Dng : Tm bao ng ca tp thuc tnh

Cho lc quan h R(ABCDEGH) v tp ph thuc hm F = { B A, DA

CE, D H, GH C, AC D } Tm bao ng ca X = {AC} da trn tp F.
X+ = {ACDEH}
Dng : Chng mnh ph thuc hm c suy dn t tp ph thuc hm
1, Lut phn x:

Nu Y X

th XY

2, Lut tng trng:

3, Lut bc cu:
4, Lut phn r:
5, Lut kt hp:
6 Lut gi bc cu:

Nu XY
Nu XY v YZ
Nu XYZ
Nu XY v XZ
Nu XY v

th XZYZ
th XZ
th XY v XZ
th XYZ
YZW th XZW

Cho F = {ABE, AGI, BEI, EG, GIH} chng minh ABGH c suy dn
t F nh lut dn Armstrong
(AB)+ = ABEIGH => ABGH c suy dn t F
Dng : Tm bao ng ca tp phc thuc hm
Cho lc quan h Q(A,B,C) v tp ph thuc hm F = {AB C,C B}.
Tm Bao ng F+ ca tp ph thuc hm F
X

X+

A
B
C
AB
BC
CA

A
B
BC
ABC
BC
ACB

Cc tp con ca X+
khng thuc X

Cc ph thuc hm trong F+

B,BC
C, BC, CA, ABC
B, C
B, AB, BC, ABC

C B, C BC
AB C, AB AC, AB BC, AB ABC
AC B, AC AB, AC BC, AC ABC

Dng : Tm ph ti thiu
Bc 1: Loi khi F cc ph thuc hm c v tri d tha.
Bc 2: Tch v phi mi ph thuc hm trong F sao cho v phi ca mi ph thuc
hm ch cha mt thuc tnh.
Bc 3: Loi b cc ph thuc hm d tha trong F.
Cho lc quan h R(A,B,C,D) v tp ph thuc hm F nh sau:
F={ABCD, BC, CD}.
Tm ph ti thiu ca F.
B1: xt ABCD: - B B: F ={ACD, BC, CD} : ACD: (A)+ F = A => ACD
khng thuc F+

- B A: F ={BCD, BC, CD} : BCD: (B)+F = BCD => BCD

Thuc F => ABCD l ph thuc hm c v tri d tha.
Kt qu bc 1: F = {BCD, BC, CD}.
B2: Tch v phi ta c: F = {BC, BD, BC, CD}.
Kt qu bc 2: F = {BC, BD, CD}.
B3: Loi b ph thuc hm d tha.
B: BC: F = {BD, CD}: (B)+F = BD => BC khng thuc (F)+ => BC khng
d tha.
B: BD: F = {BC, CD}: (B)+F = BCD => BD thuc (F)+ => BD d tha.
Kt qu F = {BC, CD}.
B: CD: F = {BC}: (C)+F = C => CD khng thuc (F)+ => CD khng d
tha.
Kt qu bc 3: F = {BC, CD}.
+

Dng: Tm kha ca lc quan h:

Cho lc quan h R(A,B,C,D,E,G,H,I,J) v tp ph thuc hm
F={BGD, GJ, AIC, CEH, BDG, JHA, DI}. Tm kha ca lc quan
h.
= ABCDEGHIJ
L = BGAICEDJH
R = DJCHGAI
\R = BE => (\R)+=(BE)+=BE

(Nu (\R)+ = => Kha l (\R)+)

L R = ACDGHIJ

Xt (\R) L R) = ABCDEGHIJ: (V \R = BE nn khng Xt B v E)

- B A: (BCDEGHIJ)+ = => B A c.
- B C: (BDEGHIJ)+ = => B C c.
- B D: (BEGHIJ)+ = => B D c.
- B G: (BEHIJ)+ = ABCEHIJ
- B H: (BEGIJ)+ = BEGIJD

=> Khng b G.
=> Khng b H.

- B I: (BEGHJ) = => B I c.
- B J: (BEGH)+ = => B J c.
Kt qu kha l K = {B,E,G,H}.
Dng : Tm tt c cc kha ca lc quan h
K l kha ca Q nu tha mn 2 iu kin:
1, K+ = Q+
2, Khng tn ti K

K sao cho (K)+ = Q+

Cho lc quan h R(A,B,C,D) v tp ph thuc hm F = {BD, AC,

CABD}. Tm tat ca cac kha ca lc quan h.
TN = \R =

(Ly tr v phi)

TG = L R = ABC
X

A
B
C
AB
AC
BC
ABC

(Ly v tri giao v phi)

A
B
C
AB
AC
BC
ABC

TN

(X

TN)+

Siu kha

Kha

\
A
\
C
AB
AC
BC
ABC

\
A
\
C

BD

Dng : Xc nh lc quan h thuc chun no

B1: Tm tt c cc kha ca lc quan h
B2: Xt xem c t chun BC khng (Nu p dng lut phn r (v phi ch c 1
thuc tnh) m cc ph thuc hm u c v tri l kha th t chun BC). Nu l
BC th dng.
B3: Xt xem c t chun 3 khng (NF3) (Nu p dng lut phn r (v phi ch c 1
thuc tnh) m cc ph thuc hm u c v phi l thuc tnh kha th t chun
3, khng c thuc tnh khng kha ph thuc vo 1 kha no ). Nu l chun 3
th dng.
B4: Xt xem c t chun 2 khng (NF2) ) (Nu p dng lut phn r (v phi ch c
1 thuc tnh) m mi thuc tnh khng kha u ph thuc hm vo 1 kha no ).
Nu l chun 2 th dng.