WirelessNetworkingTechnologies

WLAN,WiFiMeshandWiMAX

SridharIyer
KRSchoolofInformationTechnology
IITBombay
sri@it.iitb.ac.in
http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~sri

CourseOutline
WirelessNetworks

Differencefromwired
Mobility

RFBasics

Frequency,modulation
Mediumaccesscontrol

WirelessLANs(WiFi)

802.11standards
Mobilitysupport
VoiceandQoSsupport

MeshandAdhocNetworks
RoutingandTransport

WiFiOverview

WirelessMANs(WiMaX)

WiMaXOverview

Trends

Basicelements
Standardsandvariants

Basicelements

SridharIyer

802.16standard
VoiceandQoSsupport

Overlaynetworks

IITBombay

WirelessNetworks

Wirelessnetworks
Accesscomputing/communicationservices,onthemove
WirelessWANs
CellularNetworks:GSM,GPRS,CDMA
SatelliteNetworks:Iridium

WirelessLANs
WiFiNetworks:802.11
PersonalAreaNetworks:Bluetooth

WirelessMANs
WiMaXNetworks:802.16
MeshNetworks:MultihopWiFi
AdhocNetworks:usefulwheninfrastructurenotavailable
SridharIyer

IITBombay

Limitationsofthemobileenvironment
LimitationsoftheWirelessNetwork
limitedcommunicationbandwidth
frequentdisconnections
heterogeneityoffragmentednetworks

LimitationsImposedbyMobility

routebreakages
lackofmobilityawarenessbysystem/applications

LimitationsoftheMobileDevice
shortbatterylifetime
limitedcapacities

SridharIyer

IITBombay

Mobilecommunication
Wirelessvs.mobileExamples

stationarycomputer
laptopinahotel(portable)
wirelessLANinhistoricbuildings
PersonalDigitalAssistant(PDA)

Integrationofwirelessintoexistingfixednetworks:
Localareanetworks:IEEE802.11,ETSI(HIPERLAN)
Wideareanetworks:Cellular3G,IEEE802.16
Internet:MobileIPextension

SridharIyer

IITBombay

Wirelessv/sWirednetworks
Regulationsoffrequencies
Limitedavailability,coordinationisrequired
usefulfrequenciesarealmostalloccupied

Bandwidthanddelays
Lowtransmissionrates
fewKbits/stosomeMbit/s.
Higherdelays
severalhundredmilliseconds
Higherlossrates
susceptibletointerference,e.g.,engines,lightning

Alwayssharedmedium
Lowersecurity,simpleractiveattacking
radiointerfaceaccessibleforeveryone
secureaccessmechanismsimportant
SridharIyer
IITBombay

WirelessTechnologyLandscape

72Mbps
54Mbps

Turbo.11a
802.11{a,b}

.11ptoplink

511Mbps

802.11b
12Mbps
802.11
Bluetooth

3G

WCDMA,CDMA2000

384Kbps

2G

IS95,GSM,CDMA

56Kbps

SridharIyer

waveptoplinks

Indoor

Outdoor

Midrange
outdoor

Longrange
outdoor

Longdistance
com.

1030m

50200m

200m4Km

5Km20Km

20m50Km

IITBombay

Referencemodel

Application

Application

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Network

Network

DataLink

DataLink

DataLink

DataLink

Physical

Physical

Physical

Physical
Medium

Radio

SridharIyer

IITBombay

Effectofmobilityonprotocolstack
Application
newapplicationsandadaptations
servicelocation,multimedia

Transport
congestionandflowcontrol
qualityofservice

Network
addressingandrouting
devicelocation,handover

Link
mediaaccessandsecurity

Physical
transmissionerrorsandinterference
SridharIyer

IITBombay

10

Perspectives
Networkdesigners:Concernedwithcosteffective
design
Needtoensurethatnetworkresourcesareefficientlyutilized
andfairlyallocatedtodifferentusers.

Networkusers:Concernedwithapplicationservices
Needguaranteesthateachmessagesentwillbedelivered
withouterrorwithinacertainamountoftime.

Networkproviders:Concernedwithsystem
administration
Needmechanismsforsecurity,management,faulttolerance
andaccounting.
SridharIyer

IITBombay

11

RFBasics

Factorsaffectingwirelesssystemdesign
Frequencyallocations
Whatrangetooperate?Mayneedlicenses.

Multipleaccessmechanism
Howdouserssharethemediumwithoutinterfering?

Antennasandpropagation
Whatdistances?Possiblechannelerrorsintroduced.

Signalsencoding
Howtoimprovethedatarate?

Errorcorrection
Howtoensurethatbandwidthisnotwasted?
SridharIyer

IITBombay

13

Frequenciesforcommunication
twisted
pair

coaxcable

1Mm
300Hz

10km
30kHz

VLF

LF

opticaltransmission

100m
3MHz

MF

HF

1m
300MHz

VHF

UHF

10mm
30GHz

SHF

EHF

100
m
3THz
infrared

1 m
300THz

visiblelight UV

VLF=VeryLowFrequency UHF=UltraHighFrequency
LF=LowFrequencySHF=SuperHighFrequency
MF=MediumFrequency
EHF=ExtraHighFrequency
HF=HighFrequency
UV=UltravioletLight
VHF=VeryHighFrequency

Frequencyandwavelength: =c/f
wavelength ,speedoflightc 3x108m/s,frequencyf
SridharIyer

IITBombay

14

Wirelessfrequencyallocation
Radiofrequenciesrangefrom9KHzto400GHZ(ITU)
Microwavefrequencyrange

1GHzto40GHz
Directionalbeamspossible
Suitableforpointtopointtransmission
Usedforsatellitecommunications

Radiofrequencyrange
30MHzto1GHz
Suitableforomnidirectionalapplications

Infraredfrequencyrange
Roughly,3x1011to2x1014Hz
Usefulinlocalpointtopointmultipointapplicationswithinconfined
areas
SridharIyer

IITBombay

15

Frequenciesformobilecommunication
VHF/UHFrangesformobileradio
simple,smallantennaforcars
deterministicpropagationcharacteristics,reliableconnections

SHFandhigherfordirectedradiolinks,satellite
communication
smallantenna,focusing
largebandwidthavailable

WirelessLANsusefrequenciesinUHFtoSHFspectrum
somesystemsplanneduptoEHF
limitationsduetoabsorptionbywaterandoxygenmolecules
(resonancefrequencies)
weatherdependentfading,signallosscausedbyheavy
rainfalletc.
SridharIyer

IITBombay

16

Frequencyregulations
Frequenciesfrom9KHzto300MHZinhighdemand
(especiallyVHF:30300MHZ)
Twounlicensedbands
Industrial,Science,andMedicine(ISM):2.4GHz
UnlicensedNationalInformationInfrastructure(UNII):5.2GHz

Differentagencieslicenseandregulate

www.fcc.govUS
www.etsi.orgEurope
www.wpc.dot.gov.inIndia
www.itu.orgInternationalcoordination

Regional,national,andinternationalissues
Proceduresformilitary,emergency,airtrafficcontrol,etc
SridharIyer

IITBombay

17

Wirelesstransmission
Antenna

Antenna

Transmitter

Receiver

Wirelesscommunicationsystemsconsistof:
Transmitters
Antennas:radiateselectromagneticenergyintoair
Receivers

Insomecases,transmittersandreceiversare
onsamedevice,calledtransceivers.
SridharIyer

IITBombay

18

Transmitters
Amplifier

Antenna

Mixer

Source
Oscillator

Filter

Amplifier
Transmitter

Supposeyouwanttogenerateasignalthatissentat900MHzand
theoriginalsourcegeneratesasignalat300MHz.
Amplifierstrengthenstheinitialsignal
Oscillatorcreatesacarrierwaveof600MHz
Mixercombinessignalwithoscillatorandproduces900MHz
(alsodoesmodulation,etc)
Filterselectscorrectfrequency
AmplifierStrengthensthesignalbeforesendingit
SridharIyer

IITBombay

19

Antennas

Antennas
Anantennaisanelectricalconductororsystemof
conductorstosend/receiveRFsignals
Transmissionradiateselectromagneticenergyintospace
Receptioncollectselectromagneticenergyfromspace

Intwowaycommunication,thesameantennacanbe
usedfortransmissionandreception

OmnidirectionalAntenna
(lowerfrequency)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

DirectionalAntenna
(higherfrequency)
21

Antennas:isotropicradiator
Radiationandreceptionofelectromagneticwaves,
couplingofwirestospaceforradiotransmission
Isotropicradiator:equalradiationinalldirections
(threedimensional)onlyatheoreticalreference
antenna
Realantennasalwayshavedirectiveeffects(vertically
and/orhorizontally)
Radiationpattern:measurementofradiationaroundan
antenna
y

z
y
x

SridharIyer

IITBombay

ideal
isotropic
radiator
22

Antennas:simpledipoles
Realantennasarenotisotropicradiators
dipoleswithlengths /4oncarroofsor /2(Hertziandipole)
shapeofantennaproportionaltowavelength

Gain:maximumpowerinthedirectionofthemainlobe
comparedtothepowerofanisotropicradiator(withthe
sameaveragepower)
/
4

/
2

x
sideview(xyplane)
SridharIyer

z
sideview(yzplane)
IITBombay

simple
dipole

topview(xzplane)
23

Antennas:directedandsectorized
Oftenusedformicrowaveconnectionsorbasestations
formobilephones(e.g.,radiocoverageofavalley)
y

sideview(xyplane)

sideview(yzplane)

topview(xzplane)
z

topview,3sector

SridharIyer

directed
antenna

sectorized
antenna

topview,6sector

IITBombay

24

Antennamodels
InOmniMode:
NodesreceivesignalswithgainGo

InDirectionalMode:
Capableofbeamforminginspecifieddirection
DirectionalGainGd(Gd>Go)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

25

Directionalcommunication
ReceivedPower(Transmitpower)
*(TxGain)*(RxGain)
Directionalgainishigher
Directionalantennasusefulfor:
Increaserange,keepingtransmitpowerconstant
Reducetransmitpower,keepingrangecomparable
withomnimode
SridharIyer

IITBombay

26

Comparisonofomnianddirectional
Issues

Omni

Directional

SpatialReuse

Low

High

Connectivity

Low

High

Interference

Omni

Directional

Cost&Complexity

Low

High

SridharIyer

IITBombay

27

Antennas:diversity
Groupingof2ormoreantennas
multielementantennaarrays

Antennadiversity
switcheddiversity,selectiondiversity
receiverchoosesantennawithlargestoutput

diversitycombining
combineoutputpowertoproducegain
cophasingneededtoavoidcancellation

/
4

/
2
+

SridharIyer

groundplane
IITBombay

/4

/
2

/
2

/
2

+
28

SignalPropagationandModulation

Signals
physicalrepresentationofdata
functionoftimeandlocation
signalparameters:parametersrepresentingthevalueof
data
classification

continuoustime/discretetime
continuousvalues/discretevalues
analogsignal=continuoustimeandcontinuousvalues
digitalsignal=discretetimeanddiscretevalues

signalparametersofperiodicsignals:
periodT,frequencyf=1/T,amplitudeA,phaseshift
sinewaveasspecialperiodicsignalforacarrier:
s(t)=Atsin(2 ftt+ t)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

30

Signalpropagationranges
Transmissionrange
communicationpossible
lowerrorrate

Detectionrange

sender

detectionofthesignal
possible
nocommunication
possible

transmission
distance
detection

Interferencerange

interference

signalmaynotbe
detected
signaladdstothe
backgroundnoise

SridharIyer

IITBombay

31

Attenuation:Propagation&Range

SridharIyer

IITBombay

32

Attenuation
Strengthofsignalfallsoffwithdistanceover
transmissionmedium
Attenuationfactorsforunguidedmedia:
Receivedsignalmusthavesufficientstrengthsothat
circuitryinthereceivercaninterpretthesignal
Signalmustmaintainalevelsufficientlyhigherthan
noisetobereceivedwithouterror
Attenuationisgreaterathigherfrequencies,causing
distortion

Approach:amplifiersthatstrengthenhigher
frequencies
SridharIyer

IITBombay

33

Signalpropagation
Propagationinfreespacealwayslikelight(straightline)
Receivingpowerproportionalto1/d
(d=distancebetweensenderandreceiver)
Receivingpoweradditionallyinfluencedby

fading(frequencydependent)
shadowing
reflectionatlargeobstacles
refractiondependingonthedensityofamedium
scatteringatsmallobstacles
diffractionatedges

shadowing
SridharIyer

reflection

refraction
IITBombay

scattering

diffraction
34

Multipathpropagation
Signalcantakemanydifferentpathsbetweensenderandreceiverdueto
reflection,scattering,diffraction
multipath
LOSpulses pulses

Timedispersion:signalisdispersedovertime
signalatsender
signalatreceiver

interferencewithneighborsymbols,InterSymbolInterference(ISI)
Thesignalreachesareceiverdirectlyandphaseshifted

distortedsignaldependingonthephasesofthedifferentparts

SridharIyer

IITBombay

35

Effectsofmobility
Channelcharacteristicschangeovertimeandlocation
signalpathschange
differentdelayvariationsofdifferentsignalparts
differentphasesofsignalparts
quickchangesinthepowerreceived
power

(shorttermfading)

longterm
fading

Additionalchangesin
distancetosender
obstaclesfurtheraway

shorttermfading

slowchangesintheaveragepower

received(longtermfading)

