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Matem ZaFiz 2016 Plus
Matem ZaFiz 2016 Plus
SADRZAJ
Sadrzaj
1 Uvod
2 Dvostruki i trostruki integrali
2.1 Zadaci . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 Dvostruki integrali .
2.1.2 Trostruki integrali . .
2.2 Zadaci za vjezbu . . . . . .
2.3 Rjeenja . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Dvostruki integrali .
2.3.2 Trostruki integrali . .
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3 Krivolinijski integrali
3.1 Uvod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Rijeeni zadaci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Rjeenja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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43
reda
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6 Literatura
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
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60
1 UVOD
1 Uvod
U skripti su zadaci iz predmeta Matematika 2 u a.g. 2015/216 za studente prve godine
na studijskoj grupi Fizika na Prirodno matematickom fakultetu u Tuzli.
Autor je zahvalan za svaku sugestiju u cilju otklanjanja tehnickih i/ili konceptualnih
greaka.
Zoran Jasak
Mr.math.
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
I=
ZZ
z (x; y) dxdy =
Z1
0
dx
Z1
z (x; y) dy
2x x2
I=
ZZ
z (x; y) dxdy =
Z1
dx
2=3
xZ
z (x; y) dy +
Z2
dx
4x
Z x2 3
z (x; y) dy
x2 + y 2
1;
D = f(x; y) : y = 0; y =
2; x
1; y
2xg
yg
x; x + y = 2g
D = f(x; y) : 0
1; 0
2g
2.1 Zadaci
I=
ZZ
n
D = (x; y) : 0
sin (x + y) dxdy;
D = f(x; y) : 2
3; 1
;0
4g
D = f(x; y) : y =
x; y = 0; x + y = 2g
ZZ
xydxdy
0; a > 0g
2x = 0; y = 0g
D = f(x; y) : x2 + y 2 = e2 ; x2 + y 2 = e4 g
D = (x; y) : x2 + y 2 = R2 ; y = x; y =
3x
D = f(x; y) : x2 + y 2
4g
D = f(x; y) : x2 + y 2
6xg
y = x;
y=
2.1 Zadaci
x2 + y 2 = 4x;
y = x;
y=0
z=0
(x; y) : x y = 1; x + y =
5
2
Z1
dy
Z3y
z (x; y) dx
Z1
dx
Zx2
z (x; y) dy
x3
ZR
dx
RZ2 x2
z (x; y) dy
D = f(x; y) : y 2
x2 = 1; x2 + y 2 = 4g
ZZ
= a, ' =
2
= 2 + cos ' i
i ' =
; b) polukrug
'
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
y=
2a cos ',
3x
2.1 Zadaci
x2
z2 = 1
y2
x2
z22 = x2 + y 2 ;
y2;
z=
x2 + y 2
I=
dx
dy
Z p
x2 + y 2 + z 2 dz
V = f(x; y; z) : x = 0; z = 0; x + y + z = 1g
V = f(x; y; z) : x2 + y 2 = 2x; y = 0; z = 0; z = ag
y2;
z2 = y 2 + 2;
x=
1;
x=2
V = f(x; y; z) : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = zg
x2 + y 2 = 3z
Zoran Jasak, Mr.sci.math
D = f(x; y) : x2
y2
x2 + y 2
0; 1
4g
p
2 2
p )
(Rjeenje : I = 2 ln
1+ 2
D = f(x; y) : 0
2; 1
3g
fD = (x; y) : y = 4
x2 ; y = 2
xg
(Rjeenje : I =
261
)
20
2.3 Rjeenja
2.3.1 Dvostruki integrali
Z. D.01. Najprije se trazi jednacina pravaca AB i CD.
4 2
AB : y 2 =
(x 1) ) y = 2x
2 1
7 5
(x 1) ) y = 2x + 3
CD : y 5 =
2 1
Na osnovu toga je
I=
ZZ
z (x; y) dxdy =
Z2
1
dx
2x+3
Z
z (x; y) dy
2x
I=
Z4
2
dy
y=2
Z
z (x; y) dx +
Z5
4
dy
Z2
z (x; y) dx +
Z7
5
dy
Z2
z (x; y) dx
y 3
2
2.3 Rjeenja
I=
ZZ
z (x; y) dxdy =
y1 =
dx
x2
2x
Z1
Z1
z (x; y) dy
2x x2
y1 (0) = 0;
y1 (1) =
2x x2 ) y 2 = 2x x2 ) x2 p2x + y 2 = 0 ) (x p1)2 + y 2 = 1 )
) (x p
1)2 = 1 y 2 ) x 1 =p 1 y 2 ) x = 1p 1 y 2
1 y2 x 1 1 + 1 y2 ) x = 1
1 y2
)1
y = 0 : x (0) = 0
y = 1 : x ( 1) = 1
y=
)I=
ZZ
z (x; y) dxdy =
Z0
dy
dx
2=3
xZ
Z1
z (x; y) dy +
Z0
dy
1 y2
Z1
z (x; y) dy
I=
ZZ
z (x; y) dxdy =
Z1
0
z (x; y) dy +
Z2
dx
4x
Z x2 3
z (x; y) dy
yg (x) = x2=3
x = 0 ) yg (0) = 0;
x = 1 ) yg (1) = 1
2=3
3=2
yg (x) = x ) x = y
y = 0 ) xg (0) = 0;
y = 1 ) xg (1) = 1
Za drugi integral
vrijedi
:
p
4x x2 3
yg (x) = 1
x = 1 )pyg (1) = 1;
xp= 2 ) yg (2) = 0
2
yg (x) = 1
4x x
3 ) 4x x2 3 = 1 y ) 4x x2 3 = (1
2
) x2 4x + 3 + (1 y)2 = 0 ) (x 2)2 + (1 y)
=1
p
2
2
) (x
2)
=
1
(1
y)
=
y
(2
y)
)
x
=
2
y
(2 y)
p
p
y (2 y) x 2 2 + y (2 y)
2
)I=
Z1
0
dx
2=3
xZ
z (x; y) dy +
Z2
dx
4x
Z x2 3
z (x; y) dy =
x ) x2
x + y2
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
0)
1
2
+ y2 =
dy
p
Z2y
p
Z1
y)2 )
y2
z (x; y) dx
y3
x2
1
)
4
2.3 Rjeenja
1
= x (1 x) )
2
p
x)h y
x (1 x) )
i
p
p
) x 2 [0; 1] ) y 2
x (1 x); x (1 x)
h p
i
hp
p
p
) x 2 [0; 1] ) y 2
1 x2 ;
x (1 x) [ y 2
x (1 x); 1
) x 2 [ 1; 0] [ [0; 1]
1
) y2
p 4
)
x (1
x2
I=
Z0
dx
1Z x2
z (x; y) dy +
Z1
0
1 x2
2 p
Zx(1
6
dx 6
4
p
x)
z (x; y) dy +
p
1 x2
x ) x2
x + y2
0)
1
2
+ y2 =
y2
1Z x2
x(1 x)
7
z (x; y) dy 7
5
1
)
4
r
r
1
1
1
1
1
) x
y2 )
y2 x
+
y2
=
4
2"
4
2
4#
r
r
1 1
1
1
1
1
2
)y2
;
)x2
y ; +
y2
2 2
2
4
2
4
1
1 1
1
)y2
1;
;
[
[ ;1
2
2 2
2
1
2
I21 =
Z1=2
dy
I22
p
Z1
1=2
Z
y2
1 y2
z (x; y) dx;
1 y2
1
62
1
y2
Z4
6
=
dy 6
6
4 p
1=2
z (x; y) dx +
1 y2
p
Z1
1
+
2
y2
1
y2
4
Z2
0
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
y2
dx
Z2x
7
7
z (x; y) dx7
7
5
2; x
2xg
z (x; y) dy
2.3 Rjeenja
y1 (x) = x )
y1 (0) = 0;
y1 (2) = 2
y1 (x) = x ) x1 (y) = y )
x1 (0) = 0;
x1 (2) = 2
y2 (x) = 2x )
y2 (0) = 0;
y2 (2) = 4
y
x2 (0) = 0;
x2 (4) = 2
y2 (x) = 2x ) x2 (y) = )
2
o
n
n
y
y
x y [ (x; y) : 2 y 4;
) D = (x; y) : 0 y 2;
2
2
I=
Z2
dx
Z2x
z (x; y) dy =
Z2
Zy
dy
z (x; y) dx +
dy
2Z y
dy
y=2
Z1
Z4
o
2
Z2
z (x; y) dx
y=2
1; y
yg
z (x; y) dx
x1 (y) = y ) y1 (x) = x
x2 (y) = 2 y ) y2 (x) = 2 x
y2 (0) = 2;
y2 (2) = 0 ) x 2 [0; 2]
Presjek ove dvije funkcije je
y1 (x) \ y2 (x) : x = 2
x)x=1
y1 (0) = 0;
y1 (1) = 1;
y2 (1) = 1;
y2 (2) = 0 )
) D = f(x; y) : 0 x 1; 0 y xg [ f(x; y) : 1 x 2; 0
I=
Z1
0
dy
2Z y
z (x; y) dx =
Z1
dx
Zx
z (x; y) dy +
Z2
dx
2Z x
yg
