-

, 2015


. -
. -

:
. -
. -

CIP -
". ",
512.64(075.81(076)
,
[ ]. #. #1,
/ , . - PDF ,
68 .. - : " ", 2015

(URL): https://e-lib.ugd.edu.mk/naslovna.php. . - 03.11.2015. : . 98

ISBN 978-608-244-248-8
) -
COBISS.MK-ID 99769866

I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

.................................................................... 2
. ............................... 3
........................................................... 4
........................................................................................ 6
......................... 9
................................................................ 12
................................................................. 13
...................................................................... 15

II
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

.................................................................. 17
. ............................. 19
......................................................... 21
...................................................................................... 30
....................... 39
................................................................ 50
................................................................. 59
...................................................................... 63
.................................................................................. 68

1.

1.

+ * :

) x, y u, v : x u, y v 1 , * x, y : x, y 1 .
) x, y u, v : x u, y v , * x, y : x, y .

x, y .
2.
) U x

: x1

) V x

: x12 x2 2

) W x
3.

xn

: x1 1 .

U x1 , x2 , x3
3

: x1 x2 x3 . U

0 .

4*. U1 U 2 V . U1 U 2 V
U1 V U 2 V .

5. f :

2 -, f ( x) f ( x 2 )

x .
( f g )( x) : f ( x) g ( x) ( f )( x) : f ( x)

) V f :

| f 2 - .

) W L cos nx,sin mx : n, m

V.

2. a .

1. w v1 , v2 v3 .
) w 0,7,1 , v1 0, 2,0 , v2 1, 4,6 , v3 4,3,5 .
) w 1,1,1 , v1 0,1,9 , v2 7,9, 3 , v3 0, 1, 4 .
2. x

1, 2,3 , 4, x,6 , 7,8,9 .

3*. U W V.

dim U W dimU dimW dim U W .

4*. M s n n,

M s n n,

n- .

n(n 1)
- M n n,
2

3.

1. f :

) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1 , x2 x3 ,

) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1 , x2 ,

) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) 2 x1 x2 , 3x1 4 x3 ,

) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1 x3 , x2 x3 ,

) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1 x3 , x2 1 .
2. :
) f :

, f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1 ,0, x1 x2 , x2

) f :

, f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1 x2 x3

) f :

3. f :

, f x1 , x2 ( x1 1, x2 3)

f x, y, z x, y,0 . Im f

Ker f .
4. f :

Im f

1,0, 2,1 2,1,1, 1 .

5. Ker f Im f f :

) f x1 , x2 , x3 x1 x2 x3 , 2 x1 3x2 x3 ,3x1 5x2 x3 .

) f x1 , x2 , x3 x1 2 x2 x3 , x2 x3 , x1 x2 2x3 .
6. f :

f x, y, z x z, y .

Ker f .
7. Im f

f :

f x1 , x2 , x3 x1 x2 , x1 2 x2 3x3 , 2 x1 2 x2 .
8. f
) f x1 , x2 , x3 x1 2 x2 ,3x1 2 x2 4 x3 ,
) f x1 , x2 , x3 x1 x2 x3 , x2 2 x3 , x1 3x3 , x2 ,
) f x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 x1 2 x2 3x3 x4 , x2 x3 2 x4 , x1 3x2 , x1 x2 ,

) f x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 2 x1 x2 2 x3 5x4 , 2 x1 5x2 2 x3 , 2 x1 2 x3 ,
) f x1 , x2 , x3 x1 x2 2 x3 , 4 x2 2 x3 , x1 3x2 , 2 x1 x3 .
9. f

f x1 , x2 , x3 x2 2 x3 ,3x1 x3 , 4 x2
a1 1,1,1 , a2 0,1,1 , a3 0,0,1 .
10.
:
1 1 2
) A
,
0 1 1

1 3

0 2
) A
.
1 0

0 1

1 1 0
) A
,
1 0 1

11. , f
0,0,1 , 0,1,1 1,1,1 2,3,5 , 1,0,0 0,1, 1 .
A f .

12. , f

1,1 1, 0

0, 2 1,1 . f .

13. f : V U . V U
I 0
f A
I
0 0
r r , r f .

1 2 0 1

14. A 2 6 3 3 f :
3 10 6 5

f ( x) Ax .

2 5 3
15. A
f:
1 4 7

1 0 0 0

M f 0 1 0 0 .
0 0 0 0

f ( x) Ax,

l1 1,1,1 , l2 1,1,0 , l3 1,0,0

f
g1 1,3 , g2 2,5
M

4.

. .
.

1 2 3 0
2 1 0

1. AB A
B 1 3 0 1 .
1 0 3
3 0 1 2

1 2 0
2. AB BA A

2 1 1
1

B 1 .
1

1 3
2 1
3. AB BA A
B
.
2 6
4 2
1 2
2 4
4. A B , A
B
.
3 4
6 4
AB BA . ?

1 2 2
3 5 4

5. AB BA A 0 1 2 B 4 3 4
1 0 1
5 5 3

2
0 1 2

6. A 2 1 3 , B 1 C 3 1 0 .
1 2 3
4

? .
3 1 i
7. A
.
1 i 2

8.

A1

1 2 1

A 1 1 0 ,
2 0 1

1
A , A A .
det A

9.

2 7 3

) A 3 9 4 ,
1 5 3

2 2 1

) A 1 2 1 .
3 6 4

10. A1

1
A , A
det A

A .

1 i 1

) A 0 1 i ,
0 0 1

1 1 i

) A 0 i 1 ,
0 0 1

1 1 0

) A 1 i 0 .
2 0 1

11.
2

0
) A
1

3 0 1

1 4 2
,
1 0 4

1 0 2

1 1

2 1
) A
3 3

1 1

1 2
.
1 2

2 2
0

12.
2 1 1

0 3 0
) A
0 0 1

0 0 0

4
,
3

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

) A
,
1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

2 3 1 4

4 0 5 2

) A
,
5 1 0 6

1 1 2 3

1 4 0

0 2 0
) A 0 5 1

0 8 0
0 1 0

1
) A
2

1 2 2

1 2 3
,
2 2 3

3 3 3

0 0

0 0
0 0 .

1 0
0 1

13.

2 3 7

) A 8 4 12 ,
6 5 13

1 1 1

) A 2 1 2 ,
0 3 4

1 2 0 1

) A 2 6 3 3 ,
3 10 6 5

1 4 2 4

1 3 1 2

) A
,
1 2 0 0

0 1 1 2

1 1 2 2

2 3 2 1

) A
,
1 2 4 1

0 1 6 3

1 0 1

2 3 1
) A 3 4 0

2 1 4
4 2 3

4
7 .

1
5

14*. rang A B rang A rang B .

15*.

A M n n,

A M n n,

rang AT A rang AAT rang A .

5.

1. :
1 3
)
,
2 6

3 1 i
)
.
1 i 2

2. :

2 1 3

) 0 2 5 ,
3 1 4

3 2 1

) 1 4 2 .
5 3 1

3. :
3 1

1 2
) A
1 1

0 3

6 4

5 2
3 1

1 2

5
) A
3

1 4 3

2 2 3
4 1 1

3 5 4

4. :
2 5 0 1 3

1 0 3 7 2
A 3 1 0 5 5 .

2 6 4 1 2
0 3 1 2 3

3
t 2 4

t 1 2 .
5. 1
0
0 t 4

x2 1
xy
xz

2
6. xy
y 1
yz .
xz
yz
z 2 1

0
7. A
b

a 0 c
.
0 d 0

b 0 d
0

10

8. 1

1 .

a0

a1

a2

ak 1

ak

9. Ak 1 0

0 .

1
2
1
3

1
1
2

10. ( ) Ak
1
k

11. n

1
3
1
4

1
k 1

1
k 2

1 a1

a12

a1n 1

1 a2

a22

a2n 1

1 an an2
. :

1
k
1
k 1

1
2 k 1

, ai a j i j,

ann 1

) 3 a3 a1 a3 a2 a2 a1 ;
) n an a1 an a2

an an1 n1;

) n a j ai .
j i

12.

2 cos
1
n

2
2

cos

2 cos

2
2

0
cos
2
2

2 cos

2 cos 2 2

cos

2 cos 2 2

11

13. .

