SIXTH EDITION

NSCP C101-10

NATIONAL
STRUCTURAL
CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
2010

VOLUME I
BUILDINGS, TOWERS AND
OTHER VERTICAL STRUCTURES

SIXTH EDITION

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Association of Structura l Engineers of the Philippines

Suite 7 13, F ut urc Point Plaza Condominiu m I
11 2 P a na y A venue, Qu ezon C ity, Philippines J 100
Tel. No ; ( +632) 410-0483
Fax No. : (+632) 4 11-8606
Ema i I: ;1'i~2!lnli'.1i(f' illJJ.illi-.~~!ll!
Website: http://www.ascponline.org
111
Nat1onal Structural Code of the Philippines 6 Edition Volume 1

NSCP C101-10

NATIONAL
SlfrRUCTURAL
CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
I

2010

t
!
!

I
l

VOLUME I
BUILDINGS, TOWERS AND
OTHER VERTICAL STRUCTURES

[
f

SIXTH EDITION

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i
i

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Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)

CIO I -10
Volume I
Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures
Sixth Edition, 20 I0, First Ptinting
Copyright @ 20 I0, The Associatio n of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)
All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any fom1 without the written permission
of the Association Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP).
ISSN No.: 2094-5477
PUBLISHER
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)
Suite 7 13 Future Point Plaza Condominium
112 Panay A venue, Quezon City,
1100 Philippines
Telephone Nos.
Facsimile No.
E-mail address
Website

( +{)32) 410-0483
( +{)32) 411-8606
aseponline@gmail.com
http://www.aseponline.org

The Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP) is a professional Association founded in August
1961 to represent the structural engineering community nationwide. This document is published in keeping with the
association's objecti vcs;

Maintenance of high ethical and professional standards in the practice of structural engineering;
Advancement of structural engineering knowledge;
Promotion of good public and private clientele relationship; and
Fellowship among structural engineers, and professional relations with other allied technical and scientific
organizations.

Print History
First Edition, 1972
Second Edition, 1981
Third Edition, 1987
Fourth Edition, 1992
Fifth Edition, 2001
Sixth Edition, 20 10

National Structural Code of the Philippines 6 h Edition Volume 1

FOREWORD
For the protection of public life and property, the design of structures and the preparation of
structural plans for their construction have to be controlled and regulated. For almost four decades now,
this control has been exercised in this country by the National Structural Code of the Philippines with the
initial publication by the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) of the National
Structural Code for Buildings. The current publication of the 6'h Edition of NSCP ClOl-10 for buildings,
towers and other vertical structures is the affirmation of the mandate of the ASEP to continuously update
the National Structural Code of the Philippines with the latest technological developments. While
attaini ng a legal status in its use as a referral code of the National Building Code, NSCP C 10 1-lO is a
publication of high technical value in mau:ers of structural concerns.
The NSCP C I 01-10 is not only completely new in its technical substance but also in its format. It
has been a product of a sustained effot1 of ASEP spanning nine years and the fruition of this endeavor has
finally come to reality during my incumbency. It is therefore with a deep feeling of grati tude and pride
that I commend the members of the ASEIP Board, the Codes and Standards Committee and the Publicity
and Publications Committee for their accomplishments.

May 2010.

AD~S,F.ASEP

Presidem
Association of Structural Engineers of the
Philippines, 2009-2010

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

CHAPTER 2 - Minimum Design Loads

0.9D+l.6W+1.6H

(203-6)

0.9D+l.OE+1.6H

(203-7)

where:

203.1 General

Buildings, towers and other vertical stntctures and all

portions thereof shall be designed to resist the load
combinations specified in Section 203.3 or 203 .4 and,
where required by Section 208, or Chapter 4 and the
special seismic load combinations of Section 203.5.
The most critical effect can occur when one or more of

the contributing loads are not acting. All applicable loads

shall be considered, including both earthquake and wind,
in accordance with the specified load combinations.

2-5

/ 1

= 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live

loads in excess,of 4.8 kPa, and for garage live load
0.5 for other live loads

=
cyc~~Y.R-~:~:\:i;:.:!.;. :.,i<;::+:j;':.~!:4~j;~~:'.!,'f~:;<w~:.(:':1Jtii~

;Jf~?

Fqcf~~~H9o/f;c~kM1~1~~(!f:.fqr_~{rllc;{lft(/. tPM~WP.;Rfr
Se'Ctibrf409..3: ' ~
" l ""''; :~ - , . .\ ~ ~!: ::\\ ..
203.3.2 Other Loads
Where P is to be considered in design, the applicable load
shall be added to Section 203.3. 1 factored as 1.2? .

203.2 Symbols and Notations

D
E
,

=dead load
=earthquake load set forth in Section 208.5.1.1
= estimated maximum earthquake force that can be
developed in the structure as set forth in Section

= load due to fluids

208.5. L.l

with well-defined pressures and

maximum heights
to lateral pressure of soil and water in
soil
L = live load, except roof live load, including any
permitted live load reduction
Lr = roof live load, including any permitted live load
reduction
P = ponding load
R = rain load on the undellected roof
T = self-straining force and effects arisi ng from
resulting from
contraction
or expansion
temperature t:hange. shrinkage. moisture change.
creep in component mat erial~ , movement due to
differential sett lement, or combinations thereof .
W = load due to wi nd pressure

= load due

203.4 Load Combinations Using Allowable Stress

Design
203.4.1 Basic Load Combinations

Where allowable stress design (working stress design) is

used, structures and all portions thereof shall resist the
most critical effects resulting from the following
combinations of loads: .

D+F

(203-8)

D+H+F+L+T

(203-9)

D + H + F + (L/>r R)

(203-10)

D+ H + F +0.75[L + T + (Lror R)]

(203-ll)

D + H

+F +

(wor

203.3.1 Basic Load Combinations

Where load and resistance factor design is used, structures

and all portions thereof shall resist the most crit ical
effects from the fol lowing t:ombinations of factored loads:
(203- I)

1.2(D+ F + T)+ I .6(L+ H }+O.S(l.r or I?)

(203-2)

1.2 D + 1.6(L, orR )+ (/1L or 0.8W)

(203-3)

l .2D + 1.6W + ~L+0.5(Lr orR)

(203-4)

1.2D + 1.0+ //-

(203-.'i)

(203-12)

No increase in allowable stresses shall be used with these

load combi nations except as specifically permitted by
Section 203.4.2.

203.3 Load Combinations using Strength Design or

Load and Resista nce Factor Design

!.4(D+F)

E )
1.4

111

Niltional Structural Code of tl)e Philippines 6 Edition Volume 1

26

CHAPTER 2 - Minimum Design Loads

203.4.2 Alterna te Basic Load Combinations

In lieu of the basic load combinations specified in Section
203 .4.1, ~tl1Jctures and portions thereof shall be permitted
to be designed for the most critical effects resulting from
the following load combinations. When using these
altemate basic load combinations, a one-third increase
shall be permilled in allowable stresses for all
combinations, including WorE.
D+H +F +

0.7s[ L + Lr + ( W or I~~)]

(203-13)

0.60D+W+H

(203-14)

E
0.60D + -+H

(203-15)

+ L+ LrCor R)

(203 16)

1.4

D+L+W
D +L+

(203-17)
E

(203-18)

1.4

~f..~pjiP(I:':,:: . . .

