www.kalvisolai.com - 1 of 29.

T.E.T
Mrphpah; jFjpj; Njh;T
vl;lhk; tFg;G
caphpay;
ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs;
(PAPER I AND II)

Njh;T vOJk; Mrphpah;fSf;fhf

fy;tpr;Nrhiy

JizAld;

ELA.BABU VELAN, B.Sc, B.Ed, M.L.I.Sc,

B.T. ASST.,
PANCHAYAT UNION MIDDLE SCHOOL,
CHOKKANATHANPATTI,
KADAYAM (UNION),
TIRUNELVELI (DIS)
CELL : 9952329008
E.MAIL : raamanesh143@gmail.com

www.kalvisolai.com - 2 of 29.
gaph; ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

6.

7.
8.

9.
10.

11.
12.

13.

14.

15.
16.
17.
18.

19.

Ntshz;ik kdpjh;fs; jk; NjitfSf;fhf jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffis tsh;gg

; J
Fwpj;J gbf;Fk; mwptpay; gphpT
Ntshz;ikr; rhh;ej
; nray;Kiwfs; - tpijg;gijj; njhlh;eJ
; mWtil tiuf;Fk; cs;s
midj;J tifahd nray; KiwfSk; Ntshz;ik rhh;ej
; nray;Kiwfs;
gaph; rhFgbapd; mbg;gil nray;Kiwfs;
epyj;ij jahh; nra;jy; kw;Wk; tpijj;jy;
cukpLjy; (,aw;if kw;Wk; nraw;if)
ghrd Kiwfs;
fisnaLj;jy;
mWtil nra;jy;
Nrkpj;jy; kw;Wk; re;ij gLj;Jjy;
epyj;ij jahh; nra;jy;
kz;iz jahh; nra;jy;
cOjy; rkd;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; cukpLjy;
cOjy; - fPo; kz;iz NkNy nfhz;L tUjy; mjid nkd;ikahf;Fjy;
NtUf;F Rthrpf;f fhw;iw mspj;jy;
<ug;gjj;ij Njq;fr; nra;jy;
Ez;Zaphpfis Cf;fg;gLj;jp kz;iz tsg;gLj;Jjy;
fis kw;Wk; mjd; tpijfis ePfF
; jy;
cOjy; - Kiwfs;
1. ghuk;ghpa Kiw Vh; cOjy;
2. jw;fhy Kiw VUe;J (buhf;lh;)
cOjy; nraYf;F gad;gLk; fUtpfs;
kz;ntl;b, kz;thhp, fisnfhj;jp kw;Wk; Nfhlhhp
tpijj;jy; - kz;zpy; tpijia Cd;Wk; nray;
1. ghuk;ghpa Kiw JhTjy;
2. ve;jpuk; Kiw (Jis Kiw)
jioAuq;fs;
; s;s Cl;l
; r;rj;J kpFe;j jhtuq;fs;
s - kz;zpy; ,aw;ifahf tsh;eJ
ePh; ghrd Kiw
1. ghuk;ghpa Kiw fg;gp Kiw, rq;fpyp Row;rp Kiw, Vw;wk; Kiw.
2. etPd ePh; ghrd Kiw
fhy;tha; ghrdk;, njspg;G ePh; ghrdk;, Njf;F ePh; ghrdk;, kw;Wk; nrhl;L ePh; ghrdk;.
fhy;tha; ghrdk;
coTf; fhy; topNa gha;rr
; g;gLk; (ney; tay;)
Njf;F ePh; ghrdk;
epyk; KOtJk; ePuhy; epug;gg;gLjy;
c.k; ney; tay;
njspg;G ePhg
; ; ghrdk;
<uj;jd;ikia jf;f itf;f ,ayhj epyj;jpy; gad;gLk;
Gy; jiu
nrhl;L ePh; ghrdk;
jhtu NtUf;F kpf mUfpy; ghAk; tz;zk; mikAk;
kio ePh; Fiwthf cs;s fhyj;jpy; gad;gLk;
jpuhl;ir, thio, fj;jphp gaph;fSf;F gad;gLk;
cyfpNyNa kpfg; nghpa ghrd fhy;tha; Jh;fN
; kdp];jhd; ehl;by; cs;s fhuhFk; (1300 fp.kP)
,e;jpuhfhe;jp fhy;tha; - ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s nghpa fhy;tha;fSs; xd;W.
`hpNf ghNu[; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; Jtq;Fk;
fis ePfF
; jy; - Njitaw;w jhtuq;fis taypy; ,Ue;J ePfF
; jy;
fisr; nrbfs; (Gy;, mkuhe;j];, kw;Wk; fhl;L xl;]);
fis ePfF
; jy; Kiw
iffshy; fisnaLj;jy; - fisnfhj;jp, guk;g gyif
Ntjpg;nghUs;fs; - lhygd;, nkl;lhf;Nshh;, 2,44-il FNshNuh gPdhf;]p mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
(2(2-4-D))
caphp fisf; nfhy;yp ghf;Bhpak;, G+Q;ir ,itfisg; gad;gLj;jpAk; fisj;
jhtuq;fis mopf;fyhk;

www.kalvisolai.com - 3 of 29.
20.

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

gaph; mWtilapy; nfhz;lhLk; jpUtpoh

jkpo;ehL nghq;fy;
m];]hk; - gpF
Nfush efd;ah, N`hyp, Xzk;
fjph; mbj;j
; y; - Kw;wpa jhtuq;fis mtw;wpd; jha; jhtuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePfF
; jy;
Jhw;Wjy; - Njitaw;w itf;Nfhy;, ckp Nghd;wit jhdpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePfF
; k; Kiw
gRikg; Gul;rp - ,e;jpahtpy; Ntshz;ikapy; etPd Kaw;rpfis nfhz;L czT cw;gj;jpia
ngUf;f vLj;j eltbf;if
Fsph;gjd Kiw Nrkpj;jy; - fha;fwp, goq;fs;
jhdpa ghJfhg;G (,aw;if) Ntg;g ,iy, cg;G, tpsf;nfz;nza; Nghd;wit jhdpaq;fis
Ez;Zaphpfsplk; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;Fk;
khepy jhdpa Nrkpg;G mikg;G tptrha nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; cuk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Nrkpj;jiy
cWjp nra;Ak; muR mikg;G.
jkpofj;jpd; new;fsQ;rpak; - jQ;rhT+h;
mf;khh;f; - tptrha nghUsfspd; juk; gphpf;Fk; muR rhh; jpl;lk; (rpwg;G, ey;y, Rkhh;,
rhjhuzk; vd;gd Nghd;w juk;)
gaph; Row;rp jhdpaq;fisAk;, gaph; tiffisAk; xU epyj;jpy; khwp khwp gaphpLk; Kiw
,jd; %yk; kz;zpy; cs;s fdpk rj;Jfis epiy ehl;l KbAk;
gapW tifj; jhtuq;fs; jq;fs; Nth; %z;Lfspy; thOk; ghf;Bhpahthy; tspkz;ly
iel;u[id epiygLj;Jk; Mw;wiyg; ngWfpd;wd.
ney;, nfhJik rhFg;gbf;F gpd; gl;lhzp, Nrhah, nkhr;ir gaphplyhk;
caphp njhopy; El;gtpay; - gad;ghl;L caphpaypd; xU gphpT (nghwpapay;, njhopy;El;gtpay;,
kUj;Jtapay; cs;slf;fpaJ)
Ntshz;ikj; Jiwapy; Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ
jhtu Nkk;ghl;by; gad;gLk; njhopy;El;gk;
Njh;T nra;jy;
fyg;gpdkhjy;
gd;ka gaph;ngUf;fk;
jpBh; khw;wg; gaph; ngUf;fk;
GNuhl;Nlhgpsh] ,izT
jpR tsh;gG
;
kuG nghwpapay;
kuGg;; nghwpapay; - caphpj; njhopy; El;gtpaypd; xU gphpT.
ey;y gz;Gfis nfhz;l may; [Pdf
; is ngw;w jhtuq;fis cUthf;Fjy;;
Neha;, G+r;rp, fisf;nfhy;yp vjph;gG
; jpwid cUthf;Fjy;
iel;u[id epiyg;gLj;Jk; jd;ikia cUthf;Fjy;
kpifg;gLj;jg;glhj nfhOg;G mkpyq;fis nfhz;l vz;nza; tpj;Jfis cUthf;Fjy;
kpifg;glj;jg;glhj ];lhh;r,; tpl;lkpd; V nfhz;l cUisf;fpoq;Ffis cUthf;Fjy;
kuG khw;wk; ngw;w tpijfs;, caphp cuq;fs;, caphp vhpnghUs;fis cUthf;Fjy;
czTg; gjg;gLj;Jjypy; caphp njhopy; El;gtpay;
kugZ khw;wk; kw;Wk; kugZ ,lkhw;wk;
kugZ khw;wk; ngw;w Gujk;, itl;lkpd;, jLg;G kUe;J
Ez;Zaphpfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy; mjd; jpwid cah;j;Jjy;
mjpfk; fdpahj jf;fhspia
hspia cUthf;fTk;

tshpsk; gUtj;ij miljy;

1.
2.

mNlhy]d;]; -,yj;jd
P ; nrhy; mNlhy]Nu vd;Dk; thh;ji
; japy; ,Ue;J te;jJ ,jd;
nghUs; tsh;rr
; p
tpliyg;gUtk;
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpw;Fk; Kjph;rr
; p miljYf;fk; ,ilg;gl;l gUtk;
11 Kjy; 19 taJ tiuapyhd gUtk; (WHO fUj;J)
,sk; gUtj;jpdh; vd miof;fg;gLth;
cly; kw;Wk; kdjstpy; khw;wk; elf;Fk;
kdkhw;wj;jpw;F fhuzk; `hh;Nkhd;fs;
jpBnud;W tsh;rr
; p mjpfhpf;Fk; gUtk;
Nfhgk;, Fog;gk; kw;Wk; gjw;wk; epyTk; gUtk;
gUtk

www.kalvisolai.com - 4 of 29.

3.

4.

5.

gUtkiljy;
,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; Kjph;rr
; p milAk;
Mz;fSf;F 14 Kjy; 15 tiuapy; Vw;gLk;
ngz;fSf;F 11 Kjy; 12 tiu elf;Fk;
gUtkiljypd; NghJ elf;Fk; khw;wq;fs;
m. cauk; mjpfhpj;jy;
y
- jpBnud;W elf;Fk;
- Mz;, ngz; ,UtUf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;
- xt;nthUtUf;fk; tsh;rr
; p tpfpjk; khWgLk;
- tsh;rr
; p xU kdpjdpd; kuG top tUtJ
M. clyikg;G khw;wq;fs;
- Mz;, ngz; NtWgl;l khw;wk; Vw;gLk;
- ngz; - ,Lg;G kw;Wk; ,Lg;G vYk;G nghpjhFk;
- Mz; - Njhs; mfykhFk;, cly; jir ed;F tsUk;
,. Fuy; xyp khw;wk;
- Fuy; tis (yhhpq;]); mfd;W xyp khWgLk;
- Mz; - Fuy; fbdkhf khWk;
- ngz; - Fuy; nkd;ikahf khWk;
- Fuy; tis Mlk;]; Mg;gps; vd miog;gJz;L
<. tpah;it kw;Wk; vz;nza; Rug;gp
- tpah;it kw;Wk; vz;nza; Rug;gpapy; ngUk; khw;wk; elf;Fk;
- gUf;fs; ,U ghyUf;Fk; Njhd;wyhk;
c. ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;G khw;wk;
- Mz;fSf;F tpe;jfg;igak;, Mz;FwpAk; tsh;rr
; pailAk; tpe;J nry; cw;gj;jp
Muk;gkhFk;
- ngz;fSf;F mz;lfk; Kl;ilia cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;. gpd;G mjid Kjph;rr
; p milar;
nra;Ak;.
- ,dg; ngUf;f `hh;Nkhd;fs; cw;gj;jp Muk;gkhFk; ,J ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;Fk;
,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfs; tsh;rr
; pf;Fk; cjTk;
C. kdepiy khw;wq;fs;
- czh;rr
; p trg;gLjy;, kd tsh;rr
; p, $h;ej
; hAk; jd;ik tsh;rr
; p miljy;, jpBh; Nfhgk;,
kfpo;rr
; p, vhpr;ry;, ftiy Nghd;w khw;wk; epfOk;
,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfs;
m. rpWth;fs;
- kPir kw;Wk; jhb Njhd;Wjy;
- cNuhkq;fs; Njhd;Wk;. Fuy; xyp khWk;
- jir tsh;rr
; p, Njhs; mfykhFk;, cly; vil
mjpfhpf;Fk;.
M. rpWkpfs;
- ghy;Rug;gpfs; tsh;rr
; pAWk;
- ,Lg;G mfykhFk;, ,Lg;ngYk;G nghpjhFk;
- Kjy; khjtplha; Row;rp Muk;gkhFk;.
,j;jifa khw;wq;fs; `hh;Nkhd;fshy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;

6.

Rug;gpfs; - ekJ clypy; VNjDk; xd;iw Ruj;jy;. ,U tifg;gLk;

m. ehsKs;s Rug;gpfs; - nehjpfisr; Ruf;Fk; (czT nrhpj;jy;)
M. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfs; - `hh;Nkhd;fisr; (Ntjpapay; JhJth;)
Ruf;Fk;
1. gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp
2. ijuha;L Rug;gp
3. fizak; Rug;gp
5. tpe;jfk; (Mz;)
6. mz;lfk; (ngz;)

www.kalvisolai.com - 5 of 29.
7.

gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp (i`Nghigrp];)

-

jiyik Rug;gp (midj;J ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfisak; fl;LgLj;Jk;)

%isapd; fPo; ghfj;jpy; cs;sJ
tsh;rr
; p `hh;Nkhid ,J Ruf;Fk; (cly; tsh;r
; r
; p Vw;gLk;)
mjpfk; Rue;jhy; - ,uhl;r] jd;ik (n[a;[hd;b]k;)
Fiwthf Rue;jhy; - Fs;sj;jd;ik (kpl;n[l;)
taJ Kjph;rr
; papy; mjpfk; Rue;jhy; - mf;Nuh nkfhyp
taJ Kjph;rr
; papy; Fiwthf Rue;jhy; - irkhz;b Neha;
Neha