2x 3y z 1

) 3x 5 y 2 z 8 ,
x 2 y 3z 1

2 x 2 y z 4t 2
x 2 y z 3t 1

)
.
x 2 y z 2t 1
2 x 2 y z t 6

14. :

2 x 3 y 4 z 1

) x 2 y 3z 1 ,
x 4 y 5z 2

2 x 2 y z t 4
4 x 3 y z 2t 6

)
.
8 x 5 y 3z 4t 12
3x 3 y 2 z 2t 6

15. -
:

2 x y 2 z 2t 2

) x 2 y z t 4 .
x y z t 2

x 2 y z 5

) x y 2 z 4.
x y 2z 3

x 3 y 2 z 2t 2

.
) x 2 y z t 4
x y 4 z 4t 4

16. p, ?

x y 4z t 3

) x 2 y 3z t 2 ,
x y 4z t p 1

x 2 y z 4t 2

) x 3 y 2 z 3t 1 .
x 7 y 4 z 11t p

12

6.

1. ,
:
1 2
) A
.
2 1

1 2
) B
.
3 2

1 4
) A
.
2 3

3 1
) B
.
1 1

2. ,
:

1 3 3

) A 3 5 3 .
6 6 4

2 1 0

) A 0 1 1 .
0 2 4

1 3 0

) A 2 2 1 .
4 0 2

2 0 3

) A 0 2 3 .
3 3 1

2 0 3

) A 0 2 3 .
3 1 2

3.
1

1
A

A n
1
1

1
1
.

1
1

3 1 1

4. A 0 2 0
1 1 1

13

7.

1. u, v x1 y1 x1 y2 x2 y1 3x2 y2 , u x1 , x2 , v y1 , y2 ,

2. v 3, 4

a)
) u, v x1 y1 x1 y2 x2 y1 3x2 y2 , u x1 , x2 , v y1 , y2 .

3. V :
1

f , g f (t ) g (t )dt.
0

f (t ) t 2 g (t ) t 2 2t 3. :
) f , g ,

) f .

4. V , u, v V
u, v
cos
.
u v
u 1, 3, 2 v 2,1,5 .

5.
x y x y 2 x 2 y
2

x y X .

14

6.

1, 2 ,

, n : i , i 1, 2,

, n x

n , 1 , 2 ,

max i : i 1,

, n x.

, n .

7.

1
1
v1
, 0,
, v2 0,1, 0
2
2

1
1
v3
, 0,

2
2

8. v1 1,1,1 , v2 0,1,1 v3 0, 0,1 , 3 ,

u1 , u2 u3 .

9.
.

15

8.

1.
:
1 2
) A
,
2 1

1 2
) B
,
3 2

1 4
) A
.
2 3

2.
:

1 3 3

) A 3 5 3 ,
6 6 4

2 1 0

) A 0 1 1 ,
0 2 4

2 0 3

) A 0 2 3 ,
3 3 1

2 0 3

) A 0 2 3 .
3 1 2

3.
4 0
0
7

12 7 0
0
,
A
20 11 6 12

12 6 6 11

16

II

17

1.

1. )

, 0 (0, 1)

( x, y) ( x, y 2) .

( x) ( ) x 1 0
1(0( x, y)) (0, 2) (0,1) (1 0)( x, y) .

) . ,
( )x x x e 1
(1,1) , (1 1)(1,1) (2,1) (2, 2) 1(1,1) 1(1,1) .
.

2. a) x ( x1 ,

, xn ) y ( y1 ,

, yn ) U , x y x

U , U n .
) x (1,1,0, ,0) V y (1, 1, 0,
x y (1,0,

, 0) V , V , ..

,0) V . V

) 0 W , W

3. 0 , (0,0,0) U , U

. 0 ,

x ( x1 , x2 , x3 ), y ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) U 0 , .. x1 x2 x3 0 y1 y2 y3 0 .
x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 0 x1 x2 x3 0 , x y, x U 0 .

U 0

4. U1

V U2

V . v1 V \U1

v2 V \U 2 . U1 U 2 V v1 U 2 v2 U1 .
v1 v2 U1 v1 (v1 v2 ) v2 U1 . v1 v2 U 2
. U1 U 2 V .

18

5. ) f g 2 - ,
f g f 2 - . ,
( f g )( x 2 ) f ( x 2 ) g ( x 2 ) f ( x) g ( x) ( f g )( x) ,

( f )( x 2 ) f ( x 2 ) f ( x) ( f )( x).

) cos nx sin mx 2 - .
2 -,
cos n( x 2 ) cos(nx 2n ) cos nx sin n( x 2 ) sin(nx 2n ) sin nx.

19

2. .

1. ) 0, 2,0 1, 4,6 4,3,5 0,7,1

4 0

2 4 3 7 ,
6 5 1

) w

60
4
1
60
4
1
, , . , w v1 v2 v3 .
19
19
19
19
19
19

60
4
1
v1 v2 v3 .
19
19
19

2.
1 2 3
1, 2,3 4, x,6 7,8,9 0 , det 4 x 6 0 .
7 8 9

12( x 5) 0 , x 5 .

3. . v1 ,
v1 ,

v1,

vn , w1 ,

vn , u1 ,

, wk W . v1 ,

vn U W

, um U
vn , u1 ,

, um , w1 ,

, wk

U W : dimU W n , dimU n m , dimW n k

dimU W n m k . v1 , vn , u1 , , um , w1 , , wk U W ,
..

L v1 ,

vn , u1 ,

, um , w1 ,

, wk U W (?).

20

1v1
1w1

nvn 1u1

k wk 1v1

1w1
1 ,

v1,

nvn 1u1

k wk U W , v1 ,

1w1

vn , w1 ,

k wk 0 .

mum ,

vn U W ,
k wk 1v1

nvn ,

, n .

, wk i i .

1v1

nvn 1u1

v1 ,
v1 ,

mum 1w1

vn , u1 ,

, um , w1 ,

vn , u1 ,

mum 0 ,

, um i i .

, wk U W ,

dim U W dimU dimW dim U W

:
:

A B A B A B ,
A A .

4. A B A B
A . M s n n,
M n n,

ij

M s n n,

E ji :1 i j n , Eij

aij 1 . ?

, ..
n2 n
n(n 1)
.
n
2
2

21

3.

f : V W V W
f (u v) f (u) f (v) f (u) f (u), u, w V ,
f (u w) f (u) f (w) , .
1. )

x1 , x2 , x3

x1 , x2 x3 2 , f 3 2 . x x1, x2 , x3
y y1 , y2 , y3 3 .
3
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1 , x2 x3
f ( x y ) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) f ( x1 y1 , x2 y2 , x3 y3 )
x1 y1 , x2 y2 x3 y3 x1 y1 , x2 x3 y2 y3
x1 , x2 x3 y1 , y2 y3 f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) f ( y1 , y2 , y3 )
f ( x) f ( y ).

f ( x y) f ( x) f ( y) .

f ( x) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) f x1 , x2 , x3
x1 , x2 x3 x1 , x2 x3
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) f ( x).

f ( x) f ( x) f .
) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1 , x2 , x x1 , x2 , x3 , y y1 , y2 , y3

f ( x y ) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) f ( x1 y1 , x2 y2 , x3 y3 )
x1 y1 , x2 y2 x1 , x2 y1 , y2 f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) f ( y1 , y2 , y3 )
f ( x) f ( y ).

f ( x y) f ( x) f ( y)
f ( x) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) f x1 , x2 , x3
x1 , x2 x1 , x2
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) f ( x).

f ( x) f ( x) f .

22

) x x1 , x2 , x3 y y1 , y2 , y3

f ( x y ) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) f ( x1 y1 , x2 y2 , x3 y3 )
2( x1 y1 ) ( x2 y2 ), 3( x1 y1 ) 4( x3 y3 )
2 x1 x2 2 y1 y2 ), 3 x1 4 x3 3 y1 4 y3 )
2 x1 x2 , 3 x1 4 x3 2 y1 y2 , 3 y1 4 y3
(2 x1 x2 ), (3 x1 4 x3 ) (2 y1 y2 ), (3 y1 4 y3 )
(2 x1 x2 ), 3x1 4 x3 2 y1 y2 , 3 y1 4 y3
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) f ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) f ( x) f ( y ).

f .
, x x1 , x2 , x3 y y1 , y2 , y3

f ( x y ) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) f ( x1 y1 , x2 y2 , x3 y3 )
x1 y1 x3 y3 , x2 y2 x3 y3 x1 x3 y1 y3 , x2 x3 y2 y3
x1 x3 , x2 x3 y1 y3 , y2 y3 f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) f ( y1 , y2 , y3 )
f ( x) f ( y ).