.
.
.:' . : : ::
.
l ( .' ; .
cj;~Jf1):'iiop~ .!,CJ.i(df:J!~~- ! b~. co~i.,j.~{l,,with:rg~[Jive
ioJi{'f!Fi~t~~ :morlihah 'One-lialf of ih"e '<tiMa:"tOdil. ::t,: .
~ ~.t., 'i!t ."

203.4.3 Other Loads

Where P is l<l be considered in design, each applicable
load shall be added to the combinations specified in
Sections 203 .4.1 and 203.4.2.
203.5 Spec.ial Seismic Load Combinations
For both allowable stress design and strength design, the
following special load combinations for seismic design
shall be used as specifically required by Section 208, or
by Chapters 3 through 7.
(203- 19)
0.9D 1.0111

(20320)

where:

f1

= 1.0 for noors in places of public assembly, for live

loads in excess of 4.8 kPa. and for garage li ve load.
= 0.5 for other li ve loads

E,., = the maximum effect of horizontal and vcrllcal

forces

as

set

fonh

in

Section

20!1.5. 1.1

Association of S tnJclur<~l Eng1ne~rs of the Philippines

CHAPTER 2- Minimum Design Loads

2-7

Table 204-1 Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials (kN/m3)
Material

Density

Aluminum ..................................................................................... 26.7

Density

Material

Lead ............................................................................................. 111 .5

DiiUminous Products
Asphallum ........................................................................... 12.7
Grnphile ............................................................................... 21.2
Paraflin ................................................................................. 8.8
Petroleum, cmde --.. 8.6
Pelroleum, relined ................................................................ 7.9
Pelrolcum, benzine .............................................................. 7.2
Petroleum. gasoline - 6.6
Pilch ................................... - I 0.8
Tar ...............................,........................................................ I 1.8
Brass .............................................................................................. 82.6
Bronze ........................................................................................... 86.7
Cas1-s1one masonry (ccmenl, Slone, sand) .................................. 22.6
Cemcnl, portland, loose ............................................................... 14. 1
Ceramic lile .................................................................................. 23.6
Charcoal ......................................................................................... 1.9
Cinder fill ....................................................................................... 9.0
Cinders. dry, in hu lk ...................................................................... 7. 1

MASONRY. Concrete (solid portion)

Lightweight units .................................. ................... ........... 16.5
Medium weight units .......................................................... 19.6
Normal weight uni1s ............................................................ 21.2

Coal

Masonry grout ................................................................. .............. 22.0

Anthracite, piled ...................... ............................................ 8.2

Bituminous, piled ................................................................. 7.4
Lignite. piled ........................................................................ 7.4
Peat, dry. piled ..................................................................... 3.6
Concrete, Plain
Cinder .................................................................................. 17.0
Expanded-slag aggregalc .................................................... 15.7
Haydite (bumcd-clay aggregate} ....................................... 14.1
Slag ...................................................................................... 20.7
Stone .................................................................................... 22.6
Vermiculite and perlite aggregate, nonload-lx:aring .... .3.9-7.9
Olher light aggregalc, load bearing ..................... I 1.0I 6.5
Concrete, Reinforced
Cinder ........ ................... ........... ............................................ I 7.4
Slag ...................................................................................... 21 .7
Stone. (including gravel) .................................................... 23.6

Masonry, Rubble Stone

Granite .................................................................................
Limestone, crystalline ........................................... .......... ....
Limestone, oolitic ................................................................
Marble ..................................................................................
Sandstone .............................................................................
Mortar, cement or lime .......................................................

Copper ................................................................. .........................

Cork. compressed .........................................................................
Earth (not submerged)
Clay, dry .................................................................. ...........
Clay, damp ..........................................................................
Clay and gravel. dry ............................................................
Silt, moist. loose ..................................................................
Silt, moist, packed ...............................................................
Silt, flowing .........................................................................
Sand at1d g ravel, dry, loose ................................................
Sand and gravel, dry. packed ................................................
Sand and gravel. wet.............................................................
Earth (submerged)
Clay ......................................................................................
Soil .....................................................................................
River mud ............................................................................
Sand or :<.:tvcl ............... ................................................... .
Sand or gravel and clay ..................................................... .

87.3
2.2

9.9
17.3
15.7
12.3
15.1
17.0
15.7
17.3
18.9
12.6
11.0
14 I
1).4

10.2

Glass ........................... ............................................................... .. 25.1

Gravel, dry ................................................................................. .. 16J
Gypsum. loo~c .............................................................................. 11.0
Gypsurn, wallboard ...................................................................... 1.1)
Icc
9.0
Iron
Cast
70.7
Wrought .......................................................................... .. 75.'1

Lime
Hydrated, loose ....................................................................
Hydrated. compacted ..........................................................

5.0
7 .I

Masonry, Ashlar Stone

Granite .................................................................................
Limestone, crystalline .........................................................
Limestone, oolitic ................................................................
Marble ..................................................................................
Sandstone ............ .......................................... ............ ...........

25.9
25.9
21.2
27.2
22.6

Masonry, Brick
Hard (low absorption) ......................................................... 20.4
Medium (medium absorption) ............................................ 18.1
Soft (high absorption} ......................................................... 15.7

24.0
23.1
21.7
24.5
2 1.5
20.4

Particle board ..... .. ........ ........... ... ... .. ........... ... .... .... ... .. ... .. ... ...... ..... 7.I
Plywood .......................................... .............................................. 5.7
Riprap (notnubmcrged)
Limestone ................................................................. ........... 13.0
Sandstone ..... ........... ............................................................. 14.1
Sand
Clean and d!)' ....................................................................... 14.1
River, dry ............................................................................. 16.7
Slag

11.0

Bank
Bank screenings ............................................... ...................
Machine ...............................................................................
Sand .................................................................................... ..
Slate ...............................................................................................
Steel, cold-drawn ..........................................................................

77.3

Stone, Quarried, Piled

Basalt, granite, gneiss .........................................................
Limestone, marble, quartz. ..................................................
Sru1dstonc .............................................................................
Shale .....................................................................................
Greenstone. hornblende ......................................................

15.1
14.9
12.9
14.5
I 6.8

17.0
15.1
8.2
27.0

Terra Cotta, Architectural

Voids filled .. .. .... .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .... 18.9
Voids unfilled ................................................... 11.3
................................................................................. 72.1

Tin

Water
Fresh ..................................................................................... 9.8
Sea ........................................................................................ 10.1
Wood (sec Table 6.2 for relative dcnsilics for Philippine wood)
Zinc. rolled ~heel .......................................................................... 70.5

National Structural Code o f the Pl1ilippines 6

11

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Edition Volume 1

2-B

CHAPTER 2- Minimum Design Loads

Table 204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads (kPa) (Use actual loads when avai lable)
Component