8.ijuha;
8.ijuha;L Rug;gp
-

njhz;ilapd; ,U Gwq;fspYk; mike;Js;sJ

ijuhf;]pd; vDk; Ntjpg; nghUisr; Ruf;Fk;
tsh;rr
; p Rthrk; tsh;rpij khw;wk; Nghd;wtw;iw fl;LgLj;Jk;
Fiwthf Rue;jhy; fphpbdp]k; (Foe;ijfs;)
Kjphe;j gUtj;jpy; Fiwthf Rue;jhy; - fy;ypd; Neha;
ijuha;L Rug;gp mstpy; nghpajhdhy; fha;ll
; h; (Kd; fOj;J foiy - mNahbd;
Fiwthy; Vw;gLk;)
; p Fd;wpapUj;jy;
- fphpbdp]k; - vYk;G tsh;rr
9. fizak;
- ,iug;igapd; fPo; cs;sJ
- ,U gz;Gfis nfhz;l Rug;gp (ehsKs;s kw;wk; ehskpy;yh)
- ehskpy;yh Rug;gp gFjpapy; fizaj;jT
P fs; (yhq;fh;`hd; jpl;Lfs;) cs;sd.
- yhq;fh;`hd; jpl;Lfspy; My;gh kw;Wk; gPll
; h nry;fs; cs;sd
- ,r;nry;fs; FSf;fhd;
; iu msit
hd kw;Wk; ,d;Rypd;
ypd `hh;Nkhd;fis Ruf;Fk; (rh;ff
fl;LgLj;Jk;)
- ,d;Rypd; Fiwthf Rue;jhy; - ePhpopT Neha;
Neha (lahgb]; nkypl];)
- FSf;fhd; ,uj;jj;jpy; rh;f;fiu msit mjpfhpf;Fk;
10. ml;hpdy; Rug;gp
- rpWePufj;jpd; Nky; mike;Js;sJ
- ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ (fhh;nlf;]; kw;Wk; nkLy;yh)
- Rg;uhhPdy; Rug;gp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;
- ml;hpdypd; vd;w (mtru `hh;Nkhd;) `hh;Nkhidr; Ruf;Fk; - kd mOj;j Neuq;fspy;
mjpfk; Rue;J ,jaj;Jbg;G Rthrk; ,uj;j mOj;jk; Kjypatw;iw rPuhf;Fk;
11. tpe;jfk;
- ,r;Rug;gpfspy; cs;s ,ilaPlL
; nry;fs; Mz;lN
; uh[d;
uh[d; vDk; ,d `hh;Nkhidr; Ruf;fpd;wd
- mjpf mstpyhd Mz;lN
; uh[d;, nl];lN
; uh];buhd; vdg;gLk;
- nl];l;Nuh];buhd; Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfspd; tsh;rr
; pf;Fk;
tpe;jZf;fspd; nray;ghl;bw;Fk; fhuzk;
12. mz;lfk;
- %d;W tifahd `hh;Nkhd;fis Ruf;Fk;
- <];l;Nuh[d;, GNuh[];buhd;, kw;Wk; hpyhf;]pd;;
- ghy; gz;Gfspd; tsh;rr
; pf;F cjTk;
13. ml;hpdypd; Gwzpg; gFjp
- ];buha;L `hh;Nkhid ,U ghyUf;Fk; Ruf;Fk;
- tpliyg; gUt tsh;rr
; pf;F cjTk;
14. ,dg;ngUf;f fhy epiy
- tpe;jZTk; Kl;ilAk; cw;gj;jpahFk; fhy epiy
- ngz; - 13 Kjy; 50 taJ tiu ,Uf;Fk;
- Mz; - 13 taJ njhlq;fp tho;ehs; KOtJk; ,Uf;Fk;
15. ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f fhyepiy
m. mz;lk; ntspNaWjy;
ntspNaWjy
- mz;lr; Rug;gpapy; ,Ue;J Kl;il ntspNaWjy;
- khjj;jpw;F xU Kl;il ntspNaWk;
M. khjtplha; epiy
- ntspg;gilahf elf;Fk; xU Row;rp Kiw
- `hh;Nkhd;fshy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;
- fhy msT 3-5 ehl;fs;

www.kalvisolai.com - 6 of 29.
,. fh;gg
; k;
- mz;lKk; tpe;jZTk; fyj;jy; epfo;T
- fU Kl;il fUg;igapd; Rth;fspy; xl;bf; nfhz;L fUthf tsUk;
<. khjtpilT epfo;T
- ,dg;ngUf;ff; fhyepiyapd; filrp epiy
- khjtplha; cjpuNghf;F epd;W tpLk; epfo;T Rkhh; ngz;fSf;F 50 tajpy; elf;Fk;.
16. Ml;Nlh

FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; - xt;nthU nry;ypYk; cs;s Kjy; 22 N[hb FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;

Ml;Nlh FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
17. ghy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
s
- xt;nthU nry;ypYk; cs;s filrp N[hb (23) ghy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; vd;gg
; Lk;
- ,U tifg;gLk; mit X kw;Wk; Y
- ngz;fs; jq;fs; nry;fspy; ,U XX FNuhNkhNrhk;fis ngw;Ws;sdh;
- Mz;fs; jq;fs; nry;ypy; xU X kw;Wk; xU Y FNuhNkhNrhk;fis ngw;Ws;sdh;
- ,dg;ngUf;fr; nry;fs; cw;gj;jpahFk; NghJ ghjpahf Fiwf;fg;gLk; (46 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
23Mf Fiwf;fg;gLk;)

18. ghy; eph;zak;

- X FNuhNkhNrhk; cs;s Mz; tpe;jZ xh; ngz;zpd; ,dg;ngUf;f nry;Yld; ,izAk; nghJ
mf;fU ngz;zhf tsUk;
- Y FNuhNkhNrhk; cs;s Mz; tpe;jZ xh; ngz;zpd; ,dg;ngUf;f nry;Yld; ,izAk; NghJ
mf;fU Mzhf tsUk;.
19. tpliyg; gUtj;jpdUf;F Njitahd rj;Jfs;
- jhJ cg;Gfs; (fhy;rpak;, gh];gu];, ,Uk;Gr;rj;J)
- fhy;rpak; - vYk;Gfs; cWjpahf khWtjw;F
- mNahbd; - ijuha;L Rug;gp rhh;ej
; Neha;fis jLf;f
- ,Uk;G Fiwe;jhy; mdPkpah Neha; tUk;. jir tsh;rr
; pf;F Njit.
20. ghypay; nfhLik jLg;G
m. Kjy; epiy jLg;G ghypay; nfhLik eilngwhky; jLj;jy;
M. ,uz;lhtJ epiy jLg;G ele;j jtW kPzL
; k; elf;fhky; jLj;jy;
,. %d;whk; epiy jLj;jy; - ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;fhd kdepiy rpfpr;ir nfhLj;jy;.
21. ghypay; nfhLik mwpFwp Foe;ijfsplk;
- jpdrhp eltbf;ifapy; khw;wk;
- nfl;l fdTfs;
- gLf;ifapy; rpWePh; fopj;jy;
- ez;gh;fs;, FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fsplk; ,Ue;J tpyfy;
- mbf;fb Nfhgk; Vw;gLjy;
- nghpNahh;fs; Nghy; ghypay; nray;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;
22. ,sk; gUtj;jpdh; jtwhf mjpfk; gad;gLj;Jk;
vd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J te;jJ

My;f`hy; kUe;J gpuQ;R nkhopahd bNuhf;

23. Kiwaw;w kUe;Jfs;

- kfpo;rr
; pf;fhf vLf;Fk; kUe;Jfs;
- rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd xd;W
- gf;f tpisTfis cUthf;Fk;
- xgpak;, n`uhapd;, khp[pthdh,
khp[pthdh Nfhfa;d; Nghd;wit Kiwaw;w kUe;J
24. Gif gpbj;jy;
- 20k; Ehw;whz;bd; cly; eyj;jpw;F kpfTk; NfL tpistpf;Fk; nghUs;
- Giff;Fk; NghJ epf;nfhbd;, mk;Nkhdpah, mrpl;Nlhd;, ghh;khy;bi`L, iel;Nul; kw;Wk; 4000
Ntjpg;nghUs;fs; kuzj;ij tpistpf;Fk; jpBh; khw;wf; fhuzpahf khWfpd;wd
- ,it 40 tifahd Gw;WNeha;fF
; k; fhuzpahf khWfpd;wd.
- nfl;l nfhOg;gpd; msit mjpfhpj;J ey;y nfhOg;gpd; msit Fiwf;Fk;
- ,uj;j ehsq;fs; RUq;Ffpd;wd ,jd; %yk; khuilg;G, thj Neha; Vw;gl tha;gG
; s;sJ
- M];Jkh gpuhq;ifb]; epNkhdpah vk;igrPkh Nghd;w Neha;fs; jPtpukhFk;
- kyl;L jd;ik Njhd;Wk;

www.kalvisolai.com - 7 of 29.
25. Kisfl;Ljy;
- gapW tiffs;, nfhl;il tiffs; kw;Wk; jhdpa tiffis ePhpy; 12 kzp Neuk; Cw itj;J
tsh;jJ
; Rj;jg;gLj;jp cz;z jFe;jjhf khw;Wk; nray;
- tpijapy; cs;s ];lhh;r; kw;wk; vz;nza; nghUs;fs; itl;lkpd;, nehjpfs;, Gujq;fs;, rh;ff
; iu
nghUshf khWk;
- itl;lkpd; rp msT mjpfhpf;Fk;
- ntapy; glhj ,lj;jpy; tsh;ff
; Ntz;Lk; (frg;G Rit ePff
; )
- ,J capUs;s nehjpfs; epiwe;j, Fiwthd fNyhhp kjpg;G nfhz;l ,aw;if czT
- itl;lkpd; V ,Uklq;F mjpfhpf;Fk; itl;lkpd; gp, rp Ie;jpy; ,Ue;J gj;J klq;F mjpfhpf;Fk;
- jdpkq;fs; fhy;rpak;, [pq;f,; ,Uk;G Mfpait cs;sd.
- Kisfl;ba kq;gPd]
; ; rikaYf;F Vw;wJ
- gPd]
; py; Kisfs; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;JtJ Vw;wJ
- Nrhah kw;Wk; fpl;dp gPd]
; ; Kisfs; nfLjyhdJ
- nyz;by;],; fWg;G fz; gPd]
; ,; ghh;bhp[; gl;lhzp, Nth;fliy Nghd;wit vspjpy; rPuzk;
milahky; thA njhe;juT jUk;.
26. Gw;W Neha;
- nry;fs; xOq;fhd Kiwapy; gphpe;J, tsh;eJ
; , ,wf;Fk;. (mNghg;lhrp];). ,jpy; FiwghL NeUk;
NghJ xOq;fw;w nry; gphpjy; eilngw;W mrhjhuzkhd nry;fs; Njhd;wp cly; ,af;fj;jpw;F
fl;L glhky; jd;dpr;irahf ,aq;Ffpd;wd.
- ,J Nghy; [Pd;fspd; Fiwghl;lhy; ngUFk; epiy njhlf;f epiy
- fjphtPrR
; , itu]; njhw;W kw;Wk; rpy Ntjpg; nghUs;fshy; Jz;lg;gLk;
- Gw;W nry; ,uj;j xl;lk; %ykhf kw;w ,lq;fSf;F gutp Gw;W fl;bfis cz;Lgz;Zk; ,J
,uz;lhk; epiy (nkl;lh];lhrp];)
- kr;rk; kw;Wk; kUtpy; nghpa mstpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLtJ Njhy; Gw;wpd; (nkyNdhkh) mwpFwp
- tha;, ehf;fpy; ntz;Gs;sp Njhd;WtJ tha; Gw;wpd; mwpFwp
- tpe;J igapDs; rpW fl;b cUthtJk; mwpFwpahFk;
- %isg;Gw;W ek; mwpAk; jpwid kOq;fbj;JtpLk;
- fizag; Gw;W fy;yuP y;, euk;G kz;lyk; kw;Wk; ,uj;jk; %ykhf Njhy;, fz;fSf;F gutyhk;
- ngUq;Fly; Gw;why; tapw;WNghf;F kyr;rpf;fy; kyj;Jthuj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;
- %j;jpug;ig Gw;W (Guh];nll;) Nehahy; mbf;fb rpWePh; fopj;jy; my;yJ ePz;l Neuk; fopj;J
rpWePh; fopj;jy; Nghd;w cghij Vw;gLk;
27. Gw;W Neha; tif
m. fhh;rpNdhkh clypd; Gwk;, mfg;gFjp Gw;W Neha;
(EiuaPuy;, khh;G, kyf;Fly; gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk;)
M. rhh;fN
; fhkh - vYk;G, FUj;njYk;G, nfhOg;Gg; gFjp Gw;WNeha;
(,izg;Gj; jpR, jir kw;Wk; jhq;F jpRf;fspy; fhzg;gLk;)
,. ypk;Nghkh
- epzePh; Kbr;R kw;Wk; Neha; jil fhg;G kz;ly jpRf;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.
<. Yf;Nfkpah vYk;G k[;i[ kw;Wk; ,uj;j xl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
c. mbNdhkh ijuha;L, gpl;A+l;lhp, ml;hpdy; kw;Wk; gpw Rug;gpfspy; fhzg;gLk;.
28. Gw;WNeha; jLj;jy; Kiwfs;
- Gifgpbj;jiy jtph;j;jy; (EiuaPuy; Gw;W jLf;fyhk;)
- fha;fwp, goq;fs; mjpfk; cz;Zjy;
- mirt czT tiffis tpl fha;fwp ehh;rj;J kw;Wk; epiwTw;w nfhOg;G mkpyk; mlq;fpaJ
- CWfha; kw;Wk; cg;G mjpfk; cs;s cztpid jtph;ff
; Ntz;Lk;
- fPNkhnjugp,
khnjugp nubNah njugp,
njugp `hh;Nkhdy; njugp
njug Nghd;wtw;why; Gw;W Nehia Fzg;gLj;jyhk;.

kdpj cly; ,af;fk;

1.
2.

kdpj nray;ghLfs; - vYk;Gfs; kw;Wk; jirfspdhy; eilngWfpd;wd.

,af;fj;jpd; NghJ jir, vYk;Gfis ,Of;f kl;Lk; nra;Ak;

3.

jir ehz;fs;
jbj;j ,io (jfL) Nghd;w ,izg;G jpRtpd; khWgl;l mikg;G.
jirfis vYk;Gld; ,izf;Fk;
jir vYk;Gld; ,Wf;fkhfTk; mirTf;F (RUq;Fjy;, ,Oj;jy;) Vw;wthWk; ,ize;jJ.
,af;fj;jpd; NghJ Kjypy; jir jsh;jj
; g;gLk; mNj rkak; kw;w jirfs; RUq;Fk; ,jd;
fhuzkhf vYk;G efUk;

4.

iffis klf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wk;

Nkw;ifapy; cs;s ,Ujiyj; jir RUq;Fk;
fPo; ifapy; cs;s Kj;jiyj; jir jsUk;

www.kalvisolai.com - 8 of 29.
5.

iffis ePl;Lk; NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wk;

Nkw;ifapy; cs;s ,Ujiyj; jir jsUk;
fPo; ifapy; cs;s Kj;jiyj; jir RUq;Fk;

6.

vYk;G
fbdkhdJ
ntz;zpw rhk;gy; epw nghUs;fshy; MdJ
%d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F fhy;rpak;, gh];Ngl;Lfs; kw;Wk; fhh;gNdl;Lfs; mlq;fpAs;sd
1 gq;F fhpkg; nghUs;fshy; MdJ (cilaf; $baJ)
vYk;G jplg;nghUs; my;y. fbdkhd neUf;fkhd vYk;G jpRf;fshy; MdJ.

7.

vYk;G k[;i[
vYk;gpd; ikaj;jpy; cs;s kpUJthd vilFiwthd cwpQ;Rk; jd;ikAs;s gQ;R
Nghd;w nghUs;
,uj;j rptg;gZ kw;Wk; nts;isaZf;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd

8.

nghpah];bak;
ak - vYk;ig %bAs;s fbdkhd Njhy;

9.

vYk;G mtrpak;
ek; cliyj; jhq;fp ghJfhf;f
%is, EiuaPuy; Nghd;w cWg;Gfis ghJfhf;f
cly; ,af;fjpw;Fk; mtrpakhFk;

10. vYk;G - tbtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; - tif

m. ePskhd vYk;G njhil vYk;G, fhy; vYk;G, fhy;tpuy; vYk;G, ifnaYk;G, Kd;
ifnaYk;G, iftpuy; vYk;G.
M. Fl;ilahd vYk;G kzpf;fl;L, fZf;fhy; vYk;G
,. jl;ilahd vYk;G kz;ilNahl;L vYk;G, fhiunaYk;G (Njhs;gl;il), Njhs; gl;ilapy;
cs;s khh;ngYk;G.
<. xOq;fw;w tbtk; nfhz;l vYk;G kz;ilNahL Kf vYk;G kw;Wk; KJnfYk;G njhlhpd;
filrp thy; vYk;G
11. %l;Lfs;
vYk;GfSf;fpilNaAk; FWj;njYk;GfSf;fpilNaAk; gw;fSf;Fk; vYk;GfSf;fpilNaAk;
,izg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; mikg;G
,uz;L vYk;GfSf;fpilNa cWjpahd ,izg;gpio %yk; ,ize;Js;sJ
,izg;gpiofs; (ligament) ,izg;G jpRf;fshy; MdJ
12.

