On Human Rights JAMES GRIFFIN OXFORDOXFORD ee me Orrin tos i eprnent the Urey of On spe he ery tec alesse se sedan ube wre aon sere ae nt ‘tad Pact noo james Cnt ms “hemor ies of eat eben ee erin 09 : canal are any oy nye ioe Be ig ey eee a nds tems ged he soe epee hs etn Sie cceg pein leh oe a ‘ets Sn oe Ory he nao scoot same Coton 99 aes eh by Calg wn De oersenaares For Nico and Julia Jessand John2 An Aco of Hama igs eqivd of theirautonmny and liber, which the Spaich commaadeet wer crermbere doing. The same noon of dignity war ako cent poll thought in the wevenienth and eghtendh cea when tried ‘most powerful development atthe hinds of Rousseau and Kant. But all sop hee thos ez ake us wel nea the modern prin, with whieh ‘ny hire coments in Chaps | began ‘Wha | have sttched the dominint conception of naught in the ae Midile Ages and Resusance. OF coune, cher were lo deviant soncepins. Ar onetime, for ample theory was developed chat co the link Benen nscurl sights and agency, allowing sgh beners also ‘0 include animals and innimace obj?” But this devine interpretation Aid nor endure. Shor therefr, ans de Vin (1492-1546) was pin eseing the ink herseen our bering phe and ou being mae in Gof image 2.3 A PROPOSAL OF A SUBSTANTIVE ACCOUNT ‘The human sighs wadiion doesnot eu inecapbly to any particle subuantve account "Thor can be tesa total # trio i's new Areccon oo break wih altogether. Sl the Bes ebstanv cee i {0 my tind inthe spr ofthe eadon al ges ike thi. Huma He 3 Aire fs theif of othe snamalt. We human beings hve a concep of ours and of our pase and fature. We reflect and aneas We for pstures of what god lie would Be—often, sta se ony on smal se bt cesonally alo om le see: And went rei thet picture, Tie is what we main bys disinctvely hone existence ditinctive so a we lenow,Pethaps Grest Apes share moe of our nai han we wef shin. though we fave no evienc that any apis but FTomo sapiens can fom and pusue conceptions ofa woth if Bu thee might be inlignt ‘sears eaewhee in the uniene alto capable of such deliberation and 2cson. Iso, we should bae enor fw hua sighs would have to be adapted tf hem. So long a we do nr igaor hit posi, thee 10 harm in continuing speak ofa diincively human exience- And we vale or saat mashing pel high fen uel han fen out fappines. This satu cents on out Being agents deliberating assoning, choosing, and aang £0 mike what we ie as 2 good le fer incre in tpn on Aco of Haman Rts 3B | Haan sighs can hen be sen a protetions of ufbumna sanding, ‘Liha pur ie our poonhoall And one can break down she orion of _sonhopd ing cere comparens by breaking down the nin of “Tobe allege the fl sense of which we are capable, one mei) ‘eos aes own path dough fe hat i nog be dominated o contd then be eto et ar, oe ‘ust have at lar the miniiauss provision of resources and capabilites that ‘tks (al al of th mim peowon)- And nome of hay god i someone the bles ene: thd) oer ms a ely fom pursing hat one nes a4wochfile ie (al hier Bese ‘atch sack high vale cour indiidal penoabond wee domain of ‘ec a preg nd potted “Tati the cen ahive,In:chichape Iwano sketch in quick tuoad stokes, ny pope subsantive seman of uma ght a hen ‘sum inner hapten we caborton and ale emumen. 2.4 ONE GROUND FOR HUMAN RIGHTS: PERSONHOOD what should we sy that human righ are grounded? Wel, pray ia peranhood. Ou of the novon of pesonhool we ean generate mort of ‘ecoweaal of iman ips We have atte idan fersonhood is imposible osc of peson Fe the ese reaon), 02 ‘oie in polit decion (a hey cere f autonomy), free expen {biasembly and a repre (thou hem, execae of onomy would te hallow), eo worship fey exerci of what one aks o be the pit of Iie: cals generates, should ay (hough thsi hody disputed), apie falas namely, ght bse eition and minimum provision needed for tence a 3 peson—something more, that i, thin mece physical sa also gence ight nro be tread, ec, among its va cil, ert drys one’s capaci tn decide and eo wick co the dion, And so on He should steady be car tht the generative capes of he ration of pesonhood are qi get ‘My saking penonhood cena lps exlin Fubar che way in which ny tcount i subanive Some ofthe structural accounts dat | ensoneden A Acct of Haman Rights cote ak sim to provide exten condone. Bu ubanve scours f frie my acouny or insane grounds human ight 0% foal enue or olin hrger moa srctve, bur ey in cena ange of substantive asthe values of penonood Grounding human right ia perontood impose an obo contsine en their conte they igh nor ayhig eat promotes Kurs god fring. but mercy to wha is eed fr aman sa. They re Proteins ofthat somicwhstsutee sate, a chuatertcly huni ‘ot of good or happy o peice or foursking humane For one thing, ftscems that the more sstee nin shat the adn of hua sights spor, For another, it seems to be the proper ipulin 2 make If we aight ll tha nde fr good or happy Ui shen he lngige of sigh would become edundnt. We lady hares pry adequate wy of speaking abou iio we-bxingad any igo there might bo Promote ie Ar mas. we uve aight wo the