z (x; y) dy
I1 =
I1 = 2
Z1
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
Z1
"
dx
Zx
0
1 2
y
2
2xydy = 2
dx =
Z1
0
Z1
xdx
x (x
Zx
ydy
0) dx =
Z1
x2 dx
2.3 Rjeenja
Z2
I2 =
I2 = 2 (4
x (2
x) dx =
Z2
4xdx
Z2
2 x
0
x2 dx +
dx
Z2
x3 dx
1 3 2 1
1 2 2
2
(x )1 4
(x )1 +
(x4 )1
I2 = 4
2
3
4
4
1
28 15
5
1)
(8 1) +
(16 1) = 6
+
=
3
4
3
4
12
1
5
9
3
) I = I1 + I2 = +
=
=
3 12
12
4
Sada je
Z
u = x2 ) du = 2xdx
x2 d (exy )x dy =
dv = d (exy )x ) v = exy
Z
Z
2 xy x=1
)I=
(x e )x=0 2
xexy dx dy
Z
Z
Z
Z Z
y
xy
y
I=
e
2
xe dx dy = e dy 2
xexy dxdy
Z Z
Z
y y=2
xy
2
I = (e )y=0 2
xe dy dx = e
1 2
(exy )y=2
y=0 dx
Z
Z
Z
2
2x
2
2x
I=e
1 2
(e
1) dx = e
1 2
e dx + 2 dx
I=
I = e2
(e2x )0 + 2 (x)10 = e2
e2 + 1 + 2 = 2
2x
I=
ZZ
xy 2 dxdy =
xdx
1
I=
3
1=2
Z
Z2x
p
2x
y 2 dy =
"
1 3
y
3
2x
2x
dx
1=2
p 1=2
Z
Z
p
4
4
2
2
x 2x 2x + 2x 2x dx =
x 2xdx =
x5=2 dx
3
3
0
0
0
p
1=2
4 2 2 7=2 1=2 8 2
1
8 1
1
I=
x
=
=
=
0
7=2
3
7
21
2
21 8
21
1=2
Z
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
2.3 Rjeenja
1
) y2 = 1 ) y = 1
2
y2
1
1
y 2 = 2x ) x =
:y= 1)x= ;
y=1)x=
2
2
2
y2
; 1=2 )
) y 2 [ 1; +1] ) x 2
2
1=2
+1
+1
Z
ZZ
Z
Z
1 2 1
2
2
xy dxdy = y dy
)I=
xdx = y 2
(x )y2 =2 dy
2
y 2 = 2x ^ x =
y 2 =2
+1
Z
+1
Z
1
1 y4
1
y2
dy =
y 2 (1
2
4
4
8
1
2 +1 1
3
+1
Z
Z
1 1 3 1
1 4
y 2 dy
y 6 dy 5 =
(y ) 1
I=
8
8 3
I=
1
I=
8
y 4 ) dy
1 7 1
(y ) 1
7
1
(1
3
1
1
(1 ( 1)) =
7
8
1 8
1
1 14 6
=
=
I=
8
21
8 21
21
2
3
( 1))
2
7
ZZ
D
I=
1
2
1
I=
2
Z3
2
dxdy
=
(x + y)3
Z3
2
Z3
dx
I=
Z. D.12. Vrijedi da je
x+y =2)y =2 x)
Presjek funkcija je
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
1
2
Z3
2
1
2
dy
=
(x + y)3
1
(x + 1)2
1
(x + 4)2
dx
(x + 1)2
Z4
1
3
y (0) = 2;
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
(x + y)2
Z3
1
(x + 1)2
dx
=
(x + 4)2
1
4
Z3
1
2
1
x+1
1
7
1
6
1
+
2
2
y=4
dx
y=1
1
(x + 4)2
1
x+4
3
2
5
168
y (2) = 0
10
2.3 Rjeenja
Z1
I=2
I=
Z1
0
xdx +
Z1
1 2
y
2
0
p
Z1
dx + 2
0
1 2
y
2
1
1
4x + x2 ) dx = (x2 )0 + 4
2
(4
1
I = + 4 (x)21
2
2 x
Z1
dx
0
dx
Z1
xdx +
1
1
1
2
2
4
(x2 )1 + (x3 )1 = + 4
2
3
2
Z1
x2 dx
7
5
6+ =
3
6
I=
ZZ
xydxdy =
Z2a
xdx
1
I=
2
Z2a
x (2ax
Z2ax
ydy =
1 2
y
2
2a x2
(2ax
Z2a
1
x )) dx =
2
2
Z2a
2ax
2a x2
dx
x3 dx
1 1 4 2a 1
I=
(x )0 =
16a4 = 2a4
2 4
8
Z. D.14. Presjek datih krivih je
1
2x = 0 ) x =
2
p
1
3
3
2
2
) +y =1)y = )y =
4
4
2
1
1
) x 2 0;
[ ;2
2
2
Polarne koordinate su
x2 + y 2 = 1 ^ x2 + y 2
2x = 0 ) 1
x = r cos ';
K1 : r = 1
K2 : r2 cos2 ' + r2 sin2 '
) r 2 [0; 2 cos '] ;
y = r sin ';
jJj = r
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
11
2.3 Rjeenja
Za krug K1 vrijedi
x = 0 = r cos ' ) cos ' = 0 ) ' =
2
1
1
x = = r cos ' ) cos ' = ) ' =
(r = 1)
2
2
3
Za krug K2 vrijedi
p
p
3
3
1
x= )y=
= r cos ' ) cos ' =
)'=
2
2
2
3
Na osnovu ovoga je
i
o n
h
i
o
n
h
;
; r 2 [0; 1] [ (r; ') : ' 2 0;
; r 2 [0; 2 cos ']
D0 = (r; ') : ' 2
3 2
3
Integral je
I=
I=
Z=2
=3
=2
Z
d'
Z1
d'
Z1
r3 dr +
=3
Z=2
Z=3
Z=3
2 cos
Z '
2 cos
Z '
r3 dr
Z=3
1 4 2 cos '
1 4 1
cos ' sin '
d'
(r )0 +
(r )0
4
4
=3
Z0
1
1
=2 1
I=
sin2 ' =3
+
cos ' sin ' 16 cos4 'd'
2
4
4
Z
Z
3
1
1
5
1
+4
cos ' sin 'd' =
4
cos5 'd (cos ')
I=
8
4
32
1
1
1
2 1
11
=3
I=
4
(cos6 ')0 =
1 =
32
6
32 3 64
16
I=
I=2
I=4
(')20
4 1 r2 ln r
2
4
e
2
e2
e
1
2
r ln rdr =
I=4
e
Ze2
Ze2
e
1
(e4
4
rdr5 = 4
dr
r
1 2
dv = rdr ) v = r
2
u = ln r ) du =
e2 ) = 4
e4
2
2
3 4
e
4
1 2
e
4
e2
2
1 1 2 e2
(r )e
2 2
= (3e4
e2 )
y = r sin ';
12
jJj = r
Zoran Jasak, Mr.sci.math
2.3 Rjeenja
y = x : r cos ' = r sin ' ) cos ' = sin ' ) tan ' = 1 ) ' =
4
p
p
p
p
y = 3x : r cos ' = r 3 sin ' ) cos ' = 3 sin ' ) tan ' = 3 ) ' =
3
i
h
;
) r 2 [0; R] ;
'2
4 3
=3
=4
ZR
u = r ) du = dr
dv = sin rdr ) v = cos r
0
=4
2
3
ZR
i
h
R
4 (r cos r)R + cos rdr5 =
R
cos
R
+
(sin
r)
0
0
3
4
I=
I = (')
Z=3
d'
r sin rdr =
I=
(sin R
12
R cos R)
1
2
I=2
r2
(e
1) =
e 4)
(1
6x ) x2
6x + y 2
0 ) (x
3)2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
=2
I = 6 (sin ')
=2
=2
=2 =
=2
6 (1
( 1)) = 12
2x + y 2 = 0 ) (x
1)2 + y 2 = 1
x ) 2x2 2x = 0 ) 2x (x
)x=0_x=1
1) = 0
13
2.3 Rjeenja
x = r cos ';
jJj = r
y = r sin ';
y = x : r cos ' = r sin ' ) cos ' = sin ' ) tan ' = 1 ) ' =
y=
x : r cos ' =
Z=4
Z=4
4
1)'=
4
x2 + y 2 = 2x ) r2 cos2 ' + r2 sin2 ' = 2r cos ' ) r2 = 2r cos ' ) r = 2 cos '
I=
d'
1
I=
2
Z=4
4 cos2 'd' = 2
=4
I = (')
rdr =
=4
Z=4
2 cos
Z '
2 cos '
1 2
r
2
d'
0
=4
Z=4
1 + cos (2')
d' =
2
=4
=4
=4
=4
d' +
Z=4
=4
1
1
=4
+
sin
+ (sin (2')) =4 =
2
4
4
2
2
1
I= +
(1 ( 1)) = + 1
2 2
2
sin
2x + y 2 = 0 ) (x
4x + y 2 = 0 ) (x
1)2 + y 2 = 1
2)2 + y 2 = 4
jJj = r
y = r sin ';
) x2 + y 2 = 2x ) r = 2 cos '
) x2 + y 2 = 4x ) r = 4 cos '
y = 0 : r sin ' = 0 ) ' = 0
y = x : r cos ' = r sin ' ) tan ' = 1 ) ' =
4
h
i
) ' 2 0;
;
r 2 [2 cos '; 4 cos ']
4
I=
Z=4
d'
Z=4
rdr =
2 cos '
I=6
4 cos
Z '
Z=4
cos2 'd' = 6
Z=4
1 2
r
2
4 cos '
1
d' =
2
2 cos '
Z=4
I = 3 (')0
1 + cos (2')
d' = 3
2
=4
Z=4
d' + 3
Z=4
1
3
3
3
+3
(sin (2'))0 =4 =
+ = ( + 2)
2
4
2
4
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
14
2.3 Rjeenja
V =
ZZ
ZZ
z2 dxdy
z1 dxdy =
ZZ
4dxdy
(x2 + y 2 ) dxdy
ZZ
V = (')20
Z2
r3 dr5 = 2
V =2
1 2 2
(r )0
2
r2 ) rdr
1
2
(r4 )0
4
1
16 = 8
4
2 4
jJj = r
y = r sin ';
2
2
2
x2 + y 2 = 2xh ) r2 cos
i ' + r sin ' = 2r cos ' ) r = 2 cos ' )
)'2
;
;
r 2 [0; 2 cos ']
2 2
p
p
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 ) z 2 = 4 (x2 + y 2 ) ) z = 4 (x2 + y 2 ) ) z = 4
Sada se racuna integral
I=
ZZ
zdxdy =
Z=2
