Piano

The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument, in which the strings

are struck by hammers. It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys that
the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands
to cause the hammers to strike the strings. Invented in about 1700, the piano is
widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and
ensemble performances, accompaniment, and for composing, songwriting and
rehearsals. Although the piano is very heavy and thus not portable and is
expensive, its musical versatility the large number of musicians and amateurs
trained in playing it, and its wide availability in performance venues, schools
and rehearsal spaces have made it one of the Western world's most familiar
musical instruments.
An acoustic piano usually has a protective wooden case surrounding the
soundboard and metal strings, which are strung under great tension on a heavy
metal frame. Most modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, 52
white keys for the notes of the C major scale and 36 shorter black keys, which
are raised above the white keys, and set further back on the keyboard. This
means that the piano can play 88 different pitches , going from the deepest bass
range to the highest treble range. The black keys are for the "accidental" notes
which are needed to play in all twelve keys. Most keys have three strings, except
for bass notes which only have one or two. The strings can be sounded when the
keys are pressed or struck, and silenced by a damper when the hands are lifted
off the keyboard. The notes can be sustained, even when the keys are released,
by the use of pedals at the base of the instrument. The sustain pedal enables
pianists to play musical passages that would otherwise be impossible, such as
sounding a 10-note chord in the lower register and then, while this chord is
being continued with the sustain pedal, shifting both hands to the treble range to
play a melody and arpeggios over the top of this sustained chord. Unlike two of

the major keyboard instruments that were widely used before the piano, the pipe
organ and the harpsichord, the weight or force with which a performer presses or
strikes the keys on a piano changes the dynamics and tone of the instrument's
sound.
Pressing one or more keys on the piano's keyboard causes a padded
hammer to strike the strings. The hammer rebounds from the strings, and the
strings continue to vibrate at their resonant frequency. These vibrations are
transmitted through a bridge to a soundboard that amplifies by more efficiently
coupling the acoustic energy to the air. When the key is released, a damper stops
the strings' vibration, ending the sound. Although an acoustic piano has strings,
it is usually classified as a percussion instrument rather than as a stringed
instrument, because the strings are struck rather than plucked; in the HornbostelSachs system of instrument classification, pianos are considered chordophones.
With technological advances, amplified electric pianos (1929), electronic pianos
(1970s), and digital pianos (1980s) have also been developed. The electric piano
became a popular instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of jazz fusion, funk
music and rock music.
The word piano is a shortened form of pianoforte, the Italian term for the
early 1700s versions of the instrument, which in turn derives from gravicembalo
col piano e forte and fortepiano. The Italian musical terms piano and forte
indicate "soft" and "loud" respectively, in this context referring to the variations
in volume produced in response to a pianist's touch or pressure on the keys: the
greater the velocity of a key press, the greater the force of the hammer hitting
the strings, and the louder the sound of the note produced and the stronger the
attack. The first fortepianos in the 1700s had a quieter sound and less dynamic
range. Over the 1800s, influenced by the musical trends of the Romantic music
era, many innovations were made to make grand pianos louder, and give them a

stronger and more powerful tone, such as using massive cast-iron frames and
adding extra aliquot stringing.