pon of hapines, och base fn which one might oneself cont happy if, not hppins ta "What docs this tl ur abou how we should undeneal they werd “human human sig’? Plana clan sian Hingly Vlg 2 smerber ofthe pci Ham iin: Ifat, she severly mental reared, eopl ina ineveite coms, are ll meio themes, ut ae not "gens es emprings he, to deny human bing wth agen a 0 ssc fom bso specs emily. Moce than jst Hom apie can be ‘ent ales emerging om a pucehip woul! be. But his ine of tought ingrown th holder of ight aa highy spac aac cm, chars lel by enon ad intent, Tomy mind, hi gor too fit. One ofthe Rte of he pare, asta agent woul be stony that would hae to bes Rare if the concep oF gency meet yl any tights atallKant though tha one would be attonomows ony fone sacons nef prey ational tenons ene, undtemied by anything ‘ui undetermined i insta, by os biogy ot one's sly. Kant conte this noumetal sel of coue with he ie phenomena se which i pe ofthe caus setworke shaped by nate and ure Bat rainy egies hough: oughta lee though abe ow Ine one frei gags nd langage ar tice, Sel Insc by che form of if vd by anil ke us. IF one pels amey certing aboutus that ape by nue o arte, wot nought ‘Aono should be explinel thereon we find in dhe pened work; and we fi thee desply embeded in the exon aework So ire Sige in an Aeon of Hann Bight %s the ind of sony wea interna wil ef he pc amin vey of aereacing td conerplinng de wor wil be saps hy ‘Borat aman concern and seme of mporace We dot knew ‘what iilite oe Miran or Venn, Ours mut betes node te of ueestandng not the autonomy of «spare, abate, ba he anny of Hows pis. S by the wd hana a he pis ‘msn ph! shold mean, rough» ns umes ane. And ham pis anos there beet shiner “Borjas ow dep embeded na pra history must hua gh shrefore be Satenent abou human nae could most ely sy ein to creck sundae of conse i thy could best a ome ‘lasial nal weds sav them, a brains fhe contin ‘ed woking of prof he ard world Bato the ie ok He igs dere alas ima igh) om fc human nat), which {genetions of pilorpher have ee gh sos be done. Butt aot Be dee only on «sean eonecpon of ote nae he conapion thar ate at wher the ntl cnc, pec the ply nen dlcribe. Arsh, mcr erlae vax Oa is atow concrpion fhe batts he conan of he ‘human ht Ur poping no acral Tine sat Fung hun agen via sso nc ti sonny aud ber and chose hove faces ply ere hy a ply [nporaet human ine. ri ony fan they te opel iport ser ha ight an be dried rom he ight oe ag rss, sd v0 gure meting eps whl to atta proecton. So my tocons of harman nace” and human agent te aed wel whi he Donate cide, a then obvi ily need eng hs from none cries dy Sl that dior ofthe der, by ewig he novos of "bumsn ue’ al human agency inside the normative lea 0 stie ‘cena eur ofthe human rigs acon ramey ht hun is fre dvd fom someting objstie ad til pd 0 demand weal Sinowdgenent Ie hough, sch too quick to dink ha wh teate ena alo been Tet sk tink har caot Alo te asl Dar Hames dion oF xan vase depend por Ihenanow conception of fc Bu, 0 my mi hte i weg en fe thinking ht bi human er ae tro of he wor a eat he interes being mst or nor me are ing in the wot: One of ur bie Imereti voting pin. In co cont of pine mae wp beck36 A Acco of Haman Rights fon pint end te ting ceil ge aman Cee ee thom etm alae HSMN ple nebo eum a xd nde aorta ae we mrpenen of he sion one ee pie oe algo xe a een ee cube Ceno o l eoy aera a ee avai toe fh ined caane hel me og nh al et SETAE BE Yan amuhe main ik Foe ne tat eos Rimof tar cel fer of e aman Set ey rte ir tpn net aot eet The i he of hfe way nani i tactoe One mig Kadri fen ie eee ec nlc cua el foo ingen Seer ts Ps santero bene Rar ae Sra ere in nen poet One Sect mbna sistent tig st Se ee ee eben emsimice Moni, tery tocjnamaerormving he cna s nan See ae nga of ti penn Tie be Spiny so may pups nanan eh opel on Sabha monn aly eg ana irae a tndonad ponent Ans wy nT cual cut a cocoa od Fe ee ree ged gly pe Se er aes dartcly chars a ie Tey woo dey bp lagoon cr ae Ne ince immune ek wh be seme Tre a esc alo Ln dca eee i jee md fe nue of ec Sn esc an soc malty igus of hc ron on he wenn ne ace is Tween we gi aera Wesel mony, whew Clog hs md SSLuEia canna a ce hr ow wndalng of prosodic ne digest mana on ph ao Fin Sip nan Aesounof Haman Rigs a with ther values. The best acount ofan sight will make dh sant 10 trade-off hut otto teint. Tha, of coe, 2 mes is, bu fone suprising hard wo satisfy [es or altogether pablem-ie whichever ‘ndentandingof personkood one chooses [halen to this che ae" 2.5 A SECOND GROUND: PRACTICALITIES Could perontaed bed ony ground needed human righ think Telnet matyhunan ight dain. Pron el cach of hat ight secu of pnon, Bt ha ju tte qusion Se aed ear about a apposed igh detemine wha: happens in tnd 0 our bodes I suk rt te ight woul os be qui wie ‘cla and te pewonioed pound gest some ero hy maybe trrowe The ight irony omc for ring hom ence {nd the xeaie per dering cehing the heen nando Toe oer bond eae. fy lod fad sme meres fa ad few dap lly excel m Bue in x mit’ ine cul me srs oes he, che