TCS & ESP

T.MOHNRAJ
AP/MTS

5-Jan-16

TCS

The steerability of a vehicle is not only lost when the wheels lock up on
braking; the same effect arises if the wheels spin when driving off under
severe acceleration
TCS - supplement to ABS
prevents the wheels from spinning when moving off or when accelerating
sharply while on the move
wheel spinning is braked in a controlled manner
If both or all of the wheels are spinning, the drive torque is reduced by
means of an engine control function
Maintain stability.
Reduction of yawing moment reactions.
Provide optimum propulsion at all speeds.
Reduce driver workload.

5-Jan-16

TCS Contd..
Advantages
Improved tractive force.
Better safety and stability on
poor surfaces.
Less driver stress.
Longer tyre life.
No wheel spin on turning
and cornering.
Control functions
Throttle control
Ignition control
Braking effect

5-Jan-16

Comparison of three techniques used to prevent

wheel spin: throttle, ignition and brake control

Traction control system

TCS - System operation

Sensor - position of the accelerator - throttle is set at the optimum

position by a servo motor
Accelerating Engine Torque increases Driving torque
For optimum acceleration,max possible driving torque transferred to
road
If driving torque exceeds that which can be transferred, then wheel slip
will occur, at least at one wheel - vehicle becomes unstable
wheel spin - throttle position and ignition timing are adjusted (+ brakes)
When the brakes are applied, a valve in the hydraulic modulator
assembly moves over to allow traction control operation
Braking force must be applied to the slipping wheel, such as to equalize
the combined braking coefficient for each driving wheel

5-Jan-16

ESP

Electronic Stability program

Provide protection when accident is already occurred
No occurrence of accident (25 % reduced)
Keep the vehicle safely on the road in any critical situation
Sudden obstacles loss of steering control accident
Monitors the vehicle 25 times a sec detects any caution system
reacts immediately : precisely applies the braking force on individual
wheels and releases

Misjudging the road course

At bends apply brake with out the knowledge of the driver if it detects
any malfunctioning.

5-Jan-16

Comfort and safety subsystems

Night vision Auto adjustment of head lights

Different lightings
Electric seat adjustment,
Electric mirrors
Central locking
Electric windows
Airbags,
Seatbelt tensioner
Cruise control-lane-departure-warning, parking

5-Jan-16

Cruise control

A closed loop control system - to allow the driver to set the vehicle
speed and let the system maintain it automatically
The system reacts to the measured speed of the vehicle and adjusts
the throttle accordingly
Functional requirements
Hold the vehicle speed at the selected value.
Hold the speed with minimum surging.
Allow the vehicle to change speed.
Relinquish control immediately the brakes are applied.
Store the last set speed.
Contain built in safety features

5-Jan-16

Cruise control closed loop system

Conditions to be met
Vehicle speed is greater than 40 km/h.
Vehicle speed is less than 12 km/h.
Change of speed is less than 8 km/h/s.
Automatics must be in drive.
Brakes or clutch are not being operated.
Engine speed is stable

Once the system is set, the speed is maintained to within about 34

km/h until it is deactivated by pressing the brake or clutch pedal,
pressing the resume switch or turning off the main control switch.
The last set speed is retained in memory except when the main switch
is turned off

5-Jan-16

Components

Actuator
Main switch and warning lamp
Set and resume switches
Brake switch
Clutch or automatic gearbox switch
Speed sensor
Speed needs to be increased, valve x is opened allowing low pressure
from the inlet manifold to one side of the diaphragm.
The atmospheric pressure on the other side will move the diaphragm
and hence the throttle
x is closed and valve y is opened allowing atmospheric pressure to
enter the chamber. The spring moves the diaphragm back.
Valve z provides extra safety and is controlled by the brake and clutch
pedals

5-Jan-16

Adaptive cruise control

Adaptive cruise control can automatically adjust the vehicle speed to

the current traffic situation
Aims:
Maintain a speed as set by the driver.
Adapt this speed and maintain a safe distance from the vehicles in
front.
Provide a warning if there is a risk of collision

5-Jan-16

Airbags and belt tensioners

The most effective restraint system in the event of a serious accident

Components

Driver and passenger airbags.

Warning light
Passenger seat switches.
Pyrotechnic inflater.
Igniter.
Crash sensor(s).
Electronic control unit.

5-Jan-16

Operation of the system

1. The driver is in the normal seating position prior to impact. About 15 ms

after the impact the vehicle is strongly decelerated and the threshold for
triggering the airbag is reached. The igniter ignites the fuel tablets in the
inflater.
2. After about 30 ms the airbag unfolds and the driver will have moved
forwards as the vehicles crumple zones collapse. The seat-belt will have
locked or been tensioned depending on the system.
3. At 40 ms after impact the airbag will be fully inflated and the drivers
momentum will be absorbed by the airbag.
4. About 120 ms after impact the driver will be moved back into the seat
and the airbag will have almost deflated through the side vents, allowing
driver visibility.

Side airbags

5-Jan-16

Seat-belt tensioners
Taking the slack out of a seat-belt in the
event of an impact is a good contribution
to vehicle passenger safety.
Spring tension.
Pyrotechnic
When the explosive charge is fired, the
cable pulls a lever on the seat-belt reel,
which in turn tightens the belt.

The mechanism used by one type of seat-belt tensioner

5-Jan-16