SridharIyer

IITBombay

36

Propagationmodes
Transmission
Antenna
a)GroundWavePropagation

Signal

Earth

Receiving
Antenna

Ionosphere

Signal
b)SkyWavePropagation

Earth

Signal
c)LineofSightPropagation
Earth
SridharIyer

IITBombay

37

Modulation
Digitalmodulation
digitaldataistranslatedintoananalogsignal(baseband)
ASK,FSK,PSK
differencesinspectralefficiency,powerefficiency,robustness

Analogmodulation
shiftscenterfrequencyofbasebandsignaluptotheradio
carrier

Motivation
smallerantennas(e.g., /4)
FrequencyDivisionMultiplexing
mediumcharacteristics

Basicschemes
AmplitudeModulation(AM)
FrequencyModulation(FM)
PhaseModulation(PM)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

38

Modulationanddemodulation
digital
data
101101001

digital
modulation

analog
baseband
signal

analog
modulation

radiotransmitter

radio
carrier

analog
demodulation

analog
baseband
signal

synchronization
decision

digital
data
101101001

radioreceiver

radio
carrier

SridharIyer

IITBombay

39

Digitalmodulation
ModulationofdigitalsignalsknownasShiftKeying
1
AmplitudeShiftKeying(ASK):

verysimple
lowbandwidthrequirements
verysusceptibletointerference

FrequencyShiftKeying(FSK):
needslargerbandwidth

PhaseShiftKeying(PSK):
morecomplex
robustagainstinterference

Manyadvancedvariants
t

SridharIyer

IITBombay

40

MultiplexingMechanisms

Multiplexing

channelski
k1

k2

k3

k4

k5

k6

Multiplexingin4dimensions

space(si)

c
t

time(t)
frequency(f)
code(c)

s1

s2

c
t

Goal:multipleuse
ofasharedmedium

s3

Important:guardspacesneeded!
SridharIyer

IITBombay

42

Frequencymultiplex
Separationofthewholespectrumintosmallerfrequencybands
Achannelgetsacertainbandofthespectrumforthewholetime
Advantages:
nodynamiccoordination
necessary
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
worksalsoforanalogsignals

Disadvantages:
wasteofbandwidth
ifthetrafficis
distributedunevenly
inflexible
guardspaces

SridharIyer

IITBombay

43

Timemultiplex
Achannelgetsthewholespectrumforacertain
amountoftime
Advantages:
onlyonecarrierinthe
mediumatanytime
throughputhigheven
formanyusers

k1

k2

k3

k4

k5

k6

c
f

Disadvantages:
precise
synchronization
necessary t
SridharIyer

IITBombay

44

Timeandfrequencymultiplex
Combinationofbothmethods
Achannelgetsacertainfrequencybandforacertainamount
oftime
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
Example:GSM
Advantages:
c
betterprotectionagainst
tapping
protectionagainstfrequency
selectiveinterference
higherdataratescomparedto
codemultiplex

but:precisecoordination
t
required
SridharIyer

IITBombay

45

Codemultiplex
Eachchannelhasauniquecode
k
Allchannelsusethesame
spectrumatthesametime
Advantages:
1

k2

k3

k4

k5

k6

bandwidthefficient
nocoordinationandsynchronization
necessary
goodprotectionagainstinterference
andtapping

Disadvantages:
loweruserdatarates
morecomplexsignalregeneration

Implementedusingspread
spectrumtechnology
SridharIyer

IITBombay

46

CDMAExample
D=rateofdatasignal
Breakeachbitintokchips
Chipsareauserspecificfixedpattern
Chipdatarateofnewchannel=kD

Ifk=6andcodeisasequenceof1sand1s
Fora1bit,Asendscodeaschippattern
<c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,c6>
Fora0bit,Asendscomplementofcode
<c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,c6>

Receiverknowssenderscodeandperformselectronic
decodefunction

Su ( d ) = d1 c1 + d 2 c 2 + d 3 c3 + d 4 c 4 + d 5 c5 + d 6 c6
<d1,d2,d3,d4,d5,d6>=receivedchippattern
<c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,c6>=senderscode

SridharIyer

IITBombay

47

CDMAExample
UserAcode=<1,1,1,1,1,1>
Tosenda1bit=<1,1,1,1,1,1>
Tosenda0bit=<1,1,1,1,1,1>

UserBcode=<1,1,1,1,1,1>
Tosenda1bit=<1,1,1,1,1,1>

ReceiverreceivingwithAscode
(Ascode)x(receivedchippattern)
UserA1bit:6>1
UserA0bit:6>0
UserB1bit:0>unwantedsignalignored
SridharIyer

IITBombay

48

Spreadspectrumtechnology

Problemofradiotransmission:frequencydependent
fadingcanwipeoutnarrowbandsignalsfordurationof
theinterference
Solution:spreadthenarrowbandsignalintoabroad
bandsignalusingaspecialcodeprotectionagainst
narrowbandinterference
power

interference

spread
signal

power
detectionat
receiver
f

signal
spread
interference
f

Sideeffects:
coexistenceofseveralsignalswithoutdynamiccoordination
tapproof

Alternatives:DirectSequence,FrequencyHopping

SridharIyer

IITBombay

49

Spreadspectrumcommunications

SridharIyer

IITBombay

50
Source:Intersil

Effectsofspreadingandinterference
dP/df

dP/df

i)

usersignal
broadbandinterference
narrowbandinterference

ii)
f
sender
dP/df

dP/df

dP/df

iii)

iv)
f

SridharIyer

v)
f

receiver

IITBombay

51

DSSSproperties

SridharIyer

IITBombay

52
Source:Intersil

DSSS(DirectSequence)
XORofthesignalwithpseudorandomnumber
(chippingsequence)
manychipsperbit(e.g.,128)resultinhigherbandwidthofthe
signal
tb

Advantages
reducesfrequencyselective
fading
incellularnetworks
basestationscanusethe
samefrequencyrange
severalbasestationscan
detectandrecoverthesignal
softhandover

Disadvantages
precisepowercontrolnecessary
SridharIyer

IITBombay

userdata
0

XOR

tc
chipping
sequence
01101010110101

=
resulting
signal

01101011001010

tb:bitperiod
tc:chipperiod
53

DSSSTransmit/Receive
spread
spectrum
signal

userdata
X
chipping
sequence

transmit
signal

modulator

radio
carrier
transmitter

correlator
received
signal

demodulator
radio
carrier

lowpass
filtered
signal

products
X

integrator

sampled
sums

data

decision

chipping
sequence
receiver

SridharIyer

IITBombay

54

FrequencyHoppingSpread
Spectrum(FHSS)
Signalisbroadcastoverseeminglyrandomseriesofradio
frequencies
Signalhopsfromfrequencytofrequencyatfixedintervals
Channelsequencedictatedbyspreadingcode
Receiver,hoppingbetweenfrequenciesinsynchronization
withtransmitter,picksupmessage
Advantages
Eavesdroppershearonlyunintelligibleblips
Attemptstojamsignalononefrequencysucceedonlyatknocking
outafewbits

SridharIyer

IITBombay

55

FHSS(FrequencyHopping)
Discretechangesofcarrierfrequency
sequenceoffrequencychangesdeterminedviapseudorandom
numbersequence

Twoversions
FastHopping:severalfrequenciesperuserbit
SlowHopping:severaluserbitsperfrequency

Advantages
frequencyselectivefadingandinterferencelimitedtoshort
period
simpleimplementation
usesonlysmallportionofspectrumatanytime

Disadvantages
notasrobustasDSSS
simplertodetect
SridharIyer

IITBombay

56

SlowandFastFHSS
tb
userdata
0

td

f3

slow
hopping
(3bits/hop)

f2
f1
f

td

f3

fast
hopping
(3hops/bit)

f2
f1
t

tb:bitperiod
SridharIyer

td:dwelltime
IITBombay

57

FHSSTransmit/Receive
narrowband
signal

userdata
modulator

modulator

frequency
synthesizer

transmitter

received
signal

hopping
sequenc
e

SridharIyer

spread
transmit
signal

narrowband
signal
demodulator

hopping
sequenc
e

data

demodulator

frequency
synthesizer

receiver

IITBombay

58

OFDM(OrthogonalFrequencyDivision)
Paralleldatatransmissiononseveral
orthogonalsubcarrierswithlowerrate
c

k3

Maximumofonesubcarrierfrequencyappearsexactlyatafrequency
whereallothersubcarriersequalzero

superpositionoffrequenciesinthesamefrequencyrange

Amplitude

subcarrier: sin(x)
SIfunction=
x

f
SridharIyer

IITBombay

59

OFDM

Properties
LowerdatarateoneachsubcarrierlessISI
interferenceononefrequencyresultsininterferenceofone
subcarrieronly
noguardspacenecessary
orthogonalityallowsforsignalseparationviainverseFFTon
receiverside
precisesynchronizationnecessary(sender/receiver)

Advantages
noequalizernecessary
noexpensivefilterswithsharpedgesnecessary
betterspectralefficiency(comparedtoCDM)

Application
802.11a,HiperLAN2,ADSL
SridharIyer

IITBombay

60

ALOHA
Stationstransmitwhenevertheyhavedatatosend
Detectcollisionorwaitforacknowledgment
Ifnoacknowledgment(orcollision),tryagainaftera
randomwaitingtime
Collision:Ifmorethanonenodetransmitsatthe
sametime
Ifthereisacollision,allnodeshavetoretransmit
packets
SridharIyer

IITBombay

61

Aloha/slottedAloha
Mechanism
random,distributed(nocentralarbiter),timemultiplex
SlottedAlohaadditionallyusestimeslots,sendingmust
alwaysstartatslotboundaries

Aloha

collision

senderA
senderB
senderC

SlottedAloha

t
collision

senderA
senderB
senderC

SridharIyer

t
IITBombay

62

SlottedAloha
Timeisdividedintoslots
slot=onepackettransmissiontimeatleast

Masterstationgeneratessynchronization
pulsesfortimeslots
Stationwaitstillbeginningofslottotransmit
VulnerabilityWindowreducedfrom2TtoT;
goodputdoubles

SridharIyer

IITBombay

63

Errorcontrol

Bitlevelerrordetection/correction
Singlebit,multibitorbursterrorsintroduced
duetochannelnoise
Detectedusingredundantinformationsentalong
withdata

FullRedundancy:
Sendeverythingtwice
Simplebutinefficient

CommonSchemes:
Parity
CyclicRedundancyCheck(CRC)
Checksum
SridharIyer

IITBombay

65

Errordetectionprocess
Transmitter
Foragivenframe,anerrordetectingcode(checkbits)
iscalculatedfromdatabits
Checkbitsareappendedtodatabits

Receiver
Separatesincomingframeintodatabitsandcheck
bits
Calculatescheckbitsfromreceiveddatabits
Comparescalculatedcheckbitsagainstreceived
checkbits
Detectederroroccursifmismatch
SridharIyer

IITBombay

66

Framelevelerrorcorrection
Problemsintransmittingasequenceofframes
overalossylink
framedamage,loss,reordering,duplication,insertion

Solutions:
ForwardErrorCorrection(FEC)
Useofredundancyforpacketlevelerrorcorrection
BlockCodes,TurboCodes

AutomaticRepeatRequest(ARQ)
Useofacknowledgementsandretransmission
StopandWait;SlidingWindow

SridharIyer

IITBombay

67

BlockCode(ErrorCorrection)
Hammingdistancefor2nbitbinarysequences,thenumberof
differentbits
E.g.,v1=011011;v2=110001;d(v1,v2)=3
Foreachdatablock,createacodeword
Sendthecodeword
Ifthecodeisinvalid,lookfordatawithshortesthammingdistance
(possiblycorrectcode)
Datablock(k=2)
Codeword(n=5)
00 00000
01 00111
10 11001
11 11110
Supposeyoureceivecodeword00100(error)
Closestis00000(onlyonebitdifferent)
Efficientversion:TurboCodes
SridharIyer

IITBombay

68

StopandWaitARQ
SenderwaitsforACK
(acknowledgement)after
transmittingeachframe;keeps
copyoflastframe.
ReceiversendsACKifreceived
frameiserrorfree.
Senderretransmitsframeif
ACKnotreceivedbeforetimer
expires.
Simpletoimplementbutmay
wastebandwidth.
EfficientVersion:SlidingWindow
SridharIyer

IITBombay

69

BandwidthandDelay

Bandwidth
Amountofdatathatcanbetransmittedperunittime
expressedincyclespersecond,orHertz(Hz)foranalog
devices
expressedinbitspersecond(bps)fordigitaldevices
KB=2^10bytes;Mbps=10^6bps

Linkv/sEndtoEnd

SridharIyer

IITBombay

71

Bandwidthv/sbitwidth

SridharIyer

IITBombay

72

Latency(delay)
TimeittakestosendmessagefrompointAtopointB
Latency=Propagation+Transmit
+Queue
Propagation=Distance/
SpeedOfLight
Transmit=Size/Bandwidth
Queueingnotrelevantfordirectlinks
BandwidthnotrelevantifSize=1bit
SoftwareoverheadcandominatewhenDistanceissmall

RTT:roundtriptime
SridharIyer

IITBombay

73

DelayXBandwidthproduct

Relativeimportanceofbandwidthanddelay
Smallmessage:1msvs100msdominates
1Mbpsvs100Mbps
Largemessage:1Mbpsvs100Mbpsdominates
1msvs100ms

SridharIyer

IITBombay

74

DelayXBandwidthproduct

100msRTTand45MbpsBandwidth=560KBofdata

SridharIyer

IITBombay

75

TCP/IPBasics

Interconnectiondevices
BasicIdea:Transferdatafrominputtooutput
Repeater
Amplifiesthesignalreceivedoninputandtransmitsitonoutput

Switch
Readsdestinationaddressofeachpacketandforwards
appropriatelytospecificport
Layer3switches(IPswitches)alsoperformroutingfunctions

Router
decidesroutesforpackets,basedondestinationaddressand
networktopology
Exchangesinformationwithotherrouterstolearnnetworktopology

SridharIyer

IITBombay

77

Switchednetworks

SridharIyer

IITBombay

78

TCP/IPlayers
PhysicalLayer:
Transmittingbitsoverachannel.
Dealswithelectricalandproceduralinterfacetothe
transmissionmedium.