d'
2 cos
Z '
r2
r2 rdr
=2
Uvodi se smjena
t=
=2
V =
Z=2
=2
V =
1 3
t
3
2
86
4
3
1
d' =
3
2 sin '
Z=2
d'
=2
Z=2
=2
8 6
V =
4(')
3
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
=2
Z=2
=2
8
8 8 sin3 ' d' =
3
3
7
sin3 'd'5 =
=2
=2
Z=2
=2
15
(1
Z=2
=2
2.3 Rjeenja
V =
8 6
4
3
2
V =
Z=2
Z=2
sin 'd' +
=2
8 6
4 + (cos ')
3
8
V =
3
+ (0
=2
Z=2
=2
=2
=2
7
cos2 ' sin 'd'5
3
7
cos2 'd (cos ')5
1
(cos3 ')
3
8
3
g (x; y) = 1 ) m =
ZZ
0)
=2
=2
m=
ZZ
x 2 + y 2 = a2 ) y =
g (x; y) dxdy;
a2
x2
dxdy
y = r sin ';
jJj = r )
' 2 [0; ] ; r 2 [0; a]
Z
Za
1 2 a a2
(r )0 =
) m = d' rdr = (')0
2
2
0
1
x0 =
m
2
x0 = 2
a
2
y0 = 2
a
ZZ
2
xdxdy = 2
a
Za
cos 'd'
r2 dr
1 3 a
2
1 3
(sin ')0
(r )0 = 2 (0 0)
(a
0) = 0
3
a
3a
ZZ
Z
Z
1
2
sin 'd' r2 dr
y0 =
ydxdy = 2
m
a
1 3 a
2
[ (cos ')0 ]
(r )0 =
3
3a2
4a
4a3
y0 = 2 =
3a
3
( 1
1) (a3
0)
Z. D.24. Zapremina je
V =
ZZ
z (x; y) dxdy
Polarne koordinate su
x = r cos ';
z = 1 x2 y 2 ) z = 1 r 2
y = x ) r cos ' = r sin ' ) tan ' = 1 ) ' =
p
p
p 4
y = 3x ) r sin ' = 3r cos ' ) tan ' = 3 ) ' =
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
jJj = r
y = r sin ';
16
2.3 Rjeenja
V =
Z1
Z=3
r2 ) rdrd' =
(1
21
Z
4 rdr
=3
=4
V = (')
Z Z
V =
r3 dr5 =
1
4
1
2
r2 ) rdr
(1
=4
12
d'
Z1
1
1
(r2 )0
2
1
1
(r4 )0
4
48
x)
5x
x2 = 1 ) x2
+1=0
2
p
5
25 16
2x2 5x + 2 = 0 ) x1;2 =
)
4
1
1
) x1 = ; x2 = 2 ) y1 = 2; y2 =
2
2
1
5
5
x y=1)y= ;
x+y = )y =
x
x
2
2
1
1 5
D = (x; y) : x 2 ; 2 ; y 2
;
x
2 1
x 2
0
5=2
ZZ
Z2
Z x
Z2
1 h 2 5=2 x i
B
C
x@
ydy A dx =
x
I=
xydxdy =
(y )1=x
dx
2
5
2
)x
I=
1
2
Z2
x=1=2
=1)
x=1=2
"
5
2
y=1=x
1
x
25 1 2 2
I=
(x )1=2
4 2
25
1
5
I=
4
8
4
6
25 15
I=
8 4
5x
2
5
5
)y=
2
2
x=1=2
dx =
1
2
Z2
25x
4
5x2 + x3
1
x
dx
x=1=2
5 1 3 2
1 1 4 2
1
(x )1=2 +
(x )1=2
(ln x)21=2
2 3
2 4
2
1
1
1
1
1
8
+
16
ln 2 ln
8
8
16
2
2
5 63 1 255
915
+
ln 2 =
ln 2
6 8
8 16
128
Z1
0
dy
Z3y
z (x; y) dx =
Z1
0
dx
Zx
x=3
z (x; y) dy +
Z3
1
dx
Z1
z (x; y) dy
x=3
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
17
2.3 Rjeenja
I=
Z1
dx
Zx2
z (x; y) dy
x3
p
y = x3 ) x = 3 y
)x=1)y=1
p
y = x2 ) x = y
)x=1)y=1
p p
)x2
y; 3 y
I=
Z1
dx
Zx2
z (x; y) dy = I =
Z1
dy
x3
1=3
yZ
z (x; y) dy
y 1=2
x2
Vrijedi
p da je
y = R 2 x2 ) y 2 = R 2 x2 ) x2 + y 2 = R 2
x = 0 ) y = R;
x=R)y=0
x = r cos ';
y = r sin ';
jJj = r
r 2 [0; R]
r = R ^ x = 0 ) y = R , R sin ' = R ) sin ' = 1 ) ' =
2
r = R ^ x =hR )i y = 0 , R sin ' = 0 ) sin ' = 0 ) ' = 0
) ' 2 0;
2
I=
ZR
dx
RZ2 x2
z (x; y) dy =
ZR
rdr
Z=2
x2 = 1; x2 + y 2 = 4g
5
x = 1 ^ x + y = 4 ) 2y = 5 ) y =
2
r
r
5
3
x2 = 4 y 2 ) x =
4
=
2
p 2
y 2 x2 = 1 ) y 2 = 1 + x2 ) y = p 1 + x2
x2 + y 2 = 4 ) y 2 = 4 x2 ) y =
4 x2
2
Vrijedi da je
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
18
2.3 Rjeenja
y2
x2 ;
1 + x2 ^ y 2
1 + x2 ;
x2
x2
I=
ZZ
p
Z3=2
dxdy = 4
I=4
p
Z3=2
4Z x2
x2 dx
dx
1+x2
dy = 4
p
Z3=2
p
Z3=2
1 + x2 dx
1 + x2 dx = 4 I1
4 I2
p
Z3=2
p
Z3=2
p
Z3=2
4 x2
4dx
x2 dx
p
p
p
dx =
I1 =
4
=
4 x2
4 x2
4 x2
0
0
0
0
p
p
p
p
3=2
x
Z3=2
Z3=2
Z
Z3=2
4d
1
4dx
x2 dx
x2 dx
2
r
p
r
p
I1 =
=
2
4 x2
4 x2
x 2
x 2
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
p 2
3=2
Z
u = x ) du = dx
x2 dx
p
xdx
p
=
I11 =
dv = p
) v = 4 x2
4 x2
4 x2
0
p
Z3=2
p
p
p
p
p
3=2
3=2
2
2
2
I11 = x 4 x 0
4 x dx = x 4 x 0
I1
) I1 =
p
Z3=2
0
x2 dx
x
4d
2
r
+ I11
x
= arcsin
2
3=2
+ x 4
x2
0
x 2
1
2"
p
p #
3=2
p
x
1
3=2
arcsin
+ x
4 x2 0
) I1 =
2
2 0
"
p
p #
1
6
15
I1 =
arcsin
+
2
4
2
p
0
3=2
I1
I2 =
p
Z3=2
p
1 + x2 dx
3=2
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
19
2.3 Rjeenja
Z
p
x2 + 1
dx
2
p
p
1+
=
dx = (ax + b) x + 1 +
=0
2
1+x
1 + x2
p
p
x2 + 1
2x
1
p
+ p
=
x2 + 1
= a x2 + 1 + (ax + b) p
1 + x2
2 x2 + 1
x2 + 1
) x2 + 1 = a (x2 + 1) + ax2 + bx +
x2 + 1 = 2ax2 + bx + (a + ) ) 2a = 1 ^ b = 0 ^ a + = 1
1
1
)a= ) = )
2
2 Z
Z
p
p
x
1
dx
p
1 + x2 dx =
x2 + 1 +
2
2
1 + x2
Z
p
p
p
x
1
1 + x2 dx =
x2 + 1 + ln x + x2 + 1 )
2
2
p
p
3=2
p
Z
3=2
3=2
p
p
p
x
1
I2 =
1 + x2 dx =
x2 + 1
ln x + x2 + 1
+
2
2
0
0
0
r
r
p
15 1
3
5
I2 =
+ ln
+
)
2
2
2
2
"
"p
r
r #
p
p #
6
15
15 1
3
5
1
arcsin
+
4
+ ln
+
I=4
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
r
r
p
p
6 1
3
5
I = 2 arcsin
ln
+
15
4
2
2
2
x2 dx
ZZ
)I=
ZZ
= a;
I = ( cos ')
sin 'd'
Za
0)
1 2
(a
2
2a cos ';
( 1
'=
=2
1 2 a
( )0 =
2
=2
'=
0) =
a2
2
b) Vrijedi da je
I=
ZZ
'
)I=
ZZ
Z=2
sin 'd'
d' =
Z=2
sin 'd d =
I=
Z=2
sin '
1
2
2a cos '
2
I=
2a
Z=2
2aZ
cos '
4a2
2
2a
1
=2
(cos3 ')0 =
3
2a2
(0
3
2a2
1) =
3
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
20
2.3 Rjeenja
c) Vrijedi da je
ZZ
I=
= 1;
= 2 + cos '
D:1
ZZ
)I=
I=
1
I=
2
Z2
2 + cos ';
sin 'd d' =
2+cos '
1
2
sin '
d' =
0
1
2
1 4
3
2
I=
I=
1
2
I=
Z2
d (cos ') + 4
Z2
sin 'd'
Z2
2+cos
Z '
'
Z2
0
Z=2
1
2
Z2
1 d'
Z2
1
1
2
2
3 (cos ')20 + 4
(cos2 ')0 +
(cos3 ')0
2
3
1
1
3 (1 1) + 2 (1 1) +
(1 1) = 0
2
3
2x + y 2 = 0 ) (x
4x + y 2 = 0 ) (x
1)2 + y 2 = 1
2)2 + y 2 = 4
jJj = r
y = r sin ';
) x2 + y 2 = 2x ) r = 2 cos '
) x2 + y 2 = 4x ) r = 4 cos '
y = 0 : r sin ' = 0 ) ' = 0
p
p
p
y=
3x : r cos ' =
3r sin ' ) tan ' =
3)'=
p
p
p
y = 3x : r cos ' = 3r sin ' ) tan ' = 3 ) ' =
3
h
i
)'2
;
;
r 2 [2 cos '; 4 cos ']
3 3
I=
I=6
Z=3
d'
=3
Z=3
4 cos
Z '
rdr =
2 cos '
Z=3
=3
Z=3
cos 'd' = 6
=3
I=3
1 2
r
2
4 cos '
1
d' =
2
2 cos '
Z=3
1 + cos (2')
d' = 3
2
=3
Z=3
d' +
3
2
=3
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
Z=3
=3
Z=3
d' + 3
=3
=3
=3
=3
+3
1
(sin (2'))
2
=3
=3
=3
21
2.3 Rjeenja
I=3
p !!
