Manifestation Study and Delineation of Geothermal

Prospective Zone Based on FFD (Fault and Fracture

Density) and Geomagnetic Method : in a Case of Dieng
Geothermal Field, Indonesia
Bimo Ario P.1,a) Dyanti Prameswari1,b) and M. Kurniawan A.2,
1

Student at Faculty of Geological Engineering Padjajaran University.

Lecturer at Faculty of Geological EngineeringPadjajaran University.
Jalan Raya Bandung Sumedang Km. 21 Jatinangor, Indonesia 45363
2

a)

b)

bimoarioputra@yahoo.com
dyantiprameswari@gmail.com

Abstract. In geothermal exploration, geological structure that occurred by tectonic setting claimed as significant factor which has
been proven as potential permeable zone. This permeable zone allows hydrothermal fluids to pass through it, so that it can move
toward surface or shallower depth in a geothermal field area. Permeable zone is used to be an important target during drilling
activity in turn of exploring productive wells. The purpose of this research is to determine the delineated-zone of geothermal
prospect using FFD and geomagnetic method in Dieng Geothermal Field. FFD method was applied to locate highly-fractured
area by calculating density of fault and fracture through delineating the lineaments which appear as the result of light rays in four
different angles. The data then was correlated with geomagnetic data which had been collected by PVMBG. Based on the
research analysis, it shows that the spread of magnetic anomaly value has a relatively high contrast, which is between -2496 nT
up to 1997.9 nT. Some manifestations of appearance found in areas with low magnetic anomaly. Occurrence of some geothermal
manifestations, be related to the geological structure of the area of research, and are in areas that have a high value FFD. Based
on manifestation study that had been published by Indonesian Jurnal of Geology (Vol. 8 No. 2 June 2013), the type of hot water is
sulphate and some of bicarbonate waters that produce by steam heated waters/condensates, and also mixed Cl-SO4 water.
Calculaton the ratio of chemical compounds such as Na/Ca, Na/K, Cl/SO 4, and Ca/Mg are also done to predict the upflow /
outflow zone at the research area.
Keywords: Manifestation, FFD, Geomagnetic, Dieng Geothermal

INTRODUCTION
The occurrence of thermal manifestation is closely related with faults and fractures in the surface because of
their potentiality as thermal fluids path for come up to the surface. Therefore, faults and fractures study in presumed
area can be considered as substantial tool to find the location of geothermal reservoir. The relationship between
faults and productive drillholes has been well established in some geothermal fields, most of the productive
geothermal wells are those intersecting one or more fault zones at depths (Grindley, 1965). The purpose of this
research is to determine the delineated-zone of geothermal prospect using FFD and geomagnetic method in Dieng
Geothermal Field. Dieng Plateau is located in Banjarnegara Regency, and the rest is in Wonosobo Regency, Central
Java Province. Based on morphology, the study area belong to the high terrain geothermal system. High terrain
geothermal system characterized by andesitic volcanic activity and steep to moderate topography.

METHODOLOGY
Regional Geology
Based on the classification of physiography by Van Bemmelen (1949) , the researched field is classified as South
Serayu Zone which part of Bandung Depression Zone. Lithologhically, the researched area is contained of volcanic
materials which is divided into several deposits ; products of G. Prau (lava and tuffaceous breccias, 3.6 ma), G.
Nagasari (andesite, 2.99 ma), G. Bisma (basaltic andesite, 2.53 ma), G. Pagerkandang (andesite, 0.46 ma), G.
Merdada and Pangonan (andesite, 0.37 ma), G. Kendil (dacitic andesite lava, 0.19 ma), G. Pakuwaja (quartz latite,
0.09 ma), G. Seroja (lava dome, 0.07 ma), volcanic plain and hydrothermally altered rocks (Boedihardi et al., 1991).
The regional structure in the area forms calderas with local faults in southern east northern west trend.

Fault and Fracture Density

FFD (Faults and Fractures Density) method utilizes digital topography data and the shaded relief tool. In this
study, we use Global Mapper software to delineate the observed lineaments which visible from 4 azimuth directions
of light rays. The density of lineament of the study area are defined by each section of the grid which diverged based
on 1km x 1 km dimension using ArcGIS software. Then, these density values were contoured according to the
density value similarity of the area. This lineament are assumed as surface fracture, indicate permeable zone at the
surface. The dominant trends of the studied area were represented in Rosette diagram which using Dips software,
this method is used to compare dominant local trends beetwen studied area, dominant subsurface trends, and
regional trends