%l;L tiffs; (mirT mbg;gil)

m. mirAk; %l;L
M. mirah %l;L

13. %l;Lfspd; ,izg;G tif

m. ehhpizg;G %l;Lfs;
- vYk;G ,izg;G jpR ehh;fshy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
- ,ilapy; ,ilntsp ,y;iy
- mirTfs; ,y;iy
- ijay; ,izg;ghy; ,izf;fg;gl;ls;sd
c.k;. kz;ilnahl;L vYk;G, Kd; fhy; vYk;Gfs; ntspfhy; vYk;GfSf;fpilNaahd ,izg;G
M. FUj;njYk;G %l;Lfs;
- vYk;Gfs; FUj;njyk;Gfs; %yk; ,ize;Js;sd
- ,jpy; rpNdhtpay; ,ilntsp ,y;iy c.k;. fhJ kly;, %f;fpd; Edp, khh;ngYk;G
,. jput %l;Lfs; my;yJ rpNdhtpay; %l;Lfs;
fs
- Fwpg;gpl;l jpirapy; mirAk;
- ,ilntsp cs;sJ
- %l;Lfs; rpNdhtpay; rt;thYk; FUj;njYk;ghYk; MdJ
- ,ilntspapy; rpNdhtpay; jputk; cs;sJ
c.k;. ,Lg;G ,izAk; ,lk,; Njhs;gl;il vYk;G NrUkplk; fOj;J Ks;nsYk;G, fZf;fhy;
vYk;Gfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
14. jput %l;Lfs; (rpNdhtpay; %l;Lfs;)
m. ge;J fpz;z %l;L - ,izAk; xU vYk;G ge;J Nghd;Wk; kw;nwhd;W fpz;zk; Nghd;Wk;
,Uf;Fk; (Njhs;gl;il, ,Lg;ngYk;G)
M. fPy; %l;L - ,izAk; xU vYk;gpd; Kid Ftpe;Jk; kw;nwhU vYk;gpd; Kid Fope;Jk;
,Uf;Fk; (Koq;fhy;, Koq;if)
,. tOf;F %l;L - ,izAk; vYk;Gfspd; Nkw;gFjp totog;ghf ,Uf;Fk; (fZf;fhy; vYk;G,
cs;sq;if vYk;G, Njhs;gl;ilnaYk;G, khh;ngYk;G)

www.kalvisolai.com - 9 of 29.
<.

Kis %l;L
- ,izAk; ,U vYk;Gfspy; xd;wpd; Kid $h;ikahfTk; cUis tbtj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;.
kw;nwhU vYk;G ,jd; kPJ tl;lKidahf Roy;tJ Nghy; ,Uf;Fk;
- ,jpy; ,izg;gpio (ligament) ghjpasT cs;sJ.
- ,J jiyapid ,lk; kw;Wk; tyg;Gwk; mirf;fg;
g gad;gLk;
- c.k; Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ fOj;J Ks; vYk;Gfs;

15. kdpj vYk;G kz;lyk; (rl;lfk;)

kdpj nray;ghLfshd xLjy;, elj;jy; Nghd;w gy tpjkhd mirTfSf;F gad;gLk; mikg;G ,U ngUk; gphpT cs;sJ
(m) mr;Rr; rl;lfk; (M) ,izAWg;Gr; rl;lfk;
(m) mr;Rr; rl;lfk;
- cliy Neuhf itj;jpUf;f cjTk;
(a)) kz;ilNahL vYk;G 8 jiy vYk;G 14 Kf vYk;G nkhj;jk; -22
(b) KJnfYk;G njhlh;
- 5 gFjpfis nfhz;lJ
njhlh
1. fOj;Jg;gFjp
- 7 Ks;nsOk;G cs;sJ
2. khh;Gg; gFjp
- 12 Ks;nsYk;G cs;sJ
3. tapw;Wg;gFjp
- 5 Ks;nsYk;G cs;sJ
4. ,Lg;Gg;gFjp (jpUntYk;G)
5 Ks;nsYk;G cs;sJ
5. thy; Ks;nsYk;G
- 4 Ks;nsYk;G cs;sJ
(c) khh;Gf;$Lk; kw;Wk; khh;ngYk;Gfs;
- EiuaPuy; ,jak; Nghd;wtw;iw ghJfhf;fpwJ
- 12 ,iz tpyh vYk;Gfs; cs;sd
- Kjy; 7 ,iz khh;ngYk;Gld; Nehpilahf ,izAk; (cz;ik tpyh vYk;G)
- mLj;Js;s 3 ,iz Nehpil ,d;wp khh;ngYk;Gld; ,ize;Js;sd (ngha; tpyh
vYk;Gfs;)
- kPjpAs;s 11 kw;Wk; 12 tJ ,iztpyh vYk;G khh;ngYk;Gld; ,izahky; ,Uf;Fk;kpjf;Fk; tpyhvYk;G
(M) ,izAWg;Gr; rl;lfk; - (,izAWg;G vYk;G kz;lyk;)
Njhs;gl;il vYk;G, ,Lg;G vYk;G tisak;, ifnaYk;Gfs; kw;Wk; fhy; vYk;GfSk; mlq;Fk;
(a)
(b)

(c)

(d)

Njhs; gl;ilaYk;G Njhs;gl;ilnaYk;Gk; xU fhiunaYk;

fhiunaYk cs;sJ.
fhiunaYk;gpd; Nky; gFjpapy; fpspdha;L Fop cs;sJ ,jpy; Nkw;ifnaYk;G
nghUe;jpAs;sJ.
ifnaYk;G
- ePzl
; Nkw; if vYk;G xd;W cs;sJ
- ,J Kd; ifnaYk;Gld; %l;L cjtpAld; ,izAk;
- Kd; ifapy; Kd;ifnaYk;G kw;Wk; Mu vYk;G cs;sJ
- kzpf;fl;L 8 rpwpa vYk;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ (4+4)
- fl;il tpuypy; ,U tpuy; vYk;G cs;sJ kw;w tpuy;fspy; 3tpuy; vYk;G cs;sJ
,Lg;G tisak; - rhf;uk;
k (jpUntYk;G) kw;Wk; xhpiz fhf;Nr (,Lg;ngYk;G)
,uz;lhYk; MdJ
- fhf;Nr (,Lg;ngYk;G) - ,ypak; (RtL vYk;G), ,];fpak; (,Lg;G gpizg;ngYk;G),
gpAgp]; (G+g;ngYk;G) vd;w %d;nwYk;Gfshy; MdJ.
- ,Lg;G tisaj;jpy; cs;s fpz;zf;Fop (mrpl;lhGyk;) fhy;fs; ,iza cjTk;
fhy; vYk;G
- njhilapy; cs;s ePzl
; vYk;G gPkh; vd;gg
; Lk;
- ,jd; Nky; gFjp fpz;zf;FopAld; ,izAk;
- njhilnaYk;gpd; fPog
; Fjp fPo; fhy; vYk;GfSld; (Kd; fhnyYk;G kw;Wk;
fPo;fhy; ntspnaYk;G) ,izAk;
- fPo; fhy; vYk;GfSld; fZf;fhy; vYk;G ,izAk; gFjp lhy];

16. rl;lfj;jpd; Ntiyfs; (vYk;G kz;ly gzpfs;)

- jhq;Fjy;
- cliy jhq;Fjy; tbtk; nfhLj;jy;
- ghJfhj;jy; - ,jak; %is EiuaPuy; ghJfhg;G
- ,af;fk;
- nek;GNfhy; Nghy; nray;gl;L mirTf;F cjTk;
- Nrkpg;G
- jhJ cg;Gfs; (fhy;rpak;, gh];Ngl;, fhh;gNdl;)
- cw;gj;jp
- ,uj;j mZf;fs; (rpfg;G, nts;is, jl;il)
17.
18.
19.
20.

vYk;Gfsw;w caphpfs; - igyk; nky;Ylypfs;

lypfs;
kdpjdpy; cs;s kpf ePskhd vYk;G njhil vYk;G (45 nr.kP)
kdpjdpy; cs;s kpfr;rpwpa vYk;G mq;ftb (eL fhjpy; cs;sJ)
KJnfYk;gw;witfspy; cUisg;GOf;fs; kl;Lk; ePs; thl;l efh;jypy; <LgLk;.

www.kalvisolai.com - 10 of 29.
21. kdpj clypy; cs;s vYk;Gfs;
nkhj;jk;
- 206
mr;R rl;lfj;jpy;
- 80 (jiy(28), KJnfYk;G(26), khh;G(25), `aha;L(1)
,izAUg;G rl;lfj;jpy; - 126
22. tpyq;Ffspd; ,af;fj;jpw;F cjTk; cWg;Gfs;
- FW ,iofs;
- ePspiofs;
- ,izAWg;Gfs;
- JLg;Gfs;
- if, fhy;
- rPlN
; l kw;Wk; jirg;ghjk;
23. kPdf
; s; - ,af;fk;
- ,af;fj;jpw;F cjTk; cWg;G JLg;Gfs;
- bd;dp kPdf
; s; - thiy gf;fthl;by; mirg;gjd; %yk; ,aq;Fk;
- gpisa];, gpsd;l]
; ; - jl;il mikg;G cilaJ NkYk; fPOk; ,aq;Fk;
- tpyhq;F kPd; - ePzl
; cly; mikg;g cly; KOtJk; mirj;J ,aq;Fk;
- vYk;Gila kPdf
; s; - fhw;W igfis nfhz;Ls;sd kpjf;f cjTk;
24. kz;GO - ,af;fk;
- tl;l kw;wk; ePs; jirfs; kw;Wk; rPll
; hf;fspd; cjtpahy; elf;Fk;
- rPll
; hf;fs; (jir ePl;rp) rPll
; hf;FopapDs; cs;sJ
- rPll
; hFop jir RUq;Ftjhy; rPll
; hf;fs; ntspNa ePlL
; jYk; cs;spOf;fg;gLjYk; elf;Fk;.
- efh;rr
; papd; NghJ kz;iz gw;wpf; nfhs;s ,it cjTk;
- kz;GO efh;jypy; euk;G kz;lyKk; ,ize;J nray;gLk;
- kpUJthd gug;gpy; efu rPll
; h cjthJ
- kz; GO epkplj;jpw;F 25 nr.kP Ntfj;jpy; nry;Yk;.
25. fug;ghd; G+r;rp - ,af;fk;
- tapw;W Gwj;jpy; cs;s 6 fhy;fs; cjTfpd;wd
- ,U ,iz ,wf;if cs;sJ. Kd; ,iz ,wf;if jbj;JapUf;Fk; ,J G+r;rpapd; cliy
ghJfhf;Fk;
- gpd; ,iz ,wf;if nkd;ikahd rt;thy; MdJ. ,J gwf;f cjTk;
26. ghk;G - ,af;fk;
- ePhpy; miy tbt ,af;fk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; (S tbt ,af;fk;)
- fOj;J gFjpapy; njhlq;Fk; RUf;f mirT cly; KOtJk; flj;jg;gl;L Kd;Ndhf;fp nry;Yk;
- ghiw, gs;sq;fs;, fpisfs; - nrjpy;fs; gw;Wtjd; %yk; ,lk;ngaUk;
27. gwitfs; - ,af;fk;
- fhw;wpy; gwf;Fk; tz;zk; $h; mikg;Gs;sJ
- gwitfspd; ,wf;iffs; - Kd;dq;fhypd; etPd khw;WU
- epiyahf epw;f eq;$u tbtk; cs;s jir, vYk;Gjl;bd; (fPy); cjtpAld; khh;gpy;
,ize;Js;sJ.
- Njhs;gl;il jirfSld; ,ize;j ,wf;if NkYk; fPOk; mirtjhy; ,af;fk; eilngUfpwJ.
- ngUk;ghyhd gwitfs; gwf;Fk; Kiw
fPoN
; ehf;F mirT fhw;W ,wf;ifapd; cs; nry;yhJ
Nky;Nehf;F mirT fhw;W ,wf;ifapd; cs; nry;Yk;
,wq;Fjy;
- ,wf;if RUf;fg;gLk;

jhtu cyfk;
G+Q;irfs;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

tpl;Nlf;fhpd; Ie;Jyf tifg;ghl;by; ,J 3tJ cyfkhf cs;sJ

gr;irak; ,y;iy ,tw;why; czT jahhpf;f KbahJ
Nkhy;Lfs;, fhshd;fs;, Nlhl;]^
; ];, milg;Gf;Fwp G+Q;ir, kw;Wk; g/g; ge;Jfs; Nghd;wit
cjhuzq;fs;
xU nry;yhy; Md G+Q;ir - <];l;
gy nry;yhy; Md G+Q;ir iuNrhg];, mfhhpf];, m];ngh;[py;y];
G+Q;irfspd; clyk; ikrPyak; MFk; i`ghf;fs; ,ize;J ikrPypak; cUthFk;
,dg;ngUf;fk; - ghy; kw;Wk; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk;

www.kalvisolai.com - 11 of 29.
8.

G+Q;irfspd; tif ( czT+l;l mbg;gilapy;)

(m) xl;lz;zp - gpw jhtuq;fisr; rhh;eJ
; thOk; (gf;rd
P pah)
(M) rhWz;zp - ,we;j mOfpa nghUspy; tsUk; (mfhhpf]; kw;Wk; iuNrhg];)
(,) $l;Laphpfs;
1. iyf;fd;fs;
s (G+Q;ir kw;Wk; ghrp)
2.ikf;
ikf;Nfhiurh (G+Q;ir kw;Wk; cah; jhtuNth;)

9. ,J tiu fz;lwpag;gl;l G+Q;irapdq;fs; - 100000

10. iyf;fd;fs; - Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpg;gpid czh;jJ
; k; caphp fhl;bfs;
11. G+Q;irfs; tifg;ghL
(m) irNfhikNfhlh
nuhl;b fhshd;
(M) M];NfhikNfhlh
Nfhg;ig G+Q;ir
(,) ngrpbNahikNfhl;lh
fZtb G+Q;ir
(<) AnlNuhikNfhl;lh
ngdprPypak;
12. cz;zj; jFe;j fhshd;fs;
- mjpfsT cz;zg;gLgit mfhhpf]; (nghj;jhd; fhshd;)
- Rkhh; 2000 tif fhshd;fs; cz;zj;jFe;jit
- Gujk; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fs; mjpfsT cs;sd
- c.k; mfhhpf]; fk;ng];lh; p]; kw;Wk; mfhhpf]; ig];Nghu];
13. er;R fhshd;fs; (Nlhl;]^
; y;]);
- gpufhrkhd epwq;fSld; fhzg;gLk;
- c.k;. mkhdplh k];fhhp]; kw;Wk; mkhdplh gy;Nyha;l]
; ;
14. Ez;Zaph; vjph; nghUs;
- Ntjpg;nghUs;. xU caphpdj;jpypUe;J gphpj;njLf;fg;gl;L kw;nwhU caphpdj;ij mopf;fNth
my;yJ mjd; tsh;rr
; papid jil nra;aNth gad;gLk;
- ngdprpypd;, ];ln
; ug;Nlhikrpd;, epNahikrpd,; fhdhikrpd;, n[d;Nlhikrpd;, vhpj;Nuhikrpd;
Nghd;wit cjhuzq;fs;
- ngdprpypd; - ngdprPypak; nehl;Nll;lk; vd;Dk; G+Q;irapy; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
15. itl;lkpd; gp (iuNghgpNstpd;) jahhpg;G
- m];/g;ah fh]pg; kw;Wk; vhpNkhjPrpak; m];/g; G+Qir gad;gLk;
16. G+Q;ir Neha;fs;
(m) kdpjd; - ikNfhr]; (Njhy;, efk;, Kb)
- ghjg;gil glh;jhkiu
(M)tpyq;Ffs; - vh;fhl; kw;Wk; ghjg;gil
(,)jhtuq;fs; - JU Neha;, fUg;gOfy;, fWk;Gs;sp, kw;Wk; Nfd;fh;
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

gfw;fdT G+Q;ir my;yJ csT G+Q;ir fpshtp];nrg;]; gh;gh;hpah

xt;thikia Vw;gLj;Jk; G+Q;ir M];gh;[py;y];
xt;thikapy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;Fk; G+Q;ir fpsh];Nlh];Nghhpak;
Crpf; fhshd; - kpA+f;fh; (kl;Fz;zp G+Q;ir)
kugpay; Muha;rr
; pf;F gad;gLk; G+Q;ir epA+Nuh];Nghuh, M];ngh;[py;y];
cUisapy; nkd; mOfy; Neha;
- igl;NlhNjhuh ,d;ng];ld;];
fliyapy; ,iyg;Gs;sp Neha;
- nrh;Nfh];Nghuh ngh;Nrhndl;lh
fUk;gpy; rpfg;gOfy; Neha;
- nfhypl;Nlh biuf;fk; gy;Nfl;lk;
gUj;jpapy; thly; Neha;
- gA+Nrhpak;
<];bd; jhtutpay; ngah;
- rhf;Nuhikrp]; nrhptprpNa

ghrpfs;
1.
2.