p
3
3 3
=2 +
2
2
3
+
2
3
2
(x2 + y 2 ) ) x2 + y 2 = 1
p !2
2
1
) x2 + y 2 = =
2
2
(x2 + y 2 ) )
Cilindricne koordinate su
jJj = r
x = r cos ';
r sin ';
z = z;
"y =
p #
2
;
' 2 [0; 2 ]
r 2 0;
2
z1 = x2 + y 2 ) z1 = r2
z2 = 1 (x2 + y 2 ) ) z2 = 1
) z 2 [r2 ; 1 r2 ]
I=
ZZZ
dxdydz =
Z2=2
V =2
r2
Z2=2
d'
rdr
r2
r (1
0
2p
2=2
Z
6
rdr 2
4
V =2
Z2
dz =
r zr12
r2
dr
Z2=2
2r3 ) dr
(r
1 2 p2=2
(r )0
2
7
r dr5 = 2
3
Z2=2
(')20
r2
1 1
2 2
V =2
r2 ) dr = 2
Z2=2
1Z r2
1 1
=2
2 4
1 4 p2=2
2
(r )0
4
1
=
8
4
z=6
x = r cos ';
y = r sin ';
z = z;
jJj = r
' 2 [0; 2 ] ;
r 2 [0; 2] ;
z 2 [r; 1 r2 ]
2
1Z r
Z2
Z2
Z2
2
2
) V = d' rdr
dz = (')0
r zr6 r dr
0
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
22
2.3 Rjeenja
V =2
r2
r (6
r) dr = 2
46
Z2
0
Z2
r3 dr
3 4
Z2
r2 dr5
1
1 2 2 1
2
2
(r )0
(r4 )0
(r3 )0
6
2
4
3
1
1
8
16
8 =2
12 4
4
3
3
V =2
V =2
32
3
V =2
Z2=2
y = r sin ';
r2
r dr = 2
0
2p
Z2=2
p
6
r 1
4
r2 dr
Smjena
Z2=2
0
7
r2 dr5
r2 = t2 )
2rdr = 2tdt
p ) rdr =p tdt
2
2
r = 0 ) t = 1;
r=
)t=
32
2 2
3
2p
1
p
Z2=2
Z
1 3 p2=2 7
1
27
6
6
(r )0 5 = 2 4
V =2 4
t ( t) dt
t2 dt
5
3
3 4
p
1
2=2
"
"
p ! p #
p #
1 3 1p
2
1
2
2
=2
1
V =2
(t ) 2=2
3
12
3
4
12
"
"
p #
p #
p
1 2 2
1
2
V =2
=2
=
2
2
3
12
3
6
3
1
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
23
jJj = r2 sin
2)2 = r2
4r cos + 4
2.3 Rjeenja
I=
Z2
d'
Z1
r dr
sin d
4r cos + 4
r2
Smjena
t = r2
4r cos + 4 ) dt = 4r sin d
Z1
Z
r
4r sin d
2
I = (')0
dr p
4
r2 4r cos + 4
0
Smjena
t = r2 4r cos + 4 :
= 0 ) t = (r
Z1
I=2
Z1
2
I=
2 1
r
dr
4
r ((r + 2)
(r
2)2 ;
dt
p =
2
t
2)) dr =
=
Z1
0
t1=2
1=2
r
Z1
) t = (r + 2)2
(r+2)2
dr
(r 2)2
1 2 1
(r )0 = 2
2
4rdr = 4
Z. T.05.
Na osnovu uslova zadatka vrijedi
p
y = p1 x2 ) y 2 = 1 x2 ) x2 + y 2 = 1
z = 1 x2 y 2 ) z 2 = 1 x2 y 2 ) x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
Sferne koordinate su
x = r cos ' cos ; h yi= r sin ' cos ;
z = r sin ;
jJj = r2 cos
p
r 2 [0; 1] ;
2 0;
(gornja polulopta)
) x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r
2
Krugpu Oxy ravni:
y = 1 x2 :
h
i
x = 0 ) y = 1 = sin ' ) ' = ;
x=1)y=0)'=0)
' 2 0;
2
2
Na osnovu ovoga je
I=
Z=2
0
d'
Z1
r2 dr
Z=2
r cos d = (')0 =2
Z1
0
r3 dr
Z=2
cos d
1 4 1
1
I=
(r )0 (sin )0 =2 =
1=
2 4
2 4
8
Z. T.06. Cilindricne koordinate su
x = r cos ';
y = r sin ';
Na osnovu p
uslova zadatka vrijedi
K1 : y =
1 x2
x = 0 ) y = 1 = sin ' ) ' =
x = 1p) y = 0 = sin ' ) ' = 0
K2 : y = 1 x 2
x = 0 ) y = 1 = sin ' ) ' =
2
x = 1 ) y = 0 = sin ' ) ' = 0
x 2 [0; 1] ) r 2 [0; 1]
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
z = z;
jJj = r
24
2.3 Rjeenja
I=
Z=2
d'
Z1
rdr
Za
1
a
1 2 1
(r )0 (z)a0 =
a=
2
2 2
2
dz = (')0 =2
Z. T.07. Prema uslovima zadatka, denisane su tri tacke u prostoru A (1; 0; 0), B (0; 1; 0)
i C (0; 0; 1). Jednacina prave AB je
y
0=
1
0
0
(x
1
1) =
x+1
Takoe
x+y+z =1)z =1
I=
Z1
0
Z1
dx
1Z x
0
1Z x
x 2 [0; 1] ) y 2 [0; 1
dy
1 Zx y
0
dz
(1 + x + y + z)3
x] ) z 2 [0; 1
1Z x
Z1
dy
= dx
0
Z1
y]
1
2 (1 + x + y + z)2
1 x y
1Z x
1
1
1
= dx
dy
2
2
2 4 2 (1 + x + y)
8
2 (1 + x + y)
0
0
0 2 0
3
#
"
1Z x
1Z x
Z1
Z1
1 x
1
1
1
1
1
1
I = dx 4
dy 5 = dx
(y)01 x
2 dy
2
8
2
1
+
x
+
y
8
(1 + x + y)
0
I=
dx
dy
Z1
1
I=
2
1
1
+
2 1+x
I=
1
4
Z1
1
dx +
2
Z1
1
8
dx
dx
1+x
1
8
Z1
Z1
(1
1
dx +
8
x) dx
Z1
xdx
1
1
1 1
1
1
I=
(x)10 + ln (1 + x)10
(x)10 +
(x2 )0
4
2
8
8 2
1
1
1
5
1 1
I=
+ ln 2
+
= ln 2
4 2
8 16
2
16
Z. T.08. Prvo cemo napraviti sljedece transformacije
x2 + y 2 = 2x ) x2 2x + y 2 = 0 ) (x 1)2 + y 2 = 1
Cilindricne koordinate su
x = r cos ';
y = r sin ';
z = z;
jJj = r
2
2
2
2
x2 + y 2 = 2x )
h r icos ' + r sin ' = 2r cos ' ) r = 2 cos '
y = 0 ) ' 2 0;
2
I=
Z=2
0
d'
2 cos
Z '
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
r2 dr
Za
0
zdz =
Z=2
1 3 2 cos '
1 2 a
(r )0
d'
(z )0
3
2
25
2.3 Rjeenja
1
I=
6
2
4a2 4
I=
3
Z=2
cos 'd'
=2
2 Z
4a
1 sin2 ' cos 'd'
8 cos3 'd' a2 =
3
3
3 0 2
=2
Z=2
Z
2
4a 4
(sin ')0 =2
sin2 'd (sin ')5
sin2 ' cos 'd'5 =
3
0
4a2
1
I=
3
1
sin3 '
3
4a2
=
3
=2
8a2
=
9
1
3
y 2 ) 2y 2 = 2 ) y =
Granice integracije su
x 2 [ 1; 2] ;
y 2 [ 1; 1] ;
z 2 [y 2 + 2; 4 y 2 ]
2
yZ+2
Z2
Z1
Z2
Z1
y2
V = dx dy
dz = dx (z)4y2 +2
dy
V =
Z2
dx
V = 2 (x)
1
Z1
(2
4 y2
2y 2 ) dy = 2
Z2
2 11
Z
dx 4 dy
Z1
1 3 +1
(y ) 1 = 2 (2 ( 1)) (1
3
2
4
V =2 3 2
=8
=6
3
3
(y)+11
y 2 dy 5
( 1))
1
(1
3
( 1))
x +y +z =z )x +y +z
1
2
z =0)x +y + z
1
4
Sferne koordinate su
x = r cos ' sin ;
jJj = r2 sin
z = r cos ;
Vrijedi
p
p
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r2 cos2 ' sin2 + r2 sin2 ' sin2 + r2 cos2 = r
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = z ) r2 cos2 ' sin2 + r2 sin2 ' sin2 + r2 cos2 = r cos
) r2 = r cos h ) ri = cos )
' 2 [0; 2 ] ;
2 0;
;
r 2 [0; cos ]
2
cos
cos
Z2
Z'
Z=2
Z=2
Z'
2
3
I = d'
r dr sin d = (')0
sin d
r3 dr
0
I=2
Z=2
sin d
1 4 cos
(r )0 =
4
2
I=
Z=2
cos4 d (cos ) =
Z=2
cos4 sin d
1
=2
(cos5 )0 =
2 5
10
(0
1) =
10
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
26
2.3 Rjeenja
Z. T.11. Vrijedi
I=
dx
Z
dy
Z1
(x + y + z) dz =
dx
21
3
Z
Z1
Z1
dy 4 xdz + ydz + zdz 5
Z1
1
1 2 1
x+y+
(z )0 = dx
dy
2
2
0
20 1
3
Z
Z
Z1
Z1
Z1
1
1
1
1
I = dx 4x dy + ydy +
dy 5 = dx x y01 + (y 2 )0 + y01
2
2
2
I=
I=
dx
Z1
x z01 + y z01 +
dy
x+
1 1
+
2 2
dx =
Z1
(x + 1) dx =
1 2 1
1
3
(x )0 + x10 = + 1 =
2
2
2
Cilindricne koordinate su
y = r sin ';
jJj =pr;
' 2 [0; 2 ]
2
x + y = 3 ) r 2 0; 3
p
1
zdg = r2 ;
zgg = 4 r2
3 p
p
p
4
ZZZ
Z2
Z3
Z r2
Z3
p
2
)V =
dxdydz = d'
rdr
dz = (')20
r [z]r24=3 r dr
x = r cos ';
Z3
V =2
r=0
V =2
r=0
V
p
r2
r2
3
r2 =3
dr = 2
2p
Z3
p
6
4 r 4
r2 dr
r=0
r2
Z3
r=0
4
=t)t =4 r
r =p0 ) t = 2
2tdt = 2rdr ) rdr = tdt r = 3 ) t = 1
21
3
22
Z
Z
p
1
4 ( t) tdt 1 1 (r4 ) 3 5 = 2 4 t2 dt
(9
0
3 4
12
2
V =2
r=0
1 3 2
(t )1
3
3
=2
4
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
1
(8
3
1)
27
3
=2
4
7
3
3
4
r3 7
dr5
3
3
0)5
38
19
=
12
6
3 KRIVOLINIJSKI INTEGRALI
3 Krivolinijski integrali
3.1 Uvod
02.01. Krivolinijski integral prve vrste. Ako je L kriva u ravni opisana jednacinom
y = (x), a x b, tada je
Z
Z
q
1 + ( x (x))0x dx
I = f (x; y) dl = f (x; (x))
Ako je kriva L opisana parametarskim jednacinama x (t) = (t) i y (t) = (t), t1
tada je
Z
Z
q
I = f (x; y) dl = f ( (t) ; (t))
( (t))0t + ( (t))0t dt
t2 ,
02.02. Krivolinijski integral druge vrste. Ako je kriva C u ravni opisana parametarskim jednacinama
x=
(t) ;
y = (t) ;
t 2 [t1 ; t2 ]
tada vrijedi da je
Z
Z
Z
P (x; y; z) dx + Q (x; y; z) dy = P ( (t) ; (t) ; (t)) dt + Q ( (t) ; (t) ; (t)) dt
Ako je kriva C u prostoru opisana parametarskim jednacinama
x=
(t) ;
y = (t) ;
z = (t) ;
t 2 [t1 ; t2 ]
tada vrijedi da je
Z
P (x; y; z) dx + Q (x; y; z) dy + R (x; y; z) dz = I1 + I2 + I3
Z
Z
I1 = P ( (t) ; (t) ; (t)) dt;
I2 = Q ( (t) ; (t) ; (t)) dt;
Z
R ( (t) ; (t) ; (t)) dt
I3 =
02.03. Grinova formula. Ako je oblast ogranicena konturom C tada vrijedi Grinova
formula
Z
ZZ
@Q @P
dxdy
P (x; y) dx + Q (x; y) dy =
@x
@y
D
28
3 KRIVOLINIJSKI INTEGRALI
p
3 y dl
ds
x2
+ y2 + 1
ds
5y
zx2 dz
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
29
3.3 Rjeenja
3 KRIVOLINIJSKI INTEGRALI
y = 0;
x + y = 1;