DataLinkLayer:
Transformtherawphysicallayerintoa`link'forthe
higherlayer.
Dealswithframing,errordetection,correctionand
multipleaccess.
SridharIyer

IITBombay

79

TCP/IPlayers(contd.)
NetworkLayer:
Addressingandroutingofpackets.
Dealswithsubnetting,routedetermination.

TransportLayer:
endtoendconnectioncharacteristics.
Dealswithretransmissions,sequencingand
congestioncontrol.

SridharIyer

IITBombay

80

TCP/IPlayers(contd.)
ApplicationLayer:
``application''protocols.
Dealswithprovidingservicestousersandapplication
developers.

Protocolsarethebuildingblocksofanetwork
architecture.

SridharIyer

IITBombay

81

Lowerlayerservices
Unacknowledgedconnectionlessservice
Noacknowledgements,noconnection
Errorrecoveryuptohigherlayers
Forlowerrorratelinksorvoicetraffic

Acknowledgedconnectionlessservice
Acknowledgementsimprovereliability
Forunreliablechannels.e.g.:wirelesssystems

Acknowledgedconnectionorientedservice
Equivalentofreliablebitstream;inorderdelivery
Connectionestablishmentandrelease
Interroutertraffic
SridharIyer

IITBombay

82

Genericrouterarchitecture
Data Hdr

Header Processing
Lookup
IP Address

Update
Header

Buffer
Memory

Address
Table

Data Hdr

Header Processing
Lookup
IP Address

Queue
Packet

Update
Header

NQueue
times line
rate
Packet
Buffer
Memory

Address
Table

N times line rate

Data Hdr

Header Processing
Lookup
IP Address

Update
Header

Buffer
Memory

Address
Table

SridharIyer

Queue
Packet

IITBombay

83

TypicalTCPbehaviour
CongestionWindowsize
(segments)

14

Congestion
avoidance

12
10

Slowstart
threshold

8
6
4

Slowstart

2
0
0

Time(roundtrips)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

84

Slowstartphase
initialize:

Cwnd=1
for(eachACK)
Cwnd++
until
lossdetectionOR
Cwnd>ssthresh

RTT

HostA

HostB
onesegm
ent
twosegm

ents

foursegm

ents

time

SridharIyer

IITBombay

85

Congestionavoidancephase

SridharIyer

HostB
foursegm

RTT

/*Cwnd>threshold*/
Until(lossdetection){
everywACKs:
Cwnd++
}
ssthresh=Cwnd/2
Cwnd=1
performslowstart

HostA

ents

fivesegm
ents

time

IITBombay

86

TCP:FastretransmitandFastrecovery

Windowsize(segments)

10

advertisedwindow

8
6
4

Afterfastrecovery

2
0
0

10 12 14

Time(roundtrips)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

87

802.11(WiFi)Overview

WirelessLANs
Infrared(IrDA)orradiolinks(Wavelan)
Advantages
veryflexiblewithinthereceptionarea
Adhocnetworkspossible
(almost)nowiringdifficulties

Disadvantages
lowbandwidthcomparedtowirednetworks
manyproprietarysolutions

Infrastructurev/sadhocnetworks(802.11)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

89

Infrastructurevs.Adhocnetworks
infrastructure
network
AP:AccessPoint

AP
AP

wirednetwork

AP

adhocnetwork

SridharIyer

IITBombay

90
Source:Schiller

Differencebetweenwiredandwireless
EthernetLAN

WirelessLAN
B

C
A

IfbothAandCsensethechanneltobeidleatthe
sametime,theysendatthesametime.
CollisioncanbedetectedatsenderinEthernet.
Halfduplexradiosinwirelesscannotdetectcollision
atsender.
SridharIyer

IITBombay

91

CarrierSenseMultipleAccess(CSMA)
Listenbeforeyouspeak
Checkwhetherthemediumisactivebeforesendinga
packet(i.ecarriersensing)
Ifmediumidle,thentransmit
Ifcollisionhappens,thendetectandresolve
Ifmediumisfoundbusy,transmissionfollows:
1persistent
Ppersistent
Nonpersistent

SridharIyer

IITBombay

92

Collisiondetection(CSMA/CD)
Allaforementionedschemecansufferfromcollision
Devicecandetectcollision
Listenwhiletransmitting
Waitfor2*propagationdelay

Oncollisiondetectionwaitforrandomtimebefore
retrying
BinaryExponentialBackoffAlgorithm
Reducesthechancesoftwowaitingstationspickingthe
samerandomtime

SridharIyer

IITBombay

93

BinaryExponentialBackoff
1.Ondetecting1stcollisionforpacketx
stationAchoosesanumberrbetween0and1.
waitforr*slottimeandtransmit.
Slottimeistakenas2*propagationdelay
k.Ondetectingkthcollisionforpacketx
chooserbetween0,1,..,(2k1)
Whenvalueofkbecomeshigh(10),giveup.
Randomizationincreasewithlargerwindow,butdelay
increases.
SridharIyer

IITBombay

94

HiddenTerminalProblem

AandCcannotheareachother.
AsendstoB,CcannotreceiveA.
CwantstosendtoB,Csensesafreemedium
(CSfails)
CollisionoccursatB.
Acannotreceivethecollision(CDfails).
AishiddenforC.

SridharIyer

IITBombay

95

Effectofinterferencerange

Transmissionfrom12willfail

SolutionforHiddenTerminals
AfirstsendsaRequesttoSend(RTS)toB
OnreceivingRTS,BrespondsCleartoSend(CTS)
HiddennodeCoverhearsCTSandkeepsquiet
TransferdurationisincludedinbothRTSandCTS

ExposednodeoverhearsaRTSbutnottheCTS
DstransmissioncannotinterfereatB

RTS
D

RTS
A

CTS

CTS

DATA
SridharIyer

IITBombay

97

ComponentsofIEEE802.11
architecture
Thebasicserviceset(BSS)isthebasicbuilding
blockofanIEEE802.11LAN
Theovalscanbethoughtofasthecoveragearea
withinwhichmemberstationscandirectly
communicate
TheIndependentBSS(IBSS)isthesimplestLAN.It
mayconsistofasfewastwostations
adhocnetwork

SridharIyer

BSS1

IITBombay

BSS2

98

802.11adhocnetwork(DCF)
802.11LAN

STA1

Directcommunication
withinalimitedrange

STA3

BSS1

STA2

BSS2
STA5
STA4

SridharIyer

Station(STA):
terminalwithaccess
mechanismstothe
wirelessmedium
BasicServiceSet(BSS):
groupofstationsusingthe
sameradiofrequency

802.11LAN

IITBombay

99
Source:Schiller

802.11infrastructurenetwork(PCF)
Station(STA)

802.11LAN

STA1

802.xLAN

terminalwithaccessmechanisms
tothewirelessmediumandradio
contacttotheaccesspoint

BasicServiceSet(BSS)
BSS1

Portal

Access
Point

Portal

Access
Point

bridgetoother(wired)networks

DistributionSystem

BSS2

STA2

SridharIyer

AccessPoint
stationintegratedintothewireless
LANandthedistributionsystem

DistributionSystem
ESS

groupofstationsusingthesame
radiofrequency

interconnectionnetworktoform
onelogicalnetwork(EES:
ExtendedServiceSet)based
onseveralBSS
802.11LAN

STA3

IITBombay

100
Source:Schiller

802.11intheTCP/IPstack
fixedterminal

mobileterminal
server

infrastructurenetwork
accesspoint
application

application

TCP

TCP

IP

IP

LLC

LLC

LLC

802.11MAC

802.11MAC

802.3MAC

802.3MAC

802.11PHY

802.11PHY

802.3PHY

802.3PHY

SridharIyer

IITBombay

101

802.11MAClayer
Trafficservices
AsynchronousDataService(mandatory)DCF
TimeBoundedService(optional)PCF

Accessmethods
DCFCSMA/CA(mandatory)
collisionavoidanceviarandomizedbackoffmechanism
ACKpacketforacknowledgements(notforbroadcasts)
DCFw/RTS/CTS(optional)
avoidshiddenterminalproblem
PCF(optional)
accesspointpollsterminalsaccordingtoalist

SridharIyer

IITBombay

102

802.11CSMA/CA
DIFS

DIFS
mediumbusy

contentionwindow
(randomizedbackoff
mechanism)
nextframe

directaccessif
mediumisfree DIFS

t
slottime

stationreadytosendstartssensingthemedium(CarrierSensebased
onCCA,ClearChannelAssessment)
ifthemediumisfreeforthedurationofanInterFrameSpace(IFS),
thestationcanstartsending(IFSdependsonservicetype)
ifthemediumisbusy,thestationhastowaitforafreeIFS,thenthe
stationmustadditionallywaitarandombackofftime(collision
avoidance,multipleofslottime)
ifanotherstationoccupiesthemediumduringthebackofftimeofthe
station,thebackofftimerstops(fairness)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

103

802.11CSMA/CAexample
DIFS

DIFS

station1
station2

DIFS

boe

bor

boe

busy

boe bor

DIFS

boe

busy

busy

station3
station4

boe bor

station5

boe busy

boe bor

boe

boe

busy

bor
t

busy

SridharIyer

mediumnotidle(frame,acketc.)

boe elapsedbackofftime

packetarrivalatMAC

bor residualbackofftime

IITBombay

104

802.11RTS/CTS
stationcansendRTSwithreservationparameterafterwaitingforDIFS
(reservationdeterminesamountoftimethedatapacketneedsthe
medium)
acknowledgementviaCTSafterSIFSbyreceiver(ifreadytoreceive)
sendercannowsenddataatonce,acknowledgementviaACK
otherstationsstoremediumreservationsdistributedviaRTSandCTS
DIFS
sender

RTS

data
SIFS

receiver

other
stations

SridharIyer

CTS SIFS

SIFS

NAV(RTS)
NAV(CTS)
deferaccess

IITBombay

ACK

DIFS

contention

data
t

105

802.11PCFI

t0 t1

SuperFrame

mediumbusy PIFS
D1
point
SIFS
coordinator
wireless
stations
stations
NAV

SridharIyer

SIFS

SIFS

D2
SIFS

U1

U2

NAV

IITBombay

106

802.11PCFII
t2

point
coordinator
wireless
stations
stations
NAV

SridharIyer

D3

PIFS

SIFS

D4
SIFS

t3

t4

CFend

U4

NAV
contentionfreeperiod

IITBombay

contention
period

107

CFPstructureandTiming

SridharIyer

IITBombay

108

802.11MACmanagement
Synchronization
trytofindaLAN,trytostaywithinaLAN
timeretc.

Powermanagement
sleepmodewithoutmissingamessage
periodicsleep,framebuffering,trafficmeasurements

Association/Reassociation
integrationintoaLAN
roaming,i.e.changenetworksbychangingaccesspoints
scanning,i.e.activesearchforanetwork

MIBManagementInformationBase
managing,read,write
SridharIyer

IITBombay

109

802.11Channels,association
802.11b:2.4GHz2.485GHzspectrumdividedinto11
channelsatdifferentfrequencies
APadminchoosesfrequencyforAP
interferencepossible:channelcanbesameasthat
chosenbyneighboringAP!

host:mustassociatewithanAP
scanschannels,listeningforbeaconframescontaining
APsname(SSID)andMACaddress
selectsAPtoassociatewith
mayperformauthentication
willtypicallyrunDHCPtogetIPaddressinAPssubnet
SridharIyer

IITBombay

110

802.11variants
LLC

802.11i

security
WEP

802.11f

InterAccessPointProtocol

MAC

802.11e

QoSenhancements

MIB

PHY
DSSS

802.11b

FH

5,11Mbps

802.11g

20+Mbps
SridharIyer

MAC
Mgmt

IITBombay

IR

OFDM

802.11a

6,9,12,18,24
36,48,54Mbps

111

802.11MarketEvolution
802.11

Industry
Verticals

Campus
Networking

Enterprise

Publichotspots
MobileOperators

Broadbandaccess
tohome

Revenuegeneration
opportunity;
lowcostalternative
toGPRS

Untested
proposition;
attemptsareon
going

Warehouses
Factoryfloors
Medical
Remotedata
entry;
business
process
efficiency
improvement
SridharIyer

Mobileuser
population
withoutany
officespace

Freedomfrom
wiresforlaptop
users;
productivity
enhancement
IITBombay

112

PublicWLANs
Providesignificantlyhigherdataratesthanwide
areawirelessnetworks
CouldtakeadvantagesofbothWLANandwide
arearadiotechnologiestocreatenewservices
andreducenetworkingcosts
PublicWLANsarethefirstwaveofallIPradio
accessnetworks
Newandinnovativebusinessmodelsfor
providingpublicmobileservices
SridharIyer

IITBombay

113

WorldwideWLANsales

SridharIyer

IITBombay

114

802.16(WiMaX)Overview

Motivationfor802.16
Broadband:
Atransmissionfacilityhavingabandwidthsufficientto
carrymultiplevoice,videoordata,simultaneously.
Highcapacityfibertoeveryuserisexpensive.