fie ofthe eno pound el ight tht nolo be erie Prag ny Ager wold tly deseo ny esonood: Bur wat apps ne pte se Dory Sey SF penn not pct sc pit ny thei stray hat wanton of tn ide? Afe lhe ow nek ak wal ke mew Re ko = tlc entcton woud ot preven me om ving cpr haan either. Where the ine tobe dav? Whats at fs owe th penoniood oneraon wfc nc pw ing eyching open ‘derminate enogh ine pace We have eo tink coo meh “he re praca cose: tobe ete theless se ot keto many compa tend genous prone 0 sch 4 fein. we shoul prtbly tae lenea genous lay warp Soo ake {he cone of eight o cay of pon deerme tough to bean ‘Fizve gue obdaviowr, we ee fer gourd eat pcr ‘Wend alo col hua athe ste of wey sed 0 min deg thei Sometimes we donot seed o cons paca: penal sloe cn Sc ahecomen of igh. The iit otto ered nk nec arin mow cai We dln ae ce wits mre cena se, ‘esl be cat oar ara ight eas, Wher we ee afte ee“ Am Accu of Haman Rights to the nom congrucne ofthe domino justice ad firms ever dimes Ter? 7 propos, therfore, only wro ground for human right: personhood sind pracslites The cxience condition for = human ght would then, ‘= tho: One exablshes she xinence of rach a ight by showing es. thac ir procs an ewe ere of human standing and second, that ‘derminte concn ef the srs of practical considerations thas 1 toughly sketched ear, 2.7 HOW WE SHOULD UNDERSTAND ‘AGENCY’? if wap se pesnod approach, wal vo sharpen conse ‘heaton of apy th ati bese ‘gen an ute acm be. speing in epee, Chien scone sp in aps Some sl ae bere han rest efcing about ‘Shes or moe eee ashing thm, Mise» penaood aot the ipa human igh ome in propoonse depen? Dos ius, ine ee es an epic har» Poni face, wih diferent {ho pe saponin ead ce This wory tes om wing direst concn of ge fom the ane tha anscount man igi shoud erly Aue awhile og. Sar concay of igs emerge a the oi nage whe be In umn ‘oly sara appl bl! «nail cel Mery, Up = foi ptoann rs bn fli hough alae wih rn Oe ec yng incre il pe fr ample cere sd jet fem ot ety ane re te bing cal pat the sCilval cert cal deepen Another ofthe tal cineca Thong noma human ting th eno mach colon between CQ an ‘ome owt mates in fA end any oe chin Sh band we tn eptelyomin Ee eerie Sd jubgeont pers becuse the oveiling mer ‘cs npr hem neh bu in temo she pation. OF Choe pnsm neath Wa wena a weopaies nye buna Hie pay cowed ws onsen worl Menkes re se Finn See iamAcsoune of Pama Rights 45 ondetine problems here, and there i, of coun, the quon of when a sll becomes an agent. But the vax joi of du mankind ce capable ofeiching (a cial dsm) his valuable sae (an evaluative ci) Anyone who coses the ordeting, anyone who ss ay degre above th iol, is cqully inside the cass of agents, because eveyone in the thereby psec che taut to which we atch high value I ue thas, shove the chrcold extaindifrenar in gee pers for example dienes in 1, in sensitivity oan alin charset good making Baars of Ii, in Inowing hw eo realize these values, snd 0 on. But none ofthese ccnp pve hig uel oy sing she threshold and sacus ti doesnt come in deices One ight Cait Uned Noted edgy ofthese ay Fares dence in ses ro rales oil in elig them, apd 0 fan, wll no longe mater to being a nema agent ora bese of human ‘ights—in short, to psig ts dignity 1 say thar what we atach valve to, in di acount of human sigh, is pecially our capacity choo and to pure our conception of 2 vordwtile Ife. So the wordigeiy’ lone i noc enough; hee ie an ‘Rpable sea io" which higher animal ae gens. The ttm eioal agen not specific enough: What we are concerned with tthe agency ‘volved in ing a worth if Call if rotmative agency ‘This now lads usw the view tht normative gene the pica humen ccoviton. Bue is noe having 4 conception of x worth ie, on the conic, an excodigly rare achivement? We must not, though, confte faving 's conception of « worl Ki a Tam using de et, with faving pln of lie, Having pla of if is indand exceedingly mre aa also quesionaly desirable, Why lv pln fle when wear constant leoningmoreabout the wayof be wor ot ales coninly mare aod ‘ny plan of es bound, fy lage dere, o be wrong? Hane should ‘nlopca plan of Mone shoal, aes aways be prepared to revise Eves then, we should nor aim wo hae highly dead plans: One cannot pi what opportnites oF mishap wil come one's way on canner know how ‘ones otiona auchment wl develop or how other person wl behave sd oe cantoc et one snd rind al the ccunsanes that wold are ‘enter the rina culation of even aid rudiment plan off, And ‘he rough, incomplete plan of feta on igh etionaly emulate would mount ro no more than af poides—auch a0 wend mote ie with nes fay. np to concerts moe often and on. Then having wx onceI 4s An hae of Haman Bs such gous sre planing woud no dub be eibe—y paing one’ seep cules thc one can nn tin sh ci Thin sas mach ening mos ce oso yw data wey sched te stor ofa pio i ‘Nor sould we confehving conception a wore wih lingam cid tea Soe ese, nh be mousy deal hat “Tn uncranie fest wot Scepter eftnowelge ae vice av mater of prance We reach vitae hough 4 tong pose of dle dating