x+y =2
y 2 dx
x2 + y 2 = Rx
3.3 Rjeenja
Z. K.01. Rjeenje je dato po tackama.
a) Jednacina prave EF je
0
(x ( 1)) ) y = x + 1
0 ( 1)
p
p
) yx0 Z= 1 ) dl = 1 + yx0 dx
Z = 2dx
p
p
p
p
4x1=3 3 (x + 1)1=2
4 3 x 3 y dl =
2dx
3 y dl =
y
I=
p
43x
0=
p
I=4 2
Z0
1=3
dx
p
3 2
p 3 4=3
I=4 2
x
4
Z0
(x + 1)1=2 dx
0
1
p
3 2
Z0
(x + 1)1=2 d (x + 1)
p 2
( 1)) 3 2
(x + 1)0 1
3p
p
p
I=3 2 2 2 1= 2
p
I = 3 2 (0
30
3.3 Rjeenja
)I=
3 KRIVOLINIJSKI INTEGRALI
dl =
p
43x
p
3 y dl =
1=2
3 sin3 t
=2
I=
12
sin5=2 td (sin t)
=2
=2
cos td (cos t) + 9
=2
1
I = 12
(cos3 t)
3
=2
2
sin7=2 t
=2 + 9
7
=2
=4 ( 1
18
(0
7
0) +
46
7
1) =
2
)u=
du
Za drugi integral je
v = sin t ) dv = cos tdt
t= )v=1
2
t= )v=0
Sada je
2
Z0
I=4 ( 1
18
0) +
(0
7
I=
12
Z1
u ( du) + 9
v 5=2 dv = 12
1) =
1
1
1
(u3 )0 + 9
v 7=2
7
3
2
18
28 18
46
=
=
7
7
7
y = r sin ';
) x
a
2
0
1
+y 2 =
a2
4
jJj = r
2
2
2
x2 + y 2 = axh ) r2 cos
i ' + r sin ' = ar cos ' ) r = a cos '
)'2
;
) r 2 [0; a cos ']
2 2
a
) x = a cos ' cos ' = a cos2 ';
y = a cos ' sin ' = sin 2'
2
p
p
) x2 + y 2 = a2 cos4 ' + a2 cos2 ' sin2 ' = a cos '
S obzirom da smo preli na parametarski oblik vrijedi
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
31
3.3 Rjeenja
3 KRIVOLINIJSKI INTEGRALI
q
2
2
ds =
x0' + y'0 d' = ad'
I p
Z=2
=2
I=
x2 + y 2 ds =
a cos ' ad' = a2 (sin ') =2 = a2 (1
C
( 1)) = 2a2
=2
a
2
+y 2 =
a
I=
2
Z2
Z2
a
+ a cos2 '
2
d' + a
a2
I=
(')20 + a2
2
I=
a2
a2
2 +
2
2
Z2
Z2
Z2
cos 'd'
1 + cos 2'
d'
2
d' +
Z2
a2
2
Z2
a2
a2
2
sin2 '
x1
y
=
x1
y2
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
2
0
a2
a2
a2
2 +
(sin 2')20
(0
I = a2 +
2
4
2
a2
I = 2a2 +
(0 0) = 2a2
4
p
Z. K.04. Presjek prave 2x
5y 1 = 0 sa osama je
p
1
1
5y 1 = 0 ) y = p
x=0)0
A 0; p
5
5
1
1
y = 0 ) 2x 1 = 0 ) x =
B
;0
2
2
Parametarska jednacina prave kroz dvije tacke je
x
x2
=a
a2
4
y1
x
=t)
1
y1
2
32
0
0
y
=
0
1
p
5
1
p
5
0)
=t
3.3 Rjeenja
3 KRIVOLINIJSKI INTEGRALI
t
1
1
p )
y=p
) x = t;
2
5
r5
r
q
1
1
1
1
9
3
yt0 = p ) (x0t )2 + (yt0 )2 =
+ =
= p
) x0t = ;
2
4 5
20
5
2 5
2
2
2
2
t
t
t
2t 1
1
t
p
x2 + y 2 + 1 = + p
+
= +
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
2
9
8
4
9t
8t
+
4
=
t2
t+
x2 + y 2 + 1 =
20
20
9
9s
"
#
2
2
p
9
3
4
20
4
20
x2 + y 2 + 1 =
t
+
) x2 + y 2 + 1 = p
t
+
20
9
9
9
9
2 5
Z1
Z1
ds
dt
3
s
p
I=
ds = p
2
2 5
x2 + y 2 + 1
3
4
20
0
0
p
t
+
9
9
2 5
4
20
1
Z1
t
= u t=0)u=
dt
9
9
5
s
I=
=
20
1
2
dt =
du t = 1 ) u =
4
20
0
9
4
t
+
9
9
v
0
11=4
20
!2
1=4
u
Z
du
u
u
u
9
v
I=
= ln @ p
+t p
+ 1A
!2
u
20=9
20=9
u
u
1=5 t
1=5
p
+1
20=9
v
v
0
1
0
1
!2
!2
u
u
u
u
1=4
1=4
1=5
1=5
I = ln @ p
+t p
+ 1A + ln @ p
+t p
+ 1A
20=9
20=9
20=9
20=9
p
p
2545
3
5
!
!
p
p
p
p
2545 3 5
1645 3 5
50
p = 0:300 694
I = ln
ln
+
= ln p 50
50
50
40
40
1645 3 5
+
40
40
Z. K.05. Ovo je krivolinijski integral druge vrste. Najprije trazimo parametarsku jednacinu prave OB.
x
x2
x1
y y1
z z1
=
=
=t
x1
y2 y1
z2 z1
x 0
y 0
z 0
x
y
z
=
=
=t)
= = =t
2 0
4 0
5 0
2
4
5
) x = 2t;
y = 4t;
z = 5t;
t 2 [0; 1]
) x0t =Z 2;
yt0 = 4;
zt0 = 5
I=
I=
I=
Z1
Z1
xy 2 dx + yz 2 dy
zx2 dz
(64t + 400t
100t ) dt = 364
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
Z1
5t 4t2 5] dt
t3 dt = 364
1 4 1
(t )0 = 91
4
33
3.3 Rjeenja
3 KRIVOLINIJSKI INTEGRALI
Z. K.06. Za nastavak nam trebaju jednacine pravih kroz parove tacaka A ( 1; 0), B (0; 2)
i C (2; 0).
2 0
AB : y 0 =
(x ( 1)) ) y = 2x + 2 ) yx0 = 2
0 ( 1)
0 2
BC : y 2 =
(x 0) ) y = x + 2 ) yx0 = 1
2 0
0 0
CA : y 0 =
(x ( 1)) ) y = 0 ) yx0 = 0
2 ( 1)
Na osnovu ovoga je
I
2xdx (x + 2y) dy = I1 + I2 + I3
I1 =
Z0
I1 =
I1 =
[ 8x
2xdx
(x + 2y) dy;
Z
I3 = 2xdx
2xdx
8] dx =
(x + 2y) dy =
1 2 0
(x ) 1
2
I2 =
Z
2xdx
(x + 2y) dy;
(x + 2y) dy
[2x
(x + 2 (2x + 2)) 2] dx
8 (x)0 1 =
4 (0
1)
8 (0
( 1)) =
I2 =
I2 =
Z2
Z2
2xdx
(x + 2y) dy =
I3 =
[2x
(x + 4) dx =
Z2
Z1
2xdx
(x + 2y) dy =
I3 =
)I=
1
1
2
(x2 )0 + 4 (x)20 =
(4
2
2
Z1
Z1
[2x
0) + 4 (2
0) = 10
(x + 2 (2x + 2)) 0] dx
2xdx = 2
1 2 1
(x )2 = 1
2
4=
2xdx
(x + 2y) dy =
4 + 10
3=3
Oblast D je trougao
AC BO
3 2
=
=3
2
2
34
3.3 Rjeenja
3 KRIVOLINIJSKI INTEGRALI
)I=
) I1 =
Z0
D
2x+2
Z
dx
dy =
Z0
(2x + 2) dx
1
0
(x2 ) 1 + 2 (x)0 1 = 0 1 + 2 (0 ( 1)) = 1
I1 = 2
2
Z2
Zx+2
Z2
I1 = dx
dy = ( x + 2) dx
0
I2 =
1 2 2
(x )0 + 2 (x)20 = 2 + 4 = 2 )
2
I = I1 + I2 = 1 + 2 = 3
I=
@P
= cos x
@y
y cos xdx + sin xdy =
@Q
Q (x; y) = sin x )
= cos x
@x
ZZ
I=
(cos x cos x) dxdy = 0
P (x; y) = y cos x )
B (2; 0) ;
C (0; 2) ;
D (0; 1)
Z2
(x + y ) dx + x ydy =
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
Z2
1
1
1
2
I1 = (x3 )1 = (8
3
3
35
(x + 0 ) dx =
7
1) =
3
Z2
x2 dx
3.3 Rjeenja
3 KRIVOLINIJSKI INTEGRALI
Z0
(x + y ) dx + x ydy =
I2 =
Z0
Z0
x)2 + x2 (2
x2 + (2
(x + x
1
0
I2 =
(x4 )2
4
4x + 4 + x
Z0
2x ) dx =
1 2 0
1
4
(x )2 + 4 (x)02 = (0
2
4
I2 = 4 + 8 8 =
(x3
x) ( 1) dx
4x + 4) dx
16)
4
2 (0
4) + 4 (0
2)
Z1
(x2 + y 2 ) dx + x2 ydy =
Z1
(y 2 0 + 0 y) dy = 0
Cetvrti
integral je po duzi DA to znaci da je x 2 [0; 1].
