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Com Pair
Com Pair
Compressed Air
Centrifugal and axial compressors
Most modern passenger and military aircraft are powered by
gas turbine engines, which are also called jet engines. All jet
engines have a compressor to increase the pressure of the
incoming air.
There are two main types of compressors used in jet
engines. The compressor shown at figure 1 is called a centrifugal
compressor because the flow through the compressor is turned
perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The other type of
compressor is an axial compressor. The very first jet engines used
centrifugal compressors, and they are still used on small turbojets
and turbo shaft engines.
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Boyle's law
In the mid 1600's, Robert Boyle studied the relationship
between the pressure and the volume of a confined gas held at a
constant temperature.
Boyle observed that the product of the pressure and volume
are observed to be nearly constant. (The product of pressure and
volume is exactly a constant for an ideal gas.) This relationship
between pressure and volume is called Boyle's Law in his honor.
For example, suppose we have a theoretical gas confined in
a jar with a piston at the top.
The initial state of the gas has a volume equal to 4 m3 and
the pressure is 1 kPa. With the temperature and number of moles
held constant, weights are slowly added to the top of the piston
to increase the pressure. When the pressure is 1,33 kPa the
volume decreases to 3 m3. The product of pressure and volume
remains a constant (4 x 1,0 = 3 x 1,33333 ).
Figure 5 represents Boyles law.
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Charles' law
The relationship between temperature and volume, at a
constant number of moles and pressure, is called Charles and
Gay-Lussac's Law in honor of the two French scientists who first
investigated this relationship.
Charles did the original work, which was verified by GayLussac. They observed that if the pressure is held constant, the
volume is equal to a constant times the temperature. For
example, suppose we have a theoretical gas confined in a jar with
a piston at the top.
The initial state of the gas has a volume equal to 4 m3, and
the temperature is 300 K. With the pressure and number of
moles held constant, the burner has been turned off and the gas
is allowed to cool to 225 K.
In an actual experiment, a cryogenic ice-bath would be
required to obtain these temperatures. As the gas cools, the
volume decreases to 3 m3. The volume divided by the
temperature remains a constant (4/300 = 3/225).
Figure 6 represents Charles law.
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Distribuio de ar
Estudar em:
www.atlascopco-gap.com/
www.atlascopco.com.br/brbr/
1. A importncia de um sistema adequado na indstria
Um sistema completo de ar comprimido (ac) possui 3
componentes principais, figura 1:
- instalao do compressor (1)
- rede principal (2)
- derivaes para os pontos de consumo (3)
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p (figura 2)
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5,5 kg/h
327 h de uso/esmerilhadeira/ano
- a 5,5 bar
4,5 kg/h
Exemplo:
Teste semelhante foi executado para uma operao de
furao, com uma furadeira LBB22HO22, usinando um orifcio de
3 mm num corpo de prova (espessura 2 mm) de liga de ao mais
mole que o do exemplo anterior.
Os resultados mostraram que para uma queda de presso de
6,3 para 5,8 bar, o tempo de furao aumentou de 1,6 para 2,6
min, ou 62% de acrscimo.
Podem ser aplicados clculos anlogos aos do exemplo
anterior.
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engates!
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da
rede.
So
inmeras
as
vantagens
desse
procedimento:
- facilita a manuteno numa determinada seo,
- as sees que no esto operando, podem ser fechadas,
diminuindo vazamentos,
- facilita a localizao de vazamentos,
- possibilita a medio do consumo de cada seo,
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consumo
de ar
[l/s]
20
qtd.
32
30
7,5
40
6
3
7
10
4
20
fator de fluxo de ar
utilizao requerido
[%]
[l/s]
30
36
20
60
40
10
10
Sub-total
Consumo instantneo de ac
Desgaste do equipamento/acessrios (5%)
Vazamentos (10%)
Eventuais expanses (30%)
Total real
Observaes:
20
126
30
16
12
240
no h
12
24
72
348
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174 l/s
B G
174 l/s
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7 bar
348 l/s
70
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1,3
1,3
4
1
1,2
15,0
4,8
15,0
Total geral
27,1
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A-B
7
348
70
100
0,020
27,1
97
100
0,028
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p = 0,029 bar
80 mm
Qtd.
tubo em T
curva R = 2.
vlvula de esfera
T com passagem direta
coletor de condensado
1
2
3
15
1
Comprimento equivalente
da tubulao [m]
unitrio
total
4,8
4,8
1,0
2,0
1,0
3,0
0,8
12,0
12,0
12,0
Total geral
33,8
p = 0,037 bar
0,028 (A-B) + 0,037 (B-C-D-E) = 0,065 bar
nvel
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- dados preliminares:
p = 0,016 bar
25 mm
Qtd.
pescoo de cisne
curvas 45
curva R = 2.d
1
2
1
Comprimento equivalente da
tubulao [m]
unitrio
total
2,5
2,5
0,2
0,4
0,3
0,3
Total geral
3,2
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p = 0,11 bar
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Dimensionamento da mangueira
a) o especificado no catlogo da ferramenta em uso;
geralmente a p 0,2 bar para 3 m de mangueira
b) se no houver essa informao ou o comprimento for maior:
- utilizar o diagrama da fig. 18, vlido para:
pman = 7 bar e p = 0,2 bar
Esse diagrama resultado de medies prticas em
mangueiras de PVC de 3 25 mm com 1 niple em cada
extremidade.
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resposta: no possvel!
b) 16 mm
resposta: 3m
c) 20 mm
resposta: 10 m
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