BroadbandWirelessAccess:
providesFirstmilenetworkaccesstobuildings.
Costeffectiveandeasydeployment.

SridharIyer

IITBombay

116

IEEE802.16
WirelessMANairinterface

forfixedpointtomultipointBWA

Broadbandwidth:1066GHz

Channelaswideas28MHzand
Datarateupto134Mbps

MACdesignedforefficientuseofspectrum
Bandwidthondemand
QoSSupport

SridharIyer

IITBombay

117

802.16Architecture

SridharIyer

IITBombay

118

Channelmodel
TwoChannels:DownlinkandUplink
SupportsbothTimeDivisionDuplexingand
FrequencyDivisionDuplexing
Basestationmapsdownstreamtrafficontotime
slotswithindividualsubscriberstationsallocated
timeslotserially
Uplinkissharedbetweenanumberofsubscriber
stationsbyTimeDivisionMultipleAccess

SridharIyer

IITBombay

119

NetworkinitializationofSS

Acquiresdownlinkanduplinkchannel.
Performinitialranging,negotiatebasiccapabilities.
Performregistrationandauthorization.
EstablishIPconnectivityandtimeofday.
Transferoperationalparameters.
Setupconnections.

SridharIyer

IITBombay

120

Bandwidthrequestsandgrants
Ways
Bandwidthrequestpacket.
Piggybackingbandwidthrequestwithnormaldata
packet.
Requestcanbemadeduringtimeslotassignedbybase
stationforsendingrequestordata.
Grantmodes
Grantperconnection.
Grantpersubscriberstation.
Grantpersubscriberstationismoreefficientandscalable
butcomplexthanGrantperconnection.

SridharIyer

IITBombay

121

Uplinkschedulingservices
Unsolicitedgrantservice

Support applications generating constant bit rate traffic

periodically.
Providesfixedbandwidthatperiodicintervals.

Realtimepollingservice

Supports realtime applications generating variable bit rate

trafficperiodically.
Offersperiodicopportunitiestorequestbandwidth.

Nonrealtimepollingservice

Supportsnonrealtimeapplicationsgeneratingvariablebitrate
trafficregularly.
Offersopportunitiestorequestbandwidthregularly.

Besteffort

Offersnoguarantee.
SridharIyer

IITBombay

122

802.16: Summary
Higherthroughputatlongerranges(upto50km)
Betterbits/second/Hzatlongerranges
Scalablesystemcapacity
Easyadditionofchannelsmaximizescellcapacity
Flexiblechannelbandwidthsaccommodateallocationsforboth
licensedandlicenseexemptspectrums
Coverage
Standardsbasedmeshandsmartantennasupport
Adaptivemodulationenablestradeoffofbandwidthforrange
QualityofService
Grant/requestMACsupportsvoiceandvideo
Differentiatedservicelevels:E1/T1forbusiness,besteffortfor
residential
SridharIyer

IITBombay

123

IEEE802.16Standard
802.16

802.16a/REVd

802.16e

Completed

Dec2001

802.16a:Jan2003
802.16REVd:Q304

Estimate2006

Spectrum

1066GHz

<11GHz

<6GHz

ChannelConditions

Lineofsightonly

Nonlineofsight

Nonlineofsight

BitRate

32134Mbpsat28MHz
channelization

Upto75Mbpsat20MHz
channelization

Upto15Mbpsat5MHz
channelization

Modulation

QPSK,16QAMand
64QAM

OFDM256subcarriersQPSK,
16QAM,64QAM

Sameas802.16a

Mobility

Fixed

Fixed

Pedestrianmobility
regionalroaming

Channel
Bandwidths

20,25and28MHz

Selectablechannelbandwidths
between1.25and20MHz

Sameas802.16awith
uplinksubchannelsto
conservepower

TypicalCellRadius

13miles

3to5miles;maxrange30miles
basedontowerheight,antenna
gainandpowertransmit

13miles

SridharIyer

IITBombay

124

802.11Internals

WirelessLANsvs.WiredLANs
Destinationaddressdoesnotequaldestination
location
Themediaimpactthedesign
wirelessLANsintendedtocoverreasonable
geographicdistancesmustbebuiltfrombasic
coverageblocks

Impactofhandlingmobile(andportable)
stations
Propagationeffects
Mobilitymanagement
Powermanagement
SridharIyer

IITBombay

126

WirelessMedia
Physicallayersusedinwirelessnetworks
haveneitherabsolutenorreadilyobservableboundaries
outsidewhichstationsareunabletoreceiveframes
areunprotectedfromoutsidesignals
communicateoveramediumsignificantlylessreliable
thanthecableofawirednetwork
havedynamictopologies
lackfullconnectivityandthereforetheassumption
normallymadethateverystationcanheareveryother
stationinaLANisinvalid(i.e.,STAsmaybehidden
fromeachother)
havetimevaryingandasymmetricpropagationproperties
SridharIyer

IITBombay

127

Infrastructurevs.AdhocWLANs
infrastructure
network
AP
AP

wirednetwork

AP:AccessPoint
AP

adhocnetwork

SridharIyer

IITBombay

128
Source:Schiller

IEEE802.11
WirelessLANstandarddefinedintheunlicensedspectrum
(2.4GHzand5GHzUNIIbands)

12cm

33cm
26 MHz

902 MHz

83.5 MHz

2.4 GHz
928 MHz

5cm
200 MHz

5.15 GHz

2.4835 GHz

5.35 GHz

StandardscoverstheMACsublayerandPHYlayers
Threedifferentphysicallayersinthe2.4GHzband
FHSS,DSSSandIR

OFDMbasedPhyslayerinthe5GHzband(802.11a)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

129

802.11intheTCP/IPstack
fixedterminal

mobileterminal
server

infrastructurenetwork
accesspoint
application

application

TCP

TCP

IP

IP

LLC

LLC

LLC

802.11MAC

802.11MAC

802.3MAC

802.3MAC

802.11PHY

802.11PHY

802.3PHY

802.3PHY

SridharIyer

IITBombay

130

FunctionalDiagram

SridharIyer

IITBombay

131

802.11Layersandfunctions

SridharIyer

LLC
MAC
PLCP
PMD

MACManagement
PHYManagement

IITBombay

PLCPPhysicalLayer
ConvergenceProtocol
clearchannelassessment
signal(carriersense)
PMDPhysicalMedium
Dependent
modulation,coding
PHYManagement
channelselection,MIB
StationManagement
coordinationofall
managementfunctions

StationManagement

PHY

DLC

MAC
accessmechanisms,
fragmentation,encryption
MACManagement
synchronization,roaming,
MIB,powermanagement

132

802.11infrastructurenetwork
Station(STA)

802.11LAN

STA1

802.xLAN

terminalwithaccessmechanisms
tothewirelessmediumandradio
contacttotheaccesspoint

BasicServiceSet(BSS)
BSS1

Portal

Access
Point

Portal

Access
Point

bridgetoother(wired)networks

DistributionSystem

BSS2

STA2

SridharIyer

AccessPoint
stationintegratedintothewireless
LANandthedistributionsystem

DistributionSystem
ESS

groupofstationsusingthesame
radiofrequency

interconnectionnetworktoform
onelogicalnetwork(EES:
ExtendedServiceSet)based
onseveralBSS
802.11LAN

STA3

IITBombay

133
Source:Schiller

DistributionSystem(DS)concepts
TheDistributionsysteminterconnectsmultipleBSSs
802.11standardlogicallyseparatesthewireless
mediumfromthedistributionsystemitdoesnot
preclude,nordemand,thatthemultiplemediabe
sameordifferent
AnAccessPoint(AP)isaSTAthatprovidesaccess
totheDSbyprovidingDSservicesinadditionto
actingasaSTA.
DatamovesbetweenBSSandtheDSviaanAP
TheDSandBSSsallow802.11tocreateawireless
networkofarbitrarysizeandcomplexitycalledthe
ExtendedServiceSetnetwork(ESS)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

134

ExtendedServiceSetnetwork

SridharIyer

IITBombay

135
Source:Intersil

802.11Physicallayer
3versionsofspreadspectrum:2radio(typ.2.4GHz),1IR
datarates1or2Mbps
FHSS(FrequencyHoppingSpreadSpectrum)
spreading,despreading,signalstrength,typically1Mbps
min.2.5frequencyhops/s(USA),twolevelGFSKmodulation
DSSS(DirectSequenceSpreadSpectrum)
DBPSKmodulationfor1Mbps(DifferentialBinaryPhaseShift
Keying),DQPSKfor2Mbps(DifferentialQuadraturePSK)
preambleandheaderofaframeisalwaystransmittedwith1
Mbps,restoftransmission1or2Mbps
chippingsequence:+1,1,+1,+1,1,+1,+1,+1,1,1,1(Barker
code)
max.radiatedpower1W(USA),100mW(EU),min.1mW
Infrared
850950nm,diffuselight,typ.10mrange
carrierdetection,energydetection,synchronization
SridharIyer

IITBombay

136

Spreadspectrumcommunications

SridharIyer

IITBombay

137
Source:Intersil

DSSSBarkerCodemodulation

SridharIyer

IITBombay

138
Source:Intersil

DSSSproperties

SridharIyer

IITBombay

139
Source:Intersil

802.11MAClayer
Trafficservices
AsynchronousDataService(mandatory)DCF
TimeBoundedService(optional)PCF

Accessmethods
DCFCSMA/CA(mandatory)
collisionavoidanceviarandomizedbackoffmechanism
ACKpacketforacknowledgements(notforbroadcasts)
DCFw/RTS/CTS(optional)
avoidshidden/exposedterminalproblem,provides
reliability
PCF(optional)
accesspointpollsterminalsaccordingtoalist
SridharIyer

IITBombay

140

802.11CSMA/CA
DIFS

DIFS
mediumbusy

contentionwindow
(randomizedbackoff
mechanism)
nextframe

directaccessif
mediumisfree DIFS

t
slottime

stationwhichhasdatatosendstartssensingthemedium
(CarrierSensebasedonCCA,ClearChannelAssessment)
ifthemediumisfreeforthedurationofanInterFrameSpace
(IFS),thestationcanstartsending(IFSdependsonservice
type)
ifthemediumisbusy,thestationhastowaitforafreeIFSplus
anadditionalrandombackofftime(multipleofslottime)
ifanotherstationoccupiesthemediumduringthebackofftime
ofthestation,thebackofftimerstops(fairness)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

141

802.11DCFbasicaccess
IfmediumisfreeforDIFStime,stationsendsdata
receiversacknowledgeatonce(afterwaitingforSIFS)ifthe
packetwasreceivedcorrectly(CRC)
automaticretransmissionofdatapacketsincaseof
transmissionerrors
DIFS
sender

data
SIFS

receiver
other
stations

SridharIyer

ACK
DIFS

waitingtime

IITBombay

contention

data
t

142

802.11RTS/CTS
IfmediumisfreeforDIFS,stationcansendRTSwithreservation
parameter(reservationdeterminesamountoftimethedatapacket
needsthemedium)
acknowledgementviaCTSafterSIFSbyreceiver(ifreadytoreceive)
sendercannowsenddataatonce,acknowledgementviaACK
otherstationsstoremediumreservationsdistributedviaRTSandCTS
DIFS
sender

RTS

data
SIFS

receiver

other
stations

SridharIyer

CTS SIFS

SIFS

NAV(RTS)
NAV(CTS)
deferaccess

IITBombay

ACK

DIFS

contention

data
t

143

802.11CarrierSensing
InIEEE802.11,carriersensingisperformed
attheairinterface(physicalcarriersensing),and
attheMAClayer(virtualcarriersensing)
Physicalcarriersensing
detectspresenceofotherusersbyanalyzingalldetected
packets
Detectsactivityinthechannelviarelativesignalstrength
fromothersources
VirtualcarriersensingisdonebysendingMPDUduration
informationintheheaderofRTS/CTSanddataframes
Channelisbusyifeithermechanismsindicateittobe
Durationfieldindicatestheamountoftime(inmicroseconds)
requiredtocompleteframetransmission
StationsintheBSSusetheinformationinthedurationfieldto
adjusttheirnetworkallocationvector(NAV)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

144

802.11CollisionAvoidance
IfmediumisnotfreeduringDIFStime..
GointoCollisionAvoidance:Oncechannelbecomes
idle,waitforDIFStimeplusarandomlychosen
backofftimebeforeattemptingtotransmit
ForDCFthebackoffischosenasfollows:
Whenfirsttransmittingapacket,chooseabackoffinterval
intherange[0,cw];cwiscontentionwindow,nominally31
Countdownthebackoffintervalwhenmediumisidle
Countdownissuspendedifmediumbecomesbusy
Whenbackoffintervalreaches0,transmitRTS
Ifcollision,thendoublethecwuptoamaximumof1024