Load

CEILINGS
Acoustical Fiber Board ........... 0.05
Gypsum Board (per mrn
thickness) .......................... 0.008
Mechanical duct allowance ....... 0.20
Plaster on tile or concrete .. .. .. 0.24
Plaster on wood lath ............... 0.38
Suspended steel channel
system ... ............. ...... .... .... .... 0.10
Suspended metal lath and cement
plaster .................................. 0.72
Suspended metal lath and
gypsum plaster .................... 0.48
Wood futTing suspension
system ..... .. . ............ .............. 0.12
COVERINGS, Roof and Wall
Asphalt shingles ........................... 0.1 0
Cement tile ................................... 0.77
Clay tile (for mortar add 0.48 kPa)
Book tile, 50 nun ....................0.57
Book tile, 75 mm ......................0.96
Ludowici ...................................0.48
Roman ............................. .......... 0.57
Spanish ........... .......................... 0.91
Composition:
Three-ply ready roofing...........0.05
Four-ply felt and gravcl ...........0.26
Five-ply felt and gravel ........... 0.29
Copper or tin ................................ 0.05
Comtgatcd asbestos-cement
roofing....................
.. ... 0.19
Deck, mctal20 gage .................... 0.12
Deck, metal, 18 gage ................... 0.14
Fiberboard, 13 mm ........... .... .......0.04
Gypsum sheathing, 13 n1m .......... O.IO
Insulation, roof boards (per mm
thickness)
Cellular glass ................... 0.0013
Fibrous glass .. .. . ....... ...
0.0021
Fiberboard ....................... 0.0028
Perlite ............................... 0.0015
polystyrene foam ............. 0.0004
Urethane foam with skin .. 0.0009
Plywood (per mm thickness) 0.0060
Rigid Insulation, 13 mm .......... ().{)4
Skylight, metal frame,
10 nun wire glass ................ 0.38
Slme, 5 mm ....... ...................... 0.34
Slate, 6 mm ..............
0.48
Waterproofing membranes:
Bituminous, gravel-covered . 0.26
Bituminous, smooth surface .. 0.07
Liquid, applied ..
.. ..... 0.05
Single-ply, sheet .... .
. ...... O.OJ
Wood Sheathing (per mm
thickness) ................
.. .. 0.0057
Wood Shingles.. ......................... 0. 14

Component

Load

FLOOR FILL
Cinder concrete, per mm ........... 0.017
Lightweight concrete, per nun .. 0.015
Sand, per mm .................. ........... O.OJ5
Stone concrete, per mm ............. 0.023
FLOOR AND FLOOR FrNISHES
Asphalt block (50 mm), 13 mm
mortar ...................................... I .4 4
Cement finish (25 mm) on stoneconcrete fi II .............................. I .53
Ceramic or quarry tile (20 mm)
on l3 111111 mortar bed .............. 0. 77
Ceramic or quarry tile (20 mm)
on 25 mm mo11ar bed .............. 1.10
Concrete fill finish (per mm
thickness) .............. ....... ... ....... 0.023
Hardwood flooring, 22 mm ........ O.l9
Linoleum or asphalt tile. 6mm .... 0.05
Marble and mo11ar on stoneconcrete fill ..
.......... .. 1.58
Slate (per mm thickness )........... 0.028
Solid flat tile on 25 mm mortar
base .......................................... 1.10
Subflooring, 19 mm ..................... 0.!4
Terrazzo (38 mm) directly on
slab ........................................... 0.91
Terrazzos (25 mm) on stoneconcrete fill. ............................. 1.53
TetTazzo (25 mm), 50 mm stone
concrete .. ............ ... .................. 1.53
Wood block (76 nnn) on masti c,
no fill .................... ....................0.48
Wood block (76 mm) on 13 nHn
mortar base ...................... ....... 0 .77
FLOOHS, WOOD-JOIST (no
plaster)
Joist
Sizes
(mm)

'

.Jgis~.~~P.~~i~l.S.
' 400 ' 600
mm
mm
mm

...
-~6~~~- J:::~;~-j: : C~0.-~~~~j . . ~:j6. .
sox1so

.L..g:~~-- r -6:~~-- J ?:~s

50x300 ! 0 40

: 0.35

0.30

FRAME l'AIUITJONS
Movable steel partit ions ................... 0.19
Wood or steel studs, 13 mm
gypsum board each side ................ 0.38
Wood studs, 50 x I 00,
unplastercd .. . .... ... ..... .. ....... .... ....... 0.1 9
Wood studs 50 x 100, plastered
one side ......................................... ... 0.57
Wood studs 50 x I00, plastered
two side .......................................... 0.96

Associa tion of Structura l Engineers of tile Philippines

Load

FRAME WALLS
Exterior stud walls:
50x 1(XJ mm @ 400 mm, I 5-mm
gypsum, insulated, 10-mm
siding ........ ......................... 0 .53
50x 150 111111 @ 400 mm, 15- mm
gypsum, insulated, I 0-mm
siding ... . . ... ..................... .0 .57
Exterior ~tud wall with brick
veneer ..................... ............. 2.30
Windows, glass, frame and
sash ...................................... 0 .38
Clay brick wythes:
100 nun ................................ 1.87
200 111111 ..... ..... .. .... .. .............. 3.80
300 llllll . ..... . ................... ... ... 5.50
400mm
7.42
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
Hollow Concrete Masonry units
(Unplastcrcd, add 0.24 kPa for
each facc_lllastercd)
Grout ' Wythe thickness (m m)
Spacing ; 100 ; 150 : 200
. 16.5 kN/n? Density of Unit
&rO.ui: : :~T9~5~~T i..
:~A~
. ~99. ... . . ,__L:J.9,...L !.53 i 2.o 1
6oo
1.5o : 1.63 :--

:Ho:

:~99:
Full

.. is .. .L:

::

2:2o
:::: :r=L22~] T9z--r 2:s4
: 2.50 i .

2.63

. 1?.6~1'-Jinr ..12~.~~_si!J..?fUn i t ...