I4 =
Z1
0
I4 =
(x2 + y 2 ) dx + x2 ydy =
Z1
Z1
x2 + (1
(x2 + 1
2x + x2
x2 + x3 ) dx =
x)2 + x2 (1
Z1
(x3 + x2
x) ( 1) dx
2x + 1) dx
1
1
1 2 1
1
1
I4 = (x4 )0 + (x3 )0 2
(x )0 + (x)10
4
3
2
7
1 1
1+1=
I4 = +
4 3
12
I
7
7
2
2
2
) I = (x + y ) dx + x ydy = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 =
4+0+
=
3
12
13
12
I=
@P
= 2y
@y
(x2 + y 2 ) dx + x2 ydy =
@Q
Q (x; y) = x2 y )
= 2xy
@x
ZZ
I=
(2xy 2y) dxdy
P (x; y) = x2 + y 2 )
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
x+1
36
x+1
3.3 Rjeenja
3 KRIVOLINIJSKI INTEGRALI
Z1
I1 = 2
1 2 2
(y )1
1)
2
(x
I1 =
x
x
dx =
Z1
0
Z1
(x
1) (3
2x) dx =
(x
Z
x)2
1) (2
( 2x2 + 5x
x)2 dx
(1
3) dx
1 3 1
1 2 1
2 5
7
I1 = 2
(x )0 + 5
(x )0 3 (x)10 =
+
3=
3
2
3 2
6
2Z x
2Z x
Z2
Z2
I2 = 2
dx
(xy y) dy = 2
(x 1) dx
ydy
I2 = 2
I2 =
Z2
(x
1)
1 2 2
(y )0
2
dx =
Z2
(x
4x + x2 ) dx =
1) (4
Z2
(x
x)2 dx
1) (2
(x3
5x2 + 8x
4) dx
1
5 3 2
1 2 2
2
(x4 )1
(x )1 + 8
(x )1 4 (x)21
4
3
2
1
5
1
(16 1)
(8 1) + 4 (4 1) 4 (2 1) =
I2 =
4
3
12
1
13
7
+
=
) I = I1 + I2 =
6 12
12
I2 =
R
2
+ y2 =
R
2
jJj = r
y = r sin ';
I=
2R3
=2
Z=2
2 R3
=2
I=
R3 1
4 2
1
8
Z=2
=2
Z=2
R3 1
8 4
( cos 2')4
=2
=2
=2
I=
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
R3
( 1)4
32
37
14 = 0
Zoran Jasak, Mr.sci.math
3.3 Rjeenja
3 KRIVOLINIJSKI INTEGRALI
Polarne koordinate su
x = r cos ';
y = r sin ';
jJj = r
' 2 [0; ] ;
r 2 [0;21]
3
Z
Z1
Z1
Z1
) I = d' r (1 r2 ) dr = (')0 4 rdr
r3 dr5
0
I=
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
1 2 1
(r )0
2
1
1
(r4 )0 =
4
38
1
2
1
4
4 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
PRVOG REDA
Z
Z
sin xdx
sin xdx
dx
=
=
I=
2
sin t
1 cos2 t
sin t
ju = cos t ) du = sin
Z tdt ) sin tdt = duj
du
I=
1 u2
Z
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
P (x)dx
6
4C +
39
Q (x) e
P (x)dx
7
dx5
Zoran Jasak, Mr.sci.math
4 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
PRVOG REDA
x2 y) dy = 0
x2
yy 0 =
2x
y
y=a
x+y
x y
= sin
2
2
=e
y)
y2
x2
x+y
x y
40
4 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
PRVOG REDA
y (1) = 0
2x
x2
y=1
ex = 0;
y (a) = b
y+1
x
1 + y2
xy (1 + x2 )
x2 + xy + y 2
x2
2xy) dx = 0
x (x2 + 1) y 0 + y = x (1 + x2 )
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
41
4 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
PRVOG REDA
(R:y 2
6x) dy = 0
2x = Cy 3 )
1
2x
y2
1
1
1
(R:x = Ce2y + y 2 + y + )
2
2
4
1
2y ln y + y
(R:x = y ln y +
C
)
y
(R:sin
y
= C x)
x
y cos
y
y
dx + x cos dy
x
x
y
+ ln jxj = C)
x
(R:sin
ex y
(R:y = C ee
+ ex
1)
dy
dx
= 2
2
xy + y
2y
xy
(R:y (y
2x)3 = C (y
x)2 )
(R:x = Cesin y
2 (1 + sin y))
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
(R:y = Ce
42
sin y
+ sin x
1)
4 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
PRVOG REDA
4.4 Rjeenja
4.4 Rjeenja
Z. D1.01. Rjeenje je u nastavku.
x (y 2 + 1) dx + y (1 x2 ) dy = 0
y (1 x2 ) y = x (y 2 + 1) dx
xdx
ydy
=
y2 + 1
1 x2
2
v = 1 x2 ) dv = 2xdx
u = 1 + y ) du = 2ydy
1
1
) xdx = dv
) ydy = du
2
2
Z
Z
1 du
du
dv
1 dv
1
1
=
)
=
)
2 u
2 v
2
u
2
v
ln juj = ln (C v)
u = C v ) 1 + y 2 = C (1 x2 )
Z. D1.02. Rjeenje je u nastavku
dy
= 1 x2 )
x2 ) xy
dx
Z
Z
1 x2
1 x2
) ydy =
dx ) ydy =
dx
xZ
x
Z
1
1 2
1 2
dx
y =
xdx ) y 2 = ln jxj
x + C1
2
x
2
2
) y 2 = 2 ln jxj x2 + C
xyy 0 = 1
2 dy
dx
2x
y
) y 2 y 0 = 1 2x
Z
Z
2
2x) dx ) y dy = (1
2x ) y dy = (1
Z
Z
1 3
1
) y = dx 2
xdx ) y 3 = x
3
3
3
) y = 3x 3x2 + C
=1
2x) dx
1 2
x + C1
2
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
dy
= y2
dx
43
y)
dy
y2
dx
x
4 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
PRVOG REDA
4.4 Rjeenja
B
Ay + By B
(A + B) y B
=
=
)
y
y (y 1)
y 1
y
y (y 1)
y (y 1)
)A+B =0^ B =1)B = 1)A=1
1
1
1
=
2
y
y
y 1 y
Z
Z
dx
dy
dx
1
1
=
)
dy =
2
y Zy
x Z
yZ 1 y
x Z
Z
Z
dy
dy
dx
d (y 1)
dy
dx
=
)
=
y 1
y
x
y 1
y
x
y 1
) ln jy 1j ln jyj = ln (C x) ) ln
= ln (C x)
y
y 1
1
)
=C x)y=
y
1 C x
1
y2
y2
)
x2
arcsin x + C
x y
x y
x+y
x+y
= sin
) y 0 = sin
sin
2
2
2
2
x y x+y
x y x+y
+
2 cos 2
2
) y 0 = 2 sin 2
2
2
y
x
y
x
y 0 = 2 sin
cos = 2 sin cos
2
2
2
Z2
Z
dy
y
x
dy
x
dy
x
)
= 2 sin cos )
= 2 cos dx )
= 2 cos dx
y
y
dx
2
2
2
2
sin
sin
2
2
y
x
t = ) y = 2t w = ) x = 2w
2
2
) dy = 2dt
) dx = 2dw
Z
Z
dt
t
2
= 4
cos wdw )(3.1)) 2 ln tan = 2 sin w + C
sin t
2
y
x
) ln tan = 2 sin + C
4
2
y 0 + sin
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
44
4 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
PRVOG REDA
4.4 Rjeenja
dy
du
y=u)y=x u)
=1
dx
dx
du
du
du
1
= cos u )
= 1 cos u )
= dx )
dx Z
dx Z
1 cos uZ
Z
du
du
)
= dx )
u = dx
1 cos u
2 sin2
2
u
t = ) u = 2t ) du = 2dt
2
Z
Z
2dt
u
dx ) cot t = x + C ) cot = x + C
2 =
2
2 sin t
x y
y x
) cot
= x + C ) cot
=x+C
2
2
y x
)
= arccot (x + C) ) y = x + 2 arccot (x + C)
2
x
y 2
2
x
= u0 x + u
x = u2 uZ 2
du
dx
=
u 2
x
u1;2
1
(u + 1) (u
u2 )
1 ^ u2 = 2
2)
dx
x
B
Au + A + Bu 2B
(A + B) u + (A 2B)
=
=
)
2)
u 2 u+1
(u + 1) (u 2)
(u + 1) (u 2)
1
1
) A + B = 0 _ A 2B = 1 ) 3B = 1 ) B =
)A=
3
3
=
u2p u 2 = (u u1 ) (u
1
1+8
1 3
=
=
) u1 =
2
2
) uZ2 u 2 = (u + 1) (u
Z
du
)
=
(u + 1) (u 2)
+
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
45
4 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
PRVOG REDA
4.4 Rjeenja
1
Z3
du
Z
Z
du
dx
1
=
3 Z u+1
Zx
d (u + 1)
dx
1
=
3
u+1
x
u 2
1
d (u 2)
3
u 2
1
1
ln ju 2j
ln ju + 1j = ln (C1 x)
3
3
1
u 2
u 2
) ln
= C x3
= ln (C1 x) )
3
u+1
u+1
y
2
x (2 + Cx3 )
y 2x
3
3
=
C
x
)
y
=
) x
=
C
x
)
y
y+x
1 Cx3
+1
x
Z. D1.12. Rjeenje je u nastavku.
y
1+
x
+
y
x
y0 =
) y0 =
y
x y
1
x
y
= u ) y = u x ) y 0 = u0 x + u
x
1+u
1+u
) u0 x + u =
) u0 x =
u
1 u
1 u
Z
Z
1 + u2
(1 u) du
dx
(1 u) du
dx
du
x=
)
=
)
=
2
2
x
1+u
x
Z dx
Z1 u
Z1 + u
du
udu
dx
1
=
) arctan u
ln (1 + u2 ) = ln (C x)
1 + u2
1 + u2
x
2
y 1
y2
) arctan
ln 1 + 2 = ln (C x)