Geomagnetic Anomalies
Geomagnetic investigations in the geothermal field exploration aims to interprete subsurface geological
structures in localized areas that are considered the prospects for geothermal potential. The use of geomagnetic
investigation methods based on the difference geothermal magnetic properties of rocks are also can use to locate
demagnetized area as a result from heated area.
To simplify interpretation process of magnetic anomaly, the reduction to the equator (RTE) method is used to
transforms the studied magnetic anomaly in to the anomaly that would have been measured if the magnetization and
ambient field were both vertical. This operation is absolutely needed to apply so that the magnetic anomaly data
which have been outspreaded in the tophography would be well distributed or reducted in to even plane. The TMI
data have reduced to the equator by assuming an inclination of I = 1.137 and a declination of D = 32.48
according to IGRF (International Geomagnetic Reference field) at the year of 2008 in the center of the region. The
Geosoft package software 6.4.2 was used to reduce the field to the equator (transformation done in the Fourier
domain). In the general case, reduce to pole (RTP) operation were commonly used to reduce magnetic anomaly data.
Although, in the case of Dieng Geothermal Field the RTE operation is much more compatible method because of the
location of the studied area which near to the earth equator line.
The first vertical derivative map (FVD) is much more assisting in delineate linear features of anomaly. In fact,
the FVD map is more accentuate local influences so it gives sharper and more detail picture than the RTE map or the
TMI map. The FVD is used to delineate high frequency features more clearly where they are shadowed by large
amplitude, low frequency anomalies. A further enhancement of the wave-length trends in the data set is achieved in
the first vertical derivative of the reduce-to-the-equator, total magnetic intensity grid as shown in fig. 6. First the
gridded data were prepared with FFT2 grid processing before we applied derivative in Z direction filter. The FFT is
a method to manipulate fourier transformation in the frequency domain to accentuate the strength of each spatial
signal. The dominant trends of the studied area were represented in Rosette diagram which using Dips software.

Manifestation Study
Geothermal manifestations data, obtained from the literature that had been published by Indonesian Journal of
Geology (2013). We use pressence of manifestation and hot water geochemistry in locating the upflow zone in the
studied area, which is an indication of high permeability in the subsurface. Hotwater analysis is include ploting the
tipe of water using tenary diagram Cl-SO 4-HCO3 Giggenbach (1988), and water geoindicator to predict the upflow
zone of research area.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

FFD (Fault and Fracture Density)
According to lineament identification with FFD (Fault and Fracture Density) method, we found that these
lineaments associated with fractures, faults, ridge lineaments, and valley lineaments trending West Northern West East Southern East, matched with regional trend of the researched area. Although, ENEWSW and EW are the
trends that as well affect the study area. The relationships among these trends suggest that the area was subjected to
more than a single tectonic event. Corelation beetwen FFD and presence of manifestation shows, moderate density
zone associated with thermal springs in Candradimuka, Bitingan, Sipandu, Siglagah, Sikidang. The occurrence of
these manifestation may be controlled by local faults. However, low density zone appears in Sileri, Pulosari and
Pagerkandang area. It can be conclude that in high terrain, surface structure is not only the factor in presence of
manifestation, elevation and hydrological factor are also involved in the presence of surface manifestation.

(a)

(b)

FIGURE 1. (a) Lineaments asessment from landsat imagery & (b) Lineament Density Map

Geomagnetic Anomaly
Reduce To Equator
Geophysical analysis is resulting magnetic anomaly leading to locate demagnetized area. Reduce to Equator
(RTE) map shows that the researched area is categorized in 3 types; high magnetic anomaly indicates the area is
consisted of unaltered rocks such as fresh volcanic rocks, unaltered igneous rock, and lava; moderate magnetic
anomaly indicates intermediate altered zone or sediment rocks; low magnetic anomaly refers to either demagnetized
zone associated with heated area or faulted area. Lowest magnetic anomaly area found in the Siglagah, and Sipandu
area, low to medium magnetic aomaly found in Sileri,Sikidang, Pulosari, and Candradimuka.
First Vertical Derivative Map
In fig. 3 shows the first vertical derivative map doesnt clearly represent wavelength anomaly linear feature.
The FVD map in the studied area in fact isnt quite much portraying distincly subsurface condition of the lineaments
character. Though, the East Southern East North Western North trending negative anomaly which appear along the
positive anomalies is still visible indicating the lineaments occurrence. The clearest appearance shown in the center
of studied area around Candradimuka area extending towards Sileri area and extend to Sikidang area with the trend
of East Southern East West Northern West, as shown as well Siglagah, Sipandu, And Pulosari area. This
appearance may be well related with the existence of faults zone in the subsurface
The observed lineaments feature can be concluded that ESE WNW trending is the dominant trends governing
the researched area. It well suited with the trends of surface lineaments feature using FFD method.

