the world and the government would
take to solve the problem of population explosion

HUMAN POPULATION CONTROL

Human population control is the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population.

Historically, human population control has been implemented by limiting the population's birth rate,
usually by government mandate, and has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or
increasing levels of poverty, environmental concerns, religious reasons, and overpopulation. While
population control can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their
reproduction, some programs have exposed them to exploitation. Worldwide, the population control
movement was active throughout the 1960s and 1970s, driving many reproductive health and family
planning programs. In the 1980s, tension grew between population control advocates
and feminist women's health activists who advanced women's reproductive rights as part of a human
rights-based approach. Growing opposition to the narrow population control focus led to a significant
change in population control policies in the early 1990s.

Methods

Population control may use one or more of the following practices although there are other methods as
well:

 Contraception
 Abstinence
 abortion
 emigration
 Decreasing immigration
 starvation, famine
 pestilence, plague
 war

The method(s) chosen can be strongly influenced by the religious and cultural beliefs of community
members. The failure of other methods of population control can lead to the use of abortion or infanticide
as necessary final options. While a specific population control practice may be legal/mandated in one
country, it may be illegal or restricted in another, indicative of the controversy surrounding this topic.

 Birth control is a regimen of one or more actions, devices, sexual practices, or medications followed
in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the likelihood of pregnancy or childbirth. There are three
main routes to preventing or ending pregnancy: the prevention of fertilization of
the ovum by sperm cells ("contraception"), the prevention of implantation of
the blastocyst ("contragestion"), and the chemical or surgical induction or abortion of the
developing embryo or, later, fetus. In common usage, term "contraception" is often used for both
contraception and contragestion.

Birth control is commonly used as part of family planning.

The history of birth control began with the discovery of the connection between coitus and pregnancy.
The oldest forms of birth control included coitus interruptus, pessaries, and the ingestion of herbs that
were believed to be contraceptive or abortifacient. The earliest record of birth control use is
an ancient Egyptian set of instructions on creating a contraceptive pessary.

Different methods of birth control have varying characteristics. Condoms, for example, are the only
methods that provide significant protection from sexually transmitted diseases. Cultural and religious
attitudes on birth control vary significantly.

 Sexual abstinence is the practice of refraining from some or all aspects of sexual activity for medical,
psychological, legal social or religious reasons.

Common reasons for practicing sexual abstinence include:

o poor health - medical celibacy

o material reasons (to prevent conception - undesired pregnancy - or Sexually transmitted
Infection or transmission);
o psycho-sociological reasons (e.g., clinical depression, social anxiety disorder, increasing
testosterone in males, or negative past experiences); or,
o legal injunctions requiring conformity.
o circumstantial reasons such as incarceration or geographical isolation.
o to focus on other matters - sublimation
o inability to find a suitable sexual partner - involuntary celibacy
o religious or philosophical reasons
o physically or emotionally unprepared
 Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of
a fetus or embryo, resulting in or caused by its death. An abortion can occur spontaneously due
to complications during pregnancy or can be induced, in humans and other species. In the context of
human pregnancies, an abortion induced to preserve the health of the gravida(pregnant female) is
termed a therapeutic abortion, while an abortion induced for any other reason is termed an elective
abortion. The term abortion most commonly refers to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy,
while spontaneous abortions are usually termed miscarriages.

Abortion has a long history and has been induced by various methods including herbal abortifacients,
the use of sharpened tools, physical trauma, and other traditional methods. Contemporary medicine
utilizes medications and surgical procedures to induce abortion. The legality, prevalence, and cultural
views on abortion vary substantially around the world. In many parts of the world there is prominent
and divisive public controversy over the ethical and legal issues of abortion. Abortion and abortion-
related issues feature prominently in the national politics in many nations, often involving the
opposing "pro-life" and "pro-choice" worldwide social movements. Incidence of abortion has declined
worldwide, as access to family planning education and contraceptive services has increased.
Abortion incidence in the United States declined 8% from 1996 to 2003

 Emigration is the act of leaving one's native country or region to settle in another. It is the same
as immigration but from the perspective of the country of origin. Human movement before the
establishment of political boundaries or within one state, is termed migration. There are many
reasons why people might choose to emigrate. Some are for political or economic reasons, or for
personal reasons like finding a spouse while visiting another country and emigrating to be with them.
Many older people living in rich nations with cold climates choose to move to warmer climates when
they retire.

Many political or economic emigrants move together with their families toward new regions or new
countries where they hope to find peace or job opportunities not available to them in their original
location. Throughout history a large number of emigrants return to their homelands, often after they
have earned sufficient money in the other country. Sometimes these emigrants move to countries
with big cultural differences and will always feel as guests in their destinations, and preserve their
original culture, traditions and language, sometimes transmitting them to their children. The conflict
between the native and the newer culture may easily create social contrasts, generally resulting in an
uncomfortable situation for the "foreigners", who have to understand legal and social systems
sometimes new and strange to them. Often, communities of emigrants grow up in the destination
areas
Emigration had a profound influence on the world in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, when millions
of poor families left Europe for the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, the rest of Latin
America, Australia, and New Zealand.

Even though definitions may be vague and vary somewhat, emigration/immigration should not be
confused with the phenomenon of involuntary migration, such as instances of population
transfer or ethnic cleansing.

Motives to migrate can be either incentives attracting people away, known as pull factors, or
circumstances encouraging a person to leave, known as push factors, for example:

PUSH FACTORS

o War or other armed conflict

o Famine or drought
o Disease
o Poverty
o Political corruption
o Disagreement with politics
o Religious fundamentalism / religious intolerance
o Natural disasters
o Discontent with the natives, such as frequent harassment, bullying, and abuse
o Discontent with immigration rate, causing frequent harassment, bullying, and abuse for home
populations
o Lack of employment opportunities
o Lack of various rights
o Goal of spreading one's own culture and religion

These factors, excepting disagreement with politics and discontent with natives and immigrants,
generally do not affect people in developed countries; even a natural disaster is unlikely to cause
out-migration.

PULL FACTORS

o Higher incomes
o Lower taxes
o Better weather
o Better availability of employment
 o Better medical facilities
o Better education facilities
o Better behaviour among people
o Family reasons
o Political stability
o Religious tolerance
o Relative freedom
o National prestige

Learning Activity:
 Site some situations that may further contribute to population explosion. What can you do about
the situation to prevent it from aggravating? Make an essay or a reaction to the situation.
 Choose a Population control method. What can you do to improve that method?
 Can you give another method other than stated above? Defend your given method in accordance to
the norms provided by law and church.