dala coping or gnorn tnt dou ohing ot way sndesaning of the god Ose might {eg i aro act nce thu Ue ce bess ey ‘Sec scl hep human ccetenesoboae the only means tor gol it Bar eter eu Is the xe fanaa the paeenclce th pai tone wh shee of eon might ad A And ota han aera in the Soa sess 4 ‘ork ring Autonomy aching on le doesnot eq pesos of Tetoal baton, Sn eon by nue oot dtgihing {tres le: thy pl have goods forthe mae Anyone ‘ofa be cacy vo cf the god watever te exten ofthc Thu whterer soc fa what meat b's onepion of worthwhile Te they nee sme ofthe lable bo what aks a beter t “fone Thee a or and shoud noe, bow de wl shag foes Try are pce nd, ajing dees incomple Aad is he tre poesonof common apa enh od ha ures ee pron huran igh Tecate wor abo the naan of pec An vow sbjton toa posed sconn tacs penon ca be did welgosfedom, ‘Sen be cl pence witout cing t bean agent, Cold syone lob dey threes oe of ema inser ano? On he Enemy thrice in which penecutln cn renenancesgency. When ‘Neon Sathentay wasnt os gl, escent ve berome amore foe aed deine get hn cee Bure ane he piue of acey sacha of my cout of bunanc. My somenbat aml pcre Sf sscledsder( somesnesunomens) wha ws snelcked {romping hisorberonzpeon of worthwhile He Le someae eat Thenp) ether stony obey muting one agec, on sample? meat b defen Whar we nec irs horas pr ofr ‘oom an ier ave pil we ot and buco the pe Fe See nam Acct of Haman Rh ” roction ofrghs, Further ti characeri of human bing that hey do not choose thet goals once aed foal People mare theives change Liberty om oie hisor of oatinaly evolving ie ‘Tho last remarks hep © atewer another question about agency. By ‘agen’ we must mean fot just having certincapecties (autonomodt ‘hough, execsve ation) bu alo exercising them. One can tame on gd many of «pesos human ight (ep Saleen’) without in the Tes damaging these cepa In genes ll shat a peion nets in ode: ‘to hase human ight shee apcen, but what human eh prt something more their exeris aswel id ear that onthe peconod acount we havea human ight to edacstion, Bate a iterate pean ‘iho clu il an gti en we mea Socio ems isnot necesary fr this sort of agency, if bate Iteracy is ot nest, then nether is primary or econdary univer ection. Hows he, ea ‘elaccion bea human right Iisa human gh ects eis scary fe he ‘exerci ofthis sor of agency. The value bhind hur ight no st he int of bing able be this sort fagent Bt alo of beng one, Theo, however, centet om ur being ale o frm a conception of woth ie tnd then pure i tha isthe soar of got. And that equi more than a fie eniely devoted ro dhe rrgge cokes body ad soul eget One's horizons ust not be 29 low. We must know vorebing about the ‘options the wold ofr, or cul fe wit ange hati ell within non ‘pacity to bing aboue Otherwit, nour ignotace we sal ies om a ‘nd of pace of psons hata shal age ter can vite out bry. (Our ches must meet cea stands for being nro, And lieraey sn imporsnt means o being informed. We ned sen vo be slew pare ut ams and thar requtes more than mere Hersey for example sme sll snd some knomlage ofthe wor, incading the word beyond the edges of a die experince. Ant we need knowlege nor oly to prsesatoteny snd bry but pote other fights oo for example, in many developing ountris the best way to teduce moral, sa fom AIDS, is wo incre Trey. OF cous, we fice theta of erring the level of edecason surraned by human ight, which quires mor ofthe line of thought we Se jut begun. Bin one way oF anode we fice the tsk of ng the level with mos human righ, and we Ee tno us the pesoned sezoune bu on any plausible undesaedig of aman igh? Alls clrication of gency’ 1s hat gency, sain hepesoahood count, includes both having cermin apc sal exercising them. want4“ ‘Am Account of Honan Rigs sow o nd that “xercing in his contre mut ko inne eacening, treks Kevin aiog the sim ofthe eee. Suppor our gore Sinha lve = mpl He and otha end, keep ou cet poores than ‘eed be, dus closing of options shat many of us woul id mach more choice worthy. At ise glance, ie may seem thatthe peroahood account ‘would have no complalat. Afr al our govenon Teves ill able to Foran conception of» worl ie and eo puma i it mecdly shat fz many ce we howl have smart no chance of aching i Bt what cr governors hae done amounc o cecion-a wlton of oa ibe ‘What is asl n normative ageney must also ince acral being able 1 make something good of our lives If normative agecy didnot ofen ‘ake posible thar final sage of realization of out aims ic would lose a lange pat of value. OF coune, the ight to Uber oes no guarantee of mone the right to the poms of happen i act aright t happinem, Sel the ght puri i or imi to a ight mer to expend fer its ac the very les, a ight 10 expend fore withour cern deliberate Impediments illo be specified. Indeed, meh more about ‘pus’ needs to be spied, so auch that shall have w leave ian ater wen T come ‘olibery “The woud agency’ we enre a as bray within the spectrum fm diteration occ wo sxen to outcome Inthe personhood acount it ‘ed Breadly—to cover ll of these agen