FIGURE 2. Reduce To Equator Map

FIGURE 3. First Vertical Derivative Map

Manifestation Study
Based on the literature study, there are ten geothermal manifestations identified consisting of five hotsprings,
three fumaroles, and two mud pools in the studied area (Y. Ramadhan, 2013). Based on morphology, the study area
belong to the high terrain geothermal system. High terrain geothermal system common in island arc and arc
volcanoes are characterized by andesitic volcanic activity and steep topography, which in this system prevents
element chloride to reach higher ground. Fumaroles, steaming ground, and acid sulfate hot springs is a common trait

found in near the upflow zone (Nicholson, 1993). Therefore, we can say that Sileri, Pagerkandang, Sipandu,
Siglagah, and Sikidang is an area near the upflow zone in the research area.
Based on fig 4, we know that the occurrence of surface manifestation are also correlated with the lineament, both
surface or subsurface lineament.

FIGURE 4. Manifestation in Research Area

Hotwater Type
Based on ternary diagram Cl-HCO 3-SO4 Giggenbach (1988), hotsprings in the studied area can be classified
into several types :
1.

Sulphate water

In the studied area, Sikidang manifestation is classified as sulphate water. Occurrence of this water type is
formed by condensation of geothermal gases into near surface, oxygenated groundwater. This type of water is
commonly occurred in superficial depth and mostly were found near to upflow zone. As the steam heated waters
occurs, they tend to produce mud pool or steaming ground in the surface (Nicholson, 1993).
2.

Sulphate chloride water

In the studied area, thermal water manifestation in the Pulosari area is classified as this type of water. This type
of water can be variably formed by several condition. We asummed that this hotwater are the result from mixing
chloride and sulfate water at variable depth. The high content of Cl element make this water type can be
assumed as representative tool to identify geothermal reservoir condition, also subsurface temperature can be
calculated in this water type.
3.

Bicarbonate water

These hotsprings were formed in shallow areas as the result of CO 2 gas absorbsion and steam heated water
condensation. This type of hotspring comes out of hotsprings in Bitingan, Sileri, and Siglagah hotspring.

FIGURE 5. Ternary Diagram Cl-HCO3-SO4 Giggenbach (1988)

Water geoindicator
Water Geoindicator are used in the determination of upflow and outflow zone in the geothermal system. Based
on characteristics of geothermal chemistry compound, ratio of Na/K, Na/Ca, Cl/SO 4, and Ca/Mg can be practically
applieable to signify upflow and outflow zone. Upflow zone can be indicate with low ratio Na/K, Na/Ca, Cl/SO 4,
and high ratio Ca/Mg. Based on water geoindicator, we can conclude that Siglagah Hotspring are the dominant
upflow zone relative from four ratio in water geoindicator.
TABLE 1. Water Geoindicator

CONCLUSION
FFD method shows the surface lineaments trending West Northern West - East Southern East are the most
affecting trend which governs geological structure condition of the studied area, and this trend are also similar with
regional trend and lineament trend from FVD map. The FFD analysis show relatively moderate density area in the
Candradimuka, Bitingan, Sipandu, Siglagah, and Sikidang area. These structures can be assessed as permeable
zones that can act as fluid tracks for thermal fluids to flow from reservoir at depth to shallower depth towards the

surface. The lower density is also found in the Sileri, Pulosari, and Pagerkandang, although subsurface structures
based on FVD map are appeared near to these areas. These fact taught that in high terrain, surface structure is not
only the factor in presence of manifestation, subsurface structure, elevation and hydrological factor are also
involved in the presence of surface manifestation.
In the determination of upflow and outflow zone, comparison between water type and geothermal system is
applied as well. Base on Manifestation study including type of manifestation, hotwater type, and also water
geoindicator, we can conclude that area around Siglagah & Sipandu is upflow zone relative to another manifestation,
this indicated by geoindicator and existence of dry fumarole at Sipandu. While Sikidang and Sileri is an area near
the major upflow zone, base on presence of acid sulfat spring and mudpool (Nicholson, 1993).
Area around Siglagah and Sipandu manifestation are chosen to become geothermal prospect zone with
indications that this area are close to the low magnetic anomaly , refers to either demagnetized zone associated with
heated area or faulted area, then located in the zone of moderate to high FFD indicating the permeability on the
surface, and the presence of subsurface lineament which may be well related with the existence of faults zone in the
subsurface. This is also supported by manifestation study based on the appearance of fumaroles which have high
temperature and spring with bicarbonate type showing heated surface water with high surface temperature, and also
supported by ratio from hotwater geoindicator. Area around Sileri manifestation are also chosen as prospect zone,
refers to presence of dry fumarole and mudpools, and also supported with surface and subsurface lineament from
FFD and FVD operation that showing intersecting one or more fault zones at depths.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We also thank to Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG) for the information and
data used in this research.

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