Timespentcountingdownbackoffintervalsispartof
MACoverhead
SridharIyer

IITBombay

145

Examplebackoff

B1=25

B1=5
wait

data

data
B2=20

cw=31

SridharIyer

wait
B2=15

B2=10

B1andB2arebackoffintervals
atnodes1and2

IITBombay

146

Backoffmorecomplexexample
DIFS

DIFS

station1
station2

boe

bor

boe

busy

DIFS

boe

busy

busy

station3
station4

boe bor

station5

boe busy

boe bor

boe

boe

busy

bor
t

busy

SridharIyer

boe bor

DIFS

mediumnotidle(frame,acketc.)

boe elapsedbackofftime

packetarrivalatMAC

bor residualbackofftime

IITBombay

147
Source:Schiller

802.11Priorities
definedthroughdifferentinterframespacesmandatoryidle
timeintervalsbetweenthetransmissionofframes
SIFS(ShortInterFrameSpacing)
highestpriority,forACK,CTS,pollingresponse
SIFSTimeandSlotTimearefixedperPHYlayer(10 sand20
srespectivelyinDSSS)

PIFS(PCFIFS)
mediumpriority,fortimeboundedserviceusingPCF
PIFSTime=SIFSTime+SlotTime

DIFS(DCFIFS)
lowestpriority,forasynchronousdataservice
DCFIFS:DIFSTime=SIFSTime+2xSlotTime
SridharIyer

IITBombay

148

SolutiontoHiddenTerminals
AfirstsendsaRequesttoSend(RTS)toB
OnreceivingRTS,BrespondsCleartoSend(CTS)
HiddennodeCoverhearsCTSandkeepsquiet
TransferdurationisincludedinbothRTSandCTS

ExposednodeoverhearsaRTSbutnottheCTS
DstransmissioncannotinterfereatB

RTS
D

RTS
A

CTS

CTS

DATA
SridharIyer

IITBombay

149

802.11Reliability
Useacknowledgements
WhenBreceivesDATAfromA,BsendsanACK
IfAfailstoreceiveanACK,AretransmitstheDATA
BothCandDremainquietuntilACK(topreventcollisionof
ACK)
Expecteddurationoftransmission+ACKisincludedinRTS/
CTSpackets
RTS
D

RTS
A

CTS

CTS

DATA
ACK
SridharIyer

IITBombay

150

802.11CongestionControl
Contentionwindow(cw)inDCF:Congestion
controlachievedbydynamicallychoosingcw
largecwleadstolargerbackoffintervals
smallcwleadstolargernumberofcollisions
BinaryExponentialBackoffinDCF:
WhenanodefailstoreceiveCTSinresponseto
itsRTS,itincreasesthecontentionwindow
cwisdoubled(uptoaboundcwmax=1023)

Uponsuccessfulcompletiondatatransfer,restore
cwtocwmin=31
SridharIyer

IITBombay

151

Fragmentation

DIFS
sender

frag1

RTS
SIFS

receiver

CTS SIFS

frag2
SIFS

ACK1 SIFS

NAV(RTS)
NAV(CTS)
other
stations

SridharIyer

SIFS

NAV(frag1)
NAV(ACK1)

ACK2

DIFS

data
t

contention

IITBombay

152

802.11MACmanagement
Synchronization
trytofindaLAN,trytostaywithinaLAN
timeretc.

Powermanagement
sleepmodewithoutmissingamessage
periodicsleep,framebuffering,trafficmeasurements

Association/Reassociation
integrationintoaLAN
roaming,i.e.changenetworksbychangingaccesspoints
scanning,i.e.activesearchforanetwork

MIBManagementInformationBase
managing,read,write
SridharIyer

IITBombay

153

802.11Synchronization
AllSTAswithinaBSSaresynchronizedtoacommon
clock
Infrastructuremode:APisthetimingmaster
periodicallytransmitsBeaconframescontainingTiming
Synchronizationfunction(TSF)
ReceivingstationsacceptsthetimestampvalueinTSF
Adhocmode:TSFimplementsadistributedalgorithm
Eachstationadoptsthetimingreceivedfromanybeacon
thathasTSFvaluelaterthanitsownTSFtimer

ThismechanismkeepsthesynchronizationoftheTSF
timersinaBSStowithin4 splusthemaximum
propagationdelayofthePHYlayer
SridharIyer

IITBombay

154

SynchronizationusingaBeacon
(infrastructuremode)

beaconinterval

access
point
medium

B
busy

busy

busy

valueofthetimestamp

SridharIyer

IITBombay

B
busy
t

beaconframe

155
Source:Schiller

SynchronizationusingaBeacon
(adhocmode)
beaconinterval

station1

B1

B1
B2

station2
medium

busy

busy

valueofthetimestamp

SridharIyer

B2
busy
B

busy
beaconframe

IITBombay

t
randomdelay

156

802.11Powermanagement
Idea:switchthetransceiveroffifnotneeded
Statesofastation:sleepandawake
TimingSynchronizationFunction(TSF)
stationswakeupatthesametime

Infrastructure
TrafficIndicationMap(TIM)
listofunicastreceiverstransmittedbyAP
DeliveryTrafficIndicationMap(DTIM)
listofbroadcast/multicastreceiverstransmittedbyAP

Adhoc
AdhocTrafficIndicationMap(ATIM)
announcementofreceiversbystationsbufferingframes
morecomplicatednocentralAP
collisionofATIMspossible(scalability?)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

157

802.11EnergyConservation
PowerSavingininfrastructuremode
Nodescangointosleeporstandbymode
AnAccessPointperiodicallytransmitsabeacon
indicatingwhichnodeshavepacketswaitingforthem
Eachpowersaving(PS)nodewakesupperiodically
toreceivethebeacon
Ifanodehasapacketwaiting,thenitsendsaPS
Poll
Afterwaitingforabackoffintervalin[0,CWmin]

AccessPointsendsthedatainresponsetoPSpoll
SridharIyer

IITBombay

158

Powersavingwithwakeuppatterns
(infrastructure)
TIMinterval

access
point

DTIMinterval

D B

T
busy

medium

busy

busy
p

D B

busy

station

SridharIyer

d
t

TIM

broadcast/multicast

DTIM

awake
p PSpoll

IITBombay

d datatransmission
to/fromthestation

159
Source:Schiller

Powersavingwithwakeuppatterns
(adhoc)
ATIM
window

station1

B1

station2

beaconframe
awake

SridharIyer

beaconinterval

A
B2

randomdelay

B2

B1

A transmitATIM

D transmitdata

a acknowledgeATIM d acknowledgedata

IITBombay

160

802.11Frameformat
Types
controlframes,managementframes,dataframes

Sequencenumbers
importantagainstduplicatedframesduetolostACKs

Addresses
receiver,transmitter(physical),BSSidentifier,sender(logical)

Miscellaneous
sendingtime,checksum,framecontrol,data
bytes

2
Frame
Control

2
6
6
6
2
6
Duration Address Address Address Sequence Address
ID
1
2
3
Control
4

02312

Data

CRC

version,type,fragmentation,security,...

SridharIyer

IITBombay

161

802.11frame:addressing
2

frame
address address address
duration
control
1
2
3

Address 1: MAC address

of wireless host or AP
to receive this frame

02312

payload

CRC

seq address
4
control

Address 3: used only

in ad hoc mode
Address 3: MAC address
of router interface to
which AP is attached

Address 2: MAC address

of wireless host or AP
transmitting this frame

SridharIyer

IITBombay

162

802.11frame:addressing

R1 router

H1

Internet

AP

R1 MAC addr AP MAC addr

dest.address

sourceaddress

802.3 frame
AP MAC addr H1 MAC addr R1 MAC addr
address1

address2

address3

802.11 frame
SridharIyer

IITBombay

163

802.11frame:more
frame seq #
(for reliable ARQ)

duration of reserved
transmission time (RTS/CTS)
2

frame
address address address
duration
control
1
2
3

2
Protocol
version

Type

Subtype

To
AP

seq address
4
control

02312

payload

CRC

From More
Power More
Retry
AP
frag
mgt
data

WEP

Rsvd

frame type
(RTS, CTS, ACK, data)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

164

TypesofFrames
ControlFrames
RTS/CTS/ACK
CFPoll/CFEnd

ManagementFrames

Beacons
ProbeRequest/Response
AssociationRequest/Response
Dissociation/Reassociation
Authentication/Deauthentication
ATIM

DataFrames
SridharIyer

IITBombay

165

802.11Roaming
BadconnectioninInfrastructuremode?Perform:
scanningofenvironment
listenintothemediumforbeaconsignalsorsendprobesinto
themediumandwaitforananswer

sendReassociationRequest
stationsendsarequesttoanewAP(s)

receiveReassociationResponse
success:APhasanswered,stationcannowparticipate
failure:continuescanning

APacceptsReassociationRequestand
signalsthenewstationtothedistributionsystem
thedistributionsystemupdatesitsdatabase(i.e.,location
information)
typically,thedistributionsystemnowinformstheoldAPsoit
canreleaseresources
SridharIyer

IITBombay

166

802.11Roamingwithinsamesubnet
H1remainsinsameIP
subnet:IPaddresscan
remainsame
switch:whichAPis
associatedwithH1?
selflearning
switchwillseeframefromH1
andrememberwhichswitch
portcanbeusedtoreachH1

router
hub or
switch
BBS 1
AP 1
AP 2
H1

SridharIyer

IITBombay

BBS 2

167

802.11PointCoordinationFunction

SridharIyer

IITBombay

168

CoexistenceofPCFandDCF
APointCoordinator(PC)residesintheAccessPointand
controlsframetransfersduringaContentionFreePeriod
(CFP)
ACFPollframeisusedbythePCtoinviteastationto
senddata.Stationsarepolledfromalistmaintainedby
thePC
TheCFPalternateswithaContentionPeriod(CP)in
whichdatatransfershappenaspertherulesofDCF
ThisCPmustbelargeenoughtosendatleastone
maximumsizedpacketincludingRTS/CTS/ACK
CFPsaregeneratedattheCFPrepetitionrate
ThePCsendsBeaconsatregularintervalsandatthe
startofeachCFP
TheCFEndframesignalstheendoftheCFP
SridharIyer

IITBombay

169

CFPstructureandTiming

SridharIyer

IITBombay

170

802.11PCFI

t0 t1

SuperFrame

mediumbusy PIFS
D1
point
SIFS
coordinator
wireless
stations
stations
NAV

SridharIyer

SIFS

SIFS

D2
SIFS

U1

U2

NAV

IITBombay

171
Source:Schiller

802.11PCFII
t2

point
coordinator
wireless
stations
stations
NAV

SridharIyer

D3

PIFS

SIFS

D4
SIFS

t3

t4

CFend

U4

NAV
contentionfreeperiod

IITBombay

contention
period

172

ThroughputDCFvs.PCF
OverheadstothroughputanddelayinDCFmodecomefrom
lossesduetocollisionsandbackoff
Theseincreasewhennumberofnodesinthenetwork
increases
RTS/CTSframescostbandwidthbutlargedatapackets
(>RTSthreshold)sufferfewercollisions
RTC/CTSthresholdmustdependonnumberofnodes
OverheadinPCFmodescomesfromwastedpolls
Pollingmechanismshavelargeinfluenceonthroughput
ThroughputinPCFmodeshowsupto20%variationwith
otherconfigurationparametersCFPrepetitionrate
SaturationthroughputofDCFlessthanPCFinallstudies
presentedhere(heavyloadconditions)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

173

SridharIyer

IITBombay

174
ICCC2002

WLAN:IEEE802.11b

Connectionsetuptime

Datarate
1,2,5.5,11Mbit/s,depending
onSNR
Userdataratemax.approx.6
Mbit/s

Transmissionrange
300moutdoor,30mindoor
Max.datarate~10mindoor

Frequency

Connectionless/alwayson

QualityofService
Typ.Besteffort,noguarantees
(unlesspollingisused,limited
supportinproducts)

Manageability
Limited(noautomatedkey
distribution,sym.Encryption)

Special

Free2.4GHzISMband

Security
Limited,WEPinsecure,SSID

Cost
100$adapter,250$base
station,dropping

Availability
Manyproducts,manyvendors
SridharIyer

IITBombay

Advantage:manyinstalled
systems,lotofexperience,
availableworldwide,freeISM
band,manyvendors,
integratedinlaptops,simple
system
Disadvantage:heavy
interferenceonISMband,no
serviceguarantees,slow
relativespeedonly
175

IEEE802.11bPHYframeformats
LongPLCPPPDUformat
128

16

synchronization

SFD

16

16

signal service length HEC

PLCPpreamble

bits

variable
payload

PLCPheader

192sat1Mbit/sDBPSK

1,2,5.5or11Mbit/s

ShortPLCPPPDUformat(optional)
56
shortsynch.

