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Telecommunication Network Design - Design of Optical Fiber Systems
Telecommunication Network Design - Design of Optical Fiber Systems
Page 1
Lecture notes
503
Advantages of Fiber
Advantages of the fiber transmission media
Low transmission loss (typically 0.2-0.5 dB/km)
Allows longer distances between repeaters or amplifiers
By comparison, Cat. 5 UTP (copper pairs) have loss of 7
dB/km to 220 dB/km in 64 kHz-100 MHz range
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Lecture notes
Advantages of Fiber
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Advantages of Fiber
Larger information carrying capacity
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Lecture notes
Note
The Infrared Data Association (IrDA) defines physical specifications
communications protocol standards for the short-range exchange of
data over infrared light, for uses such as personal area networks
(PANs).
IrDA is a very short-range example of free space optical
communication.
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a technology for transmitting information
spread over a large bandwidth (>500 MHz)
UWB can be used at very low energy levels for short-range highbandwidth communications
802.20 is a proposed IEEE specification for boosting IP-based datatransmission rates for mobile users in wireless metropolitan area
networks (WMANs).
Formally known as "The Standard Air Interface for Mobile Broadband
Wireless Access Systems Supporting Vehicular Mobility - Physical and
Media Access Control Layer Specification," 802.20 would support
transmission speeds of up to 1M bit/sec in the 3-GHz spectrum band.
The goal is to have a ubiquitous data wireless network that can support
real-time traffic with extremely low latency at 20 milliseconds or less.
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Advantages of Fiber
Immunity to electromagnetic interference
Can be placed alongside powerlines or close to radiative equipment
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Lecture notes
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Lecture notes
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Modes of a Fiber
What makes a fiber single mode or
multimode?
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Lecture notes
Fiber Attenuation
As light travels along a fiber, its power
decreases exponentially with distance L
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Fiber Attenuation
Attenuation coefficient preferably
expressed in units of dB/km
dB is logarithmic unit for representing gain
or loss
dBm is logarithmic unit for absolute signal
power in mW
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Lecture notes
Fiber Attenuation
What causes fiber loss?
Absorption
Scattering
Bending
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Fiber Dispersion
Dispersion = different
components of the
signal travel at
different velocities
Pulses spread in time
Causes intersymbol
interference (ISI)
more errors
Limits possible distance
and bit rate
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Lecture notes
Fiber Limitations
Link performance is limited by:
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Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
Wavelength-division multiplexing or WDM
Frequency-division multiplexing in the optical
domain
Multiple information-bearing optical signals
transported on a single strand of fiber
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Lecture notes
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
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Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
Current WDM systems
Dense WDM (DWDM)
ITU-T G.694.1 grid with
channel spacing 200
GHz
C- and L-band (1530-1625
nm) operation
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Lecture notes
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Lecture notes
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Lecture notes
Access Networks
Access network are last leg of
telecommunications network
Between service provider distribution facility and
users home or business
Other names:
last mile
local loop
first mile
Access Networks
DSL = Digit Subscriber Line, DSLAM = Digit Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer, MxU
526 and
= a generic term for Multiple Tenant Unit and Multiple Dwelling Unit, SME = Small
Medium Enterprise
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Lecture notes
Design Approach
The first step in designing a fiber-optic
communication system is to establish the basic
system parameters.
Among these we would wish to know at the outset:
Type, bit rate and format of signal to be transmitted
(e.g., analog, PCM, SONET, SDH or digital TV).
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Lecture notes
ISI
System design can eliminate a number of
major causes of dispersion.
Lets simply look at dispersion as a delay.
We have a stream of bits.
The first bit in the stream does its job, but there
is some power from that bit that is delayed which
slips into the time slot of bit two.
If there is sufficient power from bit one in time
slot for bit two, the receiver is confused and may
make an incorrect decision.
As the link bit rate is increased, pulse widths get
shorter and the problem of dispersion becomes
more acute.
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Lecture notes
Eliminate dispersion
One example of eliminating the cause of dispersion
deals with the type of fiber we select.
To eliminate multimode dispersion, use single mode
fiber.
We then can turn to using the zero dispersion
wavelength which is at approximately 1310 nm for
production silicon fiber.
By doing this we remove the opportunity to use the
low loss hand at about 1550 nm.
To overcome this shortcoming, we spend more on
fiber and buy dispersion-shifted fiber.
That moves the zero dispersion wavelength to the
1550 band by changing the fiber geometry.
531
Chromatic dispersion
The designer is now left with chromatic
dispersion.
This is the phenomenon where even with
the narrow line width of a laser diode
different frequencies appearing in that
spectral line travel at different
velocities.