x 2
x
Z. D1.13. Rjeenje je u nastavku.
(3y 2 + 3xy + x2 ) dx = (x2 + 2xy) dy
= : x2
y 2
y
dy
y
)3
+3 +1= 1+2
x
x
x
dx
y
= u ) y = u x ) y 0 = u0 x + u
x
du
) 3u2 + 3u + 1 = (1 + 2u)
+u
dx
du
(1 + 2u) = 3u2 + 3u + 1 u (1 + 2u)
dx
du
du
(1 + 2u) = u2 + 2u + 1 )
(1 + 2u) = (u + 1)2
dx
dx
Z
Z
(1 + 2u) du
(1 + 2u) du
)
= dx )
= dx
2
2
(u
+
1)
(u
+
1)
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
(2 + 2u 1) du
2 (1 + u) du
du
= dx )
dx
2 =
(u Z+ 1)2
(u + 1)2
Z
Z
Z
Z(u + 1)
Z
2 du
du
d (u + 1)
d (u + 1)
dx ) 2
= dx
2 =
u+1
u+1
(u + 1)
(u + 1)2
1
y
x
2 ln ju + 1j +
= x + C ) 2 ln + 1 +
=x+C
u+1
x
y+x
Z. D1.14. Rjeenje je u nastavku.
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
46
4 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
PRVOG REDA
4.4 Rjeenja
y
y) arctan = x
=:x
x
y
y
arctan = 1
) y0
x
x
y
0
= u ) y = u x ) y = u0 x + u
x
du
) (u0 x + u u) arctan u = 1 ) x
arctan u = 1
dx
Z
Z
dx
dx
) arctan udu =
) arctan udu =
x
x
du
U = arctan u ) dU =
1 + u2
dV = du ) V = u
Z
Z
udu
d (u2 + 1)
1
) u arctan u
=
ln
(C
x)
)
u
arctan
u
= ln (C x)
1 + u2
2
1 + u2
1
ln ju2 + 1j = ln (C x)
) u arctan u
2
y
y 1
y2
arctan
ln 1 + 2 = ln (C x)
x
x 2
x
1
ln j1 + 0j = ln (C 1)
x = 1 ) y = 0 : 0 arctan 0
2
) ln (C 1) = 0 ) C 1 = 1 ) C = 1
y2
y 1
y
y
1
y
ln 1 + 2 = ln (x) ) arctan = ln jx2 + y 2 j
) arctan
x
x 2
x
x
x
2
(xy 0
y=e
y=e
2x
y 0 + 2y =
Z 4x; R
2dx
C + 4xe
C +2
y=e
2x
xe
2x
C + 2xe2x
P (x) = 2;
2dx
2x
dx ) y = e
u = x ) du = dx
dv = 2e2x ) v = e2x
2x
Q (x) = 4xZ
2x
C +4
e dx
)y=e
C + 2xe
2
e2x dx
Z
e2x d (2x) ) y = e 2x [C + 2xe2x e2x ]
)y=C e
2x
+ 2x
2x
xe2x dx
Alternativni nacin rjeanja je da se prvo nae rjeenje homogene jednacine a zatim partikularno rjeenje.
Z
Z
dy
dy
dy
0
= 2y )
= 2 dx )
= 2
dx
y + 2y = 0 )
dx
y
y
) ln y = 2x + C1 ) y = e 2x eC1 ) yH = C e 2x
yP = Ax + B ) y 0 = A
) A + 2 (Ax + B) = 4x ) 2Ax + (A + 2B) = 4x
) 2A = 4 ^ A + 2B = 0 ) A = 2 ^ B = 1
) yP = 2x 1 ) y = yH + yP = C e 2x + 2x 1
Z. D1.16. Rjeenje je u nastavku.
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
47
4 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
PRVOG REDA
4.4 Rjeenja
2x
1 2x
y = 1;
P (x) =
;
Q (x) = 1
x2 Z
Z
Z
Z
1 2x
dx
dx
1
=
2 ln x
P (x) dx =
dx =
2
2
2
x
x
x R
x
R
1
1
1
2
) e P (x)dx = e x +2 ln x = e x eln x = x2 e x ) e P (x)dx = x 2 e
Z
1
1 1
2
) y = x ex C +
e x dx
x2
Z
1
1
1
2
t=
) dt = 2 dx ) y = x e x C + et dt
x
x
y0 +
x2
) y = x2 e x [C + et ] ) y = x2 e x
C +e
1
x
1
x
) y = C x2 e x + x2
Z. D1.17. Rjeenje je u nastavku.
y0 + y = Z
cos x;
P (x) = 1;
Q (x) = Zcos x
R
y = e dx C + cos xe dx dx ) y = e x C + cos xex dx
Z
u = ex ) du = ex dx
I = cos xex dx =
dv = cos xdx ) v = sin x
Z
u = ex ) du = ex dx
I = ex sin x
ex sin xdx =
dv = sin xdx ) v = cos x
Z
Z
x
x
x
x
x
I = e sin x
e cos x + e cos xdx ) I = e sin x + e cos x
ex cos xdx
R
y
=x
x+1
= : x ) y0
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
1
y=1
x (x + 1)
48
P (x) =
1
;
x+1
Q (x) = x
4.4 Rjeenja
4 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
PRVOG REDA
A
B
Ax + A + Bx
(A + B) x + A
1
= +
=
=
x (x + 1)
x
x+1
x (x + 1)
x (x + 1)
)A+B =0^A=1)B = 1
1
1
1
)
=
x (x + 1)
x x+1
R dx
Z R dx
x(x+1) C +
y=e
e x(x+1) dx
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
dx
dx
dx
dx
d (x + 1)
x
=
=
= ln jxj ln jx + 1j = ln
x (x + 1)
x R x+1
x
x+1 R
x+1
dx
dx
x
x
+
1
x
x(x+1) = e ln x+1 =
)e
) e x(x+1) =
x
x+1
Z
Z
xdx
(x + 1 1) dx
x+1
x+1
C+
)y=
C+
)y=
x Z
xZ + 1
x
x+1
Z
dx
d (x + 1)
x+1
x+1
C + dx
)y=
C +x
y=
x
x+1
x
x+1
x+1
y=
[C + x ln jx + 1j]
x
2
y (1) = 0 : 0 = [C + 1 ln 2] ) C + 1 ln 2 = 0 ) C = ln 2 1
1
x+1
)y=
[ln 2 1 + x ln jx + 1j]
x
Z. D1.20. Rjeenje je u nastavku.
(8y + 10x) dx + (5y + 7x) dy = 0 ) (5y + 7x) dy = (8y + 10x) dx
y
8 + 10
dy
(8y + 10x) = : x
dy
x
)
=
)
=
y
dx
(5y + 7x) = : x
dx
5 +7
x
y
= u ) y = u x ) y 0 = u0 x + u
x
8u + 10
8u + 10
0
)u x+u=
) u0 x =
u
5u + 7
5u + 7
8u 10 u (5u + 7)
8u 10 5u2 7u
u0 x =
) u0 x =
5u + 7
5u + 7
2
2
5
(u
+
3u + 2)
5u
15u
10
) u0 x =
) u0 x =
)
5u + 7
5u + 7
Z
Z
du
5 (u + 1) (u + 2)
(5u + 7) du
dx
)
x=
)
= 5
dx
5u + 7
(u + 1) (u + 2)
x
5u + 7
A
B
Au + 2A + Bu + B
(A + B) u + (2A + B)
=
+
=
=
(u + 1) (u + 2)
u+1 u+2
(u + 1) (u + 2)
(u + 1) (u + 2)
) A + B = 5 ^ 2A + B = 7 ) A = 2 ^ B = 3 )
5u + 7
2
3
)
=
+
(u + 1) (u + 2)
u+1 u+2
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
3du
dx
2d (u + 1)
3d (u + 2)
dx
2du
+
= 5
)
+
= 5
(u + 1)
(u + 2)
x
(u + 1)
(u + 2)
x
) 2 ln ju + 1j + 3 ln ju + 2j = 5 ln (C1 x)
) ln (u + 1)2 (u + 2)3 = ln (C1 x) 5
2 y
3
C
y
C
) (u + 1)2 (u + 2)3 = 5 )
