., ...

.
.
.

CO2.

5%
1990 .
:

(Joint
Implementation),
(Clean
Development Mechanism),
(Emission Trading).

.
,
,
95 98%
.

,
17 /kg.
60%,
.
80%
,
, ,
.

(
) 1 2%.

(9001100C, 1bar) ,

.
(8001200C, 120bar),

(
) ( ).
,
, .
, ,
| , .
. (500C, 1bar),
,
, (Bridgwate ., 1999).
.

10
W (Bridgwate ., 1999).
, (250350C, 100200bar)
, .
,
,
-.
50
60% .

,
,
, .)

(

,
, )



(,
),
(
),

[kJ/kg]
14.000-16.700

19.000-31.000

23.000

15.000

19.000

7.000

15.000

27.000-40.000

:
,

,
.

,
.


,
.


,


,
.

, 75%.
,
.
, 90%.

2000 mg CO/m3,
150 mg CO/m3.



1980 2000

CO E

1980 2000

KNZEL

HOVAL

BUDERUS

GUNTAMATIC

(50 KW)

,
.

,
90%, 100
ppm.


90%,
20
ppm.


.

.

.
.

.
,

.


, .


.,

FRLING


HARGASSNER


WARTISLA


WARTISLA

Tertiary air
Combustion chamber
Secondary air
Primary air
Fuel feed
Burner for
ignition

Exhaust gas - Recirculation

Removal of ash

-



-

GUNTAMATIC

GUNTAMATIC

( )

16
15

16

Section C-C
2

15
5
6

15
15

1
3

13

13
6

7
9
13
10
14

4
10

10
14

11

12
13

Section A-A

12

Symbols
Combustion zone

Air

Devolatilisation zone

Flue gas

Drying zone

Ash

12

13

,
.

,
, ,
.

"" 10 15%,
.

100% (
).

,
.


KOFEN

.

,
,
.

,

.

.
,
.

,
. , , .

,
, 100 l 1kW
.
,
,
50%
.
(
) ,
24 ,
.
,
,



.

( )
55 kW
75 kWh .
(


1500 l):

(2003 ).

100 kW,
50 kW,

4.900 Eura,
7.400 Eura (2003 ).

,

,

.


-
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER SEPARATE HEAT AND POWER
GENERATION
GENERATION
Boiler losses
7
Electromechanical
losses 3
Condensation losses
32

Boiler losses
10 Electromechanical losses
5

44

56

Heat 56

70
Electricity 28

Fuel 133

Fuel
100

Electricity 28

Heat 56

63

Total efficiency 85 %
Boiler losses
7

Total efficiency 64 %

( ,
)

(ORC)

kW,
MW.

.

( )

:
,

()

(300-400 C) ,
, .
(VOC), (HC)
.
VOC HC 80%
.
,
.



Fischer-Tropsch .

: Agri-Tech Producers, LLC

Agri-Tech Producers, LLC

 ,

Higher Heating Value of Torrefied Wood, Charcoal and Coal:

Color Approximately Indicates Heating Value
16,000
13,471

14,000

9,248

8,458

9,060

9,502

8,805

Lightest

Lighter

Light

Dark

Darker

BTU/lb.

10,000

12,000

8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
Darkest Charcoal

Coal

Agri-Tech Producers, LLC

11,633

12,000

Sorgo da fibra

BIOM-ADRIA Project Final Conference, Serbian Chamber of Commerce, Belgrade, 28 May 2008

Sorgo da fibra

BIOM-ADRIA Project Final Conference, Serbian Chamber of Commerce, Belgrade, 28 May 2008

COMPACTING
OF RESIDUES

TRANSPORTATION
OF RESIDUES

CHIPPING AT
STAND

CHIPPING AT
TERMINAL
CHIPPING AT
ROADSIDE

CHIPPING OF LOGGING
RESIDUE AT END-USE
FACILITIES

 (3 )