16
SFD

16

signal service length HEC

PLCPpreamble
(1Mbit/s,DBPSK)

variable

bits

payload

PLCPheader
(2Mbit/s,DQPSK)
96s

SridharIyer

16

2,5.5or11Mbit/s

IITBombay

176

Channelselection(nonoverlapping)
Europe(ETSI)
channel1

2400

2412

US(FCC)/Canada(IC)
channel1

2400

2412

channel7

channel13

2442

2472

22MHz

channel6

channel11

2437

2462

22MHz

SridharIyer

IITBombay

2483.5
[MHz]

2483.5
[MHz]

177

WLAN:IEEE802.11a

Datarate

6,9,12,18,24,36,48,54Mbit/s,depending
onSNR
Userthroughput(1500bytepackets):5.3(6),
18(24),24(36),32(54)
6,12,24Mbit/smandatory

E.g.,54Mbit/supto5m,48upto12m,36up
to25m,24upto30m,18upto40m,12upto
60m

Security
Cost
Availability
Someproducts,somevendors

SridharIyer

Special
Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantage:fitsinto802.x
standards,freeISMband,
available,simplesystem,uses
lesscrowded5GHzband
Disadvantage:strongershading
duetohigherfrequency,noQoS

280$adapter,500$basestation

Manageability
Limited(noautomatedkey
distribution,sym.Encryption)

Limited,WEPinsecure,SSID

QualityofService
Typ.besteffort,noguarantees
(sameasall802.11products)

Frequency
Free5.155.25,5.255.35,5.7255.825GHz
ISMband

Connectionsetuptime
Connectionless/alwayson

Transmissionrange
100moutdoor,10mindoor

IITBombay

178

IEEE802.11aPHYframeformat
4

12

rate reserved length parity

16

tail service

variable

variable

payload

tail

pad

bits

PLCPheader

PLCPpreamble
12

signal
1
6Mbit/s

SridharIyer

data
variable

symbols

6,9,12,18,24,36,48,54Mbit/s

IITBombay

179

OFDMinIEEE802.11a
OFDMwith52usedsubcarriers(64intotal)
48data+4pilot
312.5kHzspacing
312.5kHz

pilot

26 21

7 1 1

channelcenterfrequency

SridharIyer

IITBombay

21 26

subcarrier
number

180

Operatingchannelsfor802.11a
36

5150

40

44

48

52

56

60

64

5180 5200 5220 5240 5260 5280 5300 5320

channel

5350 [MHz]

16.6MHz

149

153

157

161

channel

centerfrequency=
5000+5*channelnumber[MHz]

5725 5745 5765 5785 5805 5825 [MHz]

16.6MHz

SridharIyer

IITBombay

181

WLAN:IEEE802.11e
802.11e:MACEnhancementsQoS
Enhancethecurrent802.11MACtoexpandsupport
forapplicationswithQualityofServicerequirements,
andinthecapabilitiesandefficiencyoftheprotocol.

EDCF
ContentionWindowbasedprioritization
Realtime
Besteffort

Virtualcollisionresolvedinfavorofhigherpriority

SridharIyer

IITBombay

182

Extending DCF: EDCF

FTP flows + unprioritised
VoIP: larger contention
window

Access
to
channe
l
Prioritised VoIP calls : smaller
contention window

SridharIyer

EDCF improves upon DCF by

prioritising traffic
Each traffic class can have a
different contention window
Different traffic classes to
use different interframe
spaces, called Arbitration
Interframe Space (AIFS)
EDCF contention window
parameters
VoIP (priority): 7-31
FTP w/o priority: 32-1023
VoIP w/o priority:32-1023

IITBombay

183

IEEE802.11Summary
InfrastructureandadhocmodesusingDCF
CarrierSenseMultipleAccess
Binaryexponentialbackoffforcollisionavoidanceand
congestioncontrol
Acknowledgementsforreliability
Powersavemodeforenergyconservation
TimeboundserviceusingPCF
SignalingpacketsforavoidingExposed/Hiddenterminal
problems,andforreservation
Mediumisreservedforthedurationofthetransmission
RTSCTSinDCF
PollsinPCF
SridharIyer

IITBombay

184

MobileIP

SridharIyer

IITBombay

185

TraditionalRouting
Aroutingprotocolsetsuparoutingtableinrouters

RoutingprotocolistypicallybasedonDistanceVectoror
LinkStatealgorithms
SridharIyer

IITBombay

186

RoutingandMobility
Findingapathfromasourcetoadestination
Issues
Frequentroutechanges
amountofdatatransferredbetweenroutechangesmay
bemuchsmallerthantraditionalnetworks
Routechangesmayberelatedtohostmovement
Lowbandwidthlinks
Goalofroutingprotocols
decreaseroutingrelatedoverhead
findshortroutes
findstableroutes(despitemobility)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

187

MobileIP(RFC3344):Motivation
Traditionalrouting
basedonIPaddress;networkprefixdeterminesthesubnet
changeofphysicalsubnetimplies
changeofIPaddress(conformtonewsubnet),or
specialroutingtableentriestoforwardpacketstonewsubnet

ChangingofIPaddress
DNSupdatestaketolongtime
TCPconnectionsbreak
securityproblems

Changingentriesinroutingtables
doesnotscalewiththenumberofmobilehostsandfrequent
changesinthelocation
securityproblems

Solutionrequirements
retainsameIPaddress,usesamelayer2protocols
authenticationofregistrationmessages,

SridharIyer

IITBombay

188

MobileIP:BasicIdea

MN

Router
3

Home
agent
Router
1

SridharIyer

Router
2

IITBombay

189

MobileIP:BasicIdea
move
Router
3

MN

Foreignagent
Homeagent
Router
1

SridharIyer

Router
2

IITBombay

Packetsaretunneled
usingIPinIP

190

MobileIP:Terminology
MobileNode(MN)
nodethatmovesacrossnetworkswithoutchangingitsIPaddress

HomeAgent(HA)
hostinthehomenetworkoftheMN,typicallyarouter
registersthelocationoftheMN,tunnelsIPpacketstotheCOA

ForeignAgent(FA)
hostinthecurrentforeignnetworkoftheMN,typicallyarouter
forwardstunneledpacketstotheMN,typicallythedefaultrouter
forMN

CareofAddress(COA)
addressofthecurrenttunnelendpointfortheMN(atFAorMN)
actuallocationoftheMNfromanIPpointofview

CorrespondentNode(CN)
hostwithwhichMNiscorresponding(TCPconnection)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

191

Datatransfertothemobilesystem
HA

MN

homenetwork

Internet

receiver

FA

CN
sender
SridharIyer

foreign
network

1.SendersendstotheIPaddressofMN,
HAinterceptspacket(proxyARP)
2.HAtunnelspackettoCOA,hereFA,
byencapsulation
3.FAforwardsthepackettotheMN
IITBombay

192
Source:Schiller

Datatransferfromthemobilesystem
HA

homenetwork

MN

sender
Internet

FA

foreign
network

1.SendersendstotheIPaddress
ofthereceiverasusual,
FAworksasdefaultrouter

CN
receiver
SridharIyer

IITBombay

193
Source:Schiller

MobileIP:BasicOperation
AgentAdvertisement
HA/FAperiodicallysendadvertisementmessagesintotheir
physicalsubnets
MNlistenstothesemessagesanddetects,ifitisin
home/foreignnetwork
MNreadsaCOAfromtheFAadvertisementmessages

MNRegistration
MNsignalsCOAtotheHAviatheFA
HAacknowledgesviaFAtoMN
limitedlifetime,needtobesecuredbyauthentication

HAProxy
HAadvertisestheIPaddressoftheMN(asforfixedsystems)
packetstotheMNaresenttotheHA
independentofchangesinCOA/FA

PacketTunneling
SridharIyer

HAtoMNviaFA

IITBombay

194

MobileIP:OtherIssues
ReverseTunneling
firewallspermitonlytopologicalcorrectaddresses
apacketfromtheMNencapsulatedbytheFAisnow
topologicalcorrect

Optimizations
TriangularRouting
HAinformssenderthecurrentlocationofMN

ChangeofFA
newFAinformsoldFAtoavoidpacketloss,oldFAnow
forwardsremainingpacketstonewFA
SridharIyer

IITBombay

195

MeshandAdhocNetworks

SridharIyer

IITBombay

196

MultiHopWireless
Mayneedtotraversemultiplelinkstoreachdestination

Mobilitycausesroutechanges
SridharIyer

IITBombay

197

MobileAdHocNetworks(MANET)
Hostmovementfrequent
Topologychangefrequent
A

Nocellularinfrastructure.Multihopwirelesslinks.
Datamustberoutedviaintermediatenodes.
SridharIyer

IITBombay

198

MACinAdhocnetworks
IEEE802.11DCFismostpopular
Easyavailability

802.11DCF:
UsesRTSCTStoavoidhiddenterminalproblem
UsesACKtoachievereliability

802.11wasdesignedforsinglehopwireless
Doesnotdowellformultihopadhocscenarios
Reducedthroughput
Exposedterminalproblem
SridharIyer

IITBombay

199

ExposedTerminalProblem

AstartssendingtoB.
Csensescarrier,findsmediuminuseandhasto
waitforA>Btoend.
DisoutsidetherangeofA,thereforewaitingisnot
necessary.
AandCareexposedterminals
SridharIyer

IITBombay

200

Distancevector&LinkstateRouting
Bothassumerouterknows
addressofeachneighbor
costofreachingeachneighbor

Bothallowaroutertodetermineglobalrouting
informationbytalkingtoitsneighbors
Distancevectorrouterknowscosttoeachdestination
Linkstaterouterknowsentirenetworktopologyand
computesshortestpath

SridharIyer

IITBombay

201

DistanceVectorRouting:Example

SridharIyer

IITBombay

202

LinkStateRouting:Example

SridharIyer

IITBombay

203

MANETRoutingProtocols
Proactiveprotocols

Traditionaldistributedshortestpathprotocols
Maintainroutesbetweeneveryhostpairatalltimes
Basedonperiodicupdates;Highroutingoverhead
Example:DSDV(destinationsequenceddistancevector)

Reactiveprotocols
Determinerouteifandwhenneeded
Sourceinitiatesroutediscovery
Example:DSR(dynamicsourcerouting)

Hybridprotocols
Adaptive;Combinationofproactiveandreactive
Example:ZRP(zoneroutingprotocol)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

204

DynamicSourceRouting(DSR)
RouteDiscoveryPhase:
InitiatedbysourcenodeSthatwantstosendpacketto
destinationnodeD
RouteRequest(RREQ)floodsthroughthenetwork
EachnodeappendsownidentifierwhenforwardingRREQ

RouteReplyPhase:
DonreceivingthefirstRREQ,sendsaRouteReply(RREP)
RREPissentonarouteobtainedbyreversingtheroute
appendedtoreceivedRREQ
RREPincludestheroutefromStoDonwhichRREQwas
receivedbynodeD

DataForwardingPhase:
SsendsdatatoDbysourceroutingthroughintermediatenodes
SridharIyer

IITBombay

205

RoutediscoveryinDSR
Y
Z
S
B
A

E
F

H
I

D
N

RepresentsanodethathasreceivedRREQforDfromS
SridharIyer

IITBombay

206

RoutediscoveryinDSR
Y

Broadcasttransmission
[S]
S
B
A

Z
E
F

H
I

D
N

RepresentstransmissionofRREQ
[X,Y]RepresentslistofidentifiersappendedtoRREQ
SridharIyer
IITBombay

207

RoutediscoveryinDSR
Y

S
B
A

[S,E]
F

C
H

[S,C]

D
N

NodeHreceivespacketRREQfromtwoneighbors:
potentialforcollision
SridharIyer

IITBombay

208

RoutediscoveryinDSR
Y
Z
S
B
A

[S,E,F,J,M]

H
I

NodeDdoesnotforwardRREQ,becausenodeD
istheintendedtargetoftheroutediscovery

SridharIyer

IITBombay

209

RoutereplyinDSR
Y

S
B
A

RREP[S,E,F,J,D]

SridharIyer

RepresentsRREPcontrolmessage
IITBombay

D
N

210

DatadeliveryinDSR
Y
DATA[S,E,F,J,D]
S
B
A

E
F

H
I

D
N

Packetheadersizegrowswithroutelength
SridharIyer

IITBombay

211

DestinationSequencedDistance
Vector(DSDV)
Eachnodemaintainsaroutingtablewhichstores
nexthop,costmetrictowardseachdestination
asequencenumberthatiscreatedbythedestinationitself

Eachnodeperiodicallyforwardsroutingtableto
neighbors
Eachnodeincrementsandappendsitssequencenumberwhen
sendingitslocalroutingtable

Eachrouteistaggedwithasequencenumber;routes
withgreatersequencenumbersarepreferred

SridharIyer

IITBombay

212

DSDV
Eachnodeadvertisesamonotonically
increasingevensequencenumberforitself
Whenanodedecidesthatarouteisbroken,it
incrementsthesequencenumberoftheroute
andadvertisesitwithinfinitemetric
Destinationadvertisesnewsequencenumber

SridharIyer

IITBombay

213

DSDVexample
WhenXreceivesinformationfromYaboutaroutetoZ
LetdestinationsequencenumberforZatXbeS(X),S(Y)is
sentfromY
X

IfS(X)>S(Y),thenXignorestheroutinginformationreceived
fromY
IfS(X)=S(Y),andcostofgoingthroughYissmallerthanthe
routeknowntoX,thenXsetsYasthenexthoptoZ
IfS(X)<S(Y),thenXsetsYasthenexthoptoZ,andS(X)is
updatedtoequalS(Y)

SridharIyer

IITBombay

214

ProtocolTradeoffs
Proactiveprotocols

Alwaysmaintainroutes
Littleornodelayforroutedetermination
Consumebandwidthtokeeproutesuptodate
Maintainrouteswhichmayneverbeused

Reactiveprotocols

Loweroverheadsinceroutesaredeterminedondemand
Significantdelayinroutedetermination
Employflooding(globalsearch)
Controltrafficmaybebursty

Whichapproachachievesabettertradeoffdependsonthetrafficand
mobilitypatterns

SridharIyer

IITBombay

215

TCPoverwireless

SridharIyer

IITBombay

216

Impactoftransmissionerrors
Wirelesschannelmayhaveburstyrandomerrors
Bursterrorsmaycausetimeout
Randomerrorsmaycausefastretransmit
TCPcannotdistinguishbetweenpacketlosses
duetocongestionandtransmissionerrors
Unnecessarilyreducescongestionwindow
Throughputsuffers
SridharIyer