ghrp gz;Gfs;
gr;irak; cs;s G+thj; jhtug; gphpitr; rhh;ej
; J
xU nry;yhfNth gy nry;yhfNth fhzg;gLk;
,io my;yJ fpisj;j kuk; Nghd;Nwh fhzg;gLk;
jhNk czT jahhpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
nry; Rth; nry;YNyhrhy; MdJ.
,dg;ngUf;Fk;
- Jz;lhjy; (nt[pNll;bt;)
- ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk;
- ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
- ghy; cWg;Gfs; %yk;

c.k; ];igNuhifuh
];Nghh;fs; %yk; elf;Fk;
(1)Vzp ,izT (2)gf;f ,izT (c.k; ];igNuhifuh)
Me;jphPbak;, Mh;f;fpNfhzpak; <LgLk; (c.k; fhuh)

www.kalvisolai.com - 12 of 29.
3. ghrpfspd; tifg;ghL (epwkpfspd; mbg;gilapy;)
(m) raNdhigl;lh
c.k; M]py;yNlhhpah kw;Wk; eh];lhf;
tz;zk;
- ePyg;gr;ir
epwkp
- igNfhradpd;
Nrkpg;G czT raNdh igrpad; ];lhh;r;
(M) FNshNuhigl;
; h c.k;. fpshkpNlhNkhdh]; & vd;bNuhkhh;gh
FNshNuhigll
(Ez; My;fh)
tz;zk;
- gr;ir
epwkp
- gr;irak;
Nrkpg;G czT - ];lhh;r;
(,) NgNahigl;lh
- c.k;. rh;fh]k; (fly;fis)
tz;zk;
- gOg;G
epwkp
- g;A+Nfh]he;jpd;
Nrkpg;G czT yhkpNdhpad; ];lhh;r;
(<) NuhNlhigl;lh
- c.k; ghypirNghdpah & fphpndy;yh
tz;zk;
- rptg;G
epwkp
- igNfhvhpj;hpd;
nrkpg;G czT GNshhpbad; ];lhh;r;
4. ghrpfspd; gad;
(m) czT cy;th, Nykpndhpah, rh;fh]k;, FNshnuy;yh
(M) mfh; mfh;
- Nrhjidr; rhiyapy; jhtuq;fis tsh;f;fg; gad;gLk; tsh;jsk;
- rptg;G ghrpapy; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLk;
- c.k; n[ypbak; kw;Wk; fpuh]pNyhpah
(,) mNahbd; - NykpNdhpahtpy; (gOg;G ghrp) ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLk;
(<) tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpy; gad;jUk; ghrp
- FNshnuy;yh kw;Wk; ignuNdha; Nlh]h
- kdpjdpd; rpWePiu rpijf;f kw;Wk; fopTfis ePff
;
5. kpf Ntfkhf tsUk; fly; fis - ,uhl;rj nfy;g; (fypNghh;dpah) 150 kPll
; h; tiu tsUk;
6. xU nry; ghrp cjhuzk;
- FNshnuy;yh, fpshkpNlhNkhdh];
7. gy nry; ghrp cjhuzk;
- ];igNuhifuh
8. ePhg
; ; gl;L vd miof;fg;gLtJ
- ];igNuhifuh
9. fhydp mikT nfhz;l ghrp
- thy;thf;]; ($l;likT)
10. fphPd; <];l; vd miof;fg;gLk; ghrp fpshkpNlhNkhdh];
11. My;fhy[p (igf;fhy[p) ghrpfs; gw;wpa mwptpay; gphpT
12. igl;Nlhgpshq;ld; - jdpj;J ePhpy; ePeJ
; k; Ez;zpa My;fh
13. nge;jpf;
fly; mbapy; xl;b thOk; My;fh
14. vgpigl;Lfs;
- njhw;W tho;f;if thOk; My;fh
15. ypj;Njhigl;
- ghiw tho; My;fh
16. My;fh g;Sk;
- ePhpy; My;fhtpd; ngUf;fk; (Mf;]p[d; FiwAk;)

gpiuNahigl;Lfs;
fs;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

G+thj; jhtuk;
ePhpy; cUthfp epyj;jpy; thOk; jftikg;ig ngw;wit
G+f;Fk; jd;ikaw;w ,U tho;tpfs; vdg;gLk;
kuq;fs; kw;Wk; ghiwfspy; rpW jhtuq;fshf tsUk;
th];Fyhh; jpR ,y;iy (iryk; kw;Wk; GNshak;)
jhy]; jhtu clyk; cs;sJ hpf;]pah, khh;fd;~pah, GNdhpah
Nkk;gl;l jhtu clyk; cs;sJ kh]; (Nth;,jz;L,,iy cz;L)
tho;f;if Row;rp re;jjp khw;wk; cz;L
(m) Kjy; re;jjp NfkpNlhigl; -jhy]; (n re;jjp n`g;sha;L)
- ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
- Mz; cWg;G Me;jh; b
P ak; (fij tbtk;)
- ngz; cWg;G Mh;f;fpNfhdpak; (ePs Flit tbtk;)
(M) ,uz;lhk; re;jjp ];NghNuhigl; (2n re;jjp bg;sha;L)
- ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk;
- ];Nghh;fs; kw;Wk; Jz;lhjy; Kiwapy; elf;Fk;

9. gpiuNahigl;Lfs; tifg;ghL
(m) n`ghbNf
c.k; hpf;rpah (NtWghL milahj clyk;)
(M) Me;j;Njhnrul;Nl c.k; Me;j;NjhrpNuh];
(,) k];i]
- g;A+Ndhpah (Nth; jz;L, ,iy NtWghL cz;L)

www.kalvisolai.com - 13 of 29.
10. gpiuigl;Lfs; - gad;fs;
m. vhpnghUs; - gPl; kh]; kw;Wk; ];ghf;dk;
M. Giu jLg;ghd; - ];ghf;dk;
,. tpij ehw;wq;fhy; kw;Wk; gRik ,y;yk; -];ghf;dk;
<. kz;zhpg;ig jLf;fk; jpwd; nfhz;lJ gpiuNahigl;Lfs;
c. Kd;G Foe;ijfs; fhy;rl;ilahf gad;gl;lJ - ];ghf;dk; kh];

nlhpNlhigl;Lfs;
1.

th];Fyhh; fphpg;Nlhnfk;fs;
s vd miof;fg;gLk; my;yJ rhw;Wf; Foha; fw;iwg; ngw;w
jhtuq;fs; (iryk; kw;Wk; GNshak; mikg;G)
[_uhrpf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J tho;eJ
; tUk; jhtuq;fs;
jhtu mikg;G
iuNrhk; - jiuabj; jz;L (kl;l epyj; jz;L)
];Nlhyd;fs; - jhtuj;jpd; gf;f thl;L fpisfs;
];lhf; - ,iyfis cila rpwpa fpisfs;
g;uhz;l; - ,wF Nghd;w nghpa ,iyfs; ,jpy; rpw;wpiy cs;sJ
,it rh;rpNdl; vdg;gLk; fbfhu RUs; ,iy mikT nfhz;lJ
Nukz;ll
; h - ,iyf; fhk;ig %bapUf;Fk; gOg;G epw nrjpy;

2.
3.

4.

,dg;ngUf;fk;
re;jjp khw;wk; - ];NghNuhigl; kw;Wk; Nfkpl;Nlhigl; epiy cz;L
m. ];NghNuhigl; epiy
];Nghh;fs; %yk; elf;Fk;
g;uhz;L ,iyfspd; fPoG
; wk; ];Nghh;fs; cs;sd
,d;^rpak; - ];Nghh; igia %ba mikg;G (rpWePuf tbtk;)
];Nghh;fs; N`hNkh];Nghh;fs; my;yJ n`bNuh];Nghh;fs;
];Nghh;fs; ntspNaWtJld; ,e;j epiy KbTngWk;
,j;jhtu tiffspy tpijfs; fpilahJ
M. Nfkpl;Nlhigl; epiy
Nfkpl;Nlhigl; clyk; GNuhjhy]; (,ja tbtk;)
Nfkpl;Nlhigl; epiyapy; Me;jh; b
P ak;
; pNfhdpak;
ak (Kl;il tbtk;) Mh;ff
pNfhdpak (FLit tbtk;)

5.

nlhpNlhigl;Lfs; tifg;ghL
m. i]yhg;]plh (c.k;) i]Nyhl;lk;
M. iyNfhg;]plh (c.k;) iyNfhNghbak;
(fpsg;kh];)
,. ];gPdhg;]plh - (c.k;) <f;Arpl;lk;
(Fjpiuthy; nguzp)
<. Buhg;rplh
(c.k;) neg;Nuhnyg;gp];

6.

nlhpNlhigl;Lfs; gad;fs;
m. nguzpfs; mofhf ,Ug;gjhy; moF nrbahf gad;gLfpwJ
M. khh;]pypah
- czthfg; gad;gLfpwJ
,. l;uahg;nlhp];
- tapw;Wg;G+r;rp mfw;wpahf gad;gLfpwJ
<. iyNfhNghbak; - nghb kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ

7.
8.
9.
10.

nlhpNlhigl;Lfis tifg;gLj;jpath; - ];kpj;

xNu khjphpahd ];Nghh;fis cUthf;Fk; jhtu $l;lk; -N`hNkh];nghh;
ntt;NtW tifahd ];Nghh;fis cUthf;Fk; jhtu $l;lk; - n`l;bNuh];Nghh;fs;
mbahe;jk; - kq;ifah; $e;jy; nguzp vd miof;fg;gLk;

G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;
([pk;Ndh];ngh;kf
; s;)
1.

,U ngUk; gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ

m. [pk;Ndh];ngh;kf
; s; (jpwe;j tpij cila jhtuk;)
M. MQ;rpNah];ngh;kf
; s; (%ba tpij cila jhtuk;)

2. [pk;Ndh];ngh;kf
; s;
- NtWghLs;s jhtu clyk; (Nth; jz;L ,iy)
- MzpNth; njhFg;G cs;sJ
- Nfkpl;Nlhigl; kw;Wk; ];NghNuhigl; epiyfs; cz;L
- tpijfs; jpwe;jit fdpj;Njhypdhy; %lg;gl;bUf;fhJ
- gy;yhz;L thof;$ba kuq;fs;. rpy Gjh; nrbfshf cs;sd.
- tho;f;if Row;rpapy; n`l;bNuhkhh;gpf; re;jjp fhzg;gLk;
- `pkhyah gpuNjrj;jpy; Crp ,iyf; fhLfspy; mjpfk; cs;sJ

www.kalvisolai.com - 14 of 29.
3. [pk;Ndh];ngh;kf
; s; tifg;ghL
m. irfNly;]; - c.k. irf];
- gid Nghd;w rpwpa kuk;
- rpwF $l;biy cs;sJ
- $k;G tbt cr;rp kuj;jpw;F cs;sJ
- Mzp Nth;j; njhFg;G cs;sJ
M. [pq;fN
; fhNay;
fhNay;]; - c.k;. [pq;Nfh igNyhgh
- tprpwp tbt ,iyfisf;
,iyfisf nfhz;l kuk;
- ehw;wk; juf;$baJ
,. NfhdpngNuy;]; - c.k;. igd];
-$k;G tbt Njhw;wk; nfhz;l kuq;fs;
- ,iyfs; Crp kw;Wk; nrjpy;fs; Nghy; ,Uf;Fk;
- ,wf;ifAila tpijfisf;
tpijfisf nfhz;lJ
<. ePlN
; ly;]; - c.k;. ePll
; k;
- #y;fs; G+g;Nghd;w jz;bd; kPJ jpwe;j epiyapy; cs;sJ
- cah; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l rpwpa jhtu $l;lk;
- ePll
; y;]; jhtuj;jpy; kl;Lk; iryf; Foha;fs;
s cs;sd
4. [pk;ndh];ngh;kf
; s; - gad;fs;
igd;
Vgpl;uh
ePll
; k;
mfj;jp];
muf;Nfhpah
nrl;u];
nrl;u];

- kuf;fl;il vz;nza; kw;wk; nurpd;, thh;dp];, ngapz;L

vgpl;hpd; vd;Dk; My;fyha;L (M];Jkh kUe;J)
- %l;L thjj;ij Fzg;gLj;j cjTk;
- fhfpj $o; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ (fhfpjk;)
moF jhtukhf gad;gLfpwJ (Fuq;fpd; Gjph;)
vz;nza; khh;G rspf;F kUe;J
- jukhd kuf;fl;il jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ

5. [pk;Ndh];ngh;kf
; spy; kpf ePskhd jhtuk; - nrf;Nfhah

MQ;rpNah];ngh;kf
; s;
(%ba tpijAila jhtuk;)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspy; kpfg;nghpa njhFjp

286000 rpw;wpdq;fisf; nfhz;lJ
rpWnrb, Gjh; nrb, nfhb kuq;fshf tsh;fpd;wd
iryk;, GNshak; cz;L
,U ngUk; gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ
m. xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs; - NkNdh fhl;byplNd
- tpijapDs; xNu xU tpj;jpiyia nfhz;Ls;sJ
- ry;ypNth; njhFg;G cz;L
- ,izg;Nghf;F euk;gikT cz;L
- my;yp tl;lk;, Gy;yp tl;lk; NtWghL ,y;iy
- G+tpjo; tl;lk; cs;sJ
- %ba th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; cs;sd
- jz;by; th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; tputpAs;sd
- ,uz;lhk; epiy tsh;rr
; p ,y;iy
- kyhpd; mq;fq;fs; 3d; klq;Ffshf mikAk;.
- c.k;. Gy;, ney;, Nrhsk;, NfhJik
M. ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs; - il fhl;byplNd
- tpijapDs; ,U tpj;jpiyfis nfhz;Ls;sJ
- MzpNth; njhFg;G cz;L
- tiy euk;gikT cz;L
- my;yp tl;lk;, Gy;yp tl;lk; NtWghL cz;L
- kyhpd; mq;fq;fs; 4 5my;yJ mjd; klq;Ffshf mikAk;
- c.k;. mtiu, gl;lhzp, kh

6.

MQ;rpNah];ngh;kf
; spy; kpf ePskhd jhtuk; - A+fypg;l];

www.kalvisolai.com - 15 of 29.

Nthpd; mikg;G
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

iuNrhnlh;kp]; - Nthpd; Gwj;Njhy; ,jpy; Nth;j; Jhtpfs; cs;sd

fhh;nlf;];
- iuNrhnlh;kpir mLj;Js;s mLf;F. flj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Nrkpj;jYf;F cjTk;
iryk; nt]y; - Nthpy; ,Ue;J kw;w ghfq;fSf;F ePiu flj;Jk;
GNshak; nt]y; - xspr;Nrh;f;if %yk; jahhpf;fg;gl;l czit ,iyapy; ,Ue;j jhtuj;jpd;
gpw cWg;GfSf;F flj;Jk;
,izg;Gj; jpR iryj;ijAk;, GNshaj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; jpR
gpj; Nthpd; ikag;gFjp.
xU tpj;jpiy jhtuj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk;
czT Nrkpg;gjpy; gad;gLfpwJ

7. jz;bd; mikg;G
f;A+l;bfps;
fps - ,iyapd; Nky;Gwk; mike;js;s nkOF glyk;
; htp
vgpnlh;kp]; - cUis tbtk; cilait. ghJfhg;G mspf;fk; ,jpy; ,Ue;J Nth;jJ
cUthFk;
fhh;nlf;]; - %d;W gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
m) Nfhyd;ifkh jbg;ghdJ jhq;Fjy; gzp
M) Fnshud;ifkh nky;ypaJ gr;irak; cs;sJ (xspr;Nrh;f;iff;F cjtp )
,) ghud;ifkh nky;ypa Rth; - Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; fhw;Nwhl;lk;
vz;Nlhnlh;kp];

- ];lhh;r; ciw gPgg

; ha; tbtk; - ghJfhg;G
flj;jy; gzp
nghpirf;fps
ps; -];fpspnud;ifkhTk; ghud;ifkhTk; mike;Js;sd.
th];Fyhh;fw;iw
m) g;nshak; - czTf; flj;jy;
M) iryk;
- ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fs; flj;jy;
,) Nfk;gpak; - ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s ,uz;lhk; epiy tsh;rr
; p
gpj;
gpj
FWf;F fjph;
fjph

- eLtpy; cs;s mikg;G flj;jpy; cjTk;

- th];Fyhh; fw;iwfSf;F ,ilNa cs;sJ

8.