,
f ( x) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) f x1 , x2 , x3
2 x1 x2 , 3 x1 4 x3 2 x1 x2 , 3x1 4 x3
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) f ( x).

) x x1 , x2 , x3 y y1 , y2 , y3

f ( x y ) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) f ( x1 y1 , x2 y2 , x3 y3 )
x1 y1 x3 y3 , x2 y2 x3 y3 x1 x3 y1 y3 , x2 x3 y2 y3
x1 x3 , x2 x3 y1 y3 , y2 y3 f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) f ( y1 , y2 , y3 )
f ( x) f ( y ).

f ( x y) f ( x) f ( y) .

,
f ( x) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) f x1 , x2 , x3
x1 x3 , x2 x3 x1 x3 , x2 x3
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) f ( x).

f ( x) f ( x) f .

23

) x x1 , x2 , x3 y y1 , y2 , y3

f ( x y ) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) f ( x1 y1 , x2 y2 , x3 y3 )
x1 y1 x3 y3 , x2 y2 1 x1 x3 , x2 1 y1 y3 , y2
x1 x3 , x2 1 y1 y3 , y2 1
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) f ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) f ( x) f ( y ).
f .
2. ) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1 ,0, x1 x2 , x2 .
) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1 x2 x3
f ( x y ) f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) ( y1 , y2 , y3 ) f ( x1 y1 , x2 y2 , x3 y3 )
( x1 y1 )( x2 y2 )( x3 y3 )

x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3 f x1 , x2 , x3 f y1 , y2 , y3
f ( x) f ( y ).

f
) f x1 , x2 ( x1 1, x2 3)

f 0,0 (0 1,0 3) (1,3) (0,0) .

3.

f :

Im f x, y, 0 x, y

f x, y, z x, y,0 ,

xy , Ker f 0, 0, z z

z .

4. f ( x, y, z) x 1,0, 2,1 y 2,1,1, 1 x 2 y, y, 2 x y, x y .

f ( x, y, z) x 2 y, y, 2 x y, x y .
5. ) f x1 , x2 , x3 x1 x2 x3 , 2 x1 3x2 x3 ,3x1 5x2 x3
x x1 , x2 , x3 Ker f , f ( x) 0

f x1 , x2 , x3 x1 x2 x3 , 2 x1 3x2 x3 ,3x1 5x2 x3

x1 x2 x3 0

2 x1 3x2 x3 0
3 x 5 x x 0
2
3
1

x1 x2 x3

2 x2 2 x3 3x2 x3 0
3x 3x 5 x x 0
2
3
2
3

24

x1 x2 x3

x2 x3 0
2 x 2 x 0
3
2

x1 2 x3

x2 x3 .
x x
3
2

E 2, 1,1 Ker f . dim K er f 1.

,
dim 3 3.

dim

dim Ker f dim Im f ,

dim Im f 2 ,

) E 3, 1,1 Ker f . dim K er f 1,

dim

dim Ker f dim Im f , dim Im f 2 .

6. Ker f x, 0, x x
7.

, E 1, 0, 0 , 0,1, 0 , 0, 0,1 .
Im f L f 1,0,0 , f 0,1,0 , f 0,0,1 ,
Im f L 1,1, 2 , 1, 2, 2 , 0,3,0 .

1 1 2
1 1 2
1 1 2
1 1 2

R1 R2
R2 R3
13 R2

0 3 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 .
1 2 2
0 3 0
0 3 0
0 0 0
0 0 0

rang 1,1, 2 , 1, 2, 2 , 0,3,0 2 . Im f I 1,1, 2 0,1,0 ,

dim Im f 2.
8. )

1,0,0 , 0,1,0 , 0,0,1,

1,0 , 0,1.

f 1, 0, 0 1,3 1, 0 3 0,1
f 0,1, 0 2, 2 2 1, 0 2 0,1
f 0, 0,1 0, 4 4 0,1 ,
1 2 0

.
3 2 4

) f x1 , x2 , x3 x1 x2 x3 , x2 2 x3 , x1 3x3 , x2
f 1, 0, 0 1, 0,1, 0 11, 0, 0, 0, 1 0, 0,1, 0,
f 0,1, 0 1,1, 0,1 11, 0, 0, 0, 1 0,1, 0, 0, 1 0, 0, 0,1
f 0, 0,1 1, 2, 3, 0 11, 0, 0, 0, 2 0,1, 0, 0, 3 0, 0,1, 0 .

25

1 1

1 2
.
0 3

1 0

0

1

1 2 3 1

0 1 1 2

)
.
1 3 0 0

1 1 0 0

2 1 2 5

) 2 5 2 0 .
2 0 2 0

0
)
1

4 2
.
3 0

0 1

9. b1 , b2 , b3

1,1,1 , 0,1,1 , 0,0,1.

b1, b2 , b3 x1 1,1,1 x2 0,1,1 x3 0,0,1 x1, x1 x2 , x1 x2 x3 ,

x1 b1 , x1 x2 b2 , x1 x2 x3 b3 ,

x1 b1 , x2 b2 b1 , x3 b3 b2 .

b1, b2 , b3 b1a1 b2 b1 a2 b3 b2 a3.

f a1 f 1,1,1 3, 2, 4 3a1 a2 2a3 ,
f a2 f 0,1,1 3, 1, 4 3a1 4a2 5a3 ,
f a3 f 0, 0,1 2, 1, 0 2a1 3a2 a3 .

3 3 2

1 4 3 .
2 5 1

26

1 1 2
10. ) A

0 1 1
x1
1 1 2 x1 x2 2 x3
AX
.
x2
0 1 1 x x2 x3
3

f x1 , x2 , x3 x1 x2 2 x3 , x2 x3 .
1 1 0
) A
f
1 0 1

f x1 , x2 , x3 x1 x2 , x1 x3 .
x1 3x2
1 3
1 3

0 2 x1 2 x2
0 2

.
) A
AX
1 0 x2 x1
1 0

0 1
0 1
x2
f f x1 , x2 x1 3x2 , 2x2 , x1 , x2 .
11. x, y, z 0,0,1 0,1,1 1,1,1 , , ,
x , y x, z y.

f x, y f 1,1 1, 0
yf 1,1 x y f 1, 0
y 0, 2 x y 1,1
x y, x y 2 y
x y, x y .

1 1 2

. f x, y, z x y 2 z, x 3 y 3z, x 5 y 5z , A 1 3 3 .
1 5 5

12. x, y 1,1 1,0 , , y, x y.

f x, y f 1,1 1, 0
yf 1,1 x y f 1, 0
y 0, 2 x y 1,1
x y, x y 2 y
x y, x y .

27

f x, y x y, x y .

13. dimV m dimU n. W ker f U Im f .

rang f r ,
f m r. w1 , w2 ,

V : v1 , v2 ,

u1 , u2 ,
u1, u2 ,

, wmr f .

, vr , w1 , w2 ,

, wmr . u1 f (v1 ), u2 f (v2 ),

, ur f (vr ).

