Reciprocity, Babinet principle, slot,

microstrip and wideband antennas

P.Hazdra,M.Mazanek,.
hazdrap@fel.cvut.cz
Departmentof Electromagnetic Field
CzechTechnical UniversityinPrague,FEE
www.elmag.org
v.14.3.2016

Outline

Effective heightandaperture of an antenna

Reciprocityandreactiontheorem
The Babinet principle
Theslotantenna
The slotwaveguide antenna
Microstrip antennas
Frequencyindependentantennas
Helixantennas
Katedraelektromagnetickhopole

Transmitting and receiving antennas

Inducedvoltage

Maximumpowerdeliveredtoantennaoccursfor
conjugatematching
Z

Maximumpowerdeliveredtoloadoccursfor
conjugatematching
Z

Receiving antenna effective height

effectivelength

0.64

0.5

0.64

0.5

Antenna as an aperture - Effective area

Describespowercapturingcharacteristicsoftheantennawhenawaveimpingesonit.
Relation between power at load

andincomingpower density

Availablepowerattheterminalsofareceivingantenna

1
2

. . for conjugate matching and lossless antenna

Powerdensityofincidentplanewave /

(Poynting vector)

example:Maximumeffectiveareaofaelementary
0)dipole
( ), lossless(

8
20

3
8

0.119
5

Effective area (aperture)

Powerat thereceiver
Elementary dipole

3
8

Constant D

Maximumeffectiveareaofantennawith
maximumdirectivity

3
2

4
,

Directivityofanyantennaisproportionaltoitsaperture

Maximum effective aperture of antenna

!vsphysicalaperture!

10

0.131

Thephysicalsignificanceoftheseaperturesisthatpowerfromtheincidentplanewaveisabsorbed
overanareaofthissizebytheantennaandisdeliveredtotheterminatingresistance

440MHz
14

3
4

20
4

10

3.7

Small dipole illuminated by plane wave

Physicalvs.effectivearea

/10

Katedraelektromagnetickhopole

Small dipole illuminated by plane wave

/10

Physicalvs.effectivearea

Reciprocity theorem for antennas

Voltage isappliedtotheterminalsofan
antennaA,current attheterminalsofanother
antennaBismeasured
linear,passive,isotropic medium

Voltage isappliedtotheterminalsofan
antennaB,current attheterminalsofanother
antennaAismeasured

If

then

Moregenerally

10

Reciprocity and reaction theorem for antennas

Twosetofsources ,

thatgeneratefields

0 for

0 for sourcefreeregion
Reaction(coupling)betweenasourceandafield

Intermsofreactions:

0
,

Arbitrary
RLC
network

in any network composed of linear, bilateral, lumped elements, if one places a constant current (voltage) generator
between two nodes (in any branch) and places a voltage (current) meter between any other two nodes (in any other
branch), makes observation of the meter reading, then interchanges the locations of the source and the meter, the meter
reading will be unchanged.
11

Physical and circuit antenna parameters

Katedraelektromagnetickhopole

12

The Babinet principle

Theimpedanceofcomplementary
antennas
Dipoleantenna
(metal)
Complementaryscreen

Slotantenna
(air)

35476
4
13

The slot antenna

/2 @3GHz

. .

/50
2
/

/2

35476
14

The slot antenna

15

Radiation pattern of slot and dipole

Katedraelektromagnetickhopole

16

The slot antenna

35476
73

486

17

The slot antenna

35476

18

The slot antenna

19

The slot antenna

20

The bat-wing antenna

21

The slot antenna array radiating cavity

(standing-wave array)

22

The slot antenna array radiating cavity

(standing-wave array) 8 x slot
Common phase
Arbitrary amplitude distribution

23

The slot antenna array radiating cavity

Surfacecurrent

Few

/2

24

The slot antenna array

FTR

25

The slot antenna array radiating cavity

(standing-wave array) 4 x slot

26

The slot antenna array

27

Microstrip antennas

Planarresonatordesignedtoradiate,70s
Printedonsubstrate cheap,reproducible,massproducement
Moderategain(singleelement79dBi,arrays..)
CaneasilyproduceCP
Integrationwithmicrowavecircuit(activeantenna)
Usuallylowbandwidth
Lossesinsubstrateshouldbeconsidered

28

Rectangular patch antenna

Surface current density J .. Jx

29

Rectangular patch antenna

Ez

Hy

Modelofradiation:twoslotsoflengthW,
separatedbydistanceL
2
2 3
3

30

Microstrip antennas - feeding

sin

ProximityfeedingwithLprobe
Lp x Wp

Lh
Lv

Microstrip linefeed

Probefeed(coaxialconnector)

31

Microstrip antennas circular polarization

32

Microstrip antennas circular polarization

Im (Z)
Re (Z)

33

Microstrip antennas circular polarization

LHCP

RHCP

AR

34

Compact Microstrip antennas

35

Frequency independent antennas

Constant pattern,impedance,polarization andphase center

Antenna specified byangles rather than bylinear dimensions
Selfscalingbehavior
Babinet principle selfcomplementaryantenna(translation,rotation)

Katedraelektromagnetickhopole

36

Self-complementary spiral antenna

1.2 40GHz

Piksa, P., Mazanekm, M.: A SelfComplementary 1.2 to 40 GHz Spiral Antenna with Impedance Matching, Radioengineering, 2006

37

Log-Periodic Antennas
Entireshapecannotbesolelyspecifiedbyangles nottrulyfrequencyindependent
Alogperiodicantennaisdefinedasastructurewhoseelectricalpropertiesvary
periodicallywiththelogarithmoffrequency.
Currentdistributionisthesamefortwofrequenciesseparatedbyratioln 1/
, isgeometricratio

Movingphasecenter
1001100MHz,Gain~6dBi

38

Helix antennas
Diameter D

Number of turns N

Turn spacing S

Pitch Angle
x
Ground Plane > /2

tan
Circumference C

Normalmode of radiation(broadside)xAxial modeofradiation(endfire)

JohnD.Kraus,1947
39

Helix antennas
Normalmodeofradiation (broadside)appearsif:

D<< ,entireL<<

radiationlikefromsmall
dipole
Standingwavecurrent
Linearpolarization

DiameterD

Entire
helix
lengthL

x
40

Helix antennas
AxialModeofRadiation (endfire)occursif:

C~ (3/4<C/ <4/3)

Travellingcurrent

Circularpolarization

Narrowmainbeam withminorsidelobes (Gain1015dBi)

HPBW~1/N

Widebandwidth (30%)
15C
140

x
Circumference

1
2
/4

12

14
41

Helix antennas
1
Standingwavecurrent
Normalmode(broadside)

1
Travellingwavecurrent
Axialmode(endfire)

42

Helix antennas
D

0.42
0.147
0.46

Katedraelektromagnetickhopole

0.93
0.33
1.03

43

Helix antennas
D

0.42
0.147
0.46

0.93
0.33
1.03

Electricfieldabovethehelix

Katedraelektromagnetickhopole

44

Helix antennas

45

The effective area of antenna - derivation

Fluxdensity inthe matchedpolarization
Randomwave (noise from blackbody radiation),the two orthogonal polarization components (V/Hor RHC/LHC)will vary
rapidly inintestity (unpolarized radiation),buthave equal powers when averaged over longtimes
Noisepower(perHz)generatedbyaresistorattemp.T
k..Boltzmannconstant

Blackbody cavity
Blackbodyradiationflux(RayleighJeans)approximation

1
2

12
2

4
46

Microstrip antennas fractal geometry

0.21c x0.21c x0.15c

polarization

47