~.o. grou t

80~J

~~~

Full

300

'

Component

: . _1.?:~ .. , 1.34
. !.59 ~ 1. n

.. ;.. +:~89. .:.;

2.69

1.72

,...X.~? ..
~:~~ i; .22..82
:~4

: 2.82 ;.. 3:88

r ,- -..- - ,-::..:.:.=-.c..-_::..:.:::.::__

.?/-.2 ..kJ~-I/n_r. _Q~D~i_ty of lJ11i_t

No grout

r3:59 ..

1.39

i 1.44

r::r~;::
:
! 2.59

joQ. : . : : : l: ~L?.L.i . IJ2

i 1.96
600
4oo :!.. ..21.83
:~-3. ..... . 2.2

!--

i 2.97

r3:9t=

Ful l

2 84

i 2.92

CHAPTER 2 - Minimum Design Loads

29

204.1 General

205.1 General

Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials of

construction incorporated into the building or other
structure, including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs,
ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions. finishes. cladding
and other similarly incorporated architectural and
strucLUral items, and fixed service eq uipment, includin g
the weight of cranes.

Live loads shall be the maximum loads expected by the

intended use or occupancy but in no case shall be less
than the loads required by this section.

204.2 Weights of Materials and Constructions

The actual weights of materials and constructions shall be
used in determining dead loads for purposes of design. In
the absence of definite infonnation, it shall be permitted
to use the minimum values in Tables 2041 and 2042.

205.2 Critical Distribution of Live Loads

Where structural members are arranged
continuity, members shall be designed using
conditions, which would cause maximum
bending moments. This requirement may be
accordance with the provisions of Section
205.4.2, where applicable.

to create
the loading
shear and
sat isfied in
205.3.2 or

205.3 Floor Live Loads

204.3 Partition Loads

205.3.1 General

Floors in office buildings and other buildings where

partition locations are subject to change shall be designed
to s upport, in add ition to all other loads, a uniformly
distributed dead load equal to 1.0 kPa of floor area.

Floors shall be designed for the unit li ve loads as set forth

in Table 205-l. These loads shall be taken as the
minimum live loads of horizontal projection to be used in
the design of bui ldings for the occupancies listed, and
loads at least equal shall be assumed for uses not listed in
this section but that creates or accommodates similar
loadings.
Where it can be determined in designing floors that the
actual live load will be greater than the value shown in
Table 205-1, the actual live load shall be used in the
design of such buildings or portions thereof. Special
provisions shall be made for machine and apparatus loads.

205.3.2 Distribution of Un iform Floor Loads

Where unifonn floor loads are involved, consideration
may be limited to fu ll dead load on all spans in
combination with full live load on adjacent spans and
alternate spans.

205.3.3 Concentrated Loads

Floors shall be des igned to support safely the uniformly
distributed li ve loads prescribed in this section or the
concentrated load given in Table 205- 1 whichever
produces the greatest load effects. Unless otherwise
specified the indicated concentrati on shall be assumed to
be uniformly distributed over an area 750 mm square and
shall be located so as to produce the maximum load
effects in the structural member.
Provision shall be made in areas where vehicles are used
or stored for concentrated loads, L, consistin g of two or
more loads spaced 1.5 m nominally on center without
uniform live loads. Each load s hall be 40 percent of the

National Structural Co(Je of tile Philippines 6

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2-10

CHAPTER 2 -Minimum Desi9n Loads

accordance with Section 203.3 or 203.4 as appropriate ,

producing the greatest stresses shall govern.

gross weight of the maximum size vehicle to be

accommodated. Parking garages for the storage of private
or pleasure-type motor vehicles with no repair or
refueling shall have a floor system designed for a
concentrated load of not less than 9 kN acting on an area
2
of 0.015 rn without uniform live loads. The condition of
concentrated or uniform live load, combined in

205.3.4 Special Loads

Provision shall be made for the special vertical and latera l
loads as set forth in Table 205-2.

Table 205-l -Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads

-- --- ---..-

- - ................_______.._________________..______.._________ ..-----------..- -..-....- --.,--- c:'Onccntratcd---1

usc or Occut>ancy
Uniform Load
Load
----

Category

1. Access floor systems

r - - --

-~ -- ---

---------.. v. ----- -------- - ----------------

Description

kPa

Office use

2.4

kN

----- - -- - ---1-- -------1------------1

..

. 4.8

Computer use

2. Armories
7.2
0
f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - t - - - - - - - - - - ----..-------2.9
0
Fixed seats
3. Theaters, assembly areas .land
auditoriums.

Movable seats

4.8

Lobbies and platforms

4.8

Stages areas

7.2

3.6

4. Bowling alleys, poolrooms and similar

recreational areas
5. Catwalk for maintenance access
6. Cornices and marquees

- - - - - - - --

1.3

1.9

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -........................-------~-----

- - - - --- -- ----- ----- --

. ---~-----..............................._ - - - -- - - - - - - -! - - --

7. Dining rooms and restaurants

- -- 0

4.8

8. Exit facilities 5

4.8
--------..- -- ---tGeneral storage and/or repair
4.8

------~---------------1----------------

9. Garages

- -..------ ----- -------

..._ ...............- ...,..__________

.
19

Private or pleasure-type motor

---------------------- - - - -i-- -- v_
e l.....Ji.....c.....
le_."st-.....
o_ra_.,g,_e_ ___i - -- Wards and rooms

- - - - --! -- - - ---..- - -..----

!.9
1- -------..,.----..,.---t-------------Laboratories & operating

l 0. Hospitals

---------~

2.9

4.5

rooms
1 - - -----'--- - - - - - - - -.. ---------- -- .........._.._____.._ ____ ____ _ __................._
Corridors above ground floo r

- - ------.................

----------~-- ---------------------

...........----- -----

Reading rooms

1-- - -- - ---------

I I . Libraries

Corridors above ground floor

4.5

___ _____

........_..

2.9

4.5

7.2

4.5 l
4.5

6.0

-- - ------------------ ..- ..--..---..- ---- - --t-------Heavy

...__ _

__ __

------- ----- -- -----------

Light

12. Manufacturin g

--

--------------- ...............-------------

Stack rooms

------------------ ----- ---------. ------------- -1-

- - - - - - - ---- ---........... _

- - -- - -- -- - j

12.0

, _ .._____ _.L....._______,,.,_ _ _.._ _ _ _ _ _.......... ____ - - - -- - - --

Association of Structural Engineers of the Pt1ilippines

- -- - -

CHAPT ER 2 - Minimum Design Loads

...,. ..

., ,

.......... . -- ------

Usc or Occupancy
-" .......... . ------....... -.. --------- ------.. ... - .

-- - ~ ------ ---~ --

Category

Description

----

Con centrated

Uniform Load 1
Load
.... --------. ----------------------- --- .....
kN
kPa

- -- - -----~- - --- --

Call Centers & BPO

2.9

-~-----

Lobbies & ground floor

corridors

13. Office

!4. Print ing plants

16. Res trooms

9.0

Offices

2.4

9.0

Building corridors above

J:~ round floor

3.8

9.0

Press rooms

7.2

11.0 2

Composing and linotype