, ur U Im f . U :
, ur , ur 1 , ur 2 ,

, un . :

f (v1 ) u1 1u1 0u2

0ur 0ur 1 0ur 2

0un

f (v2 ) u2 0u1 1u2

0ur 0ur 1 0ur 2

0un

f (vr ) ur 0u1 0u2

1ur 0ur 1 0ur 2

0un

f ( w1 ) 0 0u1 0u2

0ur 0ur 1 0ur 2

0un

f ( wm r ) 0 0u1 0u2

0ur 0ur 1 0ur 2

0un .

f
.
14. f .
x1
1 2 0 1

x
AX 2 6 3 3 2 x1 2 x2 x4 , 2 x1 6 x2 3x3 3x4 ,3x1 10 x2 6 x3 5 x4 ,
3 10 6 5 x3

x
4
f x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 x1 2 x2 x4 , 2 x1 6 x2 3x3 3x4 ,3x1 10 x2 6 x3 5x4 .
Ker f .

x1 2 x2 x4 0

2 x1 6 x2 3x3 3x4 0
3x 10 x 6 x 5 x 0
2
3
4
1

x4 x1 2 x2
1
2 x1 6 x2 3x3 3x4 0, x3 x1.
3

1
1
1

x1 , x2 , x1 , x1 2 x2 x1 1, 0, ,1 x2 0,1, 0, 2 , 1, 0, ,1 0,1, 0, 2
3
3
3

4
Ker f .
. 4

1, 0, 0, 0 , 0,1, 0, 0 , 1, 0, ,1 , 0,1, 0, 2 .
3

28

1
1 2 0 1

0
f 1, 0, 0, 0 2 6 3 3 1, 2,3
3 10 6 5 0

0

0
1 2 0 1

1
f 0,1, 0, 0 2 6 3 3 2, 6,10
3 10 6 5 0

0

1
1 2 0 1 0

f 1, 0, ,1 2 6 3 3 1 0, 0, 0
3

3 10 6 5 3
1

0
1 2 0 1

1
f 0,1, 0, 2 2 6 3 3 0, 0, 0
3 10 6 5 0

1, 2,3 , 2, 6,10 Im f . .
1, 2,3 , 2,6,10 , 1,0,0 . a, b, c .
1, 2,3 , 2, 6,10 , 1, 0, 0 :

a, b, c x 1, 2,3 y 2, 6,10 z 1, 0, 0 x 2 y z, 2 x 6 y,3x 10 y

x 2 y z a, 2 x 6 y b, 3x 10 y c.

x 5b 3c
3
y c b
2
z a 2b c,

f 1, 0, 0, 0 1, 2,3
f 0,1, 0, 0 2, 6,10
1

f 1, 0, ,1 0, 0, 0
3

f 0,1, 0, 2 0, 0, 0 ,

29

1 0 0 0

M f 0 1 0 0 .
0 0 0 0

1, 0, 0, 0 , 0,1, 0, 0 , 1, 0, ,1 , 0,1, 0, 2
3

1, 2,3 , 2,6,10 , 1,0,0 .

15. a, b

g1 1,3 , g2 2,5 .

a, b x 1,3 y 2,5 x 2 y,3x 5 y

x 2 y a, 3 x 5 y b
x 2b 5a,

y 3a b.

a, b 2b 5a g1 3a b g2 .
1
2 5 3 4
f l1
1 12 g1 8 g 2
1 4 7 1 4

1
2 5 3 7
f l2
1 41g1 24 g 2
1 4 7 0 3

1
2 5 3 2
f l3
0 8 g1 5 g 2
1 4 7 0 1

12 41 8
.
24 5
8

30

4.

1. A 2 3 , B 3 4
AB , 2 4 .

1 2 3 0
2 1 0

AB
1 3 0 1
1 0 3 3 0 1 2

(2) (1) 11 0 (3) (2) 2 1 3 0 0 (2) (3) 1 0 0 1 (2) 0 1 (1) 0 2

(1) (1) 0 1 3 (3) (1) 2 0 3 3 0 (1) (3) 0 0 3 1 (1) 0 0 (1) 3 2

3 1 6 1

.
8 2 6 6
2. AB A 2 3 ,
B 3 1 , BA
B 1 2 2 A .
1
1 2 0 1 (1) 2 1 0 1 1
AB
1

2 1 1 1 (2) (1) 11 11 4

3. A 2 2 , B 2 2 ,
AB BA , 2 2
.
1 3 2 1 1 2 (3) 4 11 (3) 2 10 5
AB

2 6 4 2 (2) 2 6 4 (2) 1 6 2 20 10
2 1 1 3 1 2 (3) 4 11 (3) 2 0 0
BA

.
4 2 2 6 (2) 2 6 4 (2) 1 6 2 0 0

.
4. AB BA
1 2 2 4 1 2 2 (6) 1 (4) 2 (4) 10 12
AB

,
3 4 6 4 3 2 4 (6) 3 (4) 4 (4) 18 28
2 2 (4) 4 10 12
2 4 1 2 2 1 (4) 3
BA

.
6 4 6 4 (6) 1 (4) 3 (6) 2 (4) 4 18 28

31

AB BA . AB BA
.
5. AB BA

1 2 2 3 5 4 1 21 10

AB 0 1 2 4 3 4 14 7 2 ,
1 0 1 5 5 3 2 10 1

3 5 4 1 2 2 7 11 0

BA 4 3 4 0 1 2 0 11 2 .
5 5 3 1 0 1 8 5 23

A B .
6. AB, BA, AC CB,

2

AB 2 1 3 1 2 (2) (1) 1 3 4 7 ,
4

2
4 2 6

BA 1 2 1 3 2 1 3 ,
4
8 4 12

0 1 2 2 0 (1) 3 3(1) 6

AC 2 1 3 3 1 0 2 (1) (1) 1 3 0 3 ,
1 2 3 2 (2) (1) 0 3 (3) 13

0 1 2 2 9

CB 3 1 0 1 5 .
1 2 3 4 16

a b
1 d b
7.

ad bc c a
c d
3 1 i
3 1 i
2
A
det
6 (1 i) (1 i) 6 (1 i ) 4 .
1

i
2
1

i
2

1 i
1 2
A1
.
3
4 1 i

32

1 2 1

8. A 1 1 0
2 0 1

a11 (1)2

a21 (1)3

a31 (1)4

a12 (1)3

a22 (1)4

a32 (1)5

1 1

0 1
1

0 1
2 1
1 0

2 1
1

2 1

1 0

a13 (1)4

1 1

2 0

a23 (1)5

1 2

a33 (1)6

1 2

2 0

1 1

1 1 2 1 2 1

A 2 3 4 1 3 1 .
1 1 1 2 4 1

1 2 1
1 2 1 1 2 1
1

1
det A det 1 1 0 1 , A 1 3 1 1 3 1 .
1
2 0 1

2 4 1 2 4 1
2

9. ) A 3
1

2 7 3 1 0 0
1 5 3 0

R13
3 9 4 0 1 0 3 9 4 0
1 5 3 0 0 1
2 7 3 1

1 5 3 0 0 1
1

( 2) R2 R3
0 3 3 1 0 2 0
0 6 5 0 1 3
0

1 5 0 6

5
0 1 0 3
0 0 1 2

73

A1 53
2

1
3 2

5)
R

R
2
1
1 13
0
0
1
1

1
2 3

1 13 .
1 1

7 3

9 4
5 3
1 5 3 0
0 1
( 3) R1 R2
1 0
0 6 5 0
( 3) R1 R3
0 3 3 1
0 0

1
5 3 0 0 1 1
3 R2
3 3 1 0 2 0
0
0 1 2 1 1

7
1
0 0 3 2 3

1 0 53 1 13
0 1 2 1 1

1
R23
1 3

0 2
0

0 1
( 1) R3 R2
1 1 13 0 32

( 3) R3 R1
0 1 2 1 1
5 3 0

33

2 2 1

) A 1 2 1
3 6 4

2 2 1 1 0 0
1 2 1 0 1 0
1 2 1 0 1 0 1

R12
( 2) R1 R2
2 R2
0 2 1 1 2 0

1
3 R1 R3
1 2 1 0 1 0 2 2 1 1 0 0
R
3 6 4 0 0 1
3 6 4 0 0 1
0 0 7 0 3 1 7 3

1 2 1 0 1 0
1 2 0 0 74

( 1) R3 R1
1 1
11
0 1 0 12 14
1
0 1 2 2 1 0
R3 R2
0 0
0 0 1 0 3
1 0 73 17 2
7

1 1

11
A 12 14
0 3
7

1 0 0 1 1
17

2 R2 R1
1
11
1 0 12 14
14 0
1
0 0 1 0 3
7
7

0
1
14 .
1
7

1 i 1

10. ) det 0 1 i 1,
0 0 1

a11 (1) 2

1 i

a21 (1)3

a31 (1)4

0 1

i 1
1

a12 (1)3

a22 (1)4

i2 1 0

a32 (1)5

0 i
0 1

1 1
0

1 1
0

a13 (1)4

0 1

a23 (1)5

a33 (1)6

1 i

0 0

0 0

0 1

1 i 0

A1 0 1 i .
0 0 1

1 i 2i

) A 0 i i .
0 0
1

i 1 i

) A 0 i 0 .
0 0 1

1.