,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iy mikg;G

m) fpA+l;bfps;
- Gwj;Njhypd; ntsp mLf;F
fps
M) Nkw;gG
; wj;Njhy; - cUis tbtk;. ghJfhg;gpy; cjTk;
,) ghypN]L ghud;ifkh
- Foha; tbt nry;
- gRq;fzpfq;fis ngw;Ws;sd. Xspr;Nrh;f;iff;F cjTk;
<) ];ghd;rp ghud;ifkh
- Kl;il tbt nry;
- gRq;fzpfk; ,y;iy. Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; flj;jypy; cjTk;
c) th];Fyhh; fw;iw iryk;, GNshak; cs;sJ (ePh; & czT flj;jy;)
C) fPog
; G
; wj;Njhy;
- cUis tbt nry;
- ,iyj; Jisfs; cs;sd ePuhtpg;Nghf;F& thAghpkhw;wk;

9.

INrhigNyl;luy;
uy - xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyapy; ghypN]L my;yJ ];ghd;]p ghud;ifkh
,uz;by; VNjDk; xd;W kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;

10. lhh;rp ntz;lu; y;

y - ,U tpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyapy; ghypN]L kw;Wk;
];ghd;]p ghud;ifkh ,uz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;
11. ];By;
y - ikaj;jpy; iryk; mike;J mjidr; Rw;wp GNshak; jpR #og;gl;l mikg;G
11. vz;Nlh];By; - ];BYf;F cs; fhzg;gLk; mikg;G. ghud;ifkh ];fpspud;ifkh gpj;
Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
12. GNshak;
czitf; flj;Jk; XU $l;L jpR
gy tif nry;fshy; MdJ
ry;yilf; Foha;, Jiznry;, GNshak; ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; GNshak; ehh;fs;.

www.kalvisolai.com - 16 of 29.
13. iryk;
ePh; kw;wk; fdpkq;fisf; flj;Jk; xU $l;L jpR
l;uf;fL
P , iryk; Foha;, iryk; ehh;fs;, iryk; ghud;ifkh Nghd;w nry;fs; cs;sd.
14. %ba th];Fyhh; fw;iw xU tpijapiyj; jhtuq;fspy; iryk; kw;Wk; GNshak; ,ilNa
Nfk;gpak; ,y;yhj mikg;G
15. jpwe;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw - ,U tpijapiyj; jhtuq;fspy; iryk; GNshak; ,ilNa Nfk;gpak;
cs;s mikg;G

Ez;Zaphpfs;
itu];
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.

itu]; - yj;jPd; nkhopr; nrhy; nghUs; - eQ;R

bkpl;hpf; ItNdh];fp fz;Lgpbj;jhh;
w.m. ];lhd;yp itui] gbf tbtpy; gphpj;jth;
ituhy[p itu];fis gw;wpa mwptpay; gphpT
vy;iyf;NfhL - ,it capUs;s capuw;w gz;Gfis nfhz;l caphpfspd; vy;iyf;NfhL
tpUe;Njhk;gp nry; - itu]; jd;id ngUf;fpf; nfhs;s cjTk; caphp.
nry; glyk;, tsh;rpij khw;w cWg;G ,y;iy
Nfg;]pl;
- itui] Rw;wpAs;s ciw
kuGg; nghUs; - DNA (OR) RNA
tphpahd;
- xU KOikahd itu];
TMV
Kjypy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l itu]; (Gifapiy nkhirf;)
ghf;BhpahNg[; - ghf;Bhpahitj; jhf;fk; itu];
igNfhNg[;
- ghrpia jhf;fk; itu];
igl;NlhNg[; - jhtuq;fis jhf;Fk; itu]; (RNA itu];)
#Ng[;
- tpyq;ffisj; jhf;Fk; itu]; (DNA itu];)
ikf;NfhNg[; - G+Q;irfisj; jhf;Fk; itu];
raNdhNg[;
- ePyg; gRk; ghrpfisj; jhf;fk; itu];
RUs; tbt itu]; - TMV kw;wk; ,d;GSnad;]h
fdrJu tbtk;
- HIV( nul;Nuh) kw;Wk; mbNdhitu];
Gw;W Neha;
- Md;Nfhn[dpf; itu]; (irkd; itu]; (sv40))
AIDS
HIV itu]; gug;Gk;
SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (NfhNuh itu];)
Ntwpeha;ff
; b
Nugp]; (yp];]h itu];)
nghd;Df;F tPq;fp ghuhkpf;Nrh itu];
kQ;rs; fhkhiy
n`gilb]; itu];
nlq;F
gpNstp
gd;wp fha;rr
; y;
- ];itd; ,d;GSad;]h (A H1 N1)

ghf;Bhpah
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

Md;ld; thd; ypA+td; `f; vd;gth; fz;Lgpbj;jhh; (1675)

Vud;gh;f;
- ghf;Bhpah vd;w nrhy;iy Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath;
,uhgh;l; Nfhr; - Neha;fSf;Fk; Ez;ZaphpfSf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;G
Yhap gh];lh; - n[k; nfhs;if (Neha;fs; gw;wpaJ)
ghf;Bhpah
mikg;G
m) GNuhNfhpahbf; nry;yhy; MdJ
M) nry;Rth;
- ghJfhg;ig mspf;Fk;
,) GNuhl;Nlhgpsh]k; - nry;Yf;F cs;Ns cs;s capUs;s nghUs;. nry;rt;T,
irl;Nlhgpshrk;, epA+f;spa]; vd gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
<) Nfhy;if cWg;G, iyNrhNrhk;, ikl;Nlhfhz;lhpah, vz;Nlhgpshr tiy Nghd;wit ,y;iy
c) epwkpfs; irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd (FNshNuhgpy;)
C) epA+f;spa]; gFjpapy; tl;l tbt <hpio bvd;V cs;sJ
v) gpsh];kpl; - irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; cs;s [PNdhk; ,y;yhj bvd;V
V) nry;Rthpy; firapio fhzg;gLfpwJ (efh;Tf;F cjTk;)
I) rpy ghf;Bhpahf;fspy; mstpy; rpwpa igy]; (m) gpk;ghpNa cs;sJ. ,J ghf;Bhpah
,izjypy; cjTk;
ghf;Bhpah msT ikf;uhd; myfhy; msf;fg;gLk;
0.2 Kjy; 1.5 ikf;uhd; tpl;lk;
3 Kjy; 5 ikf;uhd; ePsk;

www.kalvisolai.com - 17 of 29.
7.

ghf;Bhpah tif
m) fhf;f];
M) N;grpy;y];
,) ];ighpy;yk;
<) tpg;hpNah

tbtk; mbg;gilapy;
- Nfhs(m)cUis tbtk;
- Nfhy; (m) Fr;rp tbtk;
- jpUF (m) RUs; tbtk;
fhy;Gs;sp (m) fkh tbtk;

8.

ghf;Bhpah tif firapio mbg;gilapy;

m) xw;iw firapio xU Kidapy; kl;Lk; firapio ,Uf;Fk;
M),UKid firapio - ,U KiaapYk; firapio cs;sJ
,)xU fw;iw firapio xU Kidapy; fw;iwahf ,Uf;Fk;
<)nghpl;iuf];
- nry;iyr; Rw;wp firapio cs;sJ
c)firapio mw;wit (Atrichous) firapio fpilahJ

9.

Mh;jN
; uhghf;lh; - xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tbtk; nfhz;l ghf;Bhpah

10. ghf;Bhpah Neha;fs;

ilgha;L
- rhy;Nkhndy;yh ilgp
fhyuh
- tpg;hpNah fhyNu
gpNsf;
- vh;rpdpah ng];b];
rpgpyp];
- l;hpg;NghdpNkhghyplk; rpgpyp]; (ghy;tpid Neha;)
ep];Nrhpah nfhNdhhpah ep];Nrhpah ghf;Bhpak; (ghy;tpid Neha;)
l;A+gh; FNshrp];
- ikf;Nfh ghf;Bhpak;
njhONeha;
- ikf;Nfh ghf;Bhpak; Nyg;Nu
ney;
- ntg;GNeha; (gpisl;) - rhe;NjhNkhdh]; xiuN]
gUj;jp
- Nfhz ,iyg; Gs;sp rhe;NjhNkhdh]; khyNtrpNauk;
Nghp
- jP ntg;G Neha;
- #lhNkhdh]; NrhyNdrpNauk;
Nful;
- nkd; mOfy; Neha; - vh;tpdpah Nful;NlhNthuh
cUis
tpy;l; Neha;
- #lhNkhdh]; nrhyudhrPahuk;
vYkpr;ir
rpl;u]; Neha;
- rhe;NjhNkhdh]; rpl;hp
ML
Me;jpuhf;];
- Ngrpy;y]; Me;ju; hrp];
khL
GUnry;kyhrp];
- GUnry;Nyh mNghh;lr];
nrk;kwp ML GUnry;yh nkypg;nld;rp];
11. ghf;Bhpah ed;ikfs;
m) ,aw;ifapd; Jg;Gwthsh;fs; - ,we;j jhtu tpyq;F clk;gpy; cs;s Gujq;fis, mk;Nkhdpah
iel;Nul;Lfs; kw;wk; iel;iul;Lfshf khw;Wk;.
M) mk;Nkhdpahit epiyepWj;Jk; ghf;Bhpah ghrpy;y]; uNkh]];
,) iel;hpigapq; ghf;Bhpah
iel;Nuhghf;lh;, iel;NuhNrhNkhdh];
<) iel;u[id epiyepWj;Jk ghf;Bhpah mrNlhghf;lh;, fpsh];lh; b
P ak;, iuNrhgpak;
c) tpdpfh; jahhpg;G mrpl;Nlhghf;lh; mrpl;il
C) gpA+l;ily; My;f`hy; kw;Wk; kPji
; jy; My;f`hy; - fpsh];lh; b
P ak; mrNlh G+l;bypf;fk;
v) ];nlg;l;Nuhikrpd;
- ];nlg;l;Nuhikrp]; fpNurpa];
V) ghrpl;uhd;
- Ngrpy;y]; rg;byp];
c) ghiy japuhf khw;w - ];ln
; ug;nlhfhf;f]; yhf;b];
C) eWkzk;
- ghrpy;y]; nkfhjPhpak; (Njapiy, Nfhf;Nfh, fhg;gpnfhl;il)

ghrpfs;
1.

fpshkpNlhnkhdh];
-

xU nry;yhy; Md ghrp
cUis (m) Kl;il tbtk;
nry;YNyhrhy; Md nry; Rth; cz;L
nry;Rtiu Rw;wpAs;s ciw ngf;bd;
fpz;z tbt gr;irak; cz;L (ighpdha;L, ];lhh;r; ,Uf;Fk;)
xU N[hb firapio cz;L (,lg;ngah;rr
; pf;F cjTk;)
ghrpfis Fwpj;j mwptpay; gphpT igf;fhy[p
Mrpyl;Nlhhpah mdgPdh eh];lhf; Nghd;wit iel;u[id epiyepWj;Jfpd;wd
My;[pdpf; mkpyk; g;uTd; My;fhtpy; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLk;

www.kalvisolai.com - 18 of 29.
G+Q;irfs;
1.

<];l;
xU nry;yhy; Md rhWz;zp
epA+f;spa]; cz;L
vz;Nlhgpshr tiy iuNghNrhk; ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pah cs;sJ
gr;irak; ,y;iy. czT jahhpf;f KbahJ
xl;Lz;zp (m) rhWz;zp tho;f;if Kiw
xapd; kw;Wk; My;f`hy; jahhpg;gpy; <];L cjTfpwJ
itl;lkpd; gp kw;Wk; hpNghgpNstpd; jahhpg;gpy; <];l; cjTk;

2.G+Q;ir jPikfs;
Nth; fliy bf;fhNeha; - nrh;Nfh];Nghuh ngh;rNdl;lh kw;Wk; nrh;Nfh];Nghuh
muhf;fpbf;Nfhyh
fUk;G rpfg;G mOfy; Neha; - Nfhypl;Nlh biuf;fk; gy;Nfl;lk;
ney; - ,iyg;Gs;sp Neha; - ighpFNyhpah xiuNr
czT nfLjy; - mgNyhlhf;]pd;(er;R) M];gh;[py;y];
3.G+Q;ir ed;ikfs;
- czTf; fhshd;
-mfhhpf]; kw;Wk; Nkhh;nry;yh
- Guj Cl;lg; nghUs; - FNshnuy;yh kw;Wk; ];ighpypdh
- Mf;]hypf; mkpyk; - M];ngh;[py;y]; iefh;
- ngdprpypd;
- ngdprPypak; nehnll;lk; kw;Wk; ng.fpiuNrh[Pdk;

GNuhl;NlhNrhth
1.
2.
3.
4.

xU nry;caphp
jdpj;Jk; thOk; (ed;dhP ,; cg;GePh); . xl;Lz;zpahfTk; thOk;
xl;Lz;zp mf xl;Lz;zpahfTk;, Gw xl;Lz;zpahfTk; thOk;
GNuhl;NlhNrhth cjhuzq;fs;
gpsh];Nkhbak;
- (tFg;G -];NghNuhNrhth)
vz;lkPgh `p];lhypfh
- (tFg;G - iuNrhNghlh)
bhpg;gd;dNrhkh Nfk;gpad;]; - (tFg;G - gpsh[Nyl;lh xl;Lz;zp)
A+f;spdh
- (tFg;G - gpsh[Nyl;lh xl;Lz;zp)
mkPgh
- (tFg;G - iuNrhNghlh xl;Lz;zp)

5.

GNuhl;NlhNrhth Neha;fs;
B.T . kNyhpah
gpsh];Nkhbak; itthf;];
M.T. kNyhpah(Black water fever) gpsh];Nkhbak; ghy;rpNghuk;
mkPgpahrp];
- vz;lkPgh `p];lhyp bf;fh
igNahhpah
- vz;lkPgh [pQ;Rthyp];
tapw;Wg; Nghf;F
- [pahh;bah
Nfk;gpad; Jhf;f tpahjp
- bhpg;gd;dNrhkh Nfk;gpad;];
Ubrpad; Jhf;f tpahjp
- bhpg;gd;dNrhkh Ubrpad;]p
ghf;Bhpahf;fis cz;L tho;tjhy; kz; tsk; nfLk;
fly;tho; Gnuhl;NlhNrhthf;fshy; kPd,; rpg;gp, kl;b ghjpg;gilAk;

6.

vjph; caphpfs;
Ez;Zaphpfsplk; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLk; kUe;J. Ez;Zaphpfis mopg;gjw;F cjTk;.
c.k;. ngdprpypd;, ghrpl;uhrpd;, ];nlg;l;Nuhikrpd;

7.

Neha;gug;gpfs;
Nehia xUthplk; ,Ue;J kw;nwhUtUf;F gug;Gk; caphpfs;

8.