rooms

4.8

9.0 2

Basic floor area

1.9

Exterior balconies

2.9 4

Decks

1.94

Storage

1.9

--

--

--

4.8

Same as area served or

Occueancy

--

--

C lassrooms

1.9

4 .5 2

Corridors above ground floor

3.8

4.5

Ground floor corridors

4.8

4.5

Public access

12.0

--

-----

17. Reviewing
stands,
grandstands,
Bleache rs. and folding and telescoping
seating

------------------

18. Roof decks

19. Schools

20. Sidewalks a nd dri veways

...

l,ight
6.0
_____ ________
.. ___ ,._ ..___________ _.._________
.,

2 1. Storage

Heavy

..

----

12.0

NOTES 1:0R TAIIL 205-1

1

--

-- ___ _
_____

-----v~-------

.,

..

4.5

Who lesale

6.0

13.4 2

--

4.8

--

06

4.8

Retail

22. S tores
23. Pedestrian bridges and walkways

9.0

- -- ---

4.8

15. Reside ntial 8

211

See Section 205.5 for live load reductions.

StC! Stttirm 205..1.3. first paragraph. for ana of load llflfllicatirm.

'

A..tSt'mbly arcaJ include such ocCUf)(liiCif'.\' as dtuwt halls, drill rooms. gymntHiwn~. playgroruuls. pla<.n.'i. u~rraccs and .-.imilar occtlp(mci~s that
arr ~:rrwrally acct!.uible to the public.

For specio/-purpo.w mrifs. .we Section 205.4.4.

) Exit facilities slral/ indude .nu:h uS< .t a.f corridorJ ,\cninR an on'UJHm t load of/() o r more pct.wms. exterior f'.rit IJolronits. JtairwayJ, fin t>S<'(If><'s
1

om/

simi/a~ UJC,\'.

(, lnt/i,idlwl stair trt'otl.\ sholl lu dcStJ;IWrl to .\'Uflf10 rl a I .3 kN CtJIICt'll/ratrd load plwcd in a position tlrat would cau.'ie mttrimum .\"lrrss Stair
striiii:N.r moy he d esignt!d {m the utJifomrlood set font. 11rtlrr toblr.
1

Sl!t~ St'<'limr 20.5.3. .1, .rt't'f/llr/ pamgmplr.for rmrcrutrated lamlr. Ser Toblr 205-2 forl't!lride /mrrirrs.

.t

f?~si(/t'lllin{ O('C'tlflOIIt"it'S incfutfp privnt~ t/w(/ling.'i. ti{JtJY(IJU..'Ill.~ fllllf hottf gue.'it I"(}(Jill.\ .

RrxtrtHJIII lood.r .rlut/1 not lu~ lt.u them the hHtcl far 11tr ot-rupmu) uith which tht'y an n.-..fot mtrcl. but nt~tl not t!Xtc-nl 2.4 I:.Pn.

11

National Structural CorJe of th<-: Philippines G ' Edition Volume! 1

2-12

CHAPTEI~

2 Minimum Design Loads

Table 205-2 Special Loads'

______U
_____()____________
sc or ccupancy
Load
Load
------- --------- --------.J---=-==---l-----------c_._at_c~g~o~r}~'----~---~:~cri~!-ic_ll_l_,~__k_P__t_~___k_I_>_a_~
r---:V-:c-t-.t.,-ic-a-:-1--r-L-a-tc--r-a~l-

I.

Construction,
public access at
site (live load}

s~~e

' Unil.t is kN/111.

' !.tlt<'l'al Sll'll_l' !>racing loads of 350 N/111 paml/1'1 and 145 N/m
pcrpl'ndicular.\ 10 "'Ill and jiwtboards.
4
Docs not llj){)/y ro cl'ilings that ltuw.> suj)Ici<~nt tow/ acuss jion1
below. .mch that occcs., is no/ n~quired wilhin tit(.' stwn~ aho\'t?
the 1:l!iling. Donnm apply 111 n iliugs if 1h1 ollie lltl'IIS Ill/IN<' the
ceilinx are not prm,ided with access. This Iii(.' load twed not he
considered os cu:liliJ: simrdtwwously H'itlr o!lwr li\~ load.'i
imposed upon tlu. ceiling framing or its supporting srrurflln~.

No/1'3

' 111e impact facwrs included are for crmu~s with ,,t{d ll'ht.>e/s

Walkway
7.2
1-------------------------- ---------Cmtopy
7.2

- ------------- -- 1- -- - - - - -J---- - - t - - - -j
2.

(Jrandstant~~.

reviewing,
stands bleachers,
and folding and
telescoping
seating (live

1.75

Scats and
footboards

load}

3.

Stage
accessories (h vc
load}

Catwalks

1.9

Fo!low--;;-j;;i':- --------- - - - projection and

2.4

------------j....::contro!_~oot!!.:'._ ------------- --------------Over stages

1.0
4.

Ceiling framing
(live load)

A!! uses
except over
0.5 4
______________ . stages------- ---------- - ______ _
5. Partitions and
0.25
i ntcrior wa! Is,

1--:---::::----..,......---+- - - - - - ---------!-----1
6.

Elevators and
dumbwaiters
(dead and live
loads}

Cranes (dead
<llld live loads)

b< combined with tirose of 1.-oolnote 7.

______________--1--------4
I .2) X Iota!

including
impact

load'

Exit facilities
serving an
occupant load
greater than
Balcony railings
and guardrails

righl (m/:lex over tlu.! emire tributtll)' area. including opcninns

and Sf>aces between mils. Heactions due to this loading lll'Cd nor

loads

increase

B.

riding 011 su,<'f mils. Tl~<y may be modified if substrmtiating

technical data accepwble to the buildir~g official i.r submit!cd.
l.iw: lo(lds ml crone support Rinlers and /heir coruu!ctio!ls s}wl/
he raken as tire maximum crane 1vlu)el loads. For ptndanl~
optrated trcweling crane supporl girders and their com1eclion s.
lhl' impact factors .r/w/1 be 1.10.
" 7/Jis applies in the ditcction porollel to !lu ru11way rails
(long imdinal). The factorfo r forces P<'tpem/icuiM 10 the m il is
0.20 x tlw tra/ISI'crse trme/ing lood.r (trolley, m /1, hooks a11d
/({/I'd loads). Forces shall '"' appli<d at /Of/ of mil awl may /11'
di.rturbcd among mils of multiple rail crane.r (IIU/ shall i>e
distributed wirh due rcgord for lat<'!'al stifftwss of tire structures
supporting lircse rails.
1
A load per lilrcalmeter ( kN/m) 10 b1' applied horizontally at right
rmgt.>.r to tire top rail.
s lnrermediate rails, panel fillers and tireir COI!IIectimu shall be
capable ofwitlwmoding a load of /.2 kl'a app/i<>d horizon/ally at

2 x total

~--~~~----------.ro
-,~!load

7.

Notesji1r Table 205-2

1
71Je tabulated foods are minimum loods. When' other ertical by
this code or required hy the tksign would ctw.\' l' grNJier slnsse..
they slwll be usl'd. /.l)(u/s are in kl'cJ unku otht,nvise ilulicated
inthewbll'.

0.10 X
total
load

A horizontal load in kN atJ(IIied m righr angi<'S to the vehicle

barrier at a hrir;h1 of 450 mm ai/IJI'C tire parkin}/ .!llrfllct'. 7/oe
fore<~
10

may b.e distril>ured ow:r a JOOmmsquarC' t1NYl.

'llu IIW/m tin/ of ham/mils shall be .weir that tl~< compleud
handrail and supporti''8 struC:IIlrt' on capable. (~( wi!lrslamling tl
load of at leas/ 8 90 N applied in WI)' din~ction or any poinl on
lhl' rail. 'l11t.'.W loads sltalf not l>e a.\sunwd to acl cumulmil'el\
with Item 9.
.
1

0.75
7
kN/m

1-=-5(::....}- - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - ----

Other than
exit facilities

0.30
kN/m

11

\lt~rlica l members of Slota{:~~ racks shall /J(' protecJed frnm

impact for<:es <~{operatin.~ equipment, or rocks shall I><' designed
Jo that failur.t! c~f one w!rfic:a/ member wi/{ 1101 Cllll.'il' cot/apse of
more than lite bay or bays dirccrly ,,uptwrted hy i/wt member.

The 1. 1 kN load is

Components

------------- -- ------- ------

9

Vehicle bm-ricrs

I 0. Handrai Is

I I . Storage racks

12. Fire sprinkler

struct ural
support

-------------- ------

Over 2.4

high

111

St~e

See

Nore 10

Note 10

Total
loads"

See

weight of
water-filled

Table

10

be applied ro any single fir~: sprinkler

!wppon poi111 hut not :;imuil<wt~oitsly to oil .\upporl joim.-r.

Table
-----------------+--------+-.::..2(~)(:....1:..1:2:._
1.1 kN plus

See

J'
208-12
~c~-'--~---------

_ _ _ _ _ _i __ _

Association of Structural Engineers of ttw Philippines

CHAPTE:A 2 - Minimum Design Loads

213

Table 205-3 Minimum Roof Live Loads 1

- - -----

METHOD I
Tributary Area (m l)
oto 20 Tio to 60 Over 60
Uni rorm Load (kPa)

ROOF SLOPE
l. Flat J or rise less than 4 units venic'hl in
12 units horizontal (33.3% slope). Arch

METHOD2

(kPa)

Rate of
Red uction,
r

Maximum
Reduction
R
(percentage)