+1
+2 = 5
x
x
x
x
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
49
4 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
PRVOG REDA
4.4 Rjeenja
(y + x)2 (y + 2x) 3
C
= 5 ) (y + x)2 (y + 2x)3 = C
2
3
x
x
x
Z. D1.21. Rjeenje je u nastavku.
1
1
1
1
y+1
) y0
y= ;
P (x) =
;
Q (x) =
y0 =
x
x
Z x R x
Z
R dxx
dx
1
1 ln x
ln
x
x dx ) y = e
y=e x C+
e
C+
e
dx
x
x
Z
Z
1
1
y=x C+
x dx ) y = x C + x 2 dx
x
1
)y=C x 1
y=x C
x
Z. D1.22. Rjeenje je u nastavku.
y0 =
1 + y2
dy
1 + y2
)
=
xy (1 + x2 )
dx
xy (1 + x2 )
ydy
dx
)
=
2
1+y
x (1 + x2 )
A Bx + C
A + Ax2 + Bx2 + Cx
(A + B) x2 + Cx + A
1
=
+
=
=
x (1 + x2 )
x
1 + x2
x (1 + x2 )
x (1 + x2 )
)A+B =0^C =0^A=1)B = 1
1
x
1
=
)
x (1 + x2 )
x 1 + x2
Z
Z
Z
dx
1
d (y 2 + 1)
1
x
ydy
=
)
=
dx
2
2
2
2
1 + y Z x (1 Z+ x )
2
1+y
x 1+
Zx
1
dx
xdx
1
1
d (1 + x2 )
2
ln jy 2 + 1j =
)
ln
jy
+
1j
=
ln
jxj
2
x
1 + x2
2
2
1 + x2
1
1
ln j1 + x2 j + ln C1
) ln jy 2 + 1j = ln jxj
2
2
) ln jy 2 + 1j = 2 ln jxj ln j1 + x2 j + ln C
C x2
C x2
C x2
) ln jy 2 + 1j = ln 2
) y2 + 1 = 2
) y2 = 2
1
x +1
x +1
x +1
Z
50
4 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
PRVOG REDA
4.4 Rjeenja
x2 + xy + y 2
y 2
y
0
y0 =
+
)
y
=
1
+
x2
x
x
y
= u ) y = u x ) y 0 = u0 x + u
x
du
) u0 x + u = 1 + u + u2 )
x = 1 + u2
dx Z
Z
du
du
dx
dx
)
)
)
=
=
2
2
1+u
x
1+u
x
y
) arctan u = ln (C x) ) arctan = ln (C x) ) y = x tan [ln (C x)]
x
Z. D1.25. Rjeenje je u nastavku.
dy
x2 dy + (3 2xy) dx = 0 ) x2
+ (3 2xy) = 0
= : x2
dx
dy
3
2
3
3
2
2
)
+ 2
y = 0 ) y0
y=
;
Q
(x)
=
;
P
(x)
=
dx x
x2
xZ
x2
Z
R dx x
Rx dx
1
1
y = e2 x C 3
e 2 x dx ) y = e2 ln x C 3
e 2 ln x dx
x2
x2
2
2
e2 ln x = eln x = x2 ;
e 2 ln x = eln x
=x 2
Z
Z
1
y = x2 C 3
x 2 dx ) y = x2 C 3 x 4 dx
x2
x 3
1
y = x2 C 3
) y = x2 [C + x 3 ] ) y = C x3 +
3
x
Z. D1.26. Rjeenje je u nastavku.
2
x (x2 + 1) y 0 + y = x (1 + x2 )
y0 +
1
= 1 + x2 ;
x (x2 + 1)
P (x) =
= : x (1 + x2 )
1
;
x (x2 + 1)
Q (x) = 1 + x2
1
A Bx + C
A + Ax2 + Bx2 + Cx
(A + B) x2 + Cx + A
=
+
=
=
x (1 + x2 )
x
1 + x2
x (1 + x2 )
x (1 + x2 )
)A+B =0^C =0^A=1)B = 1
1
1
x
)
=
2
x (1 + x )
x 1 + x2
Z
Z
Z
Z
dx
1
x
dx
xdx
P (x) dx =
=
dx =
2
2
x (x Z+ 1)
x x +1
x
x2 + 1
Z
1
d (x2 + 1)
1
x
P (x) dx = ln jxj
= ln jxj
ln jx2 + 1j = ln p
2
2
2
x +1
2
x +1
R
x
x
) e P (x) = exp ln p
=p
)
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
p
R
x
x2 + 1
e P (x) = exp
ln p
=
)
2+1
x
x
p
Z
Z
R
R
x2 + 1
x
P (x)
P (x)
)y=e
C + Q (x) e
dx ) y =
C + (1 + x2 ) p
dx
2
x
x
+
1
p
Z
p
x2 + 1
)y=y
C + x 1 + x2 dx
x
p
t = x2 + 1 ) t2 = x2 + 1 ) 2tdt = 2xdx ) xdx = tdt
Matematika, a.g.2015/2016
51
4 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
PRVOG REDA
4.4 Rjeenja
)I=
p
1
1
t2 dt = t3 = (x2 + 1) x2 + 1
3
3
2
p
1
x +1
C + (x2 + 1) x2 + 1
)y=
xp
3
2
2
x + 1 1 (x2 + 1)
+
y=C
x
3
x
x2 dx
x 1+
p
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5 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
VIEG REDA
+ a1
+ a0 = 0
yH = C1 e
Korijeni
su realni i jednaki tj
+ C2 e
=
yH = (C1 x + C2 ) e
Korijeni
su kompleksni tj.
1;2
2x
=m
1x
i n
ai y (i) = f (x)
i=0
ai
=0
i=0
sa korijenima
i,
i = 0; :::; k.
04.04. Rjeenje homogene diferencijalne jednacine zavisi od prirode korijena karakteristicne jednacine. Pritom mogu nastupiti sljedeci slucajevi:
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5 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
VIEG REDA
Korijeni
i,
k
X
Ci e
i=0
Korijen
je reda q
yH = e
ix
q 1
X
Cj xi
j=0
Korijen
je su kompleksan tj.
q 1
X
yH = emx
Cj xi
j=0
1;2
i n i pritom su reda q
!
!
q 1
X
cos nx +
sin nx
Dj x i
=m
j=0
04.05. Ako je f (x) polinom ili funkcija oblika emx (C1 cos nx + C2 sin nx) tada partikularno rjeenje yP ima isti oblik kao i funkcija f (x). Izuzetak su slucajevi:
Korijen
= 0 je korijen reda q
1;2
= m i n je kompleksni
2x
3y 0 + 2y = f (x)
4y 0 + 4y = f (x)
x + 2 b) f (x) = e x .
2x
1 b) f (x) = 33 cos x.
6y 0 + 5y = f (x)
x + 2 c) f (x) = e3=5 cos x.
6y 0 + 9y = 4 e3x
54
10 e2x + 18 sin 3x
Zoran Jasak, Mr.sci.math
5 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
VIEG REDA
5.3 Rjeenja
5.3 Rjeenja
Z. D2.01. Karakteristicna jednacina ima oblik
2
a) Funkcija f (x) = x
2x
3 +2=0) 1 =1^ 2 =2
) yH = C1 ex + C2 e2x
+ 1 na desnoj strani se rastavlja na dvije funkcije
f1 (x) = x + 1;
f (x) =
2x
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5 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
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5.3 Rjeenja
yP 1 = A cos x + B sin x ) y 0 =
A sin x + B cos x ) y 00 =
A cos x
B sin x
1
( A cos x B sin x) 3 ( A sin x + B cos x) + 2 (A cos x + B sin x) = cos x
2
1
( A 3B + 2A) cos x + ( B + 3A + 2B) sin x = cos x
2
1
(A 3B) cos x + (3A + B) sin x = cos x )
2
1
) A 3B = ^ 3A + B = 0 )
2
1
1
3
1
3
) 10A = ) A =
)B=
) yP 1 =
cos x
sin x
2
20
20
20
20
Drugo partikularno rjeenje je
yP 2 = A cos 3x + B sin 3x ) y 0 =
3A sin 3x + 3B cos 3x ) y 00 =
9A cos 3x
9B sin 3x
1
cos 3x
( 9A cos 3x 9B sin 3x) 3 (3B cos 3x 3A sin 3x)+2 (A cos 3x + B sin 3x) =
2
1
( 9A 9B + 2A) cos 3x + ( 9B + 9A + 2B) sin 3x =
cos 3x
2
1
( 7A 9B) cos 3x + (9A 7B) sin 3x =
cos 3x
2
1
7
9
) 7A 9B =
^ 9A 7B = 0 ) A =
)B=
2
260
260
9
7
cos 3x +
sin 3x
) yP 2 =
260
260
1
3
7
9
) y = C1 ex + C2 e2x +
cos x
sin x +
cos 3x +
sin 3x
20
20
260
260
Z. D2.02. Karakteristicna jednacina ima oblik
4 +4=0)(
2)2 = 0 )
) yH = (C1 x + C2 ) e2x
1;2
=2
x + 2 je polinom pa vrijedi
yP = A e
) y0 =
A e
) y 00 = A e
1
+ 4 A e x + 4 A e x = e x ) 9A = 1 ) A =
9
1 x
1 x
2x
) yP = e ) y = yH + yP = (C1 x + C2 ) e + e
9
9
A e
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5 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
VIEG REDA
5.3 Rjeenja
+5 =0)
(2 + 5) = 0 )
) yH = C1 + C2 e(
2x
= 0;
5=2)x
5
2
1 je polinom pa vrijedi
yP = (Ax2 + Bx + C) x
= 0. Vrijedi da je
3
5
7
25
= 0. Vrijedi da je
4
5
4
a) Funkcija f (x) = sin x nije polinom pa vrijedi
5
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5 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
VIEG REDA
5.3 Rjeenja
4x
4x
4A
4x 4B
4x
+ B sin
) y0 =
sin
+
cos
5
5
5
5
5
5
4x
16B
4x
16A
cos
sin
) y 00 =
25
5
25
5
16A
4x 16B
4x
4A
4x 4B
4x
)5
cos
sin
6
sin
+
cos
+
25
5
25
5
5
5
5
5
4x
4x
4x
+5 A cos
+ B sin
= sin
5
5
5
16A 24B
4x
16B 24A
4x
4x
+ 5A cos
+
+
+ 5B sin
= sin
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4x
24A 9B
4x
4x
9A 24B
cos
+
+
sin
= sin
)
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
9A 24B
24A 9B
)
=0^
+
=1
5
5
5
5
40
15
5
^B =
) 3A 8B = 0 ^ 8A + 3B = ) A =
3
219
219
40
4x
15
4x
) yP =
cos
+
sin
219
5
219
5
yP = A cos
x + 2 je polinom pa vrijedi
6 +9=0)(
3)2 = 0 )
) yH = (C1 x + C2 ) e3x
1;2
=3
58
5 DIFERENCIJALNE JEDNACINE
VIEG REDA
5.3 Rjeenja
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REFERENCES
6 Literatura
References
[1] Pavle Milicic, Momcilo Ucumlic, Zbirka zadataka iz vie matematike II, Naucna
knjiga, Beograd, 1981, trece izdanje
[2] Ramiz Vugdalic, Matematika III - Predavanja, Tuzla, 2010
[3] Zoran Jasak, Pripreme za vjezbe odrzane u akademskoj 2011 / 2012 na Mainskom
fakultetu Univerziteta u Tuzli
[4] Milo Tomic, Matematika, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1988.
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