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Stokerchapter25lipidmetabolism 160320032037
Stokerchapter25lipidmetabolism 160320032037
Lipid Metabolism
Chapter 25
Table of Contents
25.1Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
25.2Triacylglycerol Storage and Mobilization
25.3 Glycerol Metabolism
25.4 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
25.5 ATP Production from Fatty Acid Oxidation
25.6 Ketone Bodies
25.7 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids: Lipogenesis
25.8 Relationship Between Lipogenesis and Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates
25.9 Fate of Fatty-Acid Generated Acetyl CoA
25.10 Relationships Between Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism
25.11B Vitamins and Lipid Metabolism
Section 25.1
Section 25.1
Chyme enters into small intestine and is emulsified with bile salts
Pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes ester bonds to form fatty acids and glycerol
Normally 2 out of 3 fatty acids are hydrolyzed
Fatty acids, monoacyglycerols and bile salts make small droplets: called micelles -hydrophobic chain in the interior
Micelles consist of monoacyglycerols and free fatty acids:
Small enough to absorb through intestinal cells
Section 25.1
Section 25.1
Section 25.3
Glycerol Metabolism
Section 25.4
There are three parts to the process by which fatty acids are broken
down to obtain energy.
1. Activation of the fatty acid by binding to Coenzyme-A product is called acyl Co-A
2. Transport of acyl Co-A to mitochondrial matrix
3. Repeated oxidation (fatty acid spiral) to produce acetyl Co-A,
FADH2 and NADH
Section 25.4
Section 25.4
the oxidation of fatty acids follow the -oxidation theory that involves the
oxidation of the 2nd carbon atom from the acid end of the saturated fatty acid
molecule, the -carbon atom.
in this process, -oxidation removes two carbon atoms at a time from the
fatty acid chain; i.e., an 18-carbon fatty acid is oxidized to a 16-carbon fatty
acid, then to 14-carbon fatty acid, and so on until the oxidation process is
complete
the process is also known as fatty acid spiral because the fatty acid goes
through the cycle again and again until it is finally degraded to acetyl CoA.
the fatty acid spiral is a repetitive series of four reactions
(dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, release of acetyl CoA)
in which each sequence produces acetyl CoA, FADH2, NADH, and an acyl
CoA that is shorter than the previous acyl CoA by two carbon atoms.
10
Section 25.4
Step 2: Hydration:
11
Section 25.4
p925
Section 25.4
The acetyl CoA produced enters the citric acid cycle and the new
molecule of active fatty acid (active acyl CoA) goes through the same
sequence again, each time losing two carbon atoms until the entire
molecule has been oxidized
The sequence presupposes the presence of fatty acids containing an
even number of carbon atoms, a condition usually encountered in
nature
If fatty acid containing odd number of carbon atoms are oxidized they
follow the same steps except that the final products are acetyl CoA
and propionyl CoA. The propionyl CoA is changed in a series of steps
to succinyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, as does the acetyl
CoA; these reactions require the presence of cobamide and biotin
The unsaturated fatty acids are metabolized slowly; they must first be
reduced by some of the dehydrogenases found in the cells, then they
can follow the fatty acid spiral for oxidation
The FADH2 and the NADH + H+ enter the respiratory chain
13
Section 25.5
14
Section 25.6
Ketone Bodies
Ordinarily, most of the acetyl CoA produced from the fatty acid spiral is
further processed through the Krebs cycle.
Therefore an adequate balance in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is
required
The first step of the Krebs cycle involves the reaction between oxaloacetate
and acetyl CoA; Sufficient oxaloacetate must be present for the acetyl CoA
to react with.
Oxaloacetate concentration depends on pyruvate produced from glycolysis;
pyruvate can be converted to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase.
Certain body conditions upset the lipid-carbohydrate balance required for
the acetyl CoA generated by fatty acids to be processed by the TCA cycle:
(under these conditions, the problem of inadequate oxaloacetate arises)
Dietary intakes high in fat and low in carbohydrates
Diabetic conditions -- glucose not used properly
Prolonged fasting conditions
When oxaloacetate supplies are too low for all acetyl CoA to be processed
through the TCA cycle, ketogenesis takes place where excess acetyl CoA
is converted to ketone bodies
15
Section 25.6
Ketone Bodies
16
Section 25.6
Ketone Bodies
likewise, during prolonged starvation or on a high-fat, lowcarbohydrate diet, the body tends to burn fat instead of
carbohydrates, leading to ketosis and acidosis.
17
Section 25.7
Intermediates bonded to
acyl carrier protein (ACP)
18
Section 25.7
19
Section 25.7
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Section 25.7
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Section 25.7
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Section 25.7
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Section 25.7
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Section 25.9
25
Section 25.9
26
Section 25.9
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Section 25.10
Relationships Between Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism
28
Section 25.11
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