Uniform
Load 2

!.00

0.75

0.60

1.00

0.08

40

0.75

0.70

0.60

0.75

0.06

25

3. Rise 12 units vertical Ill 12 units

horizontal (100% slope) and greater.
Arch or dome with rise three-eighths of
span or greater.

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

4. Awnings except cloth covered."

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.25

and dome with rise less than one-eighth

of span.
2. Rise 4 units vertical to less than 12 units

vertical in 12 units horizontal (33.3% to

less than I 00% slope). Arch and dome
wi th rise one-eighth of span to less than
three-eighths of span.

No reduction permiued

- - ------------- - ----------- ------..

---

~-

lath
5. Greenhouses,
agri cultural bui ldings. 5

houses

and

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

1 For specinl-purpos~ ronfr. s~e Section 205.4.1.

1

Se~ Sections 205.5 tmd 205.6 for li1elond uduc tim:s. The rote of rtduction r in qumion 205- I .rhn/1 !Je as indicat<'d in the table. '111~ maximum
reductio n, R, shall not ~xcecd th ~ mlut' indicntt'd in the to hit'.

"".I'

A flat roof is
rt)(Jf ~<ith a slope lc.u thrm /14 unit>erticnl in / 2 unit.< lw ri:onta / (2 % slope). The lil't' food fo r flat ronfl is i11 addition to thl'
flmulinl: load requirt!d by Sccti1111 206. 7.

'

Srt d r{i1111irm in St'l'tion 202.

'

Sce Srction 205.4.4{or coi/C<'Jitrmed food l'l'lflliremellt.t fo r ll'"''11hm1.1e mof ml'lnbers.

205.4 Roof Live Loads

205.4.1 General
Roofs shall be designed for the unit live loads, L, set
fo11h in Table 205-3. The live loads shall be assumed to
act vertically upon the area projected on a horizontal
plane.
205.4. 2 Distribution of Loads
Where uniform roof loads are in volved tn the design of
~lruclllra l
members arranged to create continuity,
consideration may be limited to full dc.1d loads on all
spans in combination with full roof live loads on adjacent
spans and on al ternate spans.

For those conditions where light-gage metal preformed

structural sheets serve as the suppor1 and tinish of roofs,
roof structural members a1Tanged to create continuity
shall be considered adequate if designed for full dead
loads on all spans in combination with the most critical
one of the following superimposed loads:
I.

The unifonn roof live load, L, set forth in Table 205 3 on al l spans.

2.

A concentrated gravi ty load, I~, of 9 kN placed on

any span supporting a tributary area greater than 18
m2 to create maximum st resses in the member,
whenever this loading creates greater stresses than
those caused by the uniform live load. The
concentrated load shall be placed nn the member over
a length of750 mm along the span. The concentrated
load need not be applied to more than one span
simu!tancousl y.

:t

Water accumulation as prescribed in Section 206.7.

Exception:
Alteniate spar; loading need not be considered where the
uniform roof live load is 1.0 kPa or more.

National Structural Co<je of t11e Philipp1nes 6

111

Eclition Volun1e 1

2- 14

CHAPTER 2- Minimum Design Loads

205.4.3 Unbalanced Loading

Unbalanced loads shall be used where such loading will
result in larger members or connections. Trusses and
arches shall be designed to resist the stresses caused by
unit Jive loads on one half of the span if such loading
results in reverse stresses, or stresses greater in any
portion than the stresses produced by the required unit
Jive load on the entire span. For roofs whose structures
are composed of a stressed shell , framed or solid, wherei n
stresses caused by any point loading are distributed
throughout the area of the shell, the requirements for
unbalanced unit live load design may be reduced 50
percent.
205.4.4 Special Roof Loads
Roofs to be used for special purposes shall be designed
for appropriate loads as approved by the building official.
Greenhouse roof bars, purlins and rafters shall be
designed to carry a 0.45 kN concentrated load, L,. in
nddition to the uniform Jive load
205.5 Reduction of Live Loads
The design live load determined using the unit li ve loads
as set forth in Table 205-1 for floors and Table 205-3,
Method 2, for roofs may be reduced on any member
supporting more than 15 m2, including flat slabs, exce pt
fo r floors in places of public assembly and for li ve loads
g reater than 4.8 kPa, in accordance with the following
equation:
R = r(A -15)

(205- I)

The live load reduction shall not exceed -W t'"'._,:J:! ;n

garages for the s torage of private pleasure cars ha,iu_s a
capacity of not more than nine passengers per vehicle.
205.6 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction
As an alternate to &1uation (205- I ), the unit livc loads set
forth in Table 205- 1 may be reduced in accordance with
Equation 205-3 Oil_ any member, including flat slabs,
having an influcncc.,.,area of 40 m2 or more.

(205-3)
where:
A1

= influence area, m2

= reduced design Jive load per square meter of area

supported by the member
L., = unreduced design live load per square meter of area
supported by the member (Table 205- 1)
L

The influence area A 1 is four times the tri butary area for a
column, two times the tributary area for a beam, equal to
the panel area for a two-way slab, and equal to the
product of the span and the full fl ange width for a precast
T-beam
The reduced live load shall not be less than 50 percent of
the unit live load L, for members receiving load from one
level only, nor less than 40 percent of the unit live load L,.
for other members.

The reduction shall not exceed 40 percent for members

receiving load from one level only, 60 percent for ot her
members or R, as detem1ined by the following equation:
R =23.1(1 + Dl L)

(205-2)

where:
A
D
L

R
r

= area

of floor or roof supported by the member,

square meter, m2
= dead load per square meter of area supported by
the member. kPa
= unit live load per square meter of area supported by
the member, kPa
= reduction in percentage,%.
= rate of reduction equal to 0.08 for floor.~. Sec Table
205-J for roofs

f-o r storage loads exceedi ng 4.8 kPa, no reduction shall be

made, except that design live loads on columns may he
reduced 20 percent.

/l.ssoci<.ltion of StructurAl Engineers of the Pl1ilippines

206.5 Interio r Wall Loads

206.1 General
Jn addition to the other design loads specified in this
chapter, structures shall be designed to resist the loads
specified in this section and the special loads set forth in
Table 205-2. Sec Section 207 for design wind loads, and
Section 208 for design earthquake loads.

206.2 Other Loads

Buildings and other structures and portions thereof shall
be designed to resist all loads due to applicable fluid
pressures, F, lateral soil pressures, H. ponding loads, P.
and self-straining force.s, T. See Section 206.7 for ponding
loads for roofs.

Interior walls, permanent par!JtJons and temporary

partitions that exceed 1.8 m in height shall be designed to
resist all loads to which they are subjec ted but not less
than a load, L, of 0.25 kPa applied perpendicular to the
walls. The 0.25 kPa load need not be applied
s imultaneously with wind or seismic loads. The ddlcction
of such walls under a load of 0.25 kl'a shall not exceed
1/240 of the span for walls with brittle finishes and 11120