If one of thee pars is ising swe do noe have the ales tha, secordng to the acount ae the round of Toman igh 2.8 IN WHAT SENSE ARE HUMAN RIGHTS "UNIVERSAL? Hamas sigh, it sem, mst he nivel, because they ae posed by ‘numa gens vl in virtue of thee normative agency. ‘Bac there ithe following sep ine of thought Virwalall, perbaps all camples we cite of human rghes ae noe in fice rival 50 ot ee Inu ight chve aroun ih any there ind nivel Jn the cs of aman agent, they ae ot expec portant And ‘what are impocane ro ur are the merely mapped humn cighse—rach Freedom of exresion-—whch, not being nivel are nt te haan righ ine Sipe in.an Asn of Haan Rghs » ‘The argument goc like tha Feedom of xpeson, fr examples highly important in ceri scl seins 2nd ue umporansin othe Aan who lives as we doy in + sociey with democratic pois istatons curly heterodox cnn,» complex economy nating mobility of bout and baving ro abso fs-develping since and techy, vali, neds Seedom of expesion. Ics suffcendy mporan row in thi ting si promulgating the right and imposing the cotlatve dies. Butanvone ‘who lite in 2 waiionl medial ame, with se echnology ad on uncalled social waitin, and wheteacenary ails wee acquit ‘by groming up in the pce, quite righdy had eltively nino iceres in lisedom of expresion—an interest 00 minor to aif the burdensome sppeacs of right So wineverfesom af expesion i, it not sharma pe beau eae uae But this argument misundenands wha the tight wo fse xprsion protect Tue, we may not need forthe eonoty of the medieval hamlet 1 flourish. Tre, iF 1 2m terbly shy and have no wish to speak. 1 may rind much less tac Fam nor allowed co. But she gourd for ledom of expres lis ina nosmative novon of agency: eas decider ht arofthedignie ofhaman sanding, Tobea sseably seals deer ‘api reqoite ans nak questions hear what thes shink, and 0 fon. I would not marco my hating the rit that Tam hy and may not fect it thes can ak offer anne and that isl? woul help Matic hamlets to ca be os oppressive, One might wel ave Wanted {0 question the sor off that she lvl lord or the abbot ofthe moaery imposed upon ope, discover whether others ico were dconent ad decide withthe what de. And ee lord ot the abe might have wanted 0 ste fice speech ro prowetorhodowy. One's eats a4 seledeterminr i wunerable in any soil seing. Aplyng he right in he seing ofthe ‘lial lamer might preduce diffrent derived principles fom the ones hac ic would produce wa lage, modern, iadustied sity. But there souls ba rbust enough sens ofthe ident of height ceoug the various applications of enced in dint socal etn One's sas 362 slfdeermint, jas si, vulnerable any sce seting Is that nota problem? What of non-scal seins say. hunee- theres in family units with no sci strate ro speak of betwen then? ‘Would human sighs apply even shen? Well, why no? There would be ‘rulers een thee! oe cul wil be unde, env, ot oppesed bothers. Burevenifhuman ight werenertoapplso hunter gather hey” Am Aes of Haan Rigs 10. Tn both ase the login sc be inerperoally comparable 11, Allo hee bslgin consideration ate relevare othe tsoliion ofthe ons invlving urna sighted ve in paral considered viz. Fighe-right and sight-wclre candies 50 10 are cein mor cules Thee ae no eer leant considers 12, Neerabuoliss have no adequate explanation ofthe cursing pin they ‘must pose The mace madre and more como) deootlogst have Ino adequteeaplanation of how ws ean Meni the eo eins they poss spl surplus of good and & fet surlss to ovetide haman ge 4 Whose Rights? 4.1 THE SCOPE OF THE QUESTION Huan inftat ate sor normative agents. Neither sre human oes, not the seveady mentally handeappe, nor ur from advanced dementia Do none a them, che, have Ruma ight?” Peep we hould not beso Saaed on the award ofthe abel ‘human rh. Done of them a ese have eran general mil ig simply in vse of bing human —oaly analogous to human sighs, ie maybe br forall pail purpone jut x food? 422 POTENTIAL AGENTS shall concentrate onthe ao hile. My conlsion about chem cn bale, be eended eo theater dificulemarginal cas, which Isa sera ‘oa the end ofthe chaprer al human ad es c knd of nau equi: dey ae ll egaly othe dna it he ca of such spam Tt means that, when comes to human sighs, disincons betwen man ran lak ed whe, Righty ened and ie cad in fc, ‘ATs Bae fr agent and non agea?