0
1
14
1
7

34

0
11. ) A
1

0
1

1
3 0 1 1 0 0 0

1 4 2 0 1 0 0 R23 0

2
1 0 4 0 0 1 0

1 0 2 0 0 0 1
0

0
0

1
0

1 4 2 0 1 0 0 R2 R1 0

1 0 9 1 0 2 0 RR22 RR34 0

1 0 2 0 0 0 1
0
1 0

4 0 0

3 0 1

1 4 2

1 0 4

1 0 2

4 0 0 1 0

1 4 2 0 1 0 0 ( 2) R1 R3

3 0 1 1 0 0 0

1 0 2 0 0 0 1

1 0

1 4 2 0 1 0 0
0 4 7 1 1 2 0

0 4 4 0 1 0 1
0 4

6 0 1

R3 R1
0

R3 R2
0
R3 R4

1
0

1 0 9 1 0 2 0 111 R4 0

0
0 4 7 1 1 2 0

0 0 11 1 0 2 1
0

0 4 0
0

13 1

2
11
2
11
4
11
1
11

0
0

1 2
1 2

2 2
0

7
11
4
11
8
11
2
11

13
112 0 117
11
2
9
0 114
11
11
1

A
111 14 112 447
1

2
1
11
11 0 11

1 1

2 1
) A
3 3

1 1

1
13
11

9
0
14 R3
11

7
0
11

1
0
11

13 1
9 1

0 4 7 1
0 0 1 111
0 0 0
1 0 0

2
11
2
11
1
11
1
11

0 1 0
0 0 1

0 2 0
1 2 0

0 112 111
0

7
11
4
11
2
11
2
11

13
11
9
11
447

1
11

0
1
4

35

1 1

2 1
3 3

1 1

1 1
1 1 0 0 0

1 2 0 1 0 0 ( 2) R1 R2 0 1

1 2 0 0 1 0 ( 3) RR11RR43 0 0

2 2 0 0 0 1
0 0
0

0 0 0

1 0 2 1 0 0
1 1 3 0 1 0

2 1 1 0 0 1
0

1 1

1 1

0 1
( 2) R3 R4

0 0

0 0

1 1
0

1 0 2 1 0 0
0 1
R4 R3

1)
R

R
4
1
0 0
1 1 3 0 1 0

0 1 7 0 2 1
0 0

1 1

0 1
( 1) R3 R2

0 0

0 0

1
1

0 0 6 1 1 1 R2 R1 0

0
1 0 4 0 1 1

0 1 7 0 2 1
0

12

6
1
A
4

1 1

0 1 6 0

1 0 2 1 0 0
1 0 4 0 1 1

0 1 7 0 2 1
0 0 6 0

1 1 1
0 1 1

0 2 1

0 0 0 12 1
1 0 0 6
0 1 0 4
0 0 1 7

1 1 1
.
0 1 1

0 2 1
1

6 2 6 19

8
1 0 4 0
1
12. ) A
,
12 0 0 12 18

6
0 0 0

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1
1
) A
,
4 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

25 15
72
19

1 133 5 60 54
1
) A
,
45 30 30
285 0

38 20 45 69

3 3 3 2

3 4 4 2
1

) A
,
3 4 5 3

2 2 3 2

1 2 0

1
0 2 0
) A1 0 52 1

0 4 0
0 1 0
2

0 0

0 0
0 0 .

1 0
0 1

2 3 7

13. ) A 8 4 12
6 5 13

36

7 1
2 3 7
2 3
2 3 7
2 3 7

( 4) R1 R2
2 R2
( 1) R2 R3

0 8 16
0 4 8 0 4 8 .
( 3) R1 R3
8 4 12
6 5 13
0 4 8
0 4 8
0 0 0

rang A 2 .

1 1 1

) A 2 1 2
0 3 4

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

( 2) R1 R2
( 1) R2 R3

2 1 2 0 3 4 0 3 4 .
0 3 4
0 3 4
0 0 0

rang A 2 .

1 2 0 1

) A 2 6 3 3
3 10 6 5

1 2 0 1
1 2 0 1
1 2 0 1

( 2) R1 R2
( 2) R2 R3

0 2 3 1 0 2 3 1 .
( 3) R1 R2
2 6 3 3
3 10 6 5
0 4 6 2
0 0 0 0

rang A 2 ..
1 4 2

1 3 1
) A
1 2 0

0 1 1
1 4 2 4
1 4 2

( 1) R1 R2
1 3 1 2
0 1 1

1 2 0 0 ( 1) R1 R3 0 2 2

0 1 1 2
0 1 1

2
4
1 4 2 4
1

2 ( 2) R2 R3 0 1 1 2 ( 1) R2 0

0
4 ( 1) R2 R4 0 0 0 0

2
0 0 0 0
0

rang A 2 .
1 1 2 2

2 3 2 1

) A

1 2 4 1

0 1 6 3

4 2 4

1 1 2
.
0 0 0

0 0 0

37

1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1

0 1 6 3 ( 1) R2 R3 0
( 2) R1 R2
2 3 2 1

R2 R4
1 2 4 1 ( 1) R1 R3 0 1 6 3
0

0 1 6 3
0 1 6 3
0

1 6 3
.
0 0 0

0 0 0
1

rang A 2 .

1 0 1

2 3 1
) A 3 4 0

2 1 4
4 2 3

1 0 1

2 3 1
3 4 0

2 1 4
4 2 3

0
( 4) R2 R3

0
R2 R4

2 R2 R5
0
0

4
7 .

1
5

2
1 0 1 2
1 0 1 2

4
0 3 3 0 1
0 1 1 0
R
( 2) R1 R2
3 2
0 4 3 1
0 4 3 1
7
( 3) R1 R3

2 R1 R4
1 ( 4) R1 R5 0 1 6 5
0 1 6 5
0 2 1 3
0 2 1 3
5

0 1 2
1 0 1 2

1 1 0
0 1 1 0
( 5) R3 R4
0 0 1 1 .
0 1 1
3 R3 R5

0 5 5
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 3 3

rang A 3 .
14*. : A
.
AT
AT , A.
v1 , v2 , , vn A,
w1 , w2 , , wm B.
A B vi , i 1, , n
w j , j 1, , m. vi , i 1, , n w j , j 1, , m
A B . A B,
n m,
n m. rang A B rang A rang B.

38

15*. A n n, x n -.
rang ( A) dim( Nul ( A)) n rang ( AT A) dim( Nul ( AT A)),
Nul ( A) Nul ( AT A), Nul ( A) x : x

Ax 0 . x Nul ( A). Ax ,

AT Ax AT , x Nul ( AT A) Nul ( A) Nul ( AT A). ,

x Nul ( AT A), AT Ax , xT ,

xT AT Ax , . Ax Ax .
T

Ax , Ax Ax ( Ax) ( Ax) Ax , .
T

x Nul ( A). Nul ( AT A) Nul ( A). Nul ( A) Nul ( AT A),

rang A rang AT A . rang A rang AT A

rang A rang AT rang AT AT rang AAT , rang AT A rang AAT rang A.

T

A M n n,

1 i
A
.
0 0
rang A 1 , rang AAT 0 ( AAT O ).

5.

39

a b
det
ad bc.
c d

1 3
1 3
1. ) det
1 6 (3) (2) 6 6 0 ,
det
2 6
2 6
3 1 i
2
) det
3 2 (1 i)(1 i) 6 (1 i ) 6 2 4 .
1

i
2

2.
)

2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1

det 0 2 5 0 2 5 0 2
3 1 4 3 1 4 3 1

2 2 4 (1) 5 (3) 3 0 1 3 2 (3) 2 5 1 ( 1) 0 4 39.

)

3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2

det 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 4
5 3 1 5 3 1 5 3

3 4 1 (2) 2 5 1 (1) (3) 1 4 5 3 2 (3) (2) (1) 1 9.

3.
) :

40

3 1

1 2
det A det
1 1

0 3

6 4

5 2
3 1

1 2
2 5 2
1 5 2
1 2 2
1 2 5

3 det 1 3 1 1 det 1 3 1 6 det 1 1 1 4 det 1 1 3

3 1 2
0 1 2
0 3 2
0 3 1

3 (5) 1 (3) 6 5 4 7 16.