Neha;fs; kw;Wk; guTk; Kiw

rsp
fhw;W
kQ;rs; fhkhiy ePh;
,d;GSnad;]h ePh;
fhyuh, ilgha;L mRj;j ePh;
nll;ld];
- cly; fhaq;fs;
vypf;fha;rr
; y;
- tpyq;F rpWePh; (mzpy; kw;Wk; vyp)
njhONeha;
- Neubj; njhlh;G ePh; fZf;fhy; Neha; gug;gp %yk;
kNyhpah
Neha;gug;gp %yk;
ghjg;gil
epyk; kw;Wk; ePh; (];Nghh;fs;)
rPjNgjp
mRj;j ePh; czT <f;fs;
ff;Fthd; ,Uky; - fhw;W

www.kalvisolai.com - 19 of 29.
-

vYk;GUf;fp
fhw;W (%f;F top)
rpd;dk;ik
ePh; Jsp topahf
jl;lk;ik
ePh; Jsp topahf
nghl;lhyk;ik ePh; kw;Wk; Jhrp
va;l]
; ;
- cly; Nrh;fi
; f jha; %yk; jpRghpkhw;wk;
nlq;F, rpf;Fd; Fdpah Neha;gug;gp %yk; (nfhR)

9.

czT Ez;Zaphpfis fl;LgLj;Jk; Kiwfs;

lg;ghfspLjy;
Fsp&l;Ljy;
ePiu ntspNaw;Wjy; -#hpa xspapy; fha itj;jy;
gjg;gLj;jpfis gad;gLj;Jjy; (tpdpfh;, Nrhbak; ngd;NrhNal;)
ntg;gg;gLj;Jjy;
nfhjpf;f itj;jy;
cyh;jJ
; jy;
10. ghy;gjg;gLj;Jjy; - 72 nrd;bfpNuL ntg;gepiyf;F 30 epkplq;fSf;F
120 nrd;bfpNuLf;F Fspu itf;fntz;Lk; - (gh];bah; Kiw)

#LgLj;jp cldbahf

11. caphpay; fl;lg;ghL ghf;Bhpah kw;w caphpdq;fis jhf;fhky; gaph;fis jhf;Fk; g+r;rpfis
mopj;jy;
12. kuG nghwpapaypy; Ez;Zaphpfspd; gq;F
[Pd; kUj;Jtj;jpy; gad;gLfpwJ
,d;Rypd; [Pd,; epg; [Pd; Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;f (,.Nfhyp, Ngrpy;y];, ];ln
; ug;Nlhikrp];)
caphpay; Ma;T fUtpahf (itu];)
ghf;Bhpah ngUf;fk; (,ul;il gpsT)
ghy; japuhjy;
,we;j cly;fis rpijj;J Rj;jg;gLj;jy; - rhWz;zp ghf;Bhpah
iel;u[id epiyg;gLj;Jjy;
- ghf;Bhpah
13. My;fh kyh;rr
; p ePh; epiyfspy; eilngWk; My;fhf;fspd; ngUf;fk; ,jd; %yk; ePh; tho;
caphpdq;fs; ghjpf;fg;glfpd;wd ,J A+l;NuhgpNf~d; vd;Wk; $Wth;
14. caph; Gtp Row;rp
caph;Nfhsj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Ntjpapay; Row;rp
caphpdq;fSf;Fk; - #oYf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngWk; Row;rp
15. Nehapay; - caphpdq;fSf;F Ez;Zaphpfshy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fisAk; mjd; fhuzq;fisAk;
gw;wp mwpAk; mwptpay; gphpT

caphpdq;fspd; gy;jd;ik
1.
2.

nry;
caphpdq;fspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray; myF
,uhgh;l; `_f; fz;lwpe;jhh;
nry; nfhs;if
N[f;fg; ];yl
P d; kw;Wk; jpNahlh; ];thd; ntspapl;ldh; (1838)
vy;yh caphpdq;fSk; nry;yhy; Mf;fg;gl;lit
nry;fs; mjd; Ke;ija nry;fspy; ,Ue;J cUthFk;

3.

kdpj nry;fs; - tbtk;

euk;G nry;
Rlh; nry;
Rug;gp nry;
jl;L vgpjPyak;
Jhz; vgpjPypak;
mz;l nry;
,uj;jr; nry;fs;
jirnry; ehh; nry;

el;rj;jpuk;
Foy;
fd rJuk;
gy; Nfhzk;
cUis
Kl;il
tl;lk;
ePs; tbtk;

www.kalvisolai.com - 20 of 29.
4.

kdpj nry;fs; - gzp

jl;L vgpjPypak;
jir nry;fs;
nfhOg;G nry;fs;
euk;G nry;fs;
vYk;G nry;fs;
$k;G kw;Wk; Fr;rp nry;fs;
ej;ijf; $L nry; (nrtp)
Rug;gp nry;

5.

tbtk; ghJfhg;G
RUq;fp tphpjy;
nfhOg;Gfis Nrkpf;f
euk;Gj; Jz;liy flj;jy;
cWjp & cliy jhq;Fjy;
ghh;it epwk; czu
Xyp czu
nehjp Ruj;jy

nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfs;
irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; capUs;s nghUs;fs;
cly;Njitf;F Vw;g nry;gphpjy; %yk; ngUFk;

nry; Ez;ZWg;G kw;Wk; gzpfs;

1.

2.
-

vz;Nlhgpsh] tiy
- tiygpd;dy; kw;Wk; ,ilntspNahL $ba Fkpo; mikg;G
- 1945y; Nghh;ll
; h; fz;lwpe;jhh;. 1952y; ngahpl;lhh;
- cl;fU rt;tpy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wk;
- ,U tifg;gLk;
(m) Jfs; mw;w vz;Nlhgpsh] tiy (totog;ghd mfg;gpshr tiy)
iuNghNrhk; mw;wJ.
- Gujk; mw;w nry;ypy; ,Uf;Fk; (fy;yuP y; nry;, ypA+f;Nfhirl;)
(M) Jfs; nfhz;l tiy (nrhunrhug;G mfg;gpsh]tiy)
psh]tiy)
iuNghNrhk; xl;bf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
- Guj cw;gj;jp eilngWk; nry;ypy; cs;sJ (fizanry;, gpsh];khnry,; fy;yuP y;)
gzpfs;
m) xU rl;lfkhf mike;J cUtk; nfhLf;fpwJ
M) er;Rj; jd;ikapy; ,Ue;J nry;iy ghJfhf;f
,) nfhOg;gpid cw;gj;jp nra;a fpisf;Nfh[id cilf;f (totog;ghd vz;Nlhgpshr tiy)

iuNghNrhk;
vz;Nlhgpsh] tiyapy; xl;bf; nfhz;bUf;fk; Nfhs tbt Jfs;
claude vd;gth; fz;lwpe;J ikf;NuhNrhk; vd ngahpl;lhh; (1941)
palade vd;gth; iuNghNrhk; vd ngahpl;lhh; (1955)
];igufps; tbtk; nfhz;lit
cl;fU kzpapy; ,Ue;J cUthFk;
nghpa Jiz myF rpwpa Jiz myF vd xt;nthU iuNghNrhKk; ngw;Ws;sd
mjpfkhd iuNghNrhk;fs; ,ize;jpUe;jhy; mJ ghypiuNghNrhk; (m) ghypNrhk;
tif : 70s, 80s, 55s (s- ];ntl;ngh;f; myF)
mkpNdh mkpyk; kw;Wk; Guj cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ
iuNghNrhk; Muha;rr
; papy; Nehgy; ghpRngw;wth;fs; (2009)
Ntq;fl;uhkd; uhkfpU~;zd (,e;jpah-mnkhpf;fh)
jhk]; ];nla;]; (mnkhpf;fh)
Mlhaj; (,];Nuy;)
3.Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;
- %d;W tpjkhd rt;tikg;gpy; cs;sJ
- jl;ilahd ig(rp];lh;Nd), rpwpa Ez;Foy;fs;, nghpa Ez;Fkpo;fs;
- irNkh[d; Jfs; Nghd;w Ruf;Fk; Foy;fis cUthf;Fk;
- Cirl;Lfspy; kQ;rs; fUit cUthf;Fk;
- tpop epwkp nry;iy cUthf;f cjTfpd;wd
- tpe;jZ mf;NuhNrhik cUthf;f cjTfpd;wd
4.iyNrhNrhk;
4.iyNrhNrhk
- bLtp vd;gth; 1955y; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;
- tpyq;F kw;Wk; jhtu nry;fspy; cs;sJ
- nry;ypy; cs;s fopTg; nghUs;fis ntspNaw;Wk; cUz;il tbt mikg;G.
- Nfhy;if cWg;G my;yJ mfg;gpshr tiyapy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wk;
gzpfs;
- nry;Yf;Fs; tUk; nghUs; iyNrhNrhkpd; nehjpahy; rPuzkhFk;
- ,we;J Nghd nry; gFjpfis rpijj;J ntspNaw;w cjTfpwJ
- xU nry; rpijtilAk; NghJ mjpy; cs;s iynrhNrhk; ntbj;J ntspNaWk;. mg;NghJ mJ
nehjpfis Rue;J rpijtile;j gFjpia [Puzpf;Fk;. jhd; ,Uf;Fk; nry;iy jhNd
[Puzpg;gjhy; ,J nry;ypd; jw;nfhiyg; igfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
- mz;lr;Rug;gpapd; glyq;fis [Puzpj;J tpe;J nry; cs;Ns nrd;W fUTWjy; elf;f cjTk;.

www.kalvisolai.com - 21 of 29.
5.ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pah
- ngz;lh vd;gth; ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pah vd ngahpl;lhh; (1898)
- ghyhl; kw;Wk; N[h];uhz;l; cs;SWg;ig Muha;e;jdh;
- irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; cs;s kzpfs; Nghd;w (m) Fr;rp mikg;G
- ,U Gujj;jhy; Md ,ul;ilr; rt;thy;; MdJ.
- cl;rt;thdJ jl;L (m) tpuy; Nghd;W cl;gpJf;fq;fshf ,Uf;Fk;
,J fphp];Nl vdg;gLk;.
- ,U rt;tpw;fk; ,ilNaAs;s ,ilntsp nghpikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pay;
,ilntsp vdg;gLk;
- ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpd; mikg;G caphpdq;fspy; fphp];Nlf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mbg;gilapy;
NtWgLfpwJ
gzpfs;
nry; Rthrj;jpy; ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ
rf;jpia cUthf;Fk; Mw;wy; ikaq;fshf cs;sJ
A+hpah Row;rpapd; Kjy; epiy ,jd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ
vOk;gpy; cUthFk; fhy;rpaj;ij gyklq;fhf Nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ.
Mw;wiy Nrkpj;J itf;fpd;wJ. Njitg;gLk; NghJ ntsptpLk;.
Mw;wy; (ATP) mbNdhrpd; l;iu gh];Ngl;
6.nrd;lh; pNahy;fs;
- n`d;dpif kw;Wk; Yf];nrf; tpsf;fpdhh;fs; (1897)
- tpyq;F nry;ypy; cl;fUtpw;F mUfpy; cs;sJ (Fr;rp tbtk;)
- nry;gphpAk; NghJ fjph; ,io ehh;fisAk;, M];l;uy; cWg;igAk; cUthf;fp nry; gphpjiy
jpl;lkpLfpwJ.
7.cl;fU
- nry;ypd; fUtpy; mike;Js;s tl;l tbtr; nry; cWg;G
- ,J Kf;fpa 4 gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
m) cl;fUglyk;
- iyg;NghGNuhl;bdhy; MdJ (,U glyk;)
M) epA+f;spNahgpshrk; - cl;fUglyj;jpw;Fk; epA+f;spNahyRf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
GNuhl;Nlhgpshrj; jputk;
,) FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; - epA+f;spNahgpsh]j;jpy; FNuhNkhl;bd; tiyg;gpd;dy; fhzg;gLk;.
nry;gphpAk; NghJ njspthf FNuhNkhNrhkhf khWk;
<) cl;fU kzp nry; mikg;ghsh; vdg;gLfpwJ.
epA+f;spNahy]; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,jDs; iuNghNrhk; GNuhl;bd;fSk;, iuNghNrhk; RNA
fhzg;gLfpwJ. RNA %yf;$iw Nrkpf;fpd;wJ
gzpfs;
irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; eilngWk; nray;fis fl;LgLj;JfpwJ
cl;fU glyk; madpfis ghpkhw;wk; nra;fpwJ

jpRf;fs;
1.
2.

jpR Njhw;wk,; tbtk;, nray;fspy; xj;jpUf;Fk; nry;fspd; njhFg;G.

tpyq;F jpR (Ntiyapd; mbg;gilapy;)
m) vgpjPypa jpR
M) flj;Jk; jpR
,) ,izg;G jpr
<) euk;G jpR
c) jir jpR
vd 5 tiffshf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ

3.

vgpjPypaj; jpR
cWg;Gfspd; Gwj;NjhypYk; cly; Fop cl;Gwj;jpYk; cs;sJ
,jd; nry;fs; neUf;fkhf ,Uf;Fk;

tiffs;
m) jl;il vgpjPyak; - xU thpirapy; mike;j jl;il nry; njhFg;G. nry;ypd; kj;jpapy; cl;fU
cs;sJ. fd;dj;jpd; cl;Gw cWg;Gfspd; glyq;fspYk; cs;sJ
gzp ghJfhg;G EiuaPuypy; thAf;fspd; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjtp
M) Jhz; vgpjPypak; - caukhd kw;Wk; cUz;il tbt nry;fspd; njhFg;G. Kl;il tbt
cl;fU cs;sJ. rpWFlypd; cl;Gw Rthpy; fhzg;gLk; jpR.
gzp tapw;wpd; Rtw;wpy; nehjpfis Ruj;jy;
rpWFlypy; nrhpf;fg;gl;l czit cwpQ;rTk;
,) fdrJu vgpjPypak; - ,jpy; cs;s nry;fs; fdrJu tbtk; cilait. Fly; kw;Wk;
ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspd; Rth;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
gzp rpWePuff; Foha;fspd; kW cwpQ;Rjy; %yk; ePiu cwpQ;rg; gad;gLfpwJ

www.kalvisolai.com - 22 of 29.
<) FW ,io vgpjPypak;
pak - Jhz; vgpjPyak; Nghy; mikg;G. Mdhy; ,jpy; FW,iofs; cs;sJ.
fhw;Wf;Foy; (m) l;uf;fpahtpd; cl;Gwk; ,J fhzg;gLk;.
gzp rpypahf;fs; mirtjd; %yk; khR ePff
; g;gLfpwJ
c) czh;T vgpjPypak; - njhL czh;Tf;F Jyq;Fk; tz;zk; mike;Js;sd. ehrpf; Foypd;
cl;Gwk; cs;s EfUk; vgpjPypa nry;fspy; cs;sJ
C) Rug;gp vgpjPypak; v) ,dg;ngUf;f vgpjPypak; 4.

flj;Jk; jpR
,J xU jput jpR
czTg; nghUs;, Rthr thA, fopTg; nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; flj;Jk;
55% gpsh];khTk; 45% ,uj;j nry;fSk; cs;sd
,uj;j nryfs; %d;W tifg;gLk;
m) ,uj;j rptg;G mZ (vhpj;Nuhirl;)
M) ,uj;j nts;isaZ (yPA+Nfhirl;)
,) ,uj;jj; jl;Lfs;
(j;Nuhk;Nghirl;Lfs;)
m) ,uj;j rptg;G mZ
- ngUksT gFjp ,Uf;Fk;
- tl;l tbtk; ,UGwKk; Fope;J ,Uf;Fk;
- cl;fU ,y;iy. `PNkhFNshgpd; (epwkp) cs;sJ
- vYk;G k[;i[apy; cUthFk;
- Mal;fhyk; 100-120 ehl;fs;
- Mf;]p[id vLj;J nry;Yk;
M) ,uj;j nts;is mZf;fs;
- epwkpfsw;wJ
- xOq;fw;w tbtk; nfhz;l cl;fU cs;sJ
- vYk;G k[;i[ kw;Wk; epzePh; Rug;gpapy; cUthFk;
- MAl;fhyk; 2-3 thuk;
- clYf;Fs; tUk; fpUkpfis mopf;fpwJ
,) ,uj;j jl;Lfs;
- kpfr; rpwpait
- ,uj;jk; ciwjYf;F Njit

5.