™—aze lean, Ba not lear rs raga he Son ewes an anda. A Jo Locke sucincaly put i “Chidon, 1 confess are not orn inthis fll sate of Bua, hough they ste bora wo: That the sora natural destiny of inf is 0 Become agents mut a be «ren for an spill high concern for ther. Wht make infmcide in genenl geet wrong? A bnjoe put of che anawer, bur no all must be that to deny as infant the whole oF = pouibly hap, producti, andrew ie an enormous | ber way Ieould be bor so at inlde infants ot exci hem, ‘Whi way i goes iin some mesure, 2 maser of sipaation Tsbal come so tharshordy 4.4 NEED ACCOUNTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS “This ihe pice ops and fc pon ate maar aerate othe Fea acnune oe tl thc nas have humanism eeu wel wo eave ees these is Bs oo rec baton me ep een neds nes Gd ae ‘eigen an nee some ano) eran ave eds. Esa ofa ae aay oe nsx hed wm ore Ae chonet ned fe sto fo concede «econ a ol Sree pines bomb! The fst rk ra ned acount of han ih regu the Lind of red that wil wee at goundGor che The + ea panos hme igh ate ound bai” human es eer bu human ned enrly eps fie ts. One a8 imps advenrorna poo arent othe chong car gular han ances il wee todecdeto pt bor, ‘Bodner col nerve) fom cde tate fom gasthat nase, ae hon hse cree of ama fe enna. Asan big Trica od spy in dr to sunive Albgh inspec ccc Thin a teens nije oe in somal remaances es m6 ARSE ater har uma chat sin a Human beings, SII SE ook wns heh, compan, r= SNtuce nam en we nigh a ieee aceon, wba an ined rs aie pinion psc a ey oe uncon nol. Pe dy hve to gel yo hi ital ion nash ain of se need demi cough opie usicoy ‘Akan aman igs is imeeing wok abs ea? Wall wba ‘Titnon snd ocala. eu edncto We wae i dacs wl roy. And Row much locations aba ron? Whose igh? 9 “Ths is motto makes objecsion dhe eed acount, but mately pon ‘our work din sil has oe done Ber there ae resus to doubt that this Funher work ca be eal ov. The aed account sees be pind the wrong dieton Is cena notion is that of otal Functioning. The paradigm cae would be the ncnalfunctonig of dhe human body and mind. To that idea of noua funaioning we ould add = deception of faractetstc human res or ets in order o give content the nin of “function Now aransceune ofbsc needs thi iran aac iy plimiive, propo Brbac needs ndentod, dono make promising round for hasan rights My human igs would be wilted on some ‘cason I wore to be deniedfeedom of eligous abservane. Bat ill, ‘lasible co think that shoul the be alia, that ny body of mind wold ‘be malfunetioning? The puts ce malfunction inthe wrong pice, What i funconing badly my sociy. The ides of heath, mental and physi, ‘maybe central to asf notion of basic eds ut cis the wrong pace be locking for an explanation of tunanrghts. Iso nat. One could sec it but, aT thnk the example freedom ofl dow, we should have in the end ffctely wo abandon the coal ies of Belk or norm Samexoning and place it with ie dive one “Thee s+ closely eat point 1 we wer to haven human ight anything nell to avoid allmene and. malfunction, chen human sighs vould bein danger of becoming impli lavish could then ema by he hase devote nour iit had hem, curing lmene ad, hhowerer sgh and vo coreg any malfunction 1 experienc, however ‘unimportant. Bur sa everyone cpt that, onthe eontay, sete comet a poie where lments and malfunctions become minor enough that hey do roc ereae, by ight a demand upon eter to remedy hem, When we haves ‘old, eail Weall ave mince paychologcl hangup thet sometimes ase sto mallurction, scar the hang-up that crs sone of uso be ieeatingy befor sppoinemens Baie dep count nui tha aliments such 8 those ge sa rhe cen an ly oerdeable oe, to cue. Pechop if scien wee wal off and clo these minor hang-ups col be cave by = ‘ap pl: he the Nana Heath Serie ought n provide tisha 0 find in thence aenunt rarest dr the lne we want bee” So Br have mentioned ament and malfunction, which ze only emo of he ce sr that I ed cater oo dine ‘base’ human need The hind term ar which as more beth 50 pehepe more promis, chan the fie wo tems. A base human seed, ne could sey. wha treed 19%0 A cont of Honan Righs vid har.” Bas dha, i or enough oer, embry nr, and {oon can alo be hata, And han speciclly to human Being extend far beyond any plausible pound for haan sighs, One ean harm someone by being coninaly nasty ro them: in fact, ane can offen do more harm thar way which sn vation of hight, than on aa by denying them seme minor iby, which would be. What ace ccous ast expen ‘nla Kinds of ar vine righ The explnationcannoe spl be that thy ae great hrs, the a xa sows l= gui har that swe are afer nota qa. Al ofthat sai 1 mus not exaggerate the diffrence Berean the ae account and my pertohood scsoun. The pevionhood account genre {postive right 10 the minimum provion neces to support Ife a8 Donate agent, which substantially more than jae sabsstene. Soy Pesonhood scunt too Beet the difeles of compaling and jing 2 ln of base need. My account can therfore be sen a a Kind of ead Secount, wha is neded to funtion at oumatie agent, What needed Wil bei food wer, shelter, se, eth, companionship, Suction, and Soon Thre wl clea be great overlap heowcen the its that emerge ome these wo accounts Ani he nel accu spel ou the non oF nota fucsoning’ by ape to she epi ar lenin + carci human fey, pen hoschalder, work, and cine! —ehen dhe convergence ‘ofthe to ists wil be sil ster. Butte lis wll noe be ee save. The ‘povonhood account is moe faced and exchive inthe rae i pets Inka i neal en Function a nermatve gen. 4.5 A CLASS OF RIGHTS ON THEIR OWN? Pehape ite wrong tt ches righ they have them, asa speci of Ihuman ght Eeentoned ache sar that hey mightiest forma acs of sights om thes own, general mardi tht children have singly vee (of being chidren-~only anlage