) :
2

5
det B det
3

1 4 3

2 2 3
4 1 1

3 5 4
1 4 3
2 4 3
2 1 3
2 1 4

5 det 4 1 1 2 det 3 1 1 2 det 3 4 1 3 det 3 4 1

3 5 4
2 5 4
2 3 4
2 3 5

41.

) det C 0.

4. det A 1032.

3
t 2 4

t 1 2 :
5. det 1
0
0 t 4

3 t 2 4
t 2 4

t 1 2 1
t 1 (t 2) (t 1) (t 4) 4 (t 4)
1
0

0 t 4 0
0

(t 4) (t 2) (t 1) 4 (t 4) t 2 t 6
(t 2) (t 3) (t 4).
x2 1
xy
xz

2
6. det xy
y 1
yz x 2 y 2 z 2 1.
xz
yz
z 2 1

41

7.

a 0 c 0
a 0 c
0 a c

0 a 0 c

det( A) det
a det 0 d 0 c det b 0 0
b 0 d 0
b 0 d
0 b d

0
b
0
d

a 2 d 2 b 2c 2 2abcd (ad bc) 2 .

8. -1
1 1 1
1
0

0 ,

n 1

n 1

n 1!,

n 1!.
9.
a0

a1

a2

Ak 1 0

k 2

k 2

ak

ak 1 ak

2k 2

a0

a1

a2

ak 3

ak 2

ak 1

x 0

ak 1 x k xAk ,
k

.
Ak 1 ak x k xAk .

42

Ak 1 ,

A1 A2 . A1 a0 ,

A2

a0

a1

a0 a1 x. Ak 1

Ak 1 a0 a1

ak x k .

k 1, . k 1, ..

Ak a0 a1

ak 1 xk 1.

Ak a0 a1

ak 1 x k 1

Ak 1 ak x k xAk , :

Ak 1 ak xk x a0 a1

ak 1 x k 1 a0 a1

ak 1 ak x k .

, Ak 1 a0 a1

ak x k

k .
10. k , ,

, k 1

. ,
k 1-, 2-,

, k 1

. ,
k 1!
Ak
A ,
2k 1! 2k 1! k 1
4

k 1!
2k 1!

1!2!3!
Ak
1!2!3!
1 a1

11.a) 3 1 a2
1 a3

a12
a22 : a3
a32

a3
3-

1 a3 a1

1 a1

a12

1 a2

a 1 a3 a2

1 a3

2
2
2
3

a1a3 a12
a2 a3 a

a3 a1 a3 a2

2
2

0
1 a1
1 a2

a3 a1 a3 a2 a2 a1 .

a3 a1

a1a3 a12

a3 a2

a2 a3 a22

43

) n an

1 a1

a12

a1n 1

1 an a1

a1an a12

an a1n 2 a1n 1

1 a2

a22

a2n 1

1 an a2

a2 an a22

an a2 n 2 a2n 1

1 an

an2

ann 1

an2 an2

ann 1 ann 1

1 an an

1 an a1

a1an a12

an a1n 2 a1n 1

1 an a2

a2 an a22

an a2 n 2 a2n1

n , ,
. n

1 an a1

a1an a12

an a1n 2 a1n 1

1 an a2

a2 an a22

an a1n 2 a2n 1

n 1

an a1

a1an a12

an a2

a2 an a22

an an 1
an a1 an a2

an a1n 2 a1n 1
an a2 n 2 a2n 1
an an 1n 2 ann11

an 1an an21

an an1 n1 ,

n1 n .
) n 1 n 2,

1 1, 2

1 a1
1 a2

a2 a1. ) n a j ai .
j i

12. n ,

cos
n 2 cos 2 2 n 1

2 cos

2
2

cos

2 cos 2 2

:
n 2cos2 2 n1 cos n2 .

44

2cos2 2 1 cos , :

n 1 cos n1 cos n2 .
n n 1, :

n1 1 cos n2 cos n3 ,
:

n 1 cos cos2 n2 1 cos cos n3 .

, n n 2, :

n2 1 cos n3 cos n4 .

n 1 cos cos2 cos3 n3 1 cos cos2 cos n4 .

, :

n 1 cos cos2

cos n2 2 1 cos

cos n3 cos 1.

:
1 1 cos , 2

2cos 2 2

cos

2cos 2 2

cos 2 cos 1 ,

n 1 cos cos2

cosn .

13. )
x, y z.

1 2 3

2 3 5 30 6 6 5 8 27 22 0, 0
1 2 3 1 2

. x , y z ,
x, y z
.

45

1 1

x 8

5 15 16 6 5 4 72 66,

1 2 3 1 2

1 2 1

y 3

2 3 8 48 3 2 8 4 9 22,

1 1 3 1 1
2

1 2 3

z 3

8 3 5 10 6 24 5 32 9 44,

1 2 1 1 2

x 66

3,
22

22
44
1, z z
2.
22
22

) x , y , z t ,

2
x

1 4

1 2

2 1 1

1 4

1 2

1 2

60,

6 2 1 1

2 4

2 1 3

2 6 1

120, t

60 0,

2 1 4

1 2

6 1 1

1 2

2 1 6

60,

0,

x 60

1,

60

120
60
0
1, z z
2, t t
0.
60

60
60

2 x 3 y 4 z 1

14. ) x 2 y 3z 1
x 4 y 5z 2

46

1 32 2 12
2 3 4 1
( 1)R1 R2

12 R1

( 1) R1 R3
1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1
1 4 5 2
1 4 5 2

0
0

3
2
1
2
5
2

2
1
3

1
2
1
2
3
2

1 23 2 12
2 R2
( 52 )R2 R3
0 1 2 1

0 5 3 3
2
2

1 32 2 12
1 23 2 12
1

2 R3

0 1 2 1 .
0 1 2 1
0 0 2 1
0 0 1 1
2

1
2

y 2z 1
x

y 1 2z

y 1 2

y0

3
1
3
1
3
1 1
1
y 2z x y 2z x 0 2 x .
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2

1
z ,
2

1
y 0, x .
2

2 x 2 y z t 4
4 x 3 y z 2t 6

8 x 5 y 3z 4t 12
3x 3 y 2 z 2t 6

4
8

2 2 1 1 4
2 2 1
2 1 1 4

3 1 2 6 ( 2) R1 R2 0 1 1 0 2 ( 3) R2 R3 0 1 1

2 R4
0 0 2
5 3 4 12 (( 4)32 )RR11RR34 0 3 1 0 4

1
1

3 2 2 6
0 0 2 2 0
0 0 1

1 4

0 2
.
0 2

1 0

z 1,
t z 1,
y z 2 1 2 1,
2 x 2 1 1 4 2 x 2 x 1.

x 1,

y 1, z 1, t 1.

15. ) A x, y, z t

47

2 1 2 2
1 2 1

R1 R2
1 2 1 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
1 1 1

1 2 1 1
1

13 R2 R3
2 R1 R2

0 3 0 0 0
( 1) R1 R3
0 1 0 0
0

2
1
2 1 1

3 0 0 .
0 0 0

rang A 2 .
A ,
x, y, z t ,

2 1 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 4

R1 R2

1 2 1 1 4 2 1 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 2

1 2 1 1 4
1 2 1 1 4

13 R2 R3

0 3 0 0 6 0 3 0 0 6 .
0 1 0 0 2
0 0 0 0 0

2 R1 R2
( 1) R1 R3

rang A 2 rang A , . rang A 2 n 4,

n ,
. :
3 y 6,

y2

x 2 y z t 4, x z t 0, x t z m n,

z n , t m ,
M m n, 2, n, m m, n

x 2 y z 5

) A x y 2 z 4
x y 2z 3

1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1

( 1) R1 R2
( 3) R2 R3

0 1 3 0 1 3 ,
( 1) R1 R3
1 1 2
1 1 2
0 3 3
0 0 6

rang A 3 .

48

1 2 1 5
1 2 1 5
1 2 1 5

( 1) R1 R2
( 3) R2 R3

0 1 3 1 0 1 3 1 ,
( 1) R1 R3
1 1 2 4
1 1 2 3
0 3 3 2
0 0 6 1

rang A 3 . rang A rang A 3 n, n

,
1
z ,
6

1
23
y , x .
2
6

x 3 y 2 z 2t 2

) x 2 y z t 4

x y 4 z 4t 4

1 3 2 2
1 3 2 2
1 3 2 2

( 1) R1 R2
2 R2 R3

0 1 3 3
R1 R3
( 1) R2
1 2 1 1
0 1 3 3 ,
1 1 4 4
0 2 6 6
0 0 0 0

rang A 2 .