of the span for walls with tlcxible finishes. Sc.e Table
208- I 2 for earthquake design requireme nts where such
requirements arc more restrictive.

Exception: .'
Ffexible;}oiding or portdbl~-piir@otfs;a.re. fiO.f. re(j!{ire.d to

,~~~~(~~~ 3~a~.

aiftl -~~fl..t~t.i.M/cn(~rift::';b!f;(i fl.l.~'-r' be

a~.hori?, to:_..}~ _.~~pp.ortf.~ ,r{(:f~t.u,te.;.;to ;tne.e1 the

provis!o~

oftbis,cor;le'.

206.3 Impact Loads

The Jive loads specified in Sections 205.3 shall be
assumed to include allowance for o rdinary impact
condi tions. Pro visions shall be made in the struc tural
design for uses and loads that involve unusual vibration
and impact forces. Sec Section 206.9.3 for impact loads
for cranes, and Section 206.10 for heliport and helistop
landing areas.

206.3.1 Elevators
Al l elevator loads shall be increased by J00% fo r impact.

206.3.2 Machinery
For the purpose o f desig n. the weight of machinery and
moving loads shal l be increased as follows to allow for
impact:

I.

Elevator m achinery

2.

Light mac hinery, shaft- or motor-dri ven

3.

Reciproc ating mac hinery or power-driven units 50%

4.

Hangers for

100%

floors and balconies

20%

33%

All percentages shall be increased where specified by the

manufac turer.

206.4 Anchorage of Concrete and Masonry Walls

Conc re te a nd masonry wall s shall be anchored as required
by Section I 04.3.3. S uc h anchorage shall he capable o f
resisti ng the load combinations o f Section 203.3 or 203.4
using the grea ter o f the wind or earthquake loads requi red
by this chapter o r a mi nimum hori zonta l force o f 4 kN/m
of wall , substituted for.

206.6 Retaining Walls

Retaining walls sha ll be designed to resist loads due to the
lateral pressure of retained ma terial in accordance with
accepted engineerin g practice. Walls retaining drained
soil, where the surface of the retained soil is level, shall
be designed for a load, N, equivalent to that exerted by a
fluid weighing not less than 4.7 kPa per meter of depth
and having a depth equal to that of the retained soil. Any
surc harge shall be in add ition 10 the equi valent fluid
pressure.
Retaining walls shall be designed to resist s liding by at
least 1.5 times the lateral fo rce and overturning by at least
1.5 times the overturning momcnl, using allowable s tress
design loads.

206.7 Water Accumulation

All roofs shall be designed w ith sufficient slo pe or
camber to ensure udcquate drainage after t he long-term
deflection from dead load or shall be designed to resist
ponding load, P, combined in accordance with Section
203.3 or 203.4. Ponding load shall include water
accumu latio n from any source due to deflection .

206.8 Uplift on Floors and Foundations

In the design of basement floo rs and si mi lar
approximately ho rizontal elements below grade, the
upward pressure u J water, where applicable , sha ll be
taken as the full hydrostatic pressure applied over !he
entire area. The hydrostatic load shall be measured from
the underside o f the co nstruction. Any other upward
loads shall be included in the design.
Where expansive soi ls a rc present under foundati o ns or
s labs-on-ground. the foundatio ns, slabs, a nd other
<.:omponents shall be designed lO to lerate the moveme nt or

Nal1oncll S tructural Code of tile Pl1ilippines 61" Edition Volu1110 1

216

CHAPTEFI 2- Minimum Design loads

resist the upward loads caused by the expansive soils, or

the expansive soil shall be removed or stabilized around
and beneath the structure.
206.9 Crane Loads
206.9. 1 General
The cwne load shall be the rated capacity of the crane.
Design loads for the runway beams, including
connections and support brackets, of moving bridge
cranes and monorail cranes shall include the maximum
wheel loads of the crane and the vertical impact, lateral.
nnd longi tudinal forces induced by the moving crane.
206.9.2 Maximum Wheel Load
The maximum wheel loads shall be the wheel loads
produced by the weight of the bridge, as appl icable, plus
the sum of the rated cap:~city and the weight of the trolley
with the trolley positioned on its runway where the
resulting load effect is maximum.

206.10 Heliport and Helistop Landing Areas

In addition to olher design requirements of this chapter,
heliport and helistop landing or touchdown areas shall be
designed for the following loads. combined in accordance
wi th Section 203.3 or 203.4:
I.

Dead load plus acwal weight of the helicopter.

2.

Dead load plus a single concentrated impact load, L,

covering 0.1 m2 of 0.75 times the fuil y loaded weight
of the helicopter if it is equipped with hydraulic-type
shock absorbers. or 1.5 times the fully loaded weight
of the helicopter if it is equipped with a 1igid or skidtype landing gear.

The dead load plus a uniform live load. L, of 4.8 kPa. The
required live load may be reduced in accordance wi th
Section 205.5 or 205.6.

206.9.3 Vertical Impact Force

The maximum wheel loads of the crane shall be increased
by the percentages shown below to determine the induced
vertical impact or vibration force:
I.

Monorail cranes (powered)

25%

2.

Cab-operated or remotely operated bridge

cranes (powered)

25%

3.

Pendant-operated bridge cranes (powered)

10%

4.

Bridge cranes or monorail cranes with

hand-geared ridge. trolley and hoist

0%

206.9.4 La tenll Force

The lateral force on crane runway beams with electrically
powered trolleys shall be calculated as 20% of the sum of
the rated capacity of the crane and the weight of the hoist
and trolley. The lateral force shall be assumed to act
horizontally at the traction surface of a runway beam, in
either direction perpendicular to the beam, and shall be
distributed with due regard to the lateral stiffness of the
runway beam and supporting structure.
206.9.5 Longitudinal Forces
The longitudinal force on crane n111way beams, except for
bridge cranes with hand-geared bridges, shall be
calculated a~ I 0% of the maximum wheel loads of the
crane. The longitudinal force shall he assumed to act
horiwntnlly nt the traction surface of a runway beam, in
either direction parallel to the beam .

/\SSOCiiltion of Structural En9ineers of the Pl1ilipp1nes

CHAPTER 2 -- Minimum DHsign Loads

. .. . '

..

~.

207.1 General
207.1.1 Scope

Buildings, towers and other vertical structures, including

the Main Wind-Force Resisting System (MWFRS) and all
components and cladding thereof, shall be designed and
constmcted to resist wind loads as specified herein.
207.1.2 Allowed P1ocedurcs
The design wind loads for buildings, towers and other
vertical stn1c1Ures, including the MWFRS and component
and cladding clements thereof, shall be determined using
one of the following procedures: (I) Method I ~
Simplified Procedure as specified in Section 207.4 for
building meeting the requirements specified therein; (2)
Method 2 - Analytical Procedure as specified in Section
207.5 for buildings meeting the requirements specified
therein; (3) Method 3 - Wind Tunnel Procedure as
specified in Section 207 .6.
207.1.3 Wind Pressures Acting on Opposite Faces of
Each Building Surface
In the calculation of design wind loads for the MWFRS
and for componellls and cladding for buildings, the
algebraic sum of the pressures acting on opposite faces of