to hua rights, buepehape none he ‘vos ota cl had thse cigs simpy in vies of being dd, shen we shoud ed some gasp of wht is about chide ha atest this song, protection, That iy we sould nel ro know she exzence conditions af this dase of general enor sight, The United Nations a me knoe, cs ‘hilren'seulaeabiiy. Bu yg, embryos, ever, and indeed many Whe Bgl? a forms of anima ie ae vabeable; yet we do aot seal that ature as ‘afciene Fr he ving igh ‘Abecer propos is thatthe exteae condition is shee being poten persons. Thar they have such penalty nd ach vltabiey fly jes the especialy suorg blgations wef other, Buc fr the ton gave ‘lic they do act seem be the existence condions os narow eagh ‘du of moral igh, 4.6 A ROLE FOR STIPULATION {aid ales tha he pounds for inion having sien moral proetons se not necesarly also rounds fr dt having human igh. For nsance revons for binging, of nce bringing, inftts under prowecion of the rbibton of murder ae noe intial with rexons fr regain, or oe reguding, the a bearer of human right. What shows tii ha there ‘S something more aime inthe second mate than the fst There itn tlemene of spain in he second maar, and even if there is alo some Sstiplztion inthe Bi, italien one, aeading is own justin, any concision about infne sigha x even party spelaie why no make» dfzen spulaton fom the ne I fveur Spuaion gies one fracdom. Why no ipl that infin though only penal agent be eee persons nthe ene relevant grounding ian ight? Why noe alo, in order to exclude Forse, fhe pute, ab me do for mandr, ‘fae «person inthe relevant seo mist lend be born” I this propose spun were etch on, the word pene inthe evant ste Might ‘venta Haves sled andthe apultion might evenly pees ‘sisbetsy dererminte se Ashe pesonhood sccoun can acommadat er the tpuaion that infin be eared a holders of human sights orth siplation tha hey no be, the ptsonhood account not at sake here Bu the fist spuletion woul; Tink, be the wrong one to make. My aument for shat is ‘empiri, andthe evant fe Tada, ate not cyto dewsmine: One titson fora sweet stpaion ita icimprones our csi vocabulary ‘orell—makes fil, store pepicuus, or tote wer Fiend. Anober ‘tion's fsb, dere rn point in making» wpulaion tha wil be almest entity ignored. OF nan, 4 sipaton might commend tlt 2 ual cree of thease they may find that i eps cay he ethic2 “Aw Assan of aan Rights shout oaks cus ewe de cof Bat hey igh abo {eng made othar improvement dir anal il fora palaon thaw sped by the mack wierd of alleued pens sth wane w wk human sigh sero, In any caveat preset eested Tune on wheter fae hum tse dae, may on both Sha"Thae i crf some pin in ning which hc heer splation here waldbe ‘Our atime eis mak hee of esr man i sis determinate Thee sso faonay peer onthe em hat ave evap abut debucmcn sealed cui) and hey ae sl awe ‘Theil wide that hunan ight at we ms impor 9 Iriya waters ny oup in sot ed orp tenon ped ode bes human gic. The group wl be ut tsar ere of tee its ow era one fis now aoa Simon nde ei ing weting wsely ae ‘2Tnan itis pod dint ep ro geting ema = gal ight 50 thee i TAMER cdamee datanyigee wich ec wore ves ep jute Wa buman age Andgetingomctbing acereds hua ht ‘nubs oe exe, One anfntied Ror bgp (you ought fo elp ‘SoTes comer Gt ancy igh), If ecm cm by ight ne not [pendanapun the peo Kinde ear oft Tee ears of She dcoune of buna igs ae maponuble to eat god and pent bait bd being te loon ofthe dicoure il iy belt's cate have « boc hance of improv te course oC Botan Tg if we sls throne agen: bee san Fel eepons not fans, nt eerily meal ble ot Be i perio tpre tte and For he dbcous 10 be pwd, te cite for comet adic sof the rerm must be tiny way agrees They wood es hve wo be anything Kk wien trol bur ht ead hve tobe uy wie ramet among tho who “human hsv, ml and pol pliopher ropes incon er date oo iain ncn ey, Iman sighs acs nd jualin, fa gpd mamber ofthe member of te pean can ape on ie hero he mec weld te ily atime so allow, and che gnc pube would ensevesto some tient vent lin ine Thar sequence of ven what we oul ned fr an aprecsle improvement inthe dcouse, Wha, chen, should we need ost of that Whore Rights? 33 fewourble quence of ent? The srt would be the appaance of + stave account of human sighs —some not too complicit, i sarp-eged nocmasveintension forthe term~—which commend ill to a growing number of thove who take human sighs seriou. The is no mechan aralale eae would be Wkly to Ie uso agiee a vey ew, bur not more, excxpions to the propsed new intenson, Even if there were the infaonary press ae all sll wish ws and all il er ssrong there wou oon be to many exceptions for tect for comet tnd inconet use (0 remain sharp-ged enough t produce the ented Improvement. 