1 3 2 2 2
1 3 2 2 2
1 3 2 2 2

( 1) R1 R2
2 R2 R3

0 1 3 3 6
R1 R3
( 1) R2
1 2 1 1 4
0 1 3 3 6 ,
1 1 4 4 4
0 2 6 6 6
0 0 0 0 6

rang A 3 .
rang A rang A , .

x y 4z t 3

16. ) A x 2 y 3z t 2
x y 4z t p 1

1 1 4 1
1 1 4 1

( 1) R1 R2

0 3 1 2 ,
( 1) R1 R3
1 2 3 1
1 1 4 1
0 0 0 0

rang A 2 .
A

49

1 1 4 1 3

1 2 3 1 2 .
1 1 4 1 p 1

x y 4z t 3

x 2 y 3z t 2 rang A rang A .
x y 4z t p 1

3 p 1

p 2.

x 2 y z 4t 2

) A x 3 y 2 z 3t 1
x 7 y 4 z 11t p

1 2 1 4
1 2 1 4
1 2 1 4

( 1) R1 R2
R2 R3

0 5 3 7 0 5 3 7 ,
( 1) R1 R3
1 3 2 3
1 7 4 11
0 5 3 7
0 0 0 0

rang A 2 .
A
1 2 1 4 2
1 2 1 4
2

( 1) R1 R2

0 5 3 7 3
( 1) R1 R3
1 3 2 3 1
1 7 4 11 p
0 5 3 7 2 p

x 2 y z 4t 2

x 3 y 2 z 3t 1 rang A rang A .
x 7 y 4 z 11t p

rang A 2 , 2 p 3

p 5.

50

6.

1 2
1. ) A

2 1

2
1
2
det A E det
1 4
2 1
1 2 2 4 2 2 3.

.. det A E 2 2 3 0, 1 3, 2 1, .
A E x o, ..

Ax x.
2 x1 0
1

,
2 1 x2 0

1 x1 2 x2 0

2 x1 1 x2 0

1 3 :

2 x1 2 x2 0
. x1 x2 t , t , ..

2 x1 2 x2 0
t, t , t \ 0. t \ 0
A, 1 3. ,
, t 1
1,1 .
2 1 :

2 x1 2 x2 0
. x1 t , x2 t , t , ..

2 x1 2 x2 0
t, t , t \ 0. t \ 0
A, 2 1. ,
, t 1
1, 1 .

51

1 2
) B
:
3 2

2
1
det B E det
1 2 6
2
3
2 2 2 6 2 3 4.

.. det B E 2 3 4 4 1 0, 1 4, 2 1,
. B E x o,
.. Bx x.

2 x1 0
1

,
2 x2 0
3

1 x1 2 x2 0

3x1 2 x2 0

1 4 :

3x1 2 x2 0
. x1 2t , x2 3t , t , ..

3x1 2 x2 0
t 2,3 , t \ 0. t \ 0
B, 1 4. ,
, t 1 2,3 .
2 1 :

2 x1 2 x2 0
. x1 t , x2 t , t , ..

3x1 3x2 0
t, t , t \ 0. t \ 0
B, 2 1. ,
, t 1

1, 1 .
)
4
1
det A E det
1 3 8
3
2
3 3 2 8 2 4 5.

.. det A E 2 4 5 5 1 0, 1 5, 2 1,
. A E x o,
.. Ax x.

52

4 x1 0
1

,
3 x2 0
2

1 x1 4 x2 0

2 x1 3 x2 0

1 5 :

4 x1 4 x2 0
. x1 t , x2 t , t , ..

2 x1 2 x2 0
t 1,1 , t \ 0. t \ 0
A, 1 5. ,
, t 1 1,1 .
2 1 :

2 x1 4 x2 0
. x1 2t , x2 t , t , ..

2 x1 4 x2 0
2t, t , t \ 0. t \ 0
A, 2 1. ,
, t 1
2, 1 .
) ,
3 1
B
.
1 1
3 1
det B E det
3 1 1
1
1
3 3 2 1 2 4 4.
3 1
det B E det
3 1 1
1
1
3 3 2 1 2 4 4.

2
.. det B E 2 4 4 2 0, 1 2 2 .
B E x o, .. Bx x.

3 1 x1 0
3 x1 x2 0

,
1 x2 0

1
x1 1 x2 0

1 2 2 :

x1 x2 0
. x1 t , x2 t , t , ..

x1 x2 0
t 1,1 , t \ 0. t \ 0

53

B, 1 2 2 ,
, t 1
1,1 . 1 2 2 1,1 .

1 3 3

2. ) A 3 5 3
6 6 4

3
3
1

det A E det 3
5
3
6
6
4

1 5 4 54 54 18 5 18 1 9 4
1 5 4 108 90 18 18 18 36 9
1 5 4 36 9 1 5 4 9 4
4 1 5 9 4 5 5 2 9
4 2 4 4 4 2 .
2

1 2 2 , , 3 4.

3
6

3
5
6

3 x1 0

3 x2 0 , 1 2 2

4
x3 0

3 3 3 x1 0
3x1 3x2 3x3 0

3 3 3 x2 0 , 3x1 3x2 3x3 0 . x2 u x3 v,
6 x 6 x 6 x 0
6 6 6 x 0
2
3

3
1
x1 u v, u v, u, v u 1,1,0 v 1,0,1 .

1 2 2 1,1,0 1, 0,1 .
3 4

54

3 3 3 x1 0
3x1 3x2 3x3 0

3 9 3 x2 0 , 3x1 9 x2 3x3 0 ,
6x 6x
6 6 0 x 0
0
2

3
1
x1 x2 x3
, e 3 4
x3 2 x2

1,1, 2 .
2 1 0

) A 0 1 1
0 2 4

1
0
2

det A E det 0
1
1
0
2
4

2 1 4 2 2
2 1 4 2
2 4 4 2 2
2 2 5 6

2 2 3 .

det A E 2 2 3 0,

1 2 2 3 3.

1
2

1
0
0
2

0 x1 0

1 x2 0 , 1 2 2

4
x3 0

x2 0
0
0 1 0 x1 0
x2

0 1 1 x2 0 , x2 x3 0 , x3 0
2x 2x 0
0 2 2 x 0
x1 t , t
2
3

1 2 2 1,0,0 .
3 3

, e

55

1 1 0 x1 0
x1 x2 0

0 2 1 x2 0 , 2 x2 x3 0 ,
2x x 0
0 2 1 x 0
2
3

x1 x2
, e 3 3 1,1, 2 .
x3 2 x2

1 3 0

) A 2 2 1
4 0 2

3
0
1

det A E det 2 2
1
4
0
2

1 2 2 12 6 2

2 2 2 2 12 12 6
4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 3 12 12 6
3 2 2 28.

2 0 3

) A 0 2 3
3 3 1

det A E det 0
3

0
2
3

3
1

2 1 9 2 9 2
2

2 2 2 18

2 2 20 .
1 2, 2 5 3 4.
.

56

0 0 3 x1 0

1 2 0 0 3 x2 0
3 3 3 x 0

3
3x3 0

3x3 0,

3x 3x 3x 0
1
2
3

1 2 1,1,0 .
3x1 3x3 0

3x2 3x3 0 ,
2 5
3x 3x 6 x 0
1
2
3

2 5 1,1,1.

6 x1 3x3 0

6 x2 3x3 0 ,
3 4
3x 3x 3x 0
2
3
1
3 4 1, 1, 2 .

2 0 3

) A 0 2 3
3 1 2

det A E det 0
3

0
2
1

3
2
.

2 2 9 2 3 2
2

2 4 2 12 2 2 16

2 4 4 .
1 2, 2 4 3 4.
1 2 1,3, 0 .
2 4 3,3, 2 .
3 4 1, 1, 2 .

57

3. A n
1
1 1

1 1
1
A

1
1 1
1
1
1

1 1
1

det A E det
.

1
1
1
1
1
1 1

0
0

det
0
0 .

0
0

..
1
1
n 1

0
0
0
det 0
0
0 . 1 n, 2 n 0.