,izg;G jpR
- ,jpy; cs;s nry;fs; xoq;fw;wit
- nry;fSf;fpilNa ,ilntsp cz;L
- ,ilntspapy; Nkl;hpf;]; ($o;kjputk;) cs;sJ
- ,it ,U tifg;gLk;
- m) nfhOg;G jpR M) jhq;F jpR
m) nfhOg;G jpR
- NjhYf;F ,ilapYk; cs;SWg;GfSf;F ,ilapYk; cs;sJ
- ,e;j jpRtpy; cs;s nry;fSf;F ,ilaPlL
; nghUs; ,y;iy
- ,J nfhOg;ig Nrkpf;fpwJ
M) jhq;F jpR
- cly; KOtijAk; jhq;f gad;gLfpwJ. 3 tifg;gLk;
(1) FWj;njYk;G jpR (2) vYk;G jpR (3) tiy ,izk jpR
(1) FWj;njYk;G jpR
- ,jpy; cs;s nry;fSf;F ,ilNa ngUk; ,ilntsp cz;L
- jpl ,ilaPlL
; g; nghUs;fs; cz;L
- Gujk;, rh;f;fiu cs;sJ, kpUJthdJ
- %l;Lfs;, fhJkly;, %f;F, %r;Rf;Foy;, Fuy;tisapy; cs;sJ
(2) vYk;G jpR
- cliy jhq;Fjy; kw;Wk; cUtk; nfhLf;Fk; jpR
- fhy;rpak; kw;Wk; gh];gu]; $l;Lg; nghUshy; MdJ
- jir ehz;fs; cjtpAld; vYk;Gfs; ,izf;fg;gLk;
- jir ehz;fs; kPs; jd;ikAilaJ
(3) tiy ,izk jpR
- jsh;thd ,izg;g jpR
- NjhYf;Fk; jirf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;sJ
- ,uj;jf; Foha;fs; euk;gfs; kw;wk; vYk;G k[;i[apid Rw;wp fhzg;gLk;
- cWg;Gfspd; cs;sikg;ig jhq;f rpije;j jpRit gOJghh;ff
; cjTk;

www.kalvisolai.com - 23 of 29.
6.

euk;G jpRf;fs;
euk;G nry; (epA+uhd;) kw;Wk; euk;G ehh;fshy; MdJ
czh;T jpwd; kw;wk; flj;Jk; jpwid ngw;Ws;sJ
kw;w jpRfspy; ,Ue;J khWgl;lJ
%is, jz;Ltlk;, euk;Gfs; Nghd;wit euk;G jpRf;fshy; MdJ.

7.

euk;G nry; (epA+uhd;)

euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; nray; myF
Kl;il tbtkhfNth tl;l tbtkhfNth fhzg;gLk;
,jd; nry; clyk; irl;lhd; vdg;gLk;
irl;lhdpy; eP];N]y; vdg;gLk; fUikahd Jfs; cs;sJ
irl;lhdpy; cs;s fpis Nghd;w mikg;g nld;lu; hd; MFk;.
nld;lu; hd; NkYk; fpisj;J nld;biul;i] cUthf;Fk;
irl;lhdpy; ,Ue;J fpsk;Gk; thy; Nghd;w gFjp Mf;]hd; MFk;.

8.

jir jpRf;fs;
- ,it ePzl
; it vdNt ,it jir ehh;fs; vdg;gLk;
- cly; ,af;fj;jpw;F gad;gLk;
- RUq;Fk; Gujj;jhy; MdJ
- 3 tifg;gLk;
m) thpj;jir M) thpaw;wj; jir ,) ,ja jir
m) thpj;jir
- vYk;GfSld; ,ize;jpUg;gjhy; ,it vYk;G jir vdg;gLk;
- ,af;F jir vd;Wk; NtWngah; cz;L
- gy cl;fUf;fis nfhz;l nry;fshy; MdJ
- ,J ehh; Nghy; ePzL
; ,Ug;gjhy; jir ehh; vdg;gLfpwJ
- ,jDs; rhh;fN
; fh gpshrk; vDk; ,ilapl;Lg; nghUs; cs;sJ.
- ,tw;wpy; FWf;F thp fhzg;gLtjhy; thpj;jir vd;gLfpwJ.
M) thpaw;wj; jir
- ikaj;jpy; mfd;Wk; xuj;jpy; nkype;Jk; ,Uf;Fk;
- ,e;j jir nry;fspy; xNu xU cl;fUTk;, rhh;f;Nfh gpshrKk; cs;sJ
- czTg; ghij, Rthr ghij, jkdpfs;, rpiufs;, rpWePhg
; i
; g Nghd;w cWg;Gfspy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
- ,it ,aq;F jirfs; vdg;gLk;. thpfsw;wJ.
- ,e;j jirnry;ypd; gpsh];kh glyk; rhh;f;Nfhnyk;kh MFk;.
,) ,jaj; jir
- ,jaj;jpd; Rthpy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;
- ,ja jirapy; cs;s nry;fspy; gy cl;fU cz;L
- rhh;Nfhgpsh]k;, rhh;Nfhnyk;kh cz;L
- fUik kw;Wk; ntsphpa thpfs; cz;L
- ek; tho;ehs; KOtJk; RUq;fp tphpAk;

9.

cWg;Gfs;
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jpRf;fs; xd;W Nrh;eJ
; xh; cWg;ig cUthf;Fk;.
c.k;. fz; (vgpjPypajpR, ,izg;GjpR, euk;GjpR, jirjpR ,ize;jJ)

10. fz;fs;
Kf;fpa GyDWg;G. kz;ilNahl;bd; fz; Fopfspy; mike;Js;sJ.
fz;Nfhsk; %d;W mLf;Ffshy; (ciw) MdJ
m) ntsp mLf;F - ];fpspuhl;bf; ciw (tpopntz; glyk;)
M) eL mLf;F nfhuha;L ciw
(tpopabf;fUk;glyk;)
,) cs; mLf;F nul;bdh ciw
(tpopj;jpiu)
m) ntsp mLf;F
- Kd;gFjpia jtpu kw;w gFjpfspy; ntz;ik epwkhf cs;sJ.
- ,J fz;zpw;F tbtj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; mspf;fpwJ.
- fz;zpd; Kd; gFjpapy; ,J nky;ypajhfTk; xsp Gff;$bajhfTk; khwpAs;sJ
,J fhh;dpah vdg;gLk;
M) eL mLf;F
- ,J fz;zpd; eLg;glyk;. ,jpy; fUikepw epwkpfs; cs;sd.
- nfhuha;L ciwapd; Kd; Kidapy; ghit vd;w Jis cs;sJ
- fhh;dpahit #o;eJ
; s;s gFjp Ihp]; vdg;gLk;. Ihp]py; epwkpfs; cs;sd.
,) cs; mLf;F
- cs; mLf;fpy; tpopj;jpiu cs;sJ. ,jpy; cUis kw;Wk; $k;G nry;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
- cUis nry;fs; gytpj xspfisg; ghh;ff
; cjTk;.
- $k;G nry;fs; epwq;fisg; ghh;ff
; cjTk;
cjTk.

www.kalvisolai.com - 24 of 29.
- tpopj;jpiuapy; $k;G nry;fs; mjpfk; cs;s gFjp kQrs; jhdk; (/Nghgpah) ,it
$h;eJ
; gbf;f cjTk;.
- xsp czh;jd;ikaw;w gFjp FUl;Lj; jhdk
jhdk; vdg;gLk;.
<) tpoptpy;iy (nyd;]);
- nyd;]; xsp CLUtf;$ba ,UGwk; Ftpe;j kPsj
; d;ikAilaJ.
- ,J rpypahpj;jirfSld; ,ize;Js;sJ.
- tpop ntz;glyj;jpw;Fk; tpopnyd;Rf;fk; ,ilapy; cs;s jputk; tpop Kd; miw
jputk;.
- tpopnyd;Rf;Fk; tpopj;jpiuf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s jputk; tpop gpd; miw jputk;.
,j;jputk; jpiuapy; gpk;gk; mikg;gjpy; gq;F ngWfpwJ.
c) ghh;itf; FiwghL
kNahgpah (fpl;lg; ghh;it) Fop nyd;];
i`g;gh; nkl;Nuhgpah (Jhug;ghh;it) Ftp nyd;];
V];bf;khl;brk; (xspia nyd;]; gy ,lq;fspy; Ftpf;Fk;)
C) ghh;it epwkpfs;
Nuhlhg;]pd; - cUis nry;ypy; ,Uf;Fk; ghh;itia czUk;
mNahlhg;]pd;
pd - $k;G nry;ypy; cs;sJ. mjpf xspia ngw, epwj;ij mwpa,
$h;ikahd ghh;itf;F cjTk;
11. fopT ePff
; kz;lyk;
tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpdhy; cUthfk; foptpid ,uj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J gphpg;gJ & ntspNaw;wy;
clypy; ,Ue;J iel;u[d; fopitAk; ntspNaw;Wk;
12. rpWePufk;
KJnfYk;gpw;F mUfpy; cs;sJ
tyg;gf;f rpWePufk; rw;W fPopwq;fp cs;sJ
ntspg;Gwk; Ftpe;Jk;, cl;Gwk; Fope;Jk; cs;sJ
Fope;J fhzg;gLk; cl;gFjp i`ny]; vdg;gLk;
rpWePufj;jpy; fUQrptg;G epw ntspg;gFjp fhh;nlf;];
ntsphpa cl;gFjp nkLy;yh
gpukpL Nghd;w gFjpfSf;F ,ilNaAs;sJ ngy;tpf;];
ngy;tpf;R ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; fpz;zk; Nghd;wJ fhypr];
neg;uhd;fs; - rpWePufj;jpd; mbg;gil myF. Ez;Foy;fshy; MdJ
neg;uhd;fs; fhh;nlf;]; kw;wk; nkLy;yh gFjpapy; mjpfk; cs;sJ.

gzpfs;
-

,uj;jj;jpd; eLepiyj; jd;ikia guhkhpf;fpwJ

,uj;jj;jpd; PH msit epiy epWj;JfpwJ
mjpfg;gbahd ePiu clypy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wp xOq;fgLj;Jk;.

13. cly; rkepiy FSNfh]; msT

rh;ff
; iu msT mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ - ,d;rypd; Ruf;fg;gLk;
rh;ff
; iu msT FiwAk; NghJ
FSf;fhd; Ruf;fg;gLk;
14.

Rthrpj;jy;
fhpk %yf;$W Ntjp Mw;wyhf khWk;. (Mf;]p[Ndw;wk;)
,e;j Mw;wy; ATPia cUthf;Fk;
ATP (mbNdhrpd; l;iu gh];Ngl;)
,U tifg;gLk; fhw;W Rthrk; kw;Wk; fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk;
fhw;w Rthrk;
Rthrk
- Mf;]p[d; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
- fhpk %yf;$W rpijf;fg;gl;L CO2 ePUk; fpilf;Fk;
- fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; (nehjpj;jy)
- Mf;]p[d; gad;gLj;jg; glhJ
- Ez;Zaphpfs; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd
- nehjpj;jy; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;

15. tsh;rpij khw;wk;

caphpdq;fspy; eilngwk; Mw;wy; ntspaPL, Mw;wiyg; gad;gLj;Jjy,; Mw;wy; ghpkhw;wk;
Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa caph; Ntjpapay; epfo;T ,U tifg;gLk;
m) tsh;rr
; p khw;wk; M) rpij khw;wk;
(m) tsh;rr
; p khw;wk;
- nrhpf;fg;gl;l czTg;nghUspy; ,Ue;J nry;fs; nry;Yl;l nghUs;fis cUthf;Fk; nray;. Mw;wy; cUthfhJ
- FSf;Nfh];, fpisf;Nfh[d; kw;Wk; rh;ff
; iuahf khWk;
- mkpNdhmkpyk; - nehjpfs;, `hh;Nkhd;fs; kw;wk; Gujq;fshFk;.
- nfhOg;G mkpyk; - nfhy];lu; hy; kw;wk; ];Buha;Lfshf khWk;.

www.kalvisolai.com - 25 of 29.

(M) rpij khw;wk;

- rpijf;fg;gl;l fhpkg; nghUs;fs; %yk; nry;Yf;F Njitahd Mw;wiy ngWk; nray;
- FSf;Nfh]; - fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L, ePh; kw;Wk; ntg;g Mw;wiy cUthf;Fk;
- Gujq;fs; mkpNdh mkpyj;ij cUthf;Fk;
- nfhOg;G - nfhOg;G mkpyk; kw;Wk; fpspruhiy cUthf;Fk;

tdq;fs; kw;Wk; td caphpfis ghJfhj;jy;

1.
2.

td caphpfs; - ,aw;if thoplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tPlb

; y; gof;fg;gLj;jg;glhj kw;Wk;
tsh;f;fg;glhj caphpfs;
td caphp ghJfhg;gpd; Njit
kfpo;rr
; p, #o;epiy, fy;tp, tuyhW, mwptpay; kjpg;GilaJ
#o;epiy rkepiyf;F Njit. Rw;Wyh tsh;rr
; p ngWk;
kUj;Jtg; nghUl;fis mspf;fpwJ.
kuG nghUSf;fhd Kf;fpa Mjhuk;.

3.

fhLfspd; tiffs; (ntg;gk; mbg;gilapy; - ,e;jpah)

ghiytdk; (twz;lgFjp) - ,uh[];jhd;, gQ;rhg;, mhpahdh
,iyAjph; fhLfs;
- jPgfw;f gFjp gRikkhwh fhLfs;
fhLfs
ntg;
ntg;gkz;ly gRik khwhf; fhLfs;
fhLfs - Nkw;F njhlhr;rp kiy ,e;jpa tlfpof;F kiy
gFjp ,ka kiy mbg;gFjp
kiyf;fhLfs;
- ,kakiy kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpah
hLfs
miyapilf;fhLfs;
- fq;fh kw;Wk; kfhejp fopKfg;gFjp

4.

fhLfs; mopjy; ghjpg;Gfs;

kio msT Fiwjy;
jl;gntg;g epiy khw;wk;
kz; mhpkhdk;
gr;ir tPlL
; tpisT (cyf ntg;gkakhjy;)
fhLfis ngUf;Fjy;
Gjpa kuq;fs; eLtJ fhlhf;fy; vdg;gLk;
rKjha fhLfs; tsh;jj
; y;
Ntshz; fhLfs; cUthf;Fjy;
rKjhaf; fhLfs;
1976y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
,aw;if epyq;fis Nkk;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;glhj epyq;fspy; fhLfs;
cUthf;FtJ Nehf;fkhFk;
Ntshz; fhLfs;
Ntshz;epyq;fspd; vy;iyfspy; gaph;fNshL ,ize;J kuq;fis eLtJ.
Ntshz;gaph;fs;, kuq;fs;, fhy;eilfis ngUf;f cjTk;

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhtu tiffs;

rpw;wpdq;fs; - 45000
G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; - 15000
ghrpapdq;fs;
- 1676
glh;jhtuq;fs;
- 1940
G+Q;irfs;
- 12480
jpwe;j tpijj; jhtuq;fs; - 64
gpiuNahigl;Lfs;
- 2843
nlhpNlhigl;Lfs;
- 1012
tpyq;F tiffs;
rpw;wpdq;fs; - 81251
G+r;rpapdq;fs; - 60000
nky;Ylypfs; - 5000
ghYhl;bfs; - 372
gwitfs; - 1228
Ch;td 446
,U tho;tpfs; - 204
kPdf
; s; - 2546
cyf tpyq;fpdq;fspy; 6.67 rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ

www.kalvisolai.com - 26 of 29.
10. mr;RWj;jg;gl;l epiy tpyq;Ffs;
kpff; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; Kw;wpYk; mope;J tpLk; mghaj;jpy; cs;s rpw;wpdq;fs;
mr;RWj;jg;gl;l epiyapYs;s tpyq;fpdq;fs; vdg;gLk;
c.k; fhz;lhkpUfk;, jpkpq;fyq;fs;, xeha;fs;, fOFfs;
Nkhdhy;
Nkhdhy; Kw;wpYk; mopf;fg;gl;l moF gwit (`pkhr;ry; gpuNjrk;)
Njhy;, vYk;G my;yJ ,l Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fhf nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wd
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.

17.

Gypfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;

Njrpa tpyq;F
1973 Vg;uy; 1y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
ahidfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;
Njrpa ghuk;ghpa tpyq;F
Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;wk; tdj;Jiw mikr;rfj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
fhz;lhkpUf ghJfhg;G jpl;lk;
Jj;th Njrpa G+q;fhtpy; Gduikg;Gj; jpl;lk; cs;sJ
rpq;fq;fs; ruzhyak;
1972y; fph;td tpyq;F ruzhyak; (F[uhj;) 5Mz;L jpl;lk; cUthdJ
thopl Rw;Wr; #oy; rkepiy ghJfhf;fg;gl;ljhy; rpq;f vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;jJ.
Kjiyfs; tsh;gG
; jpl;lk;
ed;dhP ; tho; Kjiyfs; (FNuhNfhily;]; ghY];lh; p];)
cth;ehP Kjiyfs; (fphp]pily;]; NghNuh]];)
fhhpay; (fpuhtpahyp]; Nfq;fbf;f];)
Nghd;w Kjiyapdq;fis fhf;f Kjiy tsh;gg
; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;Gj; jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
(1975)
rptg;Gg; Gs;sp tptug; Gj;jfk;
,aw;if kw;wk; ,aw;if tsq;fis ghJfhf;Fk; rh;tNjr $l;likg;G ,e;j Gj;jfj;ij
guhkuj;J tUfpwJ
,J mr;RWj;jg;gl;l rpw;wpdq;fs; my;yJ mopAk; epiyapd; tpspk;gpy; cs;s tpyq;Ffs;
gw;wpa Fwpg;G ,Uf;Fk;
253 tif tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; 2000 tif jhtuq;fs; gw;wpa jfty; jw;rkak; cs;sd.
,e;jpahtpy; mopAk; epiyapy; cs;s tpyq;Ffs;
,e;jpa xw;iw nfhk;gd;, ePyfphp Fuq;F, rpq;fthy; Fuq;F, Mrpa rpq;fk;, ,e;jpa Gyp,
Mypt; hpl;yp Mik, Nkhdhy;, fhl;Lf; Nfhop, ,e;jpa ehiu.
1950y; ,Ue;J mope;j ,dkhf cs;sJ - rpWj;ij
Mypth; hpl;yp Mik ,dtpUj;jp ,lk;
- xhp]h flw;fiu
gUe;J myF Mik ,dtpUj;jp ,lk;
- jkpo;ehL flw;fiu
ek; Njrpa gok;
- khq;fdp
Kjypy; epyj;jpw;F te;j caphpdk; - ,U tho;tpfs;
ilaNdhrh; - nghUs; (gaq;fukhd gy;ypfs;)
-

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

23. tyirNghjy;
gwitfs; jhk; thOk; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Fsph;fhy Gfyplj;jpw;F nrd;W kPzL
; k;
Nfhilfhyq;fspy; jk; ,Ug;gplj;jpw;F jpUk;Gjy;
,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;a czT+l;lk; ngw tpUk;gpa #o; epiy ngw
nry;fpd;wd.
tyir nry;y ,uT Neuq;fisNa Njh;en
; jLf;Fk;
mjpfgl;rk; 17600 fp.kP tiu tyir nry;Yk;
Barn swallows vd;w gwit 14400 fp.kP tiu tyir nry;Yk;
Nfhilfhy ghh;itahsh;fs; (rpl;Lf; FUtp, ehiu, iel;bq;Nfy;, Fapy;)
G+kpapd; fhe;j tpiriaf; nfhz;L ,Ug;gpLk; mwpAk; gwit (Gwh)
24. ruzhyaq;fs;
ekJ ehl;by; Rkhh; 500 ruzhyaq;fs; cs;sd
tpyq;Ffs; guhkhf;fg;gLfpd;wd
kf;fSf;F tpyq;Ffs; gw;wp mwpTWj;jy;
Kz;le;jiw (jpUney;Ntyp)
fsf;fhL (jpUney;Ntyp)
jpUtpy;ypGj;Jhh; ruzhyak; (tpUJefh;)
Ntle;jhq;fs; ruzhyak; (fhQ;rpGuk;)
KJkiy ruzhyak; (ePyfhp)
tpuhyp kiy ruzhyak; (jpUr;rp)
Nfhbahf;fiu ruzhyak; (ehfg;gl;bdk;)

Gyp rpl;lhy; rpWj;ij

Gypfs; rpq;fthy; Fuq;F
fhl;L mzpy; Fuit khd;
kQ;rs; ehiu flw;gwit rhk;gy; ehiu
ahid fhl;L vUik Gyp rpWj;ij gwf;Fk;
mzpy;
fhl;L kapy;
Gs;spkhd; fub

www.kalvisolai.com - 27 of 29.
25. caphp gd;ikak;
caphpfspy; gy ,dq;fs; xd;whf fhzg;gLtJ
cyfpy; 12 gpukhz;l gd;ikaplq;fs; cs;sd
gd;ika moptpw;F fhuzk; kdpjd;
xU rpw;wpdk; moptJ kw;w rpw;wpdq;fspd; njhlh; mopTf;F fhuzkhFk;
tPL fl;Ljy; , ghyk;, tptrhak;, rhiyfs;, ,Ug;Gg;ghij Nghd;witfspd; tphpthf;fk;
moptpw;F fhuzk; MFk;
26. Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs;
,aw;if #oNyhL tdcaph;fis ghJfhf;Fk; epyg;gug;G Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs; vdg;gLk;
ge;jpg;G+h; Njrpag; G+q;fh, ik#h;,
fh;ehlf khepyk;
fhh;ngl; Njrpag;G+q;fh,
cj;jpugpuNjrk;
fph; Njrpag;G+q;fh, [_dhfh;,
F[uhj;
fhrpnuq;fh Njrpag; G+q;fh,
N[hh;`hl;, m];]hk;
Gyp ruzhyak;, ,Lf;fp, Nfush

ahid, rpWj;ij, Fuitkhd;,

Gyp, kpshkhd;
ehw;nfhk;G khd;, ahid,
Gs;spkhd;, Gyp, ntspkhd;
Mrpar; rpq;fk;, rpWj;ij,
fhl;Lg;gd;wp, rpq;fhuh
ahid, xw;iw nfhk;G
fhz;lhkpUfk,; fhl;nlUik,
Gyp, rpWj;ijg;Gyp
ahid, Gs;spkhd;, kpshkhd;,
rhk;gh; khd;, Gyp, Fuitkhd;

27. Gdpjr; Nrhiyfs;

xU Fwpgpl;l rKjhaj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; tdk;
xU tdj;jpw;Fwpa flTs; ,Uf;Fk;
nkhj;j rKjhaKk; mij ghJfhg;gjpy; <LgLk;
ghukghpa goq;fbapduhy; mq;F thOk; rpw;wpdq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
28. ghiytd ntl;Lf; fpspg;G+r;rpfs; $l;lkhf tyir nry;Yk; (50000kpy;ypad;fs;)
29. rhykd; kPdf
; s; ,dtpUj;jpf;fhf flypy; ,Ue;J ed;dPh; Nehf;fp 1500 iky;fs; tiu nry;Yk;
30. gpNurpy; Mikfs; ,dtpUj;jpf;fhf 1250iky;fs; 8 thuq;fspy; gazpf;fpd;wd.
31. tl mnkhpf;fh ghud; ikjhd khd;fs; 3700 iky;fSf;F tyir nry;Yk; (ghYl;b ,dq;fspy;
,JNt ePzl; Jhu tyirg; gazk;)
32. khepy rpd;dq;fs; (jkpo;ehL)
kuk; - gidkuk;
gwit gr;irg;Gwh
kyh; - nrq;fhe;jhs; kyh;
tpyq;F tiuahL
33. gwit kdpjd; vd miof;fg;gLgth; - ryPk; myp (gwit epGzh;)
34. gRik mikjp mikg;G jpkpq;fyk; Ntl;ilahlg;gLtij jilnra;a fhuzkhf ,Ue;j
mikg;G
35. rpg;Nfh ,af;fk; - Re;jh; yhy; gFFzhthy; mikf;fg;gl;l ,af;fk;
- ,kakiyapy; kuq;fs; moptij jLf;f fhuzkha; ,Ue;jJ

fhw;W ePh; kw;Wk; epyk; khRgLjy;

1.

fhw;W khRgLjy;
fhw;wpd; Nrh;kk; ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpapay; Nrh;kq;fshy; ghjpg;gilAk; epfo;T.
,U tifg;gLk; m),aw;if epfo;T M) kdpj nray;ghL

2.

,aw;if %yq;fs;
vhpkiy ntg;gk; kw;Wk; fhl;L jP
fly; cg;G ePh; njspj;jy; kw;Wk; caphdq;fs; mopjy;
kfue;jj;Jhs; kw;Wk; GtpNkyLf;F fjphpaf;fj; jhJf;fs;

3.

kdpj nray;ghl;L %yq;fs; (Md;ju; Ngh[pdpf;)

njhopw;r; rhiy Gif
thfdq;fspy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; Gif
kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspahFk; Gif

www.kalvisolai.com - 28 of 29.
4.

fhw;W khRf;fs;
fhh;gd;
Nkhdhf;i]L

vhpnghUs; vhptjhy;
cUthFk;

fhh;gd; il
Mf;i]L
iel;u[d;
Mf;i]Lfs;
fe;jf il
Mf;i]L

epyf;fhp tpwF
vhpjy;
thfdq;fspy;
,Ue;J ntspahFk;
fe;jfk; vhpjy;

`PNkhFNshgpNdhL
,ize;J fhh;ghf;]p
`PNkhFNshgpdhf
khwp kuzk;
Nehplyhk;
cyfk;
ntg;gkiljy;
mkpy kio
fz;fs; vhpjy;
EiuaPuy; Gw;WNeha;
M];Jkh

5.

mkpy kio
epyf;fhp kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypag; nghUs;fs; vhpAk; NghJ mjpy; ,Ue;J iel;u[d; fe;jfk;
kw;Wk; fhh;gd; ntspNaWk;
,e;j tha;ff
; s; tspkz;ly Mf;]p[NdhL ,ize;J mtw;wpd; Mf;i]Lfis
cUthf;Fk;
,e;j Mf;i]Lfs; tspkz;ly ePuhtpAld; ,ize;J mkpy kio cUthfpwJ (iel;hpf
mkpyk;, fe;jf mkpyk;, kw;Wk; fhh;Nghdpf; mkpyk;)
kdpjdpd; fz;, Njhy; vhpr;ry; Vw;gLk;
tpij Kisj;jy; kw;Wk; tsh;rr
; p jilgLk;
kz; tsj;ij khw;wptpLk; (jhtuk;, ePhthop caphpdk; ghjpf;Fk;)
fl;llk; mizf;fl;Lfis mhpf;Fk;

6.

Gtp ntg;gkiljy; (gRik ,y;y tpisT)

kuq;fis mopg;gjhy; tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L kw;Wk; kPjN
; jd; msT
mjpfhpf;fpwJ
,jdhy; Fiwe;j miyepsk; nfhz;l fjph;tr
P R
; fs; kPzL
; k; G+kpia Nehf;fp
gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.
,jdhy; Gtp tofj;ijtpl mjpf mst ntg;gj;jhy; jhf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J Gtp
ntg;giljy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

7.

xN]hd; ghjpg;G
xN]hd; xU epwkw;w thA %d;W Mf;]p[d; (O3) mZf;fshy; MdJ,
tsp kz;lyj;jpd; ];lN
; ul;Nlh];gpah; vd;w mLf;fpy; gue;Js;sJ
tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpy khRf;fs; ,e;j xN]hDld; tpidGhptjhy; ,jd;
mlh;jj
; p FiwfpwJ
,e;j epfo;it xN]hd; xl;il vd;fpNwhk;.
,jd; fhuzkhf jPqF
; tpistpf;Fk; Gw Cjhf; fjphfs; Gtpia jhf;Ffpd;wd.
xN]hd; ghjpg;g fhuzkhd khr FNshNuh GNshNuh fhh;gd; (CFC)

8.

fhw;W khRgLjiy jLj;jy;

frL vz;izfis gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ
thfdq;fis Fiwe;j mst gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
njhopw;rhiy Giffis tbfl;bag; gpd; ntspNaw;w Ntz;Lk;
caphp vhpnghUs;fis mjpfk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; (caph Bry;)
mjpf kuq;fis eLjy;

9.

ePh; khRgLjy;
ePhpd; ,aw;gpay; Ntjpapay; caphpay; jd;ikapy; Vw;gLk; tpUk;gj;jfhj khw;wk;

10. ePh;
-

khRgLjy; fhuzq;fs;
njhopw;rhiy fopTfs; (Hg, Cu, blh;n[d;l,; ngl;Nuhy;, Mh;rdpf;)
tPlL
; fopTfs;
G+r;R nfhy;ypfs; (DDT BHC kw;Wk; cuq;fs;)
kpjit caphpfspd; $l;lq;fs;
jhtu nfhy;ypfs; ghf;Bhpah kw;wk; itu];fs;
njhopw;rhiyapy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk; ntg;gePh;

www.kalvisolai.com - 29 of 29.
11. ePh;
12. ePh;
-

khRgLjy; tpisT
kpdNkl;lh vd;Dk; %isia jhf;Fk; Neha; Vw;gLk;
ilNahhpah
kPdf
; s; kw;Wk; kpjit caphpfspd; ,wg;G
fhyuh ilgha;L Nghd;w Neha;fs; cUthFk;
kPjN
; jNkh FNshgpdpkh vd;w Rthr Neha; tUk;
A+l;NuhgpNf]d; cUthjyhy; gpw ePh; tho; caphpdq;fs; Mf;]p[d; jl;Lghlhy; ,wf;Fk;
khRgLjy; jLj;jy;
fopT ePhpid Rj;jpfhpj;J ntspNaw;w Ntz;Lk;
Rj;jpfhpf;fg;glhj ePhpid Njhl;lq;fSf;F gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;

13. epyk; khRgLjy;

epyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tpUk;gj;jfhj khw;wk;
G+r;rpf; nfhy;yp kUe;J, fjphpaf;f jdpkq;fs;, tptrha cuq;fs;,
tPlb
; y; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; Njitaw;wg; nghUs;fs; Nghd;wtw;why; epyk; khrilAk;
14.
-

gNahNghy;
,aw;ifahd gpsh];bf; my;yJ caphp gpsh];bf;
My;fhyp[d;fs; vDk; Ez;Zaphpfshy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Kw;wpYk; kf;Fk; jd;ikAs;s
gpsh];bf;
,J xU N`hNkhghypkh; tif MFk; (ghyp i`l;uhf;]p gpA+l;bNul;)
fha;fwp, NrhskhT, gl;lhzp khT Nghd;wtw;iw Ez;Zaphpfisf; nfhz;L rpijj;J
cUthf;fg;gLk;
A+ikrPl]
; ; kw;wk; irNrhikrPl]
; ; vd;w Ez;Zaphp <LgLfpwJ
nraw;if ,Uja thy;Tfs;, gw;ruP ikg;G, vYk;G KwpT rPuikg;Gj; jfLfs; Nghd;w
kUj;Jt gad;fSf;F cjTk;
tPlL
; g; nghUs;fs; jl;Lfs;, fyd;fs;, rPrhf;fs; jahhpf;f cjTk;

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

fe;jf il Mf;i]L khRthy; ghjpg;gilAk; caphpdk; - iyf;fd;fs; kw;Wk; ghrpfs;

ePhpy; cs;s vz;nza; foptpdhy; gwit ,wf;iffspd; nkoF glyk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,aw;iff;F khwhd nky;ypa xLila Kl;ilfis gwitfs; ,l fhuzk; - G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs;
ePh; khR jLg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL rl;lk; - 1974
fhw;W khR jLg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL rl;lk; - 1981
Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oy; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; - 1986
21. fopT ePh; Fl;ilfspd; mUfpy; ijy kuq;fis tsh;gg; J fopTePiu tpiuthf cwpQ;rpf;
nfhz;L Jha ePuhtpia ntsptpLk.;

-----

-----

-----

-----

-----

ek;gpf;if tplhKaw;rp fbd ciog;G ntw;wp epr;rak;

cq;fSf;F cjt tha;gG
; nfhLj;j fy;tpr; Nrhiyf;F ed;wp