Pianul
Pianul este un instrument acustic, cu coarde, n care corzile sunt lovite de
ciocane. Acesta este pus n funciune cu ajutorul unei tastaturi, care este un rnd
de taste pe care artistul interpret sau executant preseaz n jos sau lovete cu
degetele ambelor mini pentru a provoca ciocane s loveasc corzile. Inventat n
1700, pianul este utilizat pe scar larg n muzica clasic, jazz, muzic
tradiional i popular pentru solo i spectacole de ansamblu, acompaniament,
i pentru a compune. Cu toate c pianul este foarte greu i, prin urmare, nu este
portabil i este scump, versatilitatea sa muzical aduce numrul mare de
muzicieni amatori i instruii ce pot interpreta, existnd disponibilitatea larg n
locuri de performan, coli i spaii pentru repetiii au fcut ca acest instrument
s fie cel mai rspndit instrument n ntreaga lume
Un pian acustic are de obicei o carcas de protecie din lemn care
nconjoar placa de sunet si de metal, corzile care sunt nirate sub o mare
tensiune pe un cadru de metal greu. Cele mai multe piane moderne au un ir de
88 taste alb-negru, 52 clape albe pentru notele din DO major i 36 mai scurte
chei negre, care sunt ridicate deasupra tastelor albe i setai mai n spate pe
tastatur. Acest lucru nseamn c pianul poate reda 88 de terenuri diferite,
mergnd de la cel mai jos sunet de bas la cel mai nalt sunet cu frecven e nalte.
Tastele negre pentru notele "accidentale", care sunt necesare pentru a interpreta
n toate dousprezece game. Cele mai multe sunete au trei corzi, cu excepia
notelor de bas care au doar una sau dou. Corzile sun cnd tastele sunt apsate
sau lovite i reduse la tcere printr-un amortizor atunci cnd minile sunt
ridicate de pe tastatur. Notele pot fi susinute, chiar i atunci cnd tastele sunt

eliberate, prin utilizarea pedalelor la baza instrumentului. Pedala de susinere

permite pianitilor s interpeteze pasaje muzicale, care altfel ar fi imposibil, cum
ar fi de a interpreta un acoard de 10 note n registrul inferior i apoi, n timp ce
aceast coard este continuat cu pedala de susinere, deplasarea ambelor mini la o
gama superioar pentru a interpreta o melodie i arpegii peste partea de sus a
acestui acord susinut. Spre deosebire de dou dintre cele mai importante
instrumente de tastate care au fost utilizate pe scar larg nainte de pian, orga si
clavecinul, greutatea sau fora cu care Interpretul lovete tastele de pe un pian
schimb dinamica i tonul de sunet al instrumentului.
Apasnd una sau mai multe taste de pe tastatur pianului stimuleaz un
ciocan cptuit s loveasc corzile. Ciocanul revine la poziia iniial, iar corzile
continu s vibreze la frecvena lor de rezonan. Aceste vibraii sunt transmise
printr-o punte ctre o placa de sunet care amplific prin cuplarea mai eficient a
energiei acustice n aer. Atunci cnd nota este eliberat, un amortizor de vibra ii
se oprete n corzi i termin sunetul. Dei un pian acustic are siruri de corzi,
acesta este de obicei clasificat ca un instrument de percuie, mai degrab dect
ca un instrument cu coarde, deoarece corzile sunt lovite, mai degrab dect
smulse; n sistemul Hornbostel-Sachs de clasificare a instrumentului, piane sunt
considerate

chordophones.

Cu

progresele

tehnologice,

piane

electrice

amplificate (1929), piane electronice (1970), i piane digitale (1980), au fost de

asemenea dezvoltate. Pian electric a devenit un instrument popular n anii 1960
i 1970 n genuri de jazz fusion, muzica funk si muzica rock.
Cuvntul pian este o form prescurtat ce vine de la pianoforte, termenul
italian pentru anii 1700 a versiuni ale timpurii instrumentului, care, la rndul
su deriv din gravicembalo i fortepiano. Termenii italieni piano si forte indica
"moale" i "tare", n acest context, referindu-se la variaiile de volum produse ca
rspuns la atingerea unui pianist sau presiune asupra tastelor: cu ct viteza de
apsarea a unei taste este mai mare, cu att este mai mare fora ciocanului lovind

corzile, iar sunetul sau nota are mai puternic atacul. Primele fortepianos n anii
1700 au avut o gam mai linitit i mai puin dinamicitate. De-a lungul anilor
1800 au fost influenate de tendinele muzicale ale epocii muzicii romantice,
multe inovaii s-au fcut pentru a face marile piane mai puternice i s le dea un
ton mai clar cum ar fi utilizarea de cadre masive de font .