IITBombay

217

Splitconnectionapproach
EndtoendTCPconnectionisbrokenintoone
connectiononthewiredpartofrouteandone
overwirelesspartoftheroute
ConnectionbetweenwirelesshostMHandfixed
hostFHgoesthroughbasestationBS
FHMH=FHBS+BSMH
FH
FixedHost

SridharIyer

BS

MH

BaseStation

IITBombay

MobileHost

218

ITCP:Splitconnectionapproach
PerTCPconnectionstate
TCPconnection

TCPconnection
application

application

transport

transport

transport

network

network

network

link

link

link

physical

physical

physical

SridharIyer

IITBombay

rxmt

wireless

application

219

Snoopprotocol
BuffersdatapacketsatthebasestationBS
toallowlinklayerretransmission

WhendupacksreceivedbyBSfromMH
retransmitonwirelesslink,ifpacketpresentinbuffer
dropdupack

PreventsfastretransmitatTCPsenderFH
FH
SridharIyer

BS

MH
IITBombay

220

Snoopprotocol
PerTCPconnectionstate
TCPconnection
application

application

application

transport

transport

transport

network

network

link

link

link

physical

physical

physical

FH
SridharIyer

BS
IITBombay

rxmt

wireless

network

MH
221

Impactofhandoffs
Splitconnectionapproach
hardstateatbasestationmustbemovedtonewbasestation

Snoopprotocol
softstateneednotbemoved
whilethenewbasestationbuildsnewstate,packetlossesmay
notberecoveredlocally

Frequenthandoffsaproblemforschemesthatrelyon
significantamountofhard/softstateatbasestations
hardstateshouldnotbelost
softstateneedstoberecreatedtobenefitperformance

SridharIyer

IITBombay

222

MTCP
Similartothesplitconnectionapproach,MTCP
splitsoneTCPconnectionintotwologicalparts
thetwopartshaveindependentflowcontrolasinI
TCP

TheBSdoesnotsendanacktoMH,unlessBS
hasreceivedanackfromMH
maintainsendtoendsemantics

BSwithholdsackforthelastbyteackdbyMH
Ack999
FH
SridharIyer

Ack1000
BS

MH
IITBombay

223

MTCP
Whenanewackisreceivedwithreceivers
advertisedwindow=0,thesenderenters
persistmode
Senderdoesnotsendanydatainpersistmode
exceptwhenpersisttimergoesoff

Whenapositivewindowadvertisementis
received,senderexitspersistmode
Onexitingpersistmode,RTOandcwndare
sameasbeforethepersistmode
SridharIyer

IITBombay

224

TCPinMANET
SeveralfactorsaffectTCPperformanceinMANET:
Wirelesstransmissionerrors
maycausefastretransmit,whichresultsin
retransmissionoflostpacket
reductionincongestionwindow
reducingcongestionwindowinresponsetoerrorsis
unnecessary

Multihoproutesonsharedwirelessmedium
Longerconnectionsareatadisadvantagecomparedto
shorterconnections,becausetheyhavetocontendfor
wirelessaccessateachhop

Routefailuresduetomobility
SridharIyer

IITBombay

225

ImpactofMultihopWirelessPaths
TCPthroughputdegradeswithincreaseinnumberofhops
Packettransmissioncanoccuronatmostonehop
amongthreeconsecutivehops
Increasingthenumberofhopsfrom1to2,3resultsinincreased
delay,anddecreasedthroughput

Increasingnumberofhopsbeyond3allowssimultaneous
transmissionsonmorethanonelink,however,
degradationcontinuesduetocontentionbetweenTCP
DataandAckstravelinginoppositedirections
Whennumberofhopsislargeenough(>6),throughput
stabilizes
SridharIyer

IITBombay

226

ImpactofNodeMobility
TCPthroughputdegradeswithincreaseinmobilitybutnotalways
mobilitycauses
linkbreakage,
resultinginroute
failure

Routeis
repaired

TCPsendertimesout.
Startssendingpacketsagain

No
throughput
Nothroughput
despiterouterepair

SridharIyer

TCPdataandacks
enroutediscarded

Largerrouterepair
delaysareespecially
harmful
IITBombay

227

WiFi:ManagementandSecurity

Networkmanagement
Fivekeyareas(FCAPS):

Faultmanagement
Capacitymanagement
Accounting(access)management
Performancemanagement
Securitymanagement

FCAPSatalllayersofastack(network,
middleware,apps)
Securityisthemainareaofconcern
SridharIyer

IITBombay

229

WirelessNetworkManagement
Inadditiontothewirednetworkissues,
wirelessnetworkmanagementneedsto
addresssomespecificissues:

SridharIyer

Roaming.
PersistenceofMobileUnits.
LackofSNMPAgentsinMobileUnits.
MobileAdhocNetworks.

IITBombay

230

Wirelesssecurity

SridharIyer

IITBombay

231

Threats
Disclosureofsensitive/confidentialdata
Denialofservice(DoS)
Unauthorizedaccesstowirelessenabled
resources
Potentialweakeningofexistingsecurity
measuresonconnectedwirednetworksand
systems

SridharIyer

IITBombay

232

Vulnerabilities
WiredEquivalentPrivacy(WEP)encryption
standardisweak
Radiosignalssusceptibletojammingand
interference
Protocolvulnerabilitiesallow
Networksessionstobetakenoverbyanintruder
Injectionofinvaliddataintonetworktraffic
Networkreconnaissance

Defaultconfigurationscreateopennetwork

SridharIyer

IITBombay

233

Vulnerabilities1
Example:Theradio
signalfroma
wirelessnetworkcan
spilloverfromthe
buildingwhere
accesspointsare
locatedto
neighboring
buildings,parking
lotsandpublicroads.

SridharIyer

IITBombay

234

Vulnerabilities2
Example:Manywireless
networksdonotuseWEP
orotherencryptionto
protectnetworktraffic.

=Accesspointsusing

encryption
=Accesspointswithout
encryption

SridharIyer

IITBombay

235

Vulnerabilities3

Example:These
packettracesshow
highlyconfidential
datathatcanbe
capturedfroma
wirelessnetwork

SridharIyer

IITBombay

236

Wirelesssecuritytechnologies
Applications

Canuse
higherlevel
servicesto
compensate
forlowerlayers
Tradeoffsin
performance
andsecurity

Middleware

SETfortransactionsecurity
S/MIMEandPGPforsecureemail
Javasecurity(sandboxes)
Databasesecurity

SSLandTLS
Websecurity(HTTPS,PICS,HTTPHeaders)
Proxyserversecurity

TCP/IP

IPSECandwirlessVPN
MobileIP

802.11security(WEP)
WLLlinksecurity

Wireless
Link
SridharIyer

IITBombay

237

Securityandavailability
ThesecuritySisprovidedatthefollowinglevels:
Level0:nosecurityspecified
Level1:Authorizationandauthenticationofprincipals
Level2:Auditingandencryption(Privacy)
Level3:Nonrepudiationanddelegation
Availability A can be represented in terms of replications (more
replicationsincreasesystemavailability):
Level0:Noreplication(i.e.,onlyonecopyoftheresourceisused)
Level1:Replicationisusedtoincreaseavailability.Theresourceis
replicatedforafailsafeoperation
Level2:FRS(Fragmentation,Redundancy,Scattering)isused.FRS
schemessplitaresource,replicateit,andscatteritaroundthe
networktoachievehighavailabilityandintrusiontolerance
SridharIyer

IITBombay

238

Beingsecure
Developwirelessnetworkpolicies
Conductriskassessmentstodeterminerequired
levelofsecurity
Limitaccesstowirelessnetworksthroughthe
useofwirelesssecuritymeasures(i.e.802.11i
orWPA)
Maintainlogicalseparationbetweenwireless
andwirednetworks
Performwirelessscanstoidentifywireless
networksandapplications(onaregularbasis)
Enforcewirelessnetworkpolicies
SridharIyer

IITBombay

239

802.16internals

IEEE802family
802.2LogicalLink
Data

802.1Bridging

Link
Layer

802.3

802.4

802.5

802.6

802.11

802.12

802.16

Medium

Medium

Medium

Medium

Medium

Medium

Medium

Access

Access

Access

Access

Access

Access

Access

802.3

802.4

802.5

802.6

802.11

802.12

802.16

Physical

Physical

Physical

Physical

Physical

Physical

Physical

Physical
Layer

SridharIyer

IITBombay

241

IEEE802.16
Purpose:
toenablerapidworldwidedeploymentofcosteffective
broadbandwirelessaccessproducts

802.16:
consistsoftheBS(BaseStation)andSSs(SubscriberStations)
AlldatatrafficgoesthroughtheBS,andtheBScancontrolthe
allocationofbandwidthontheradiochannel.
802.16isaBandwidthonDemandsystem.

Standardspecifies:
Theairinterface,MAC(MediumAccessControl),PHY(Physical
layer)

SridharIyer

IITBombay

242

IEEE802.16
Thespectrumtobeused
1066GHzlicensedband
Duetotheshortwavelength

Lineofsightisrequired
Multipathisnegligible
Channels25or28MHzwidearetypical
Rawdataratesinexcessof120Mbps
211GHz
IEEEStandardsAssociationProjectP802.16a
ApprovedasanIEEEstandardonJan29,2003

SridharIyer

IITBombay

243

IEEE802.16MAClayerfunction
Transmissionscheduling:
Controlsupanddownlinktransmissionssothat
differentQoScanbeprovidedtoeachuser

Admissioncontrol:
EnsuresthatresourcestosupportQoSrequirementsof
anewflowareavailable

Linkinitialization:
Scansforachannel,synchronizestheSSwiththeBS,
performsregistration,andvarioussecurityissues.

Supportforintegratedvoice/dataconnections:
Providevariouslevelsofbandwidthallocation,error
rates,delayandjitter
SridharIyer

IITBombay

244

Basicservices
UGS(UnsolicitedGrantService)
Supportsrealtimeserviceflowsthatgeneratefixedsizedata
packetsonaperiodicbasis,suchasT1/E1andVoiceoverIP
TheBSshallprovidefixedsizeslotatperiodicintervals.

rtPS(RealTimePollingService)
Supportsrealtimeserviceflowsthatgeneratevariablesizedata
packetsonaperiodicbasis,suchasMPEGvideo

nrtPS(NonRealTimePollingService)
Supportsnonrealtimeserviceflowsthatgeneratevariablesize
datapacketsonaregularbasis,suchashighbandwidthFTP.

BE(BestEffortservice)
Providesefficientservicetobestefforttraffic
SridharIyer

IITBombay

245

FDDbasedMACprotocol
Downlink
Broadcastphase:Theinformationaboutuplinkand
downlinkstructureisannounced.
DLMAP(DownlinkMap)
DLMAPdefinestheaccesstothedownlinkinformation

ULMAP(UplinkMap)
ULMAPmessageallocatesaccesstotheuplinkchannel

Uplink
Randomaccessareaisprimarilyusedfortheinitial
accessbutalsoforthesignallingwhentheterminal
hasnoresourcesallocatedwithintheuplinkphase.
SridharIyer

IITBombay

246

FDDbased802.16MACProtocol
MACFrameMACFrameMACFrame
Movableboundary
Downlink
Carrier

BroadcastPhaseDownlinkPhase
Broadcast

Reserved

Movableboundary
Uplink
Carrier

UplinkPhaseRandomAccessPhase
Reserved

SridharIyer

IITBombay

Contention

247

TimerelevanceofPHYandMACcontrolinformation
Framen1

Framen

DLMAPn1
ULMAPn1
Downlink
Subframe

Uplink
Subframe
Roundtripdelay+T_proc

Bandwidthrequestslots

SridharIyer

IITBombay

248

DownlinkScheduling
Radioresourceshavetobescheduled
accordingtotheQoS(QualityofService)
parameters
Downlinkscheduling:

theflowsaresimplymultiplexed
thestandardschedulingalgorithmscanbeused
WRR(WeightedRoundRobin)
VT(VirtualTime)
WFQ(WeightedFairQueueing)
WFFQ(WorstcaseFairweightedFairQueueing)
DRR(DeficitRoundRobin)
DDRR(DistributedDeficitRoundRobin)

SridharIyer

IITBombay

249

WRR

Itisanextentionofroundrobinscheduling
basedonthestaticweight.
VCC1(Source1)

1 1 1

VCC2(Source2)

2 2

2
1
3

VCC3(Source3)

SridharIyer

3 3 3 3 3

Counter
Reset
Cycle
3 3 1 3 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 1

WRR
scheduler

IITBombay

250

VT
VT:aimstoemulatetheTDM(TimeDivisionMultiplexing)system
connection1:reserves50%ofthelinkbandwidth
connection2,3:reserves20%ofthelinkbandwidth
Connection1
Averageinterarrival:2units

Connection2
Averageinterarrival:5units
Connection3
Averageinterarrival:5units
FirstComeFirstServed
serviceorder
Virtualtimes
VirtualClockserviceorder

SridharIyer

IITBombay

251

UplinkScheduling
Uplinkscheduling:
Responsiblefortheefficientandfairallocationofthe
resources(timeslots)intheuplinkdirection
Uplinkcarrier:
Reservedslots
contentionslots(randomaccessslots)
Thestandardschedulingalgorithmscanbeused