each building surface shall be taken into account.
207.1.4 Minimum Design Wind Loading

The design wind load, determined by any one of the

procedures specified in Secrion 207.1.2, shall be not less
than specified in this section.
207.1.4.1 Main Wind-Force Resisting System
The wind load to be used in the design of the MWFRS for
an enclosed or partially enclosed building or other
structure shall not be less than 0.5 kPa multiplied by the
area of the building or structure projected onto a vertical
plane normal to the assumed wind direction. The design
wind force for open buildings and other structures shall be
not less than 0.5 kPa mu ltiplied by the area A1 as defined
in Section 207.3.

APPROVED.
jurisdiction.

Acceptable to the

217

authority having

BASIC WIND SPEED, V Three-second gust speed at

I 0 rn above the ground in Exposure C (sec Section
207 .5.6.3) as determined in accordance with Section
207.5.4 and associated with an annual probabilit y for 0.02
of being equaled or exceeded. (50-years mean recurrence
interval).
BUILDING, ENCLOSED is a building that does not
comply with the requirements for open or partially
enclosed buildings.
BUILDING ENVELOPE. Cladding, roofing, exterior
wall, glazing, door assemblies, window assemblies,
skylight assemblies, and other components enclosing the
building.
BUILDINGS, FLEXIBLE. Slender buildings that have
a fundamental natural frequency less than I Hz.
BUILDING, LOW-RISE. Enclosed or partial ly enclosed
building that comply with the followi ng conditions:
I.

Mean roof he ight h less than or equal to 18 m.

2.

Mean roof height h docs not exceed least horizontal

dimension.

BUILDING, OPEN. A building hav ing each wall at least

80 percent open. This condition is expressed for each
wall by the equation A,<:: 0.8 AK where
BUILDING, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED is a building
that complies with both of the following conditions:
l.

the total area of openings in a wall that receives

positive external pressure exceeds the sum of the
areas of openings in the balance of the building
envelope (walls and roof) by more than I 0%; and

2.

the total area of openings in a waJI that receives

positive external pressure exceeds 0.5 m' or I
percent of the area of that wall, whichever is smaller,
and the percentage of openings in the balance of the
building envelope docs not exceed 20 percent.

207.1.4.2 Components and Cladding

The design wind pressure for components and cladding of

buildings shall not be less than a net pressu re of 0.5 kPa
acting in either direction normal to the surface.
207.2 Definitions
The following definitions apply to the provisions of
Section 207.

National St1uctural CorJe of the Philippines 6111 E'cJition Volume 1

ilippines

eers of the Phllippincs

nes

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CHAPTER ~ - Co ncre te

4 ~ 3

combinations [rom this chapter in conjun ction with strength

reduc tio n factors of Section 426 shall not be permitted.

the appropr iate load co mbinations of ASCE I SEI 7 shall be

used.

409.3 Required Strength

40 9.3.5 For post-tensioned anchorage zone design . a load

factor of J.2 shall be appli ed to the maximum tendon
ja cki ng force .

409.3.1 Required strength U shall be at least equal to the

effects of factored loads in Eq. 409 -1 through Eq, 409-7.
The effect of on e or more loads not acting simultaneously
shall be investigated.

409.4 Design Strength

409.4 .1 Design stren gth provided by a member, its
connections to other membe rs and its cros s sections. in
term s of flexure, ax ial load. shear and to rsion , shall be taken
as the nomin al strength calculated in acco rdance with
requirements and assumptions of this Sect ion . mult iplied by
a strength-reduction factor in Sections 409.4 .2. 409.4 .4
and 409.4.5 .

U = 1.4(D + F)

(40 9- 1)

U = L2 (D+ F + T) + 1.6 (L+/i) + O.5(L . or R)

(409-2)

U = 1.2 D + 1.6 (L. or R) + ( 1.0L or 0 .80 II')

(409-3)

U = 1.2 D + 1.6 II' + 1.0 L + 0.5 (L. o r R)

(409-4)

u=

(409 -5)

409.4.2 St re ngt h- Redu ct ion Facto r

U = 0.9 D + 1.6 II' + 1.6 H

(409 -6)

Strength-reduction factor shall be gi ven in Sections

409.4.2. 1 through 409 .4.2.7:

U = 0 .90 D + 1.0 E + 1.6 If

(409-7)

409 .4.2.1 Ten sion controlled sections as defined in Section

4 10.4.4 (see also Scct ion 409.4.2.7)
0.90

The load factor on the live load L in Eq . 409 3 to 409- 5

shall be permitt ed 10 be reduced to 0.5 except for
garages , are as occupied as places o f publi c assemb ly.
2
and all areas where L is grea ter than 4.8 kN/m

409 .4.2.2 Co mpress ion contr olle d sec tion s, as defined in

Sec tion 4 10.4.3:

1.2 D + 1.0 + 1.0 L

except as follow s:
I.

2.

\Vhere wind load W has not been reduced by a

directionality factor , it shall be pen ni ned to use 1.3 W in
plac e of 1.611' in Eq . 409-4 and 4096.

3.

Wh ere E, the lo ad effects of eart hquake, is based on

se r vice-level seismic forces. 1.4 shall be used in place
of 1.0 in Eg' 4095 and 409 -7.

4.

The load factor on If. loads due to wcight and pressure

of soil , wa ter in so il, or other mater ials. shall be set
equ al to zero in Eq. 409- 6 and 409 -7 if the structural
action due to H counteracts tha t due to W or E. Where
lateral earth pressur e provides resistance to structur al
ac tio ns from o the r forces, it sh all not be included in H
but shall be incl uded in the design resistan ce.

409.3.2 If resistance to impact effec ts is taken into account

in de sig n, such effects shall be includ ed with live load L. _
409.3.3 Estimations o f differential scu lcmc m. creep.
shrinkage, expa nsio n of shrinkage-co mpensa ting concre te or
temperat ure change shall be based o n a realistic assess ment
of such e ffects occurring in service.
409 .3.4 If a struc ture is in a flood zone. o r is subje cted to
forces fro m atmospheric precipitations . [he flood la nds and

I.

2.

Members with spiral rein forcem en t

conforming to Section 4 10.10.3 .. ..................

0.75

Other reinforced members

0.65

For sect ions in which the net tensile strength, Cr. is between
the limits for co mpress ion-cont rol led an d tensio n-controlled
sectio ns, shall be permi tted 10 be linearly increased from
that for compression-con trolled sectio ns to 0 .90 as f.,
incre ases from the co mpression-controlled strain lim it 10
0.005.
Altern atively , when Sectio n 425 is used, for membe rs in
which [I' does not exceed 415 MPa, with s ymmetric
reinforcement, and with (11 cl')/I! not less than 0.70. shall
be permitted to be increased linearly to 0.90 as P,
decreases from 0.10 Fe A,( to zero. For o ther reinforced
memb ers. sha ll be permitted to be increased linearly to
0.90 as P" decreas es from 0.10 F, A ~ or Ph. whic hever is
smaller. to zero.
409.4.2.3 Shear an d torsion (Sec also Sect ion 409.4.4 (or
shear walls and frames in Se ismic Zo ne 4)
0.75
409.4 .2.4 Bearing on co ncrete (except for posttensioning anchorage zones )

0.65

409.4.2.5 Post-tensioned anchorage zone s

085

th

National Structural Code of the Philippin es 6 Edition Volume 1

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ilippines

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s of tile Philippines