0
0
0

3 1 1

4. A 0 2 0 .
1 1 1

1
1
3

det A E det 0
2
0
1
1
1

3 2 1 2

2 3 4 2 1
2

4 4

2 2 8 8 3 4 2 4
3 6 2 12 8.

, ()
. A :

58

A3 6 A2 12 A 8E 0 / A1
A2 6 A 12 E 8 A1 0
A1

1 2
A 6 A 12 E ,
8

1 0 0

E .. E 0 1 0 .
0 0 1

3 1 1 3 1 1 8 4 4

A 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 .
1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 0

8 4 4 3 1 1
1 0 0
1

A 0 4 0 6 0 2 0 12 0 1 0
8

0 0 1

4 4 0 1 1 1
1 1 1
1

0 2 0 .
4

1 1 3
1

59

7.

1. :
1 u, u x12 x1 x2 x2 x1 3x22 x12 2 x1 x2 3x22 x1 x2 2 x22 0,
2

u, u 0

x1 x2

2 x2 2 0 x1 x2 0 u 0

2 v, u y1 x1 y2 x1 y1 x2 3 y2 x2 x1 y1 x1 y2 x2 y1 3x2 y2 u, v
3 w z1 , z2 . :

u w, v ( x1 z1 , x2 z2 ), ( y1 , y2 )
x1 z1 y1 x1 z1 y2 x2 z2 y1 3 x2 z2 y2
x1 y1 x1 y2 x2 y1 3x2 y2 z1 y1 z1 y2 z2 y1 3z2 y2
u, v w, v .
4 a . :
au, v (ax1 , ax2 ), ( y1 , y2 )
ax1 y1 ax1 y2 ax2 y1 3ax2 y2
a x1 y1 x1 y2 x2 y1 3x2 y2
a u, v .

u, v x1 y1 x1 y2 x2 y1 3x2 y2 .
2. ) v v, v 3, 4 , 3, 4 32 42 9 16 25. v 5.
2

) v v, v 3, 4 , 3, 4 9 12 12 48 33. v 33.
2

3. )
1

f , g t 2 t 2 2t 3 dt
0
1

t4

t2
37
t 7t 6 dt 7 6t .
2
4
4
0
3

60

)
1

f , f t 2 dt t 2 4t 4 dt
2

0
1

t3

t2
19
4 4t .
2
3
0 3
f

19
.
3

4. cos

u, v

9
2 3 10
9
9
.

, cos
1 9 4 4 1 25
14 30
420
2 105

u v

5. x y X
x y x y x y, x y x y, x y
2

x, x y , x x , y y , y x , x y , x x , y y , y
2 x, x 2 y , y 2 x 2 y .
2

x y x y 2 x 2 y , . .
2

6. x 1 ,
1 x

i 1,

n y 1 , n

max i : i 1,

, n x

max i : i 1,

, n max i : i 1,

3 i i i i max i : i 1,
max i i x

0,

0 i 0

, n.

2 x

max i : i 1,

, n max i : i 1,

y , x y

, n x

, n x y ,

x y .
,

, n .

1
1
1
1
, 0,
, 0,
7. v1
, v2 0,1, 0 v3

2
2
2
2
.
2

1
1
1
1
2
v1
0
2 0 2 1
2
2

61

v2 02 12 02 1
2

1
1
1
1
2
v3
0
2 0 2 1,
2
2

v1 v2 v3 1.
v1 , v2

v1 , v3

1
1
0 0 1
0 0
2
2

1 1
1 1

00

0
2 2
2
2

v2 , v3 0

1
1
1 0 0
0,
2
2

. i 1,3 vi v j i j j 1,3.
1
1
1
1
v1
, 0,
, 0,
, v2 0,1, 0 v3

2
2
2
2
.

8. v1 1,1,1 , v2 0,1,1 v3 0, 0,1

3 .
v1 , v2 v3 u1 , u2 u3 . v1 ..
u1

v1 1,1,1 1 1 1

,
,
.
v1
3
3 3 3

w2 v2 v2 , u1 u1 0,1,1

2 1 1 1 2 1 1
,
,

, , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3

w2 , .
u2

w2 2 1 1

,
,
.
w2
6 6 6

62

w3 v3 v3 , u1 u1 v3 , u2 u2
0, 0,1

1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
,
,
,
,

3 3 3 3
6
6 6 6

1 1

0, , .
2 2

w3 :
u3

w3
1 1
0,
,

w3
2 2

1 1
1 1 1
2 1 1

,
,
,
,
,
u1
, u2
, u3 0,
.
3
3
3
6
6
6
2
2

9. A A AT , AT
A. Av v Aw w .

v, w v, w :

v, w v, w Av, w v, Aw v, w v, w .
; v, w 0 . .

63

8.

1. ) .
1 2
A

2 1
2
1
2
det A E det
2 3.
2 1

e 1 3, 2 1.
1 3 1,1 .
2 1 1, 1 .
1 1
S . S
.
1 1
1 1 1
S S 1
.
2 1 1
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 0
S 1 AS

.
2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1
1 2
) B
:
3 2
1
det B E det
3

2
2
3 4.
2

1 4, 2 1.
1 4 2,3 .
2 1 1, 1 .
. S
2 1
. S
.
3 1
1 1 1
S S 1
.
5 3 2

64

1 1 1 1 2 2 1 4 0
S 1BS

.
5 3 2 3 2 3 1 0 1
1 4
) A

2 3
4
1
2
det A E det
4 5.
3
2

1 5, 2 1.
1 5 1,1 .
2 1 2, 1 .
. S
1 2
. S
.
1 1
1 1 2
S S 1
.
3 1 1
1 1 2 1 4 1 2 5 0
S 1 AS

.
3 1 1 2 3 1 1 0 1

1 3 3

2. ) A 3 5 3 2.), 6
6 6 4

3
1

det A E det 3
5
6
6

3
2

3 4 2 .
4

, 1 2 2 , , 3 4.
1 2 2
1,1,0 1, 0,1 .
e 3 4 1,1, 2 .

1 2 2 2

ker( A 2E) (u, u,0),(v,0, v) : u, v

65

A, A . S

1 1 1

. S 1 0 1 . S
0 1 2

1 3 1
2 0 0
1

1
2 2 0 . S AS 0 2 0 .
2

0 0 4
1 1 1

2 1 0

) A 0 1 1 2.), 6,
0 2 4

det A E 2 2 3 0,

1 2 2 3 3. e 1 2 2
1,0,0 , e 3 4 1,1, 2 .
1 2 2

1 ker( A 2E ) (t ,0,0) : t

.

) A 0
3

1 2, 2 5

0 3

2 3 2.), 6,
3 1
3 4.

1 2 1,1,0 .
2 5 1,1,1.

1, 1, 2 .
3 4

66

A .
1 1

. S 1 1
0 1

S S

1 .
2

3 3 0
2 0 0
1

1
2 2 2 . S AS 0 5 0 .
6

0 0 4
1 1 2

2 0 3

) A 0 2 3 2.), 6,
3 1 2

1 2, 2 4 3 4.
1 2 1,3, 0 .
2 4 3,3, 2 .
3 4 1, 1, 2 .
. S

1 3 1

. S 3 3 1 .
0 2 2

8 8 0
2 0 0
1

S S 1 6 2 4 . S 1 AS 0 4 0 .
32

0 0 4
6 2 12

4 0
0
7

12 7 0
0

3. A
:
20 11 6 12

12 6 6 11
4
0
0
7

12 7
0
0

det A E det
20
11
6 12

6
6
11
12
1 1 2 3 .

2 1, 3 2 4 3.

A 1 1,

67

1 1 1, 2, 2, 1.
2 1 2, 3,1,0 .
3 2 0,0,3, 2 .
4 3 0,0, 4, 3 .
. S
1 2 0 0

2 3 0 0

. S
.
2 1 3 4

1 0 2 3
3 2 0 0
1 0 0 0

2 1 0 0
0 1 0 0
1
1

S S
. S AS
.
0 1 3 4
0 0 2 0

1 0 2 3
0 0 0 3

68

[1] . , . : , ,
1973
[2] . : , , , 2014
[2] . : , , , 1996
[3] S. Lang: Linear Algebra, Third Edition, Springer, 2004
[4] S. Lang: Algebra, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 211, Springer, 2002