SridharIyer

IITBombay

252

Bandwidthallocationandrequestmechanisms
ThemethodbywhichtheSS(SubscriberStation)can
getthebandwidthrequestmessagetotheBS(Base
Station)
Unicast
WhenanSSispolledindividually,noexplicitmessageis
transmittedtopolltheSS.
TheSSisallocated,intheUPMAP(UplinkMap),
bandwidthsufficientforabandwidthrequest.
Multicast
CertainCID(ConnectionIdentifier)arereservedfor
multicastgroupsandforbroadcastmessages.
AnSSbelongingtothepolledgroupmayrequest
bandwidthduringanyrequestintervalallocatedtothatCID
intheUPMAP
Broadcast

SridharIyer

IITBombay

253

Bandwidthallocationandrequestmechanisms
UGS:
TheBSprovidesfixedsizebandwidthatperiodicintervalstoUGS.
TheSSisprohibitedfromusinganycontentionopportunities.
TheBSshallnotprovideanyunicastrequestopportunities.

rtPS
TheBSprovidesperiodicunicastrequestopportunities.
TheSSisprohibitedfromusinganycontentionopportunities.
nrtPS
TheBSprovidestimelyunicastrequestopportunities.
TheSSisallowedtousecontentionrequestopportunities.
BE
TheSSisallowedtousecontentionrequestopportunities.
SridharIyer

IITBombay

254

BandwidthRequestGrantProtocol

2.1
5.1
BS

1
4

2.2
5.2

SridharIyer

SS1

SS2

4.BSallocatesbandwidthtoSSs
1.BSallocatesbandwidthtoSSs
fortransmittingdatabasedon
fortransmittingbandwidth
theirbandwidthrequests.
request.
Bandwidthisalsoallocatedfor
2.1SS
1transmitsbandwidth
requestingmorebandwidth.
requests.
5.1SS
2.2SS12transmitsdataand
transmitsbandwidth
bandwidthrequests.
requests.
5.2SS2transmitsdataand
bandwidthrequests.
IITBombay

255

Example
TotalUplinkBytes=
100
2SSand1BS
SS1
Demands:

SS2
Demands:

UGS=20

UGS=10

rtPS=12

rtPS=10

nrtPS=15

nrtPS=15

BE=30

BE=20

TotalDemandPerFlow:
UGS=30
rtPS=22
nrtPS=30
BE=50
SridharIyer

Flows: UGS rtPS nrtPS BE

1stRound4030
20
10
3022
20
10
ExcessBytes=18
2ndRound3022
20+12 10+6
30223216
ExcessBytes=2
3rdRound3022
30
16+2
3022
30
18

SS1Allocation=20+12+15+9=56
SS2Allocation=10+10+15+9=44
IITBombay

256

SridharIyer

IITBombay

257

QoSandVoice/VideoApplications

SridharIyer

IITBombay

258

Bandwidthandapplications
UMTS
EDGE
GPRS, CDMA 2000
CDMA 2.5G
2G
Speed, kbps 9.6

14.4

28

64

144

384

2000

Transaction Processing
Messaging/Text Apps
Voice/SMS
Location Services
Still Image Transfers
Internet/VPN Access
Database Access
Document Transfer
Low Quality Video
High Quality Video
SridharIyer

IITBombay

259

Applications:networkrequirements

Bandwidth
Requirements

Hig
h

Lo
w
SridharIyer

Streamin
g Video
E-mail with
Attachment
s

Text
email
Low

Video
Conferencing

Internet/
intranet
E-commerce

Voice

ERP
Terminal
Mode

Latency Sensitivity
IITBombay

High
260

QualityofService
NetworklevelQoS
Metricsincludeavailableb/w,packetlossrates,etc
ElementsofaNetworkQoSArchitecture
QoSspecification(trafficclasses)
Resourcemanagementandadmissioncontrol
Serviceverificationandtrafficpolicing
Packetforwardingmechanisms(filters,shapers,schedulers)
QoSrouting

ApplicationlevelQoS
Howwelluserexpectationsarequalitativelysatisfied
Clearvoice,jitterfreevideo,etc
Implementedatapplicationlevel:
endtoendprotocols(RTP/RTCP)
applicationspecificencodings(FEC)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

261

QoSbuildingblocks
Whatkindofpremiumservices?
Service/SLAdesign

Howmuchresources?
admissioncontrol/provisioning

Howtoensurenetworkutilization,loadbalancing?
QoSrouting,trafficengineering

Howtosetasideresourcesinadistributedmanner?
signaling,provisioning,policy

Howtodeliverserviceswhenthetrafficactuallycomesin?
trafficshaping,classification,scheduling

Howtomonitorquality,accountandpricetheseservices?
networkmanagement,accounting,billing,pricing
SridharIyer

IITBombay

262

QoSbigpicture:Control/Dataplanes
ControlPlane:
Signaling+AdmissionControl
SLA(Contracting)+Provisioning/TrafficEngineering

or

Router
Workstation

Router

InternetworkorWAN

Router

Workstation

DataPlane:
Trafficconditioning(shaping,policing,markingetc)attheedge+
TrafficClassification+ClaimingReservedResources(PerhopBehaviorPHB),
scheduling,buffermanagement

SridharIyer

IITBombay

263

Services:Queuing/Scheduling
Traffic
Sources
$$$$$$

Traffic
Classes

$$$

ClassA
ClassB

ClassC

Extrabitsindicatethequeue(class)forapacket
High$$usersgetintohighpriorityqueues,which
areinturnlesspopulated=>lowerdelayand
nearzerolikelihoodofpacketdrop
SridharIyer

IITBombay

264

QoSandpricing
QoSPricing
Multiclassnetworkrequiresdifferentialpricing
Otherwiseallusersselectbestserviceclass

Serviceprovidersperspective
Lowcost(implementn,metering,accounting,billing)
Encourageefficientresourceusage
Competitivenessandcostrecovery

Usersperspective
FairnessandStability
TransparencyandPredictability
Controllability
SridharIyer

IITBombay

265

Multimediaapplications
Audio
Speech(CELPtypecodecs)
Music(MP3,WAV,WMA,Real)

Video(MPEG1,2,4)
Streaming
usingHTTP/TCP(MP3)
usingRTP/UDP(Video)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

266

Multimediaprotocolstack
Signaling

QualityofService

MediaTransport

H.323

SDP

Reservation

Measurement

RSVP

RTCP

RTSP

SIP

H.261,MPEG
RTP

TCP

Applicationdaemon

MGCP/Megaco

UDP

network

IPv4,IPv6
kernel

link

PPP

physical

Sonet
SridharIyer

AAL3/4

AAL5

PPP

ATM

Ethernet
IITBombay

V.34
267

SessionInitiationProtocol(SIP)
Inviteuserstosessions
Findtheuserscurrentlocation
matchwiththeircapabilitiesandpreferencesinorder
todeliverinvitation

Modify/Terminatesessions
SessionDescriptionProtocol(SDP)
Usedtospecifyclientcapabilities
Example(clientcansupportMPEG1videocodec,
andMP3codecs)
SridharIyer

IITBombay

268

SIPcomponents
UserAgentClient(UAC)
Endsystems;SendSIPrequests

UserAgentServer(UAS)
Listensforcallrequests
Promptsuserorexecutesprogramtodetermineresponse

UserAgent:UACplusUAS
Registrar
Receivesregistrationsregardingcurrentuserlocations

RedirectServer
Redirectsuserstotryotherserver

ProxyServer
SridharIyer

IITBombay

269

SIParchitecture
Request
Response

SIPRedirect
Server

Media

LocationService

2
3
5
4
1

12

SIPProxy

13

SIPClient

11

10

SIPProxy
8

14

SIPClient
(UserAgentServer)

SridharIyer

IITBombay

270

SIPcallflowexample
USERA

PROXY

PROXY

USERB

INVITE
407ProxyAuthenticate
ACK
INVITE
100Trying

180Ringing
200OK
ACK

INVITE
100Trying
180Ringing
200OK

ACK

INVITE
180Ringing
200OK

ACK

BOTHWAYRTP
BYE
200OK

SridharIyer

BYE
200OK

IITBombay

BYE

200OK

271

H.323
H.323isanITUstandardformultimedia
communicationsoverbesteffortLANs.
Partoflargersetofstandards(H.32X)for
videoconferencingoverdatanetworks.
H.323addressescallcontrol,multimedia
management,andbandwidthmanagementas
wellasinterfacesbetweenLANsandother
networks.

SridharIyer

IITBombay

272

H.323architecture

SridharIyer

IITBombay

273

H.323components
Terminals:
Allterminalsmustsupportvoice;videoanddataareoptional

Gatekeeper:
mostimportantcomponentwhichprovidescallcontrolservices

Gateway:
anoptionalelementwhichprovidestranslationfunctions
betweenH.323conferencingendpoints(espforISDN,PSTN)

MultipointControlUnit(MCU):
supportsconferencesbetweenthreeormoreendpoints.
ConsistsofaMultipointController(MC)andMultipoint
Processors(MP)

SridharIyer

IITBombay

274

H.323Gatekeeper
Addresstranslation
H.323Aliastotransport(IP)address

Admissioncontrol
Permissiontocompletecall
Canapplybandwidthlimits
MethodtocontrolLANtraffic

Callsignaling/management/reporting/logging
ManagementofGateway
H.320,H.324,POTS,etc.

SridharIyer

IITBombay

275

H.323example
1. AsendsrequesttoGateKeeper:CanIcallB?
2. GKresolvesBobtoIPaddressthroughH.323
registrationorexternalnameservice
3. GKappliesAdmissionPolicy
4. GKrepliestoAwithBsIPaddress
5. AsendsSetupmessagetoB
6. BcheckswithGKforauthorizingtheconnection
7. GKacknowledgesBtoacceptcall
8. BrepliestoAandalertsUser
9. H.245connectionestablished
SridharIyer

IITBombay

276

Mediatransport:RTP
Transportofrealtimedata,audioandvideo
RTPfollowstheapplicationlevelframing(ALF)
RTPspecifiescommonapplicationfunctions
Tailoredthroughmodificationsand/oradditionstothe
headers

RTPconsistsofadataandacontrolpart
ThedatapartofRTPisathinprotocol
ThecontrolpartofRTPiscalledRTCP
qualityofservicefeedbackfromreceivers
snchronizationsupportformediastreams

SridharIyer

IITBombay

277

RTP(contd)
RTPservices
payloadtypeidentification
sequencenumbering,timestamping
deliverymonitoring,optionalmixing/translation.

UDPformultiplexingandchecksumservices
RTPdoesnotprovide
mechanismstoensurequalityofservice,guarantee
deliveryorpreventoutoforderdeliveryorloss

SridharIyer

IITBombay

278

Trends

SridharIyer

IITBombay

279

3GNetworkArchitecture
Core Network

Wireless
Access Network
Mobile Access
Router

Programmable
Softswitch

IP
Base Stations

Gateway
Application
Server

IP Intranet

Acces
s Point

Telephone
Network

IP Intranet

(HLR)
User Profiles &
Authentication

802.11
802.11
3G Air
Interface
SridharIyer

Internet
IITBombay

Acces
s Point

Wired Access

280

OverlayNetworkstheglobalgoal
integrationofheterogeneousfixedand
mobilenetworkswithvarying
transmissioncharacteristics
regional
vertical
handover
metropolitanarea

campusbased

horizontal
handover

inhouse
SridharIyer

IITBombay

281

Futuremobileandwirelessnetworks
Improvedradiotechnologyandantennas
smartantennas,beamforming,multipleinputmultipleoutput
(MIMO)
spacedivisionmultiplextoincreasecapacity,benefitfrom
multipath
softwaredefinedradios(SDR)
useofdifferentairinterfaces,downloadnewmodulation/coding
requiresalotofprocessingpower
dynamicspectrumallocation
spectrumondemandresultsinhigheroverallcapacity

Corenetworkconvergence
IPbased,qualityofservice,mobileIP

Adhoctechnologies
spontaneouscommunication,powersaving,redundancy
SridharIyer

IITBombay

282

References
A.S.Tanenbaum.ComputerNetworks.PearsonEducation,2003.
J.Schiller,MobileCommunications,AddisonWesley,2002.
YB.LinandIChlamtac,WirelessandMobileNetworkArchitectures,
Wiley,2001.
802.11WirelessLAN,IEEEstandards,www.ieee.org
VariousRFCs:RFC2002,2501,3150,3449,www.ietf.org
Otherswebsites:
www.palowireless.com

SridharIyer

IITBombay

283

ThankYou

OtherTutorialsat:www.it.iitb.ac.in/~sri
ContactDetails:
SridharIyer
SchoolofInformationTechnology
IITBombay,Powai,Mumbai400076
Phone:+912225767905
Email:sri@it.iitb.ac.in
SridharIyer

IITBombay

284

ExtraSlides:APSetup&SiteSurvey

SridharIyer

IITBombay

285

SridharIyer

IITBombay

286

SridharIyer

IITBombay

287

SridharIyer

IITBombay

288

SridharIyer

IITBombay

289

SridharIyer

IITBombay

290

SridharIyer

IITBombay

291

SridharIyer

IITBombay

292

SridharIyer

IITBombay

293

SridharIyer

IITBombay

294

SridharIyer

IITBombay

295

SridharIyer

IITBombay

296

SridharIyer

IITBombay

297

SridharIyer

IITBombay

298