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Lecture notes
Important factors
The designer must select the most economic alternatives among
the following:
Fiber parameters: single mode or multimode: if multimode, step
index or graded index: number of fibers.
Transmission wavelength: 820 nm, 1 330 nm or 1 550 nm.
Source type: LED or semiconductor laser: there are subsets to
each source type.
Detector type: PIN or APD.
Use of EDFA (amplifiers).
Repeaters, if required and how they will be powered.
Modulation will probably be intensity modulation (IM), but the
electrical waveform entering the source is important (coding).
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EDFA
In the Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
(EDFA) the core of a silica fiber is
doped with Erbium ions and can be
efficiently pumped with a laser at a
wavelength of 980 nm or 1,480 nm.
EDFA exhibits gain in the 1,550 nm
region.
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Lecture notes
Loss Design
As a first step, assume that the system is power-limited.
Probably a majority of systems being installed today can stay in
the power-limited regime if single mode fiber is used with
semiconductor lasers.
With systems operating at such high data rates such that
chromatic dispersion may be a problem, the selection of the
laser and the design of the transmitter itself become important.
It is highly desirable to minimize the line width, and we can
achieve very narrow widths by using a distributed feedback
(DFB) laser and an external modulator.
It also may be wise to select dispersion-shifted fiber, where
the zero dispersion line is shifted to the low-loss 1550-nm hand.
We now get the best of both worlds for extra cost.
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Lecture notes
Link budget
The next step is to develop a link budget, which in format is very
similar to the link budgets in LOS microwave and satellite
communications.
It is a tabular format where the first entry is the transmitter
output.
If the transmitter initially selected is a laser diode, a 0-dBm
output is a good starting point.
For shorter links with lower bit rates, the LED transmitter
should be a candidate because of cost, lower complexity and
longer life.
Then all the losses/gains of the link are entered, enumerating
and identifying each.
Among these losses we would expect to find the following items:
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1. Connector Loss
There are two connectors, one at the
output of the transmitter pigtail and
one at the input of the receiver pigtail.
A pigtail is a short length of factoryinstalled fiber
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Lecture notes
2. Fiber Loss
The fiber selected for the link will have
a loss specified by the manufacturer
given in dB/km for a particular
wavelength of interest.
Multiply that value by the length of the
link plus 5% for slack.
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3. Splice Loss
Assuming the link is more than 1 or 2 km
long, there will be a splice to connect
the fiber from one reel to the fiber of
the next reel.
Good fusion splices have a very low
insertion loss.
Budget 0.1 dB each.
Multiply this value by the number of
splices in the link.
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Lecture notes
4. Amplifier Gain
Links longer than 30 to 100 km (depending on
design) will use an amplifier.
Budget +30 dB for each in-line amplifier.
There is a trade-off where the amplifier is
installed.
Another candidate location is at the input to the
receiver to extend the receiver threshold
Another is at the output of the transmitter to
increase output value.
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Lecture notes
Major differences
One major difference between a link
budget for LOS radio and for fiber
optics is that there is no fading on a
fiber-optic link.
Another consideration is the use of an
optical power attenuator on very short
links so as not to overload the receiver.
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Lecture notes
Receive Levels, BER Values, and Bit Rates for PIN Diode
and APD Light Detectors
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Lecture notes
Extinction ratio
The extinction ratio is then
defined as
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Lecture notes
Example
The link operates at 2.5 Gbps and is 300 km long.
The link operates in the 1550-nm band and the loss is
0.25 dB/km.
The total fiber necessary is 1.05 300 km or 315 km.
This includes the necessary slack.
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Lecture notes
Shortfall compensation
To compensate for the shortfall of 3.55 dB the
following are possible measures that can be taken:
1. Shorten link by 15 km.
2. Increase gain of each amplifier by 1.2 dB, assuming that
EDFAs were operating at less than full gain.
3. Increase output power of laser diode transmitter by 3.55
dB.
This may shorten the life of the device.
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Lecture notes
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Lecture notes
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Case Study
The following parameters are established for a longhaul single-mode optical fiber system operating at a
wavelength of 1.3 m.
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Page 29
Lecture notes
Estimate
1) the maximum possible link length without repeaters
when operating at 35 Mbit/s (BER 10-9).
It may be assumed that there is no dispersion equalization
penalty at this bit rate.
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Solution
1)
At 35 Mbit/s,
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Lecture notes
Solution
2) At 400 Mbit/s,
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Lecture notes
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LTD constraints
Flow conservation (net flow of traffic in/out of nodes)
Link capacity
Node degree (number of in/output links)
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Lecture notes
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Lecture notes
Wavelength continuity
Same wavelength channel must be used between end-points
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Lecture notes
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Lecture notes
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