1 should sess gui hat what moves mi is no the with to sever the prolisation og Uhare no view about how many amen ight ee re. Nor, given he diene lve of ebro inthe Fermlatin, do now how to enumerate them. We spel of proliferation n a pjontie sense, only because we suspect ha some ofthe dela ight at at tae ries. Whac motes me the wishto end she damaging indetrinstenes of set of the ter ‘human gh. ‘One: one thus adm mens of spulstion int dhe ground of human tights, doer one not abandon a contac ofthe aatelsighshuman rights ado: tha human tights ze grounded i haan nue? Think not. On the conuary.the decison embod in the pation the dein to deve human tights solely fam cermin wales conte of human ature. Tha element of supattion doer not make the cnet vals of nomatve agency, azonamy and liber, any lees to be coed ‘objective’ or natura or ven ine shalom othe meraphyis of human righ shor Sil ane cannot deny that thve atest Seaable alenntve o opting the retiton to aormatve agency chat] recommend. For example, there is the penonhood acount epaded to inckide cain poet fesons sacha infant thee is the basi ned ‘ccoune therels at meattned eae mote plist ceount th ne tha includes ether clement of well-being bid the goods of noxmatve agen and som. Any of thet futher acount coal be aretha Tam chiming wit less benef may nor simpy inst cha una rights sar deived soley fom notmaie agency that ble would ned gee del inthe way of jusifcaion. Although some ofthe altrnative acount (eg ‘heneed coun cam be fale or not adeqstly explaining husan igh chars of them (he account that inches srtain pent prsoos ofthe ‘more pluie account) canner be, The json to them pate: heyo* Av Secu of Hanan Rights do nor give us the Benefial determinatenas of sense aie tou. Tha i “othe sr of ipulcion Sam aking soe hier. Ihas obese "Ther ae difleenc kinds of epulton. Many, of couse ar abiay fo inane, announcing athe taro book ‘By ich” hall mean “having. ‘ore thon 25 mlion pounds in personal ase With hat common eof iguation, ove cam prey euch do toe pleases. Bur some stpalation ae fatal diiplin pojecs—for example looking forthe est language in ‘whit think and on which be one sation. decd the whole langage ‘Thumm sights kaliswach a rojee esr eae that he ideo human ‘igh re out ofa cansmatation of the dncoure of whi acl ight Ino de dour of hain a ara ight Eahics, sinaine’ could do ‘vthou the cure of atl igh an lay all thar ie necesy ti. Sil the dsoare ar diinct mei fcases and gives prominence to ‘blgations chat arse, os one cial ator orspecl talento, baron ‘helt of human stole Te niyo huran serail snot the tony, the most important moral sts shat bara beings hae. The se {being it out isagelypoctical Ring- Fencing shi pata as gives ieprominene, ne of tanemasion, enhanced feciveness nour ia i, Sol indet nour mor if, ps0 om. My stipulation hte ths kind 4.7 COMING INTO RIGHTS IN STAGES or the ress, i sees 10 met seth em man gh? for some Dt Lave he ge pole eng beandary dopa about when human beng norma agen. nthe raul devlpment ofa il the apc atonomy ad ber apps Tena ul hee ap Tor coi pesonoed eal Gedy) ince ln gral sages But pares and ‘th dale dosionl probleme sexy —for insane, decing en and wi des pn june a dteriting how Jruch weight to puon a child wishes ina ety dion ina dor). "Whar eens to mela ha many dena opposed inns se capac of nomatve gency So my epic shou infants gis dos tented in ay whole way 0 chen’ igs {sou eck ve oda tour eany ches havig ihe on te denon ofc Employel inthe United Nason Comeaton om the Rigs of the Ca mel ayone under gl noi fo im mon nantes ayo0e ud Wha igh? 6 18) deed, ciken are capable of some dete of agency mich younger than ha Thesonomy of hdres of ony ir yea has omc be respected, and they ight chink dh digs atone ot We ‘Should se chien 8 ayn ight in ager —the wages in which they equi sgragy™ “Seam nln to conclude har homan igh should not bended o info piensa Urereble coor wih Seance deme, o ro thesecely men delve Aad ihe do nt exe othe ‘ohn acs for exendig hem forse “Th wisn empl wth or sone he having the weighs cblgaion ws members Sra hae asa We ha cme tad fot of he decent miner endency to wn al mptane mee imarernt ates ofits especialy of human igh We hate ro rzover ‘curse ofthe power ofthe et fou oral waabulry—for example, the langage ofjusice and fires. We av oe gain the power of tet ‘murder. We should be beer offi we reserved al bout haman igh th more rected sensed in dat way gue i lerbly eu ctia far corer and incor we, er should Be. ite enough toy that ‘wantonly akan inf sifeis ue, nd one ofthe mos: pews Kinde of murder. To deny an infin the chance each and cere sn enjoy rnatuiyiafar more horus wrong than mow ingress of aman fghs Once we one ass ofthe il age af ou moral veabulry, we All no longs el the need osm all isp err cis no cis of igh My pesonood accu i efaonay inthe elt wy. suppl ond fa ejecting erin aca deiarions oF uma ight Te (end aro de conren oda Tomar Am eels he impoeceo ama rghoe None oft denny er ams ie mesh ai rs ons a fmol ae ‘ery many fh inporane moral dons oxide che domain of ur of eguaiy, and many ese af one penons cuaV 6 anther. In ation, imo git an beat tle wey TE A SPE ore = ry mine libery might be a sake ora mine ccebe of utonomy IE 52 much of ich very grat mel imporane fle oie dona of mig ea fine mal handenppe and res